AS FILED WITH THE U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION ON FEBRUARY 28, 2019
File No. 033-42484
File No. 811-06400
U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM N-1A
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE | ||
SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 | ||
POST-EFFECTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 305 | /X/ | |
AND | ||
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE | ||
INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940 | ||
AMENDMENT NO. 306 | /X/ |
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
(Address of Principal Executive Offices, Zip Code)
1-800-932-7781
(Registrant’s Telephone Number)
Michael Beattie
c/o SEI Investments
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
(Name and Address of Agent for Service)
Copy to:
Sean Graber, Esquire | Dianne M. Descoteaux, Esquire |
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP | c/o SEI Investments |
1701 Market Street | One Freedom Valley Drive |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 | Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456 |
It is proposed that this filing become effective (check appropriate box)
/X/ | Immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b) | |
/ / | On [date] pursuant to paragraph (b) | |
/ / | 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) | |
/ / | 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) | |
/ / | On [date] pursuant to paragraph (a) of Rule 485 |
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio
(Investor Class: AEMGX)
(Y Class: AEMVX)
(I Class: AEMZX)
INVESTOR CLASS, Y CLASS AND
|
PROSPECTUS March 1, 2019 |
Investment Adviser:
ACADIAN ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-866-AAM-6161. Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Table of Contents |
Page |
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Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
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The Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio (the “Fund”) seeks long-term capital appreciation by investing primarily in common stocks of emerging market country issuers.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee |
|
As a percentage of amount redeemed, if redeemed within 30 days of purchase |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Investor Class
|
Y Class
|
I Class
|
|||
Management Fees |
1.00% |
1.00% |
1.00% |
|||
Other Expenses |
0.40% |
0.27% |
0.20% |
|||
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.20% |
0.07% |
None |
|||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.20% |
0.20% |
0.20% |
|||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.40% |
1.27% |
1.20% |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has
1
a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Investor Class Shares |
$143 |
$443 |
$766 |
$1,680 |
Y Class Shares |
$129 |
$403 |
$697 |
$1,534 |
I Class Shares |
$122 |
$381 |
$660 |
$1,455 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 32% of the average value of its portfolio.
The Fund will invest primarily in common stocks but also may invest in other types of equity securities, including preferred stock. Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of issuers that at the time of initial purchase:
● |
Have their principal securities trading market in an emerging market country; |
● |
Alone or on a consolidated basis derive 50% or more of annual revenue from goods produced, sales made or services performed in emerging market countries; or |
● |
Are organized under the laws of, and have a principal office in, an emerging market country. |
This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
An “emerging market country” is any country that is included in the Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Markets Index (the “Index”) or that is publicly announced to be added to the Index. The Fund may also invest in securities of issuers located in industrialized countries.
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Foreign securities include securities of companies located outside the United States, American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) and exchange traded funds that invest in foreign securities. ADRs are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer that are issued by depositary banks and traded on U.S. exchanges. GDRs are similar to ADRs, except that European banks or trust companies typically issue them. The Fund also may invest in securities issued by small capitalization companies.
In selecting investments for the Fund, Acadian Asset Management LLC (the “Adviser” or “Acadian”) pursues an active, disciplined investment approach that forecasts markets and securities using a range of quantitative factors related to valuation, earnings, quality, price patterns, economic data and risk. Buy and sell decisions are made objectively and driven by changes in expected returns on investments. In making buy and sell decisions, Acadian analyzes the risk and expected return characteristics of the portfolio’s current holdings as compared to the entire universe of institutionally investable companies with sufficient liquidity and data availability. Less attractive securities are discarded from the portfolio while more attractive securities are added, provided that the cost of the purchase and sale of such securities do not exceed the expected value added to the portfolio of such investment decisions.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Active Management Risk – The Fund is subject to the risk that the Adviser’s judgments about the attractiveness, value, or potential appreciation of the Fund’s investments may prove to be incorrect. If the investments selected and strategies employed by the Fund fail to produce the intended results, the Fund could underperform in comparison to other funds with similar objectives and investment strategies.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-
3
to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund. This risk is greater for small- and medium-sized companies, which tend to be more vulnerable to adverse developments than larger companies.
Small Capitalization Company Risk – The smaller capitalization companies that the Fund invests in may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange. The Fund is also subject to the risk that the Adviser’s particular investment style, which focuses on small capitalization stocks, may underperform other segments of the equity market or the equity market as a whole.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, whether through investments made in foreign markets or made through the purchase of ADRs and GDRs, which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. Political events (civil unrest, national elections, changes in political conditions and foreign relations, imposition of exchange controls and repatriation restrictions), social and economic events (labor strikes, rising inflation) and natural disasters occurring in a country where the Fund invests could cause the Fund’s investments in that country to experience gains or losses. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies are generally denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. While ADRs and GDRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities
4
in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs and GDRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in non-U.S. securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. In addition, emerging markets securities may be issued by companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity, significant price volatility, restrictions on foreign investment, and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, emerging market governments may have limited ability to raise taxes or authorize appropriations for debt repayment. In addition, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Foreign Currency Risk – Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the dollar, the value of the Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
Geographic Focus Risk – To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular country or region, the Fund may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting
5
issuers and countries within that country or region. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a fund holding more geographically diverse investments.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Prior to October 31, 2016, the Fund’s Investor Class Shares were called “Institutional Class Shares,” and were not subject to the shareholder servicing fees currently applicable to Investor Class Shares. The Investor Class Shares performance provided below for the periods prior to October 31, 2016 represents the performance of Investor Class Shares when they were called Institutional Class Shares and does not include the shareholder servicing fees currently applicable to Investor Class Shares.
Updated performance information is available by calling 1-866-AAM-6161.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
35.67% |
(22.53)% |
(06/30/2009) |
(09/30/2011) |
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Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown for Investor Class Shares only. After-tax returns for Y Class Shares and I Class Shares will vary.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
||||
Investor Class Shares |
(18.68)% |
1.00% |
8.08% |
7.09% 1 |
Y Class Shares |
(18.59)% |
N/A |
N/A |
3.70% 2 |
I Class Shares |
(18.48)% |
N/A |
N/A |
3.83% 2 |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
||||
Investor Class Shares |
(18.73)% |
0.97% |
8.12% |
6.58% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions a nd Sale of Fund S hares |
||||
Investor Class Shares |
(11.28)% |
1.06% |
7.20% |
6.49% |
MSCI Emerging Markets Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(14.25)% |
2.03% |
8.39% |
6.67% 3 |
1 |
Investor Class Shares of the Fund were offered beginning June 17, 1993. |
2 |
Y Class Shares and I Class Shares of the Fund were offered beginning October 31, 2016. |
3 |
Index comparison begins June 17, 1993. |
Acadian Asset Management LLC
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Brendan Bradley, Ph.D., Chief Investment Officer, has managed the Fund since 2013.
Ryan Taliaferro, Ph.D., Director of Equity Strategies, has managed the Fund since 2018.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 for Investor Class Shares, $100,000 for Y Class Shares and $1,000,000 for I Class Shares. Subsequent investments must be at least $1,000 for Investor Class Shares. There are no minimums for subsequent investments in Y Class Shares or I Class Shares.
If you own shares directly, you may sell your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) via Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) (subject to certain account minimums) or by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or by telephone at 1-866-AAM-6161 (1-866-226-6161).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund is closed to most new and additional investments because the Adviser believes that the implementation of the Fund’s investment strategy may be adversely affected if the size of the Fund is not limited.
While any existing shareholder may continue to reinvest Fund dividends and distributions, other new or additional investments in the Fund may only be made by those investors within the following categories:
● |
Clients of certain broker-dealers or other financial intermediaries designated by the Adviser based on their relationships with the Fund; |
● |
Accounts of employee benefit plans sponsored by a business or other organization or an affiliate thereof, that was a Fund shareholder as of October 1, 2015; and |
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● |
Trustees and officers of the Trust, employees of the Adviser, and their immediate family members. |
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
PAYMENTS TO BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s web site for more information.
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Investing With The Fund |
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Investor Class Shares, Y Class Shares and I Class Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Federal Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers three classes of shares to investors, Investor Class Shares, Y Class Shares and I Class Shares. Each share class has its own investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Investor Class Shares, Y Class Shares and I Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Investor Class Shares |
Initial – $2,500
Subsequent – $1,000 |
0.25% Shareholder
|
Y Class Shares |
Initial – $100,000
Subsequent – None |
0.10% Shareholder
|
I Class Shares |
Initial – $1,000,000
Subsequent – None |
No Shareholder
|
Investor Class Shares, Y Class Shares and I Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisors, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor is eligible to purchase any class of shares for which it meets the minimum investment requirements. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
10
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and waive or reduce the minimum investment requirements for any share class in its sole discretion.
All investments must be made by check, wire or ACH Transfer. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Fund is not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
The Fund is closed to most new and additional investments because the Adviser believes that the implementation of the Fund’s investment strategy may be adversely affected if the size of the Fund is not limited.
While any existing shareholder may continue to reinvest Fund dividends and distributions, other new or additional investments in the Fund may only be made by those investors within the following categories:
● |
Clients of certain broker-dealers or other financial intermediaries designated by the Adviser based on their relationships with the Fund; |
● |
Accounts of employee benefit plans sponsored by a business or other organization or an affiliate thereof, that was a Fund shareholder as of October 1, 2015; and |
● |
Trustees and officers of the Trust, employees of the Adviser, and their immediate family members. |
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By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund name and share class. Make your check payable to “Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio.”
Regular Mail Address
Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-866-AAM-6161 (1-866-226-6161) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA #: 101000695
Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio
DDA Acct. #: 9871063178
Ref: account number/account name/share class
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By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH) (Investor Class Shares Only)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. Purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually in amounts of at least $1,000 to meet the minimum investment amount. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121 (Express Mail Address: Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 for Investor Class Shares, $100,000 for Y Class Shares and $1,000,000 for I Class Shares. Subsequent investments must be at least $1,000 for Investor Class Shares. There are no minimums for subsequent investments in Y Class Shares or I Class Shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion.
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Fund Codes
The Fund’s reference information, which is listed below, will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, exchange shares, check daily net asset value per share (“NAV”) or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Share Class |
Ticker
|
CUSIP |
Fund
|
Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio |
Investor Class Shares |
AEMGX |
00758M162 |
1260 |
|
Y Class Shares |
AEMVX |
00769G196 |
1360 |
I Class Shares |
AEMZX |
00769G188 |
1960 |
Payment of Redemption Proceeds
Redemption proceeds can be mailed to your account address, sent to your bank by ACH transfer or wired to your bank account (provided that your bank information is already on file). Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request in proper form, meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation (such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.). The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds.
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by drawing on a line of credit, using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the
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original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-866-226-6161 for more information.
If you redeem shares that were purchased by check or through ACH, you will not receive your redemption proceeds until the check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed, which may take up to 15 days from the purchase date.
By Mail
You may contact the Fund directly by mail at: Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121 (Express Mail Address: Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered share owner(s) must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Certain shareholders may need to include additional documents or provide a signature guarantee to redeem shares.
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s
15
transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application.
Call 1-866-AAM-6161 to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank by either Fed wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH) (Investor Class Shares Only)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution. To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in liquid securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale, as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until the securities are sold.
At no charge, you may exchange one class of shares of the Fund directly to another class of shares of the Fund by writing to or calling the Fund, subject to the eligibility requirements and the fees and expenses of such other class of shares, as set forth in this Prospectus. You may only exchange shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
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Calculating Your Share Price
You may buy or sell shares of the Fund on any Business Day at a price equal to the Fund’s NAV next computed after it, or an authorized institution (as defined below), receives and accepts your order in proper form. The Fund calculates NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your order in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.) before the close of trading on the NYSE that day. Otherwise, you will receive the NAV that is calculated at the close of trading on the following Business Day. If the NYSE closes early – as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading – the Fund will calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. Shares will only be priced on Business Days.
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class. In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”). Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are
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closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on its primary exchange, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
There may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
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Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s NAV next computed after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
Redemption Fee
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, the Fund charges a 2.00% redemption fee on redemptions of shares that have been held for less than 30 days. The redemption fee is deducted from the Fund’s sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of the Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Fund on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Fund requests that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Fund. However, the Fund recognizes that, due to operational requirements, the intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Fund’s.
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The Fund reserves the right to reduce all or a portion of the redemption fee in its discretion when it believes such reduction is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic redemptions; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions the Fund reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Rights Reserved by the Fund
Purchases
At any time and without notice, the Fund may:
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Stop offering shares; |
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Reject any purchase order; or |
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Bar an investor engaged in a pattern of excessive trading from buying shares. Excessive trading can hurt performance by disrupting management and increasing expenses. The Fund will consider various factors in determining whether an investor has engaged in excessive trading. These factors include, but are not limited to, the investor’s historic trading patterns, the number of transactions, the size of the transactions, the time between transactions and the percentage of the investor’s account involved in each transaction. For more information about the Fund’s policies on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.” |
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Redemptions
At any time, and without notice, the Fund may change or eliminate any of the redemption methods described above, except redemption by mail. The Fund may suspend your right to redeem your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes on Distributions.”
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund invests in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than a fund investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares by virtue of their Fund share transaction, if those prices reflect the fair value of the foreign securities. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value
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of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage. For more information about how the Fund uses fair value pricing, see “Calculating Your Share Price.”
In addition, because the Fund invests in small capitalization securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
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Shareholders are restricted from making more than five “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
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The Fund assesses a redemption fee of 2.00% on redemptions by shareholders of Fund shares held for less than 30 days (subject to certain exceptions as discussed in “Redemption Fee”). |
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The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone
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nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
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What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information is unable to be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.), or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application, your investment will be received and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification are part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken
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when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-866-AAM-6161 (1-866-226-6161).
Small Accounts
The Fund may redeem your shares without your permission if the value of your account falls below $1,250 for Investor Class Shares, $50,000 for Y Class Shares or $500,000 for I Class Shares. This provision does not apply:
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To retirement accounts and certain other accounts for which the minimum initial investment amount has been waived; or |
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When the value of your account falls because of market fluctuations and not your redemptions. |
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The Fund will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to allow you time to add to your account and avoid the sale of your shares. If your Fund shares are redeemed for this reason within 30 calendar days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
Dividends and Distributions
Normally, the Fund distributes its net investment income and its net capital gains, if any, at least once a year. The Fund will automatically reinvest dividends and distributions in additional shares of the Fund, unless you elect on your account application to receive them in cash.
Federal Taxes
The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Fund.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Qualified dividend income is,
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in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain foreign countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors. Call 1-866-AAM-6161(1-866-226-6161) to find out when the Fund expects to make a distribution to shareholders.
Each sale of shares of the Fund may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss generally will be treated as short term if you held the shares 12 months or less, long term if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated
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as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
Because the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund consist of foreign securities, the Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. The Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
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More Information about Fund Investments and Risks |
The investment objective of the Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation by investing primarily in common stocks of emerging market country issuers. The Fund may change its investment objective without shareholder approval.
Principal Risks
Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goals. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings. Certain of the Fund’s principal risks are summarized below.
Equity Securities
Equity securities include publicly and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock and convertible securities, as well as instruments that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Equity securities also include ADRs and GDRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of the equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s NAV to fluctuate.
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An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Foreign Securities
Investments in securities of foreign companies (including direct investments as well as investments through ADRs) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Foreign companies or governments generally are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards comparable to those applicable to domestic U.S. companies or governments. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. While ADRs and GDRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs and GDRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. Investment in emerging markets subjects the Fund to a greater risk of loss than investments in a developed market. This is due to, among other things, greater market volatility, lower trading volume, political and economic instability, high levels of inflation, deflation or currency devaluation, greater risk of market shut down, and more governmental limitations on foreign investment policy than those typically found in a developed market. In addition, the financial stability of issuers (including governments) in emerging market countries may be more precarious than in other countries. As a result, there will tend to be an increased risk of price volatility in the Fund’s investments in emerging market countries.
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Other Risks
In addition to the principal risks identified above, an investment in the Fund may be subject to other, non-principal risks. Set forth below are summaries of certain other risks associated with investing in the Fund.
Derivatives
The Fund may invest in derivatives, a category of investments that includes forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures, options and swaps to protect its investments against changes resulting from market conditions (a practice called “hedging”), to reduce transaction costs or to manage cash flows. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures and options are called derivatives because their value is based on an underlying asset or economic factor. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. Derivatives also may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations under a derivatives transaction. There are various factors that affect the Fund’s ability to achieve its objectives with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends on the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. The Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly or at all with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold. The Fund’s investments in forward foreign currency exchange contracts and swaps also may be subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value.
The Fund may use derivatives as a hedging technique to reduce the risks of its investments in equity securities. However, hedging will not necessarily fully protect the Fund against all anticipated risks. Moreover, hedging transactions involve costs and risks of their own. If the Fund employs a hedge and the market rises, the Fund may lose money or forego the opportunity to capitalize on market increases. As a result, hedging may not improve the Fund’s performance either on an absolute or risk-adjusted basis.
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Other Investments
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal circumstances. During unusual economic, market, political or other circumstances, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in short-term, high quality debt instruments, such as U.S. government securities. These instruments would not ordinarily be consistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategy, and may prevent the Fund from achieving its investment objective. The Fund will use temporary strategies if the Adviser believes that pursuing the Fund’s investment objective will subject it to a significant risk of loss. The Fund has a policy requiring it to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, at the time of initial purchase, in particular types of securities as described in the Fund’s principal investment strategy and will not change this policy without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. In addition to the temporary defensive measures discussed above, the Fund may also temporarily deviate from this 80% policy in other limited, appropriate circumstances, such as if the Fund experiences unusually large cash inflows or redemptions. When the Adviser pursues a temporary defensive strategy, the Fund may not profit from favorable developments that it would have otherwise profited from if it were pursuing its normal strategies.
The Fund may also employ investment practices that this Prospectus does not describe, such as participating in repurchase agreements, when-issued and forward commitment transactions, lending of securities, borrowing and other techniques. For more information concerning these and any of the Fund’s other investment practices and their risks, please read the SAI.
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Information about Portfolio Holdings |
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio securities is available in the SAI.
Investment Management |
Investment Adviser
Acadian Asset Management LLC is an SEC-registered investment adviser and a Delaware limited liability company located at 260 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110. Acadian serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. Acadian was founded in 1986 and is a subsidiary of BrightSphere Affiliate Holdings LLC, which is an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of BrightSphere Investment Group plc, a publicly listed company on the NYSE. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $86.2 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of the Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis, subject to the oversight of the Board. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 1.00% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund. The Adviser has voluntarily agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 2.50% of the Fund’s average daily net assets. The Adviser intends to continue these voluntary fee reductions and expense reimbursements until further notice, but may discontinue all or part of them at any time.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser received advisory fees in the amount of 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement is available in the Fund’s annual report dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.
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Portfolio Managers
The following portfolio managers are responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Brendan Bradley, Ph.D., Chief Investment Officer, joined Acadian in 2004. Brendan has served as Acadian’s director of portfolio management, overseeing portfolio management policy. He was also previously the director of Acadian’s Managed Volatility strategies.
Ryan Taliaferro, Ph.D., Director of Equity Strategies, joined Acadian in 2011. Ryan has served as the lead portfolio manager for Acadian’s Managed Volatility strategies. Prior to joining Acadian, Ryan was a faculty member in the finance unit at Harvard Business School, where he taught corporate finance and asset pricing.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries |
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Shareholder Servicing Plan
The Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.25% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares and 0.10% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Y Class Shares. The services for which financial intermediaries are compensated may include record-keeping, transaction processing for shareholders’ accounts and other shareholder services.
34
Other Payments by the Fund
The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, shareholder services fees the Fund may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Fund’s shareholder servicing plan.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and
35
may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Additional Information |
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
36
Financial Highlights |
The tables that follow present performance information about each class of the Fund. The information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by BBD, LLP, independent registered public accounting firm whose report, along with the Fund’s financial statements, is included in the Fund’s Annual Report. You can obtain the Annual Report, which contains more performance information, at no charge by calling 1-866-AAM-6161 (1-866-226-6161).
37
Selected
Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year
Years Ended October 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
Investor Class Shares | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year | $ | 21.83 | $ | 17.42 | $ | 16.12 | $ | 19.30 | $ | 19.15 | ||||||||||
Income from Operations: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income * |
0.36 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.27 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | (3.55 | ) | 4.51 | 1.30 | (3.17 | ) | 0.09 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations | (3.19 | ) | 4.74 | 1.49 | (2.97 | ) | 0.36 | |||||||||||||
Redemption Fees | 0.00 | ^ | 0.00 | ^ | 0.00 | ^ | 0.00 | ^ | 0.00 | ^ | ||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions from: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income | (0.29 | ) | (0.33 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.21 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions | (0.29 | ) | (0.33 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.21 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year | $ | 18.35 | $ | 21.83 | $ | 17.42 | $ | 16.12 | $ | 19.30 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
(14.85 | )% | 27.84 | % | 9.43 | % | (15.51 | )% | 1.95 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) | $ | 789,483 | $ | 739,686 | $ | 1,077,790 | $ | 1,587,573 | $ | 1,688,011 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (1) |
1.40 | % | 1.42 | % | 1.56 | % | 1.51 | % | 1.50 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets | 1.66 | % | 1.23 | % | 1.23 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.41 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate | 32 | % | 40 | % | 31 | % | 32 | % | 37 | % |
* |
Per share amounts for the period are based on average outstanding shares. |
^ |
Amount was less than $0.01 per share. |
† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Portfolio distributions or the redemption of Portfolio shares. |
(1) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets excludes the effect of fees paid indirectly. If these expense offsets were included, the ratio would have been the same as the ratio reported. |
38
Selected
Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout The Year or Period Presented
I Class Shares | 2018 |
2017 ‡ |
||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period | $ | 21.85 | $ | 17.42 | ||||
Income from Operations: | ||||||||
Net Investment Income * |
0.42 | 0.36 | ||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | (3.56 | ) | 4.41 | |||||
Total from Operations | (3.14 | ) | 4.77 | |||||
Redemption Fees | 0.00 | ^ | 0.00 | ^ | ||||
Dividends and Distributions from: | ||||||||
Net Investment Income | (0.33 | ) | (0.34 | ) | ||||
Total Dividends and Distributions | (0.33 | ) | (0.34 | ) | ||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period | $ | 18.38 | $ | 21.85 | ||||
Total Return † |
(14.63 | )% | 28.01 | % | ||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data | ||||||||
Net Assets, End of Period (Thousands) | $ | 497,707 | $ | 446,374 | ||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (1) |
1.20 | % | 1.21 | % | ||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets | 1.96 | % | 1.81 | % | ||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate | 32 | % | 40 | % |
‡ |
I Class Shares commenced operations on October 31, 2016. |
* |
Per share amounts for the period are based on average outstanding shares. |
^ |
Amount was less than $0.01 per share. |
† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Portfolio distributions or the redemption of Portfolio shares. |
(1) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets excludes the effect of fees paid indirectly. If these expense offsets were included, the ratio would have been the same as the ratio reported. |
39
Selected
Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout The Year or Period Presented
Y Class Shares | 2018 |
2017 ‡ |
||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year | $ | 21.85 | $ | 17.42 | ||||
Income from Operations: | ||||||||
Net Investment Income * |
0.62 | 0.40 | ||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | (3.82 | ) | 4.37 | |||||
Total from Operations | (3.20 | ) | 4.77 | |||||
Redemption Fees | 0.02 | — | ||||||
Dividends and Distributions from: | ||||||||
Net Investment Income | (0.33 | ) | (0.34 | ) | ||||
Total Dividends and Distributions | (0.33 | ) | (0.34 | ) | ||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period | $ | 18.34 | $ | 21.85 | ||||
Total Return † |
(14.81 | )% | 28.01 | % | ||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data | ||||||||
Net Assets, End of Period (Thousands) | $ | 24,988 | $ | — | ^ | |||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (1) |
1.27 | % | 0.68 | % †† | ||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets | 3.12 | % | 2.08 | % | ||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate | 32 | % | 40 | % |
‡ |
Y Class Shares commenced operations on October 31, 2016. |
* |
Per share amounts for the period are based on average outstanding shares. |
† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Portfolio distributions or the redemption of Portfolio shares. |
†† |
Had assets been contributed, the ratio would have been 1.31%. |
(1) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets excludes the effect of fees paid indirectly. If these expense offsets were included, the ratio would have been the same as the ratio reported. |
^ |
Amount rounds to less than one thousand. |
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio
Investors who would like more information about the Fund should read the Fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports and the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (“SAI”). The Annual and Semi-Annual Reports of the Fund provide additional information about its investments. In the Annual Report, you will also find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the performance of the Fund during the last fiscal year. The SAI contains additional detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the Fund and is incorporated by reference into (is legally part of) this Prospectus.
Investors can receive free copies of the SAI, shareholder reports and other information about the Fund at https://www.acadian-asset.com/emfund. Investors can also receive these documents, as well as make shareholder inquiries, by writing to or calling:
Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio
|
You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act of 1940 file number is 811-06400.
ACA-PS-001-1900
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
ACADIAN EMERGING MARKETS PORTFOLIO
(Investor Class Shares: AEMGX)
(Y Class Shares: AEMVX)
(I Class Shares: AEMZX)
a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
ACADIAN ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio (the “Fund”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Fund, which includes the Fund’s audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Fund’s Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Fund at P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009 or by calling the Fund at 1-866-AAM-6161.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | ACA-SX-001-1900 |
ii
General. The Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its: (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Fund in Investor Class Shares, Y Class Shares and I Class Shares. The different classes provide for variations in shareholder servicing expenses and in the minimum investment requirements. Minimum investment requirements and investor eligibility are described in the Prospectus. For more information on shareholder servicing expenses, see the “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” section of this SAI. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares.
History of the Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio. The Fund is the successor to the UAM Funds, Inc. Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio (the “Predecessor Fund”). The Predecessor Fund was managed by Acadian Asset Management LLC (“Acadian” or the “Adviser”) using the same investment objective, strategies, policies and restrictions as those used by the Fund. The Predecessor Fund’s date of inception was June 17, 1993. The Predecessor Fund dissolved and reorganized into the Fund on June 24, 2002. Substantially all of the assets of the Predecessor Fund were transferred to its successor in connection with the Fund’s commencement of operations on June 24, 2002.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. The Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of members of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Trustees” or the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate the Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if the Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
S- 1
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategy are described in the Prospectus. The Fund is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).
The Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus.
Debt Securities
Corporations and governments use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero-coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
U.S. Government Securities – The Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Fund’s shares.
S- 2
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10 percent annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
U.S. Treasury Obligations – U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”). The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately.
Corporate Bonds – Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest, and repay the principal amount of the bond or note.
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated.
S- 3
Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The Adviser will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets its investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Ginnie Mae – Ginnie Mae is the principal governmental guarantor of mortgage-related securities. Ginnie Mae is a wholly owned corporation of the U.S. government within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Securities issued by Ginnie Mae are treasury securities, which means the full faith and credit of the U.S. government backs them. Ginnie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by Ginnie Mae and backed by pools of Federal Housing Administration-insured or Veterans Administration-guaranteed mortgages. Ginnie Mae does not guarantee the market value or yield of mortgage-backed securities or the value of the Fund’s shares. To buy Ginnie Mae securities, the Fund may have to pay a premium over the maturity value of the underlying mortgages, which the Fund may lose if prepayment occurs.
Fannie Mae – Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders. Fannie Mae is regulated by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Fannie Mae purchases conventional mortgages from a list of approved sellers and service providers, including state and federally-chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. Securities issued by Fannie Mae are agency securities, which means Fannie Mae, but not the U.S. government, guarantees their timely payment of principal and interest.
Freddie Mac – Freddie Mac is a stockholder-owned corporation established by the U.S. Congress to create a continuous flow of funds to mortgage lenders. Freddie Mac supplies lenders with the money to make mortgages and packages the mortgages into marketable securities. The system is designed to create a stable mortgage credit system and reduce the rates paid by homebuyers. Freddie Mac, not the U.S. government, guarantees timely payment of principal and interest.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers – Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities – Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are:
▪ | payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly); and |
▪ | falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing the Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. |
In addition to the risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. If the prepayment rates increase, the Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
S- 4
Other Asset-Backed Securities – These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Fund may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
Short-Term Investments – To earn a return on uninvested assets, meet anticipated redemptions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in the short-term securities listed below, U.S. government securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. Unless otherwise specified, a short-term debt security has a maturity of one year or less.
Bank Obligations – The Fund will only invest in a security issued by a commercial bank if the bank:
▪ | Has total assets of at least $1 billion, or the equivalent in other currencies (based on the most recent publicly available information about the bank); and |
▪ | Is a U.S. bank and a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; or is a foreign branch of a U.S. bank and the Adviser believes the security is of an investment quality comparable with other debt securities that the Fund may purchase. |
Time Deposits – Time deposits are non-negotiable deposits, such as savings accounts or certificates of deposit, held by a financial institution for a fixed term with the understanding that the depositor can withdraw its money only by giving notice to the institution. However, there may be early withdrawal penalties depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. The Fund may only purchase time deposits maturing from two business days through seven calendar days.
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Certificates of Deposit – Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank or savings and loan association for a definite period of time and earning a specified return.
Bankers’ Acceptance – A bankers’ acceptance is a time draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower, usually in connection with an international commercial transaction (to finance the import, export, transfer or storage of goods).
Commercial Paper – Commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a maturity ranging from 1 to 270 days issued by banks, corporations and other borrowers. Such investments are unsecured and usually discounted. The Fund may invest in commercial paper rated A-1 or A-2 by Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) or Prime-1 or Prime-2 by Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), or, if not rated, issued by a corporation having an outstanding unsecured debt issue rated A or better by Moody’s or by S&P. See “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” for a description of commercial paper ratings.
Yankee Bonds – Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds issued inside the United States by foreign entities. Investments in these securities involve certain risks that are not typically associated with investing in domestic securities. See “Foreign Securities.”
Zero Coupon Bonds – These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. The Fund’s investments in pay-in-kind, delayed and zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
These securities may include treasury securities, such as STRIPS, that have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities ( i.e. , unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
Terms to Understand:
Maturity – Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (“principal”) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (“call dates”). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
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Mutual funds that invest in debt securities have no real maturity. Instead, they calculate their weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the effective or anticipated maturity of each debt security held by the mutual fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the mutual fund it represents.
Duration – Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or of a mutual fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. It measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years — the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities – The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and the coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
▪ | Interest Rates |
The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates ( i.e. , if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa).
▪ | Prepayment Risk |
This risk affects mainly mortgage-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. The Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of the Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of the Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund.
▪ | Extension Risk |
The other side of prepayment risk occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause the Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This would increase the sensitivity of the Fund to rising rates and its potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of U.S. government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
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▪ | Credit Rating |
Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from comparable treasury securities.
Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” Since an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called “investment-grade” because its issuer is more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, the Adviser may determine that it is of investment-grade. The Adviser may retain securities that are downgraded, if it believes that keeping those securities is warranted.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade “junk bonds” are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a Junk Bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, Junk Bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the Junk Bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of Junk Bonds and may cause the Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value Junk Bonds accurately.
Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. The Fund currently uses ratings compiled by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch Ratings Inc. (“Fitch”). Credit ratings are only an agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk. The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
The Adviser may use ratings produced by ratings agencies as guidelines to determine the rating of a security at the time the Fund buys it. A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. The Adviser monitors the rating of the security and will take such action, if any, it believes appropriate when it learns that a rating agency has reduced the security’s rating. The Fund is not obligated to dispose of securities whose issuers subsequently are in default or which are downgraded. The Fund may invest in securities of any rating.\
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Fund may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Fund may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting itself from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, the Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Fund to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and is legally permissible, the Fund may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
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There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by the Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when the Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Fund is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. As a result, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Fund’s investment strategies and may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures – A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily net asset value (“NAV”), each party marks to market its open futures positions.
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Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
The Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options – An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When the Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). The Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that the Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. The Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
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The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When the Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when the Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
The Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive the Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. The Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
The Fund is permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, the Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
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At the time of selling a put option, the Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
• | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
The Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. The Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
The Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
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The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, the Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Fund may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Fund may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which it could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which the Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if the Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Fund could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, the Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, the Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts – A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
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▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect the Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. The Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
The Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
The Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, the Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities – The Fund may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements – A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
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Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of the Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. The Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, the Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Fund will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Fund may cover its current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that the Fund will be committed to pay.
▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to the Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
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As with a traditional investment in a debt security, the Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. The Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the “breakeven inflation rate”) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by the Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
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Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Fund than if it had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to make or lose substantially more than it invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities the Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices – The Fund’s ability to hedge its securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities the Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, the Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Fund. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
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Lack of Liquidity – Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, the Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, the Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Fund intends to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, the Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, the Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk – Successful use of derivatives by the Fund is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if the Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk – At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if the Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin – Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to the Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, the Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. The Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
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Volatility and Leverage – The Fund’s use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Fund will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Fund does not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches this value, the Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation – The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Fund by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Fund trades. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Fund’s use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
Equity Securities
Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, and securities convertible into common stock. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the NAV of the Fund to fluctuate. The Fund may purchase equity securities traded in the U.S. on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below.
Types of Equity Securities:
Common Stocks – Common stocks represent units of ownership in a company. Common stocks usually carry voting rights and earn dividends. Unlike preferred stocks, which are described below, dividends on common stocks are not fixed but are declared at the discretion of the company’s board of directors.
Preferred Stocks – Preferred stocks are also units of ownership in a company. Preferred stocks normally have preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of the company. However, in all other respects, preferred stocks are subordinated to the liabilities of the issuer. Unlike common stocks, preferred stocks are generally not entitled to vote on corporate matters. Types of preferred stocks include adjustable-rate preferred stock, fixed dividend preferred stock, perpetual preferred stock, and sinking fund preferred stock. Generally, the market values of preferred stock with a fixed dividend rate and no conversion element varies inversely with interest rates and perceived credit risk.
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Convertible Securities – Convertible securities are securities that may be exchanged for, converted into, or exercised to acquire a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s common stock at the Fund’s option during a specified time period (such as convertible preferred stocks, convertible debentures and warrants). A convertible security is generally a fixed income security that is senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure, but is usually subordinated to similar non-convertible securities. In exchange for the conversion feature, many corporations will pay a lower rate of interest on convertible securities than debt securities of the same corporation. In general, the market value of a convertible security is at least the higher of its “investment value” ( i.e. , its value as a fixed income security) or its “conversion value” ( i.e., its value upon conversion into its underlying common stock).
Convertible securities are subject to the same risks as similar securities without the convertible feature. The price of a convertible security is more volatile during times of steady interest rates than other types of debt securities. The price of a convertible security tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, whereas it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying common stock declines.
A synthetic convertible security is a combination investment in which the Fund purchases both (i) high-grade cash equivalents or a high grade debt obligation of an issuer or U.S. government securities and (ii) call options or warrants on the common stock of the same or different issuer with some or all of the anticipated interest income from the associated debt obligation that is earned over the holding period of the option or warrant.
While providing a fixed income stream (generally higher in yield than the income derivable from common stock but lower than that afforded by a similar non-convertible security), a convertible security also affords an investor the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation attendant upon a market price advance in the convertible security’s underlying common stock. A synthetic convertible position has similar investment characteristics, but may differ with respect to credit quality, time to maturity, trading characteristics, and other factors. Because the Fund will create synthetic convertible positions only out of high grade fixed income securities, the credit rating associated with the Fund’s synthetic convertible investments is generally expected to be higher than that of the average convertible security, many of which are rated below high grade. However, because the options used to create synthetic convertible positions will generally have expirations between one month and three years of the time of purchase, the maturity of these positions will generally be shorter than average for convertible securities. Since the option component of a convertible security or synthetic convertible position is a wasting asset (in the sense of losing “time value” as maturity approaches), a synthetic convertible position may lose such value more rapidly than a convertible security of longer maturity; however, the gain in option value due to appreciation of the underlying stock may exceed such time value loss, the market price of the option component generally reflects these differences in maturities, and the Adviser takes such differences into account when evaluating such positions. When a synthetic convertible position “matures” because of the expiration of the associated option, the Fund may extend the maturity by investing in a new option with longer maturity on the common stock of the same or different issuer. If the Fund does not so extend the maturity of a position, it may continue to hold the associated fixed income security.
Rights and Warrants – A right is a privilege granted to existing shareholders of a corporation to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is issued. Rights normally have a short life, usually two to four weeks, are freely transferable and entitle the holder to buy the new common stock at a lower price than the public offering price. Warrants are securities that are usually issued together with a debt security or preferred stock and that give the holder the right to buy proportionate amount of common stock at a specified price. Warrants are freely transferable and are traded on major exchanges. Unlike rights, warrants normally have a life that is measured in years and entitles the holder to buy common stock of a company at a price that is usually higher than the market price at the time the warrant is issued. Corporations often issue warrants to make the accompanying debt security more attractive.
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An investment in warrants and rights may entail greater risks than certain other types of investments. Generally, rights and warrants do not carry the right to receive dividends or exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. In addition, their value does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities, and they cease to have value if they are not exercised on or before their expiration date. Investing in rights and warrants increases the potential profit or loss to be realized from the investment as compared with investing the same amount in the underlying securities.
Risks of Investing in Equity Securities:
General Risks of Investing in Stocks – While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors must accept the risks of ownership. Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations. Stockholders of a company that fares poorly can lose money.
Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
▪ | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
▪ | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
▪ | Changes in financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates. |
Because preferred stock is generally junior to debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
Small and Medium-Sized Companies – Investors in small and medium-sized companies typically take on greater risk and price volatility than they would by investing in larger, more established companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of their small or medium size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of management depth. The securities of small and medium-sized companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and might not be traded in volumes typical of securities traded on a national securities exchange. Thus, the securities of small and medium capitalization companies are likely to be less liquid, and subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements, than securities of larger, more established companies.
Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”) – The Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities of companies offering shares in IPOs. IPOs may have a magnified performance impact on a fund with a small asset base. The Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time, which may increase the turnover of the Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses for the Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, the Fund may realize taxable gains it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for the Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Holders of IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
The Fund’s investment in IPO shares may include the securities of unseasoned companies (companies with less than three years of continuous operations), which presents risks considerably greater than common stocks of more established companies. These companies may have limited operating histories and their prospects for profitability may be uncertain. These companies may be involved in new and evolving businesses and may be vulnerable to competition and changes in technology, markets and economic conditions. They may be more dependent on key managers and third parties and may have limited product lines.
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Foreign Securities
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities that are traded in markets outside of the U.S. The markets in which these securities are located can be developed or emerging. The Fund can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways, including:
▪ | The Fund can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency; |
▪ | The Fund can invest in American Depositary Receipts, European Depositary Receipts and other similar global instruments; and |
▪ | The Fund can invest in investment funds. |
Types of Foreign Securities:
American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) – ADRs as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. European Depositary Receipts are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
Emerging Markets – An “emerging market country” is generally a country that the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNP”) than more developed countries.
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Sovereign Debt Obligations – Sovereign debt obligations are issued or guaranteed by foreign governments or their agencies. Sovereign debt may be in the form of conventional securities or other types of debt instruments such as loans or loan participations. Governmental entities responsible for repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal and pay interest when due, and may require renegotiation or reschedule of debt payments. In addition, prospects for repayment of principal and payment of interest may depend on political as well as economic factors. Although some sovereign debt, such as Brady Bonds, is collateralized by U.S. government securities, repayment of principal and payment of interest is not guaranteed by the U.S. government.
Investment Funds – Some emerging market countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging market countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If the Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their NAV.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors – Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit the Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval or limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest. Other countries may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s investments.
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Information and Supervision – There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk – The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | Have substantially less volume; |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | May have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards. |
▪ | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis. |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated. |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights. |
▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk – While the Fund denominates its NAV in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
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▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes – Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for the Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets – When the Fund invests in securities in emerging markets, it will be subject to risks not typically associated with domestic securities. Foreign investments, especially investments in emerging markets, can be riskier and more volatile than investments in the United States. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make it more difficult for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Differences in tax and accounting standards and difficulties in obtaining information about foreign companies can negatively affect investment decisions. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed.
Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Investment in the People’s Republic of China (“China”)
Investing in China is subject to the risks of investing in emerging markets and additional risks which are specific to the Chinese market.
The economy of China is in a state of transition from a planned economy to a more market oriented economy and investments may be sensitive to changes in law and regulation together with political, social or economic policy which includes possible government intervention.
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The Fund may incur losses due to limited investment capabilities, or may not be able to fully implement or pursue its investment objective or strategy, due to local investment restrictions, illiquidity of the Chinese domestic securities market, and/or delay or disruption in execution and settlement of trades.
Investments in China A Shares. The Fund may invest in A Shares of companies based in China through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect program or Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect program (collectively, “Stock Connect”) subject to any applicable regulatory limits. Stock Connect is a securities trading and clearing linked program developed by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (“HKEx”), the Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited (“HKSCC”), Shanghai Stock Exchange (“SSE”), Shenzhen Stock Exchange (“SZSE”) and China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation Limited (“ChinaClear”) with the aim of achieving mutual stock market access between China and Hong Kong. This program allows foreign investors to trade certain SSE-listed or SZSE-listed China A Shares through their Hong Kong based brokers. All Hong Kong and overseas investors in Stock Connect will trade and settle SSE or SZSE securities in the offshore Renminbi (“CNH”) only. The Fund will be exposed to any fluctuation in the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and CNH in respect of such investments.
By seeking to invest in the domestic securities markets of China via Stock Connect the Fund is subject to the following additional risks:
• | General Risks. The relevant regulations are relatively untested and subject to change. There is no certainty as to how they will be applied, which could adversely affect the Fund. The program requires use of new information technology systems which may be subject to operational risk due to the program’s cross-border nature. If the relevant systems fail to function properly, trading in both Hong Kong and Chinese markets through the program could be disrupted. |
Stock Connect will only operate on days when both the Chinese and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banks in both markets are open on the corresponding settlement days. There may be occasions when it is a normal trading day for the Chinese market but Stock Connect is not trading. As a result, the Fund may be subject to the risk of price fluctuations in China A Shares when the Fund cannot carry out any China A Shares trading.
• | Foreign Shareholding Restrictions. The trading, acquisition, disposal and holding of securities under Stock Connect are subject at all times to applicable law, which imposes purchasing and holding limits. These limitations and restrictions may have the effect of restricting an investor’s ability to purchase, subscribe for or hold any China A Shares or to take up any entitlements in respect of such shares, or requiring an investor to reduce its holding in any securities, whether generally or at a particular point of time, and whether by way of forced sale or otherwise. As such, investors may incur loss arising from such limitations, restrictions and/or forced sale. |
• | Clearing and Settlement Risk. HKSCC and ChinaClear have established the clearing links and each will become a participant of each other to facilitate clearing and settlement of cross-boundary trades. For cross-boundary trades initiated in a market, the clearing house of that market will on one hand clear and settle with its own clearing participants and on the other hand undertake to fulfill the clearing and settlement obligations of its clearing participants with the counterparty clearing house. |
In the event ChinaClear defaults, HKSCC’s liabilities under its market contracts with clearing participants may be limited to assisting clearing participants with claims. It is anticipated that HKSCC will act in good faith to seek recovery of the outstanding stocks and monies from ChinaClear through available legal channels or the liquidation of ChinaClear. Regardless, the process of recovery could be delayed and the Fund may not fully recover its losses or its Stock Connect securities.
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• | Legal/Beneficial Ownership. Where securities are held in custody on a cross-border basis there are specific legal and beneficial ownership risks linked to the compulsory requirements of the local central securities depositaries, HKSCC and ChinaClear. |
As in other emerging markets, the legislative framework is only beginning to develop the concept of legal/formal ownership and of beneficial ownership or interest in securities. In addition, HKSCC, as nominee holder, does not guarantee the title to Stock Connect securities held through it and is under no obligation to enforce title or other rights associated with ownership on behalf of beneficial owners. Consequently, the courts may consider that any nominee or custodian as registered holder of Stock Connect securities would have full ownership thereof, and that those Stock Connect securities would form part of the pool of assets of such entity available for distribution to creditors of such entities and/or that a beneficial owner may have no rights whatsoever in respect thereof. Consequently, neither the Fund nor its custodian can ensure that the Fund’s ownership of these securities or title thereto is assured.
To the extent that HKSCC is deemed to be performing safekeeping functions with respect to assets held through it, it should be noted that the Fund and its custodian will have no legal relationship with HKSCC and no direct legal recourse against HKSCC in the event that the Fund suffers losses resulting from the performance or insolvency of HKSCC.
• | Operational Risk. The HKSCC provides clearing, settlement, nominee functions and other related services in respect of trades executed by Hong Kong market participants. Chinese regulations which include certain restrictions on selling and buying will apply to all market participants. In the case of a sale, pre-delivery of shares to the broker is required, increasing counterparty risk. As a result, the Fund may not be able to purchase and/or dispose of holdings of China A Shares in a timely manner. |
• | Day Trading Restrictions. Day (turnaround) trading is not permitted through Stock Connect. Investors buying A Shares on day T can only sell the shares on and after day T+1 subject to any Stock Connect rules. |
• | Quota Limitations. The Stock Connect program is subject to daily quota limitations which may restrict the Fund’s ability to invest in China A Shares through the program on a timely basis. |
• | Investor Compensation. The Fund will not benefit from Chinese local investor compensation schemes. |
Tax within China. Uncertainties in Chinese tax rules governing taxation of income and gains from investments in A Shares via Stock Connect could result in unexpected tax liabilities for the Fund. The Fund’s investments in securities, including A Shares, issued by Chinese companies may cause the Fund to become subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by China.
If the Fund were considered to be a tax resident of China, it would be subject to Chinese corporate income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide taxable income. If the Fund were considered to be a non-resident enterprise with a “permanent establishment” in China, it would be subject to Chinese corporate income tax of 25% on the profits attributable to the permanent establishment. The Adviser intends to operate the Fund in a manner that will prevent it from being treated as a tax resident of China and from having a permanent establishment in China. It is possible, however, that China could disagree with that conclusion, or that changes in Chinese tax law could affect the Chinese corporate income tax status of the Fund.
China generally imposes withholding income tax at a rate of 10% on dividends, premiums, interest and capital gains originating in China and paid to a company that is not a resident of China for tax purposes and that has no permanent establishment in China. The withholding is in general made by the relevant Chinese tax resident company making such payments. In the event the relevant Chinese tax resident company fails to withhold the relevant Chinese withholding income tax or otherwise fails to pay the relevant withholding income tax to Chinese tax authorities, the competent tax authorities may, at their sole discretion, impose tax obligations on the Fund.
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The Ministry of Finance of China, the State Administration of Taxation of China and the China Securities Regulatory Commission issued Caishui No. 81 on October 31, 2014 (“Notice 81”), which states that the capital gain from disposal of China A Shares by foreign investors enterprises via Stock Connect will be temporarily exempt from withholding income tax. Notice 81 also states that the dividends derived from A Shares by foreign investors enterprises is subject to a 10% withholding income tax.
There is no indication of how long the temporary exemption will remain in effect and the Fund may be subject to such withholding income tax in the future. If, in the future, China begins applying tax rules regarding the taxation of income from investments through Stock Connect and/or begins collecting capital gains taxes on such investments, the Fund could be subject to withholding income tax liability if the Fund determines that such liability cannot be reduced or eliminated by applicable tax treaties. The Chinese tax authorities may in the future issue further guidance in this regard and with potential retrospective effect. The negative impact of any such tax liability on the Fund’s return could be substantial.
In light of the uncertainty as to how gains or income that may be derived from the Fund’s investments in China will be taxed, the Fund reserves the right to provide for withholding tax on such gains or income and withhold tax for the account of the Fund. Withholding tax may already be withheld at a broker/custodian level.
Any tax provision, if made, will be reflected in the net asset value of the Fund at the time the provision is used to satisfy tax liabilities. If the actual applicable tax levied by the Chinese tax authorities is greater than that provided for by the Fund so that there is a shortfall in the tax provision amount, the net asset value of the Fund may suffer as the Fund will have to bear additional tax liabilities. In this case, then existing and new shareholders in the Fund will be disadvantaged. If the actual applicable tax levied by Chinese tax authorities is less than that provided for by the Fund so that there is an excess in the tax provision amount, shareholders who redeemed Fund shares before the Chinese tax authorities’ ruling, decision or guidance may have been disadvantaged as they would have borne any loss from the Fund’s overprovision. In this case, the then existing and new shareholders in the Fund may benefit if the difference between the tax provision and the actual taxation liability can be returned to the account of the Fund as assets thereof. Any excess in the tax provision amount shall be treated as property of the Fund, and shareholders who previously transferred or redeemed their Fund shares will not be entitled or have any right to claim any part of the amount representing the excess.
Stamp duty under the Chinese laws generally applies to the execution and receipt of taxable documents, which include contracts for the sale of A Shares traded on Chinese stock exchanges. In the case of such contracts, the stamp duty is currently imposed on the seller but not on the purchaser, at the rate of 0.1%. The sale or other transfer by the Adviser of A Shares will accordingly be subject to Chinese stamp duty, but the Fund will not be subject to Chinese stamp duty when it acquires A Shares.
The Fund may also potentially be subject to Chinese value added tax at the rate of 6% on capital gains derived from trading of A Shares and interest income (if any). Existing guidance provides a temporary value added tax exemption for Hong Kong and overseas investors in respect of their gains derived from the trading of Chinese securities through Stock Connect. Because there is no indication how long the temporary exemption will remain in effect, the Fund may be subject to such value added tax in the future. In addition, urban maintenance and construction tax (currently at rates ranging from 1% to 7%), educational surcharge (currently at the rate of 3%) and local educational surcharge (currently at the rate of 2%) (collectively, the “surtaxes”) are imposed based on value added tax liabilities, so if the Fund were liable for value added tax it would also be required to pay the applicable surtaxes.
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The Chinese rules for taxation of Stock Connect are evolving, and certain of the tax regulations to be issued by the State Administration of Taxation of China and/or Ministry of Finance of China to clarify the subject matter may apply retrospectively, even if such rules are adverse to the Fund and its shareholders. The imposition of taxes, particularly on a retrospective basis, could have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s returns. Before further guidance is issued and is well established in the administrative practice of the Chinese tax authorities, the practices of the Chinese tax authorities that collect Chinese taxes relevant to the Fund may differ from, or be applied in a manner inconsistent with, the practices with respect to the analogous investments described herein or any further guidance that may be issued. The value of the Fund’s investment in China and the amount of its income and gains could be adversely affected by an increase in tax rates or change in the taxation basis.
The above information is only a general summary of the potential Chinese tax consequences that may be imposed on the Fund and its shareholders either directly or indirectly and should not be taken as a definitive, authoritative or comprehensive statement of the relevant matter. Shareholders should seek their own tax advice on their tax position with regard to their investment in the Fund.
The Chinese government has implemented a number of tax reform policies in recent years. The current tax laws and regulations may be revised or amended in the future. Any revision or amendment in tax laws and regulations may affect the after-taxation profit of Chinese companies and foreign investors in such companies, such as the Fund.
Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”)
The Fund may invest in exchange-traded funds. ETFs may be structured as investment companies that are registered under the 1940 Act, typically as open-end funds or unit investment trusts. These ETFs are generally based on specific domestic and foreign market securities indices. An “index-based ETF” seeks to track the performance of an index by holding in its portfolio either the contents of the index or a representative sample of the securities in the index. Alternatively, ETFs may be structured as grantor trusts or other forms of pooled investment vehicles that are not registered or regulated under the 1940 Act. These ETFs typically hold commodities, precious metals, currency or other non-securities investments. ETFs, like mutual funds, have expenses associated with their operation, such as advisory and custody fees. When the Fund invests in an ETF, in addition to directly bearing expenses associated with its own operations, including the brokerage costs associated with the purchase and sale of shares of the ETF, the Fund will bear a pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses. In addition, it may be more costly to own an ETF than to directly own the securities or other investments held by the ETF because of ETF expenses. The risks of owning shares of an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the securities or other investments held by the ETF, although lack of liquidity in the market for the shares of an ETF could result in the ETF’s value being more volatile than the underlying securities or other investments.
Investment Companies
The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Fund. The Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
For hedging or other purposes, the Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange-Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
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Pursuant to orders issued by the SEC to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Fund may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Fund otherwise complies with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Fund follows certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of the Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by the Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements, which involve the sale of securities with an agreement to repurchase the securities at an agreed-upon price, date and interest payment and have the characteristics of borrowing. Generally, the effect of such a transaction is that the Fund can recover all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities involved during the term of the reverse repurchase agreement, while the Fund will be able to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are advantageous only if the interest cost to the Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. Opportunities to achieve this advantage may not always be available, and the Fund intends to use the reverse repurchase technique only when it will be advantageous to the Fund. The Fund will in each instance establish a segregated account with the Trust’s custodian bank in which the Fund will maintain cash or cash equivalents or other portfolio securities equal in value to the Fund’s obligations in respect of reverse repurchase agreements.
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Restricted and Illiquid Investments
While the Fund does not anticipate doing so, it may purchase illiquid investments, including investments that are not readily marketable and investments that are not registered (“restricted securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. Illiquid investments are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment.
Illiquid investments may include a wide variety of investments, such as repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, OTC options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements), fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or do not provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits), participation interests in loans, commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act, and investments whose disposition is restricted under the federal securities laws. Illiquid investments include restricted, privately placed securities that, under the federal securities laws, generally may be resold only to qualified institutional buyers. If a substantial market develops for a restricted security (or other illiquid investment) held by the Fund, it may be treated as a liquid investment, in accordance with procedures and guidelines approved by the Board.
Securities Lending
The Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of the Fund (including the loan collateral). The Fund will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned by the Fund that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund.
The Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund’s securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, the Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects the Fund to market risk. The Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by the Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. The Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
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Short Sales
Description of Short Sales:
Selling a security short is when an investor sells a security it does not own. To sell a security short an investor must borrow the security from someone else to deliver to the buyer. The investor then replaces the security it borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or before the time of replacement. Until it replaces the security, the investor repays the person that lent it the security for any interest or dividends that may have accrued during the period of the loan.
Investors typically sell securities short to:
▪ | Take advantage of an anticipated decline in prices. |
▪ | Protect a profit in a security it already owns. |
The Fund can lose money if the price of the security it sold short increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. Likewise, the Fund can profit if the price of the security declines between those dates. Because the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could also be subject to a theoretically unlimited loss.
To borrow the security, the Fund may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The Fund will also incur transaction costs in effecting short sales. The Fund’s gains and losses will be decreased or increased, as the case may be, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest, or expenses the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale.
The broker will retain the net proceeds of the short sale, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Short Sales Against the Box - In addition, the Fund may engage in short sales “against the box.” In a short sale against the box, the Fund agrees to sell at a future date a security that it either currently owns or has the right to acquire at no extra cost. The Fund will incur transaction costs to open, maintain and close short sales against the box. For tax purposes, a short sale against the box may be a taxable event to the Fund.
Restrictions on Short Sales:
The Fund will not short sell a security if:
▪ | After giving effect to such short sale, the total market value of all securities sold short would exceed 25% of the value of the Fund’s net assets. |
▪ | The market value of the securities of any single issuer that have been sold short by the Fund would exceed two percent (2%) of the value of the Fund’s net assets. |
▪ | Any security sold short would constitute more than two percent (2%) of any class of the issuer’s securities. |
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Until the Fund closes its short position or replaces the borrowed security, the Fund may: (a) segregate cash or liquid securities at such a level that the amount segregated plus the amount deposited with the broker as collateral will equal the current value of the security sold short; or (b) otherwise cover the Fund’s short position.
When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward-Delivery Transactions
A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which has not been issued. In a forward delivery transaction, the Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities the Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. The Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
The Fund uses when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When the Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward delivery transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, the Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward delivery basis, the Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because the Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to the risks associated with its other investments.
The Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed delivery or forward delivery transactions. The Fund will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of the commitments.
Borrowing
The Fund may borrow money for investment purposes. Borrowing for investment purposes is one form of leverage. Leveraging investments, by purchasing securities with borrowed money, is a speculative technique that increases investment risk, but also increases investment opportunity. Because substantially all of the Fund’s assets will fluctuate in value, whereas the interest obligations on borrowings may be fixed, the NAV per share of the Fund will increase more when the Fund’s portfolio assets increase in value and decrease more when the Fund’s portfolio assets decrease in value than would otherwise be the case. Moreover, interest costs on borrowings may fluctuate with changing market rates of interest and may partially offset or exceed the returns on the borrowed funds. Under adverse conditions, the Fund might have to sell portfolio securities to meet interest or principal payments at a time when investment considerations would not favor such sales. The Fund intends to use leverage during periods when the Adviser believes that the Fund’s investment objective would be furthered.
The Fund may also borrow money to facilitate management of the Fund’s portfolio by enabling the Fund to meet redemption requests when the liquidation of portfolio instruments would be inconvenient or disadvantageous. Such borrowing is not for investment purposes and will be repaid by the borrowing Fund promptly. As required by the 1940 Act, the Fund must maintain continuous asset coverage (total assets, including assets acquired with borrowed funds, less liabilities exclusive of borrowings) of 300% of all amounts borrowed. If, at any time, the value of the Fund’s assets should fail to meet this 300% coverage test, the Fund, within three days (not including Sundays and holidays), will reduce the amount of the Fund’s borrowings to the extent necessary to meet this 300% coverage requirement. Maintenance of this percentage limitation may result in the sale of portfolio securities at a time when investment considerations otherwise indicate that it would be disadvantageous to do so.
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Special Risks of Cyber Attacks
As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
INVESTMENT POLICIES OF THE FUND
Fundamental Policies
The following investment policies are fundamental, which means that the Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less. Unless otherwise noted, the Fund will determine compliance with the investment limitation percentages below (with the exception of a limitation relating to borrowing) and other applicable investment requirements immediately after and as a result of its acquisition of such security or other asset. Accordingly, the Fund generally will not consider changes in values, net assets or other circumstances when determining whether the investment complies with its investment limitations.
The Fund will not:
▪ | Borrow money, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Fund’s Prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. |
▪ | Issue senior securities, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction. |
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▪ | Underwrite securities of other issuers, except insofar as the Fund may technically be deemed to be an underwriter under the 1933 Act in connection with the purchase or sale of its portfolio securities. |
▪ | Concentrate its investments in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities). |
▪ | Purchase or sell real estate, except: (1) to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction; (2) that the Fund may invest in securities of issuers that deal or invest in real estate; and (3) that the Fund may purchase securities secured by real estate or interests therein. |
▪ | Purchase or sell commodities or contracts on commodities except that the Fund may engage in financial futures contracts and related options and currency contracts and related options and may otherwise do so in accordance with applicable law and without registering as a commodity pool operator under the Commodity Exchange Act. |
▪ | Make loans to other persons, except that the Fund may lend its portfolio securities in accordance with applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Fund’s Prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. The acquisition of investment securities or other investment instruments shall not be deemed to be the making of a loan. |
▪ | Purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objective of the Fund, the following investment limitations are non-fundamental, and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The Fund may:
▪ | Not borrow money, except that: (1) the Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the 1940 Act) or enter into reverse repurchase agreements, in amounts up to 33 1 / 3 % of its total assets (including the amount borrowed); (2) the Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes; (3) the Fund may obtain such short-term credit as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities; and (4) the Fund may purchase securities on margin and engage in short sales to the extent permitted by applicable law. |
Notwithstanding the investment restrictions above, the Fund may not borrow amounts in excess of 33 1 / 3 % of its total assets, taken at market value, and then only from banks as a temporary measure for extraordinary or emergency purposes such as the redemption of Fund shares.
▪ | Purchase and sell currencies or securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-commitment basis. |
▪ | Purchase and sell foreign currency, purchase options on foreign currency and foreign currency exchange contracts. |
▪ | Invest in the securities of foreign issuers. |
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▪ | Purchase shares of other investment companies to the extent permitted by applicable law. The Fund may, notwithstanding any fundamental policy or other limitation, invest all of its investable assets in securities of a single open-end management investment company with substantially the same investment objectives, policies and limitations. |
The 1940 Act currently permits the Fund to invest up to 10% of its total assets in the securities of other investment companies. However, the Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one investment company or acquire more than 3% of the outstanding securities of any one investment company, unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder.
▪ | Write covered call options and may buy and sell put and call options. |
▪ | Enter into repurchase agreements. |
▪ | Lend portfolio securities to registered broker-dealers or other institutional shareholders. These loans may not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Fund’s total assets taken at market value. In addition, the Fund must receive at least 100% collateral. |
▪ | Sell securities short and engage in short sales “against the box.” |
▪ | Enter into swap transactions. |
▪ | Not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of issuers that at the time of initial purchase: (1) have their principal securities trading market in an emerging market country; (2) alone or on a consolidated basis derive 50% or more of annual revenue from goods produced, sales made or services performed in emerging market countries; and (3) are organized under the laws of, and have principal office in, an emerging market country without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
Except with respect to the Fund’s policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances cause the Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitations within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Diversification . Under the 1940 Act, a diversified investment management company, as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agents or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer’s outstanding voting securities would be held by the fund.
Concentration . The 1940 Act requires that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy regarding concentration. The SEC staff has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s total assets in an industry or group of industries, with certain exceptions. The Fund may, at any time, invest more than 25% of its assets in securities issued by the Federal government or its agencies and instrumentalities, and/or state governments and their political sub-divisions, as the SEC Staff does not consider such entities to be the members of any industry. For purposes of the Fund’s concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
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Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as short sales, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, a fund may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies. The Fund may not make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) engage in securities lending as described in the Statement of Additional Information.
Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Commodities and Real Estate . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in commodities or real estate, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments. The Fund has adopted a fundamental policy that would permit direct investment in commodities or real estate. The Fund will not purchase or sell real estate, physical commodities, or commodities contracts, except that the Fund may purchase: (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including REITs), commodities, or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
Investment Adviser. Acadian Asset Management LLC (“Acadian” or the “Adviser”) is an SEC-registered investment adviser and a Delaware limited liability company located at 260 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110. Acadian serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. Acadian was founded in 1986 and is a subsidiary of BrightSphere Affiliate Holdings LLC, which is an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of BrightSphere Investment Group plc, a publicly listed company on the NYSE. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $86.2 billion in assets under management.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”) dated June 24, 2002. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as investment adviser and makes the investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Trustees. After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.
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The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser, or by the Adviser on 90 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services, the Fund pays the Adviser a fee calculated at an annual rate of 1.00% of the average daily net assets of the Fund. Due to the effect of fee waivers by the Adviser, the actual percentage of average daily net assets that the Fund pays in any given year may be different from the rate set forth in its contract with the Adviser. The Adviser has voluntarily agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep its total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 2.50% of the Fund’s average daily net assets. The Adviser intends to continue these voluntary fee reductions and expense reimbursements until further notice, but may discontinue all or part of them at any time.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Adviser the following advisory fees:
Contractual Advisory Fees |
Fees Waived by the Adviser |
Total Fees Paid by the Adviser (After Waivers) | ||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$13,028,557 | $11,052,170 | $12,565,819 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $13,028,557 | $11,052,170 | $12,565,819 |
This section includes information about the Fund’s portfolio managers, including information about other accounts managed, the dollar range of Fund shares owned and compensation.
Compensation. Compensation structure varies among professionals, although the basic package involves a generous base salary, strong bonus potential, profit sharing participation, various benefits, and, among the majority of senior investment professionals and certain other key employees, equity interest in the firm as part of the Acadian Key Employee Limited Partnership.
Compensation is highly incentive-driven, with Acadian often paying in excess of 100% of base pay for performance bonuses. Bonuses are tied directly to the individual’s contribution and performance during the year, with members of the investment team evaluated on such factors as their contributions to the investment process, account retention, asset growth, and overall firm performance. Since portfolio management in Acadian’s equity strategies is a team approach, investment team members’ compensation is not linked to the performance of specific accounts but rather to the individual’s overall contribution to the success of the team and the firm’s profitability. This helps to ensure an “even playing field” as investment team members are strongly incentivized to strive for the best possible portfolio performance for all clients rather than only for select accounts.
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Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of the portfolio managers’ “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Brendan Bradley | None |
Ryan Taliaferro | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Name | Registered Investment Companies | Other Pooled Investment Vehicles | Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (Billions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (Billions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (Billions) |
|
Brendan Bradley 1 | 17 2 | $7.016 | 94 3 | $26.988 | 193 4 | $55.519 |
Ryan Taliaferro 1 | 17 2 | $7.016 | 94 3 | $26.988 | 193 4 | $55.519 |
1 | For all core equity products offered by the firm, including the subject strategy, Acadian manages a single process that is custom-tailored to the objectives of its clients. The investment professionals function as part of a core equity team of 28 portfolio managers, all of whom are responsible for working with the dedicated research team to develop and apply quantitative techniques to evaluate securities and markets and for final quality-control review of portfolios to ensure mandate compliance. The data shown for these managers reflect firm-level numbers of accounts and assets under management, segregated by investment vehicle type. |
2 | Includes 1 account managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $1.657 billion in assets. |
3 | Includes 15 accounts managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $2.977 billion in assets. |
4 | Includes 25 accounts managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $8.033 billion in assets. |
Acadian has been appointed as adviser or sub-adviser to numerous public and private funds domiciled in the U.S. and abroad. Acadian is not an investment company and does not directly offer mutual funds. The asset data shown under “Registered Investment Companies” reflects Advisory and sub-advisory relationships with U.S. registered investment companies offering funds to retail investors. The asset data shown under “Other Pooled Investment Vehicles” reflects a combination of; 1) Delaware-based private funds where Acadian has been appointed adviser or sub-adviser and 2) Non-U.S.-based funds where Acadian has been appointed adviser or sub-adviser.
Conflicts of Interests. A conflict of interest may arise as a result of a portfolio manager being responsible for multiple accounts, including the Fund, which may have similar or different investment guidelines and objectives. In addition to the Fund, these accounts may include other mutual funds managed on an advisory or sub-advisory basis, separate accounts and collective trust accounts. An investment opportunity may be suitable for the Fund as well as for any of the other managed accounts. However, the investment may not be available in sufficient quantity for all of the accounts to participate fully. In addition, there may be limited opportunity to sell an investment held by both the Fund and the other accounts. The other accounts may have similar investment objectives or strategies as the Fund, may track the same benchmarks or indexes as the Fund tracks, and may sell securities that are eligible to be held, sold or purchased by the Fund. A portfolio manager may be responsible for accounts that have different advisory fee schedules, which may create the incentive for the portfolio manager to favor one account over another in terms of access to investment opportunities. A portfolio manager may also manage accounts whose investment objectives and policies differ from those of the Fund, which may cause the portfolio manager to effect trading in one account that may have an adverse effect on the value of the holdings within another account, including the Fund.
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To address and manage these potential conflicts of interest, Acadian has adopted compliance policies and procedures to allocate investment opportunities and to ensure that each of its clients is treated on a fair and equitable basis. Such policies and procedures include, but are not limited to, trade allocation and trade aggregation policies, portfolio manager assignment practices and oversight by investment management and the Compliance team.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement, dated November 14, 1991 as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Fund, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following amounts for these services:
Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$971,350 | $891,887 | $952,639 |
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”). The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
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PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Shareholder Servicing Plan. The Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which a shareholder servicing fee of up to 0.25% of average daily net assets of the Investor Class Shares and 0.10% of average daily net assets of the Y Class Shares will be paid to financial intermediaries. Under the plan, financial intermediaries may perform, or may compensate other financial intermediaries for performing, certain shareholder and/or administrative services or similar non-distribution services, including: (i) maintaining shareholder accounts; (ii) arranging for bank wires; (iii) responding to shareholder inquiries relating to the services performed by the financial intermediaries; (iv) responding to inquiries from shareholders concerning their investment in the Fund; (v) assisting shareholders in changing dividend options, account designations and addresses; (vi) providing information periodically to shareholders showing their position in the Fund; (vii) forwarding shareholder communications from the Fund such as proxies, shareholder reports, annual reports, and dividend and capital gain distribution and tax notices to shareholders; (viii) processing purchase, exchange and redemption requests from shareholders and placing orders with the Fund or its service providers; (ix) providing sub-accounting services; (x) processing dividend and capital gain payments from the Fund on behalf of shareholders; (xi) preparing tax reports; and (xii) providing such other similar non-distribution services as the Fund may reasonably request to the extent that the financial intermediary is permitted to do so under applicable laws or regulations.
Other Payments by the Fund. The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, shareholder servicing fees the Fund may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Fund’s shareholder servicing plan.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Fund and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Fund, the Distributor or shareholders of the Fund through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Fund in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Fund; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
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Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Fund by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 West 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6 th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Fund. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
BBD, LLP, 1835 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by BBD, LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Fund did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
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The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
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The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Interested Trustees | |||
Robert Nesher (Born: 1946) |
Chairman of the Board of Trustees 1 (since 1991) |
SEI employee 1974 to present; currently performs various services on behalf of SEI Investments for which Mr. Nesher is compensated. President, Chief Executive Officer and Trustee of SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. President and Director of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP. President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP, 2007 to 2013. President and Director of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Vice Chairman of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. President, Chief Executive Officer and Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Vice Chairman of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Vice Chairman of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company), The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust and Schroder Global Series Trust to 2018. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Global Master Fund plc, SEI Global Assets Fund plc, SEI Global Investments Fund plc, SEI Investments-Global Funds Services, Limited, SEI Investments Global, Limited, SEI Investments (Europe) Ltd., SEI Investments-Unit Trust Management (UK) Limited, SEI Multi-Strategy Funds PLC and SEI Global Nominee Ltd.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018.
|
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018) |
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager - Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President - Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Fund as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Fund is the only fund in the family of investment companies. |
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Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate Compensation from the Trust |
Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation from the Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
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Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all of the funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Fund adheres to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities. Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Fund will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Fund will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Fund calculates NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which the Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value the Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Fund are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Fund are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Fund calculates NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
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Fair Valuation of Foreign Securities Based on U.S. Market Movements. A third party fair valuation vendor provides a fair value for foreign securities held by the Fund based on certain factors and methodologies (involving, generally, tracking valuation correlations between the U.S. market and each foreign security) applied by the fair valuation vendor in the event that there are movements in the U.S. market that exceed a specific threshold that has been established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Fair Value Pricing Committee has also established a “confidence interval” that is used to determine the level of correlation between the value of a foreign security and movements in the U.S. market that is required for a particular security to be fair valued when the threshold is exceeded. In the event that the threshold established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee is exceeded on a specific day, the Fund values the foreign securities in its portfolio that exceed the applicable “confidence interval” based upon the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor. In such event, it is not necessary to hold a Fair Value Pricing Committee meeting. In the event that the Adviser believes that the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor are not reliable, the Adviser can contact the Administrator and request that a meeting of the Fair Value Pricing Committee be held.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that the Fund timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
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Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed.
If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income Test or Asset Test in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such a case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. The Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
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Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of any calendar year, at least 98% of its ordinary income for that year and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals which is 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend; (ii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder; (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property; or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in the Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Fund receives from an ETF or underlying fund taxable as a RIC will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such ETF or underlying Fund.
Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Distributions reported to Fund shareholders as capital gain dividends shall be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long the shareholder has owned the shares. The Fund’s shareholders will be notified annually by the Fund (or its administrative agent) as to the federal tax status of all distributions made by the Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, the Fund’s distributions (other than capital gain distributions) qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation. The Fund’s trading strategies may significantly limit its ability to distribute dividends eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporations.
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To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held your shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
Shareholders that buy shares when the Fund has realized but not yet distributed income or capital gains will be “buying a dividend” by paying the full price for the shares and gains and receiving back a portion of the price in the form of a taxable distribution and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales, Exchanges, or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange, or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged, or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly), are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares the Fund will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as its default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
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Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors. If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to, and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, the Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against their federal income tax liability. If the Fund makes the election, it will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If the Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by the Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in the Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Fund.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities. These investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
If the Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs,” the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF”, the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. The Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
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Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues. In general, foreign currency gains or losses from forward contracts, from futures contracts that are not “regulated futures contracts,” and from unlisted options will be treated as ordinary income or loss under the Code. At times, a significant portion of the Fund’s returns (both positive and negative) may be attributable to investments in such currency forward contracts. Also, certain foreign exchange gains derived with respect to foreign fixed income securities are subject to special treatment. In general, any such gains or losses will increase or decrease the amount of the Fund’s investment company taxable income available to be distributed to shareholders as ordinary income, rather than increasing or decreasing the amount of the Fund’s net capital gain. Additionally, if such losses exceed other investment company taxable income during a taxable year, the Fund would not be able to make any ordinary dividend distributions.
The Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Fund intends to monitor its transactions, intends to make the appropriate tax elections, and intends to make the appropriate entries in its books and records when it acquires any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
Gains from the sale or other disposition of foreign currencies and other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived from investing in stock, securities, or foreign currencies generally are included as “good income” for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test described above that must be satisfied in order for the Fund to be treated as a RIC. It should be noted, however, that for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to issue regulations that would exclude from qualifying income foreign currency gains which are not directly related to the RIC’s principal business of investing in stock or securities (or options and futures with respect to stock or securities). No regulations have been issued pursuant to this authorization. It is possible, however, that such regulations may be issued in the future. If such future regulations were applied to the Fund, it is possible under certain circumstances that its qualifying income would no longer satisfy the Qualifying Income Test and the Fund would fail to qualify as a RIC. It is also possible that the Fund’s strategy of investing in foreign currency-related financial instruments might cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the requirements set forth under the Asset Test, resulting in its failure to qualify as a RIC. A failure of the Asset Test might result, for example, from a determination by the IRS that financial instruments in which the Fund invests are not securities. Moreover, even if the financial instruments are treated as securities, a determination by the IRS regarding the identity of the issuers of the securities or the fair market values of the securities that differs from the determinations made by the Fund could result in the failure by the Fund to diversify its investments in a manner necessary to satisfy the Asset Test. The tax treatment of the Fund and its shareholders in the event the Fund fails to qualify as a RIC are described above, but the failure of the Fund to maintain its status as a RIC may be avoided in some circumstances if the Fund complies with certain savings provisions which are also described above.
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Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold, at a rate of 24%, and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”); (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
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The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders.
Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. When the Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
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In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 the Fund paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$982,799 | $723,120 | $650,148 |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Fund.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used in connection with the account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
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From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Fund, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not pay any commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser.
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Fund may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Fund or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Fund for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Fund, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Fund is required to identify any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not hold any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers.”
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. The Fund may at times hold investments in short-term instruments, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rates were as follows:
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 |
40% | 32% |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Fund’s Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund, the Adviser, or the principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer to authorize the release of the Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, either directly or through reports by the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
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Pursuant to applicable law, the Fund is required to disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). The Fund discloses a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s NAV (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. The Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters is available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters is available in Shareholder Reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should the Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-AAM-6161. The Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings on a monthly basis, as of the end of the previous month. For example, the Fund’s investments as of the end of January would ordinarily be published at the end of February. The Fund also publishes a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/acadian. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund.
In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the custodian, administrator or transfer agent, in connection with their services to the Fund. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper, Morningstar, Inc., Frank Russell, Investor Force, PSN, DeMarche and Wilshire Associates may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Fund. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of the Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics. The lag time for such disclosures will vary. The Fund believes that these third parties have legitimate objectives in requesting such portfolio holdings information. The Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
The Fund’s policies and procedures provide that the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders and that, to the extent conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders and those of the Fund’s Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund exists, such conflicts are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The disclosures will not be made sooner than 10 days after the date of the information.
The Fund requires any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that such information will be used solely to analyze and rank the Fund, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
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The Fund’s policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to, or received by, any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Fund, the Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Fund’s portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of the Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
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PROXY VOTING
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-AAM-6161; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by Access Persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. The Codes of Ethics further require certain Access Persons to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings and limited offerings. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of any class of the shares of the Fund. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of the Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling the Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
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Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
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VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
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A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
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A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
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Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
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BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
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APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
ACADIAN ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC
Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
(as of September 2014)
Policy
Whether Acadian will have proxy voting responsibility on behalf of a separate account client is subject to negotiation as part of the overall investment management agreement executed with each client. Should a client desire that Acadian vote proxies on their behalf, Acadian will accept such authority and agree with the client whether votes should be cast in accordance with Acadian’s proxy voting policy or in accordance with a client specific proxy voting policy. Should the client wish to retain voting responsibility themselves, Acadian would have no further involvement in the voting process but would remain available to provide reasonable assistance to the client as needed.
Acadian has adopted a proxy voting policy reasonably designed to ensure that it votes proxies in the best interest of clients. Acadian utilizes the services of Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”), an unaffiliated proxy firm, to help manage the proxy voting process and to research and vote proxies on behalf of Acadian’s clients who have instructed Acadian to vote proxies on their behalf. Unless a client provides a client specific voting criteria to be followed when voting proxies on behalf of holdings in their portfolio, each vote is made according to predetermined guidelines agreed to between the proxy service firm and Acadian. Acadian believes that utilizing this proxy service firm helps Acadian vote in the best interest of clients and insulates Acadian’s voting decisions from any potential conflicts of interest.
When voting proxies on behalf of our clients, Acadian assumes a fiduciary responsibility to vote in our clients’ best interests. In addition, with respect to benefit plans under the Employee Retirement Income Securities Act (ERISA), Acadian acknowledges its responsibility as a fiduciary to vote proxies prudently and solely in the best interest of plan participants and beneficiaries. So that it may fulfill these fiduciary responsibilities to clients, Acadian has adopted and implemented these written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it votes proxies in the best interest of clients.
Procedures
Proxy Voting Guidelines
Acadian acknowledges it has a duty of care to its clients that requires it to monitor corporate events and vote client proxies when instructed by the client to do so. To assist in this effort, Acadian has retained ISS to research and vote its proxies. ISS provides proxy-voting analysis and votes proxies in accordance with predetermined guidelines. Relying on ISS to vote proxies is intended to help ensure that Acadian votes in the best interest of its clients and insulates Acadian’s voting decisions from any potential conflicts of interest. Acadian will also accept specific written proxy voting instructions from a client and communicate those instructions to ISS to implement when voting proxies involving that client’s portfolio.
In specific instances where ISS will not vote a proxy, will not provide a voting recommendation, or other instances where there is an unusual cost or requirement related to a proxy vote, Acadian’s Proxy Coordinator will conduct an analysis to determine whether the costs related to the vote outweigh the potential benefit to our client. If we determine, in our discretion, that it is in the best of interest of our client not to participate in the vote Acadian will not participate in the vote on behalf of our client. If we determine that a vote would be in the best interest of our client, the Proxy Coordinator will seek a voting recommendation from an authorized member of our investment team and ensure the vote is cast as they instruct.
Unless contrary instructions are received from a client, Acadian has instructed ISS to not vote proxies in so-called “share blocking” markets. Share-blocking markets are markets where proxy voters have their securities blocked from trading during the period of the annual meeting. The period of blocking typically lasts from a few days to two weeks. During the period, any portfolio holdings in these markets cannot be sold without a formal recall. The recall process can take time, and in some cases, cannot be accomplished at all. This makes a client’s portfolio vulnerable to a scenario where a stock is dropping in attractiveness but cannot be sold because it has been blocked. Shareholders who do not vote are not subject to the blocking procedure.
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Acadian also reserves the right to override ISS vote recommendations under certain circumstances. Acadian will only do so if they believe that voting contrary to the ISS recommendation is in the best interest of clients. All overrides will be approved by an Officer of Acadian and will be documented with the reasons for voting against the ISS recommendation.
Conflicts of Interest
Occasions may arise during the voting process in which the best interest of clients conflicts with Acadian’s interests. In these situations ISS will continue to follow the same predetermined guidelines as formally agreed upon between Acadian and ISS before such conflict of interest existed. Conflicts of interest generally include (i) business relationships where Acadian has a substantial business relationship with, or is actively soliciting business from, a company soliciting proxies, or (ii) personal or family relationships whereby an employee of Acadian has a family member or other personal relationship that is affiliated with a company soliciting proxies, such as a spouse who serves as a director of a public company. A conflict could also exist if a substantial business relationship exists with a proponent or opponent of a particular initiative.
If Acadian learns that a conflict of interest exists, its Proxy Coordinator will prepare a report for review with a compliance officer, and senior management if needed, that identifies (i) the details of the conflict of interest, (ii) whether or not the conflict is material, and (iii) procedures to ensure that Acadian makes proxy voting decisions based on the best interests of clients. If Acadian determines that a material conflict exists, it will defer to ISS to vote the proxy in accordance with the predetermined voting policy.
Voting Policies
Acadian has adopted the proxy voting policies developed by ISS, summaries of which can be found at http://www.issgovernance.com/policy and which are deemed to be incorporated herein. The policies have been developed based on ISS’ independent, objective analysis of leading corporate governance practices and their support of long-term shareholder value. Acadian may change its proxy voting policy from time to time without providing notice of changes to clients.
Voting Process
Acadian has appointed the Head of Operations to act as Proxy Coordinator. The Proxy Coordinator acts as coordinator with ISS including ensuring proxies Acadian is responsible to vote are forwarded to ISS, overseeing that ISS is voting assigned client accounts and maintaining appropriate authorization and voting records.
After ISS is notified by the custodian of a proxy that requires voting and/or after ISS cross references their database with a routine download of Acadian holdings and determines a proxy requires voting, ISS will review the proxy and make a voting proposal based on the recommendations provided by their research group. Any electronic proxy votes will be communicated to the proxy solicitor by ISS Global Proxy Distribution Service and Broadridge’s Proxy Edge Distribution Service, while non-electronic ballots, or paper ballots, will be faxed, telephoned or sent via Internet. ISS assumes responsibility for the proxies to be transmitted for voting in a timely fashion and maintains a record of the vote, which is provided to Acadian on a monthly basis. Proxy voting records specific to a client’s account are available to each client upon request.
B- 2
Proxy Voting Record
Acadian’s Proxy Coordinator will maintain a record containing the following information regarding the voting of proxies: (i) the name of the issuer, (ii) the exchange ticker symbol, (iii) the CUSIP number, (iv) the shareholder meeting date, (v) a brief description of the matter brought to vote; (vi) whether the proposal was submitted by management or a shareholder, (vii) how Acadian/ ISS voted the proxy (for, against, abstained) and (viii) whether the proxy was voted for or against management.
Obtaining a Voting Proxy Report
Clients may request a copy of these policies and procedures and/or a report on how their individual securities were voted by contacting Acadian at 617-850-3500 or by email at compliance-reporting@acadian-asset.com.
B- 3
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund
Institutional Class Shares (AOMCX)
Investor Class Shares (AOMAX)
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund
Institutional Class Shares (AONTX)
Investor Class Shares (AONAX)
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund
Institutional Class Shares (VIMIX)
Investor Class Shares (VIMOX)
Institutional Class Shares and
|
Prospectus
|
Investment Adviser:
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of a Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from a Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with a Fund, you can inform a Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-855-4-ALPHAONE. Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all AlphaOne Funds if you invest directly with a Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus |
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about each Fund, please see:
Page |
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AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund Related Performance Data of the Adviser |
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AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund Related Performance Data |
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The investment objective of the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 90 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor
|
|
Management Fees |
1.00% |
1.00% |
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.35% |
0.35% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses 1 |
0.01% |
0.01% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 2 |
1.36% |
1.61% |
1 | The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 | AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC (the “Adviser” or “AlphaOne”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.50% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until February 28, 2020 (the “contractual expense limit”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made pursuant to the contractual expense limit during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
1
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
|
Institutional Class Shares |
$138 |
$431 |
$745 |
$1,635 |
Investor Class Shares |
$164 |
$508 |
$876 |
$1,911 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 23% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
In pursuing the Fund’s objective, the Adviser strives to build a portfolio with a risk profile less than that of the Russell 2000 Index that is comprised of both “value” and “growth” stocks. Value stocks are those the Adviser may deem to be priced cheaply relative to certain financial measures of worth. Growth stocks are those the Adviser may believe have above average prospects for economic growth. Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-capitalization (small cap) companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of this 80% test, equity securities include securities convertible into equity securities. The Fund considers small cap companies to be companies with market capitalizations equal to or less than one half of the weighted average market capitalization of the Russell 2000 Index at its annual rebalance. While the market capitalization range of the Russell 2000 Index changes throughout the
2
year, as of May 12, 2018, the day on which market capitalization data was used for the most recent annual reconstitution of the index, one half of the weighted average market capitalization of the Russell 2000 Index was equal to $1.1 billion.
In seeking to identify investment opportunities for the Fund’s portfolio, the Adviser begins with an initial investment universe generated from a broad number of sources including but not limited to industry referrals, previous knowledge of the company and rigorous due diligence such as company visits. The Adviser then evaluates each identified stock for desirable growth and value characteristics such as: high return on equity and assets; free cash flow; revenues and earnings per share growth; high interest coverage; and low price-earnings and price-to-book ratios. This evaluation results in a focused list of stocks that the Adviser then subjects to a deeper fundamental analysis focusing on both specific company and stock characteristics. In particular, the Adviser seeks companies displaying sustainable competitive advantage; strong management; long product cycles; and pricing flexibility. In addition, the Adviser also performs due diligence on individual companies, which may include meeting directly with company management teams, talking with competitors and suppliers, and utilizing sell side research as a gauge of internal research findings. With respect to specific stock characteristics, the Adviser seeks high sustained return on investment; above average earnings per share growth; and attractive valuation. The resulting portfolio is expected to include 40-70 positions. After constructing the Fund’s portfolio, the Adviser will seek to mitigate risk through asset diversification and limits on individual position sizes, as well as the monitoring of absolute and relative sector weights.
In general, the Adviser will sell a security when it reaches a predetermined price target. In addition, the Adviser has other sell disciplines in place, such as a fundamental change in a company’s business, a change in the company’s management or a failure by management to execute the business plan. A sale may also occur if the Adviser identifies a more attractive investment opportunity or if a position size grows to more than 5% of the Fund’s portfolio.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency.
3
The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk — Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Growth Style Risk — The price of equity securities rises and falls in response to many factors, including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuer of the stock, the value of its assets, general economic conditions, interest rates, investor perceptions, and market liquidity. The Fund may invest in securities of companies that the Adviser believes have superior prospects for robust and sustainable growth of revenues and earnings. These may be companies with new, limited or cyclical product lines, markets or financial resources, and the management of such companies may be dependent upon one or a few key people. The stocks of such companies can therefore be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than stocks of larger, more established companies or the stock market in general.
Small Cap Company Risk — Small cap companies may be newly formed or in the early stages of development with limited product lines, markets or financial resources. Therefore, small cap companies may be less financially secure than large- and mid-capitalization companies and may be more vulnerable to key personnel losses due to reliance on a smaller number of management personnel. In addition, there may be less public information available about these companies. Small cap stock prices may be more volatile than large- and mid-capitalization companies and such stocks may be more thinly traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market.
Value Style Risk — Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
4
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-855-4-ALPHAONE.
Total Returns by Calendar Year
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
17.80% |
(21.40)% |
(12/31/2016) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
5
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
ALPHAONE SMALL CAP OPPORT UNITIES FU ND |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
(17.68)% |
3.14% |
7.03% |
Investor Class Shares |
(17.91)% |
14.28% |
6.78% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
(19.87)% |
1.23% |
5.35% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
(9.36)% |
2.17% |
5.45% |
Russell 2000 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(11.01)% |
4.41% |
7.71% |
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC serves as investment adviser to the Fund.
Dan Goldfarb, CFA, Senior Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Chris Crooks, CFA, Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2011.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 21 of the Prospectus.
6
The investment objective of the AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 90 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor
|
|
Management Fees |
0.90% |
0.90% |
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
16.56% |
15.58% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
17.46% |
16.73% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(16.06)% |
(15.08)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.40% |
1.65% |
1 |
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC (the “Adviser” or “AlphaOne”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.40% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until February 28, 2021 (the “contractual expense limit”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2021. |
7
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (taking into account the contractual expense limit) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
|
Institutional Class Shares |
$143 |
$1,763 |
$4,201 |
$8,086 |
Investor Class Shares |
$168 |
$1,765 |
$4,153 |
$8,062 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. For the fiscal period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 732% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in securities of next generation (“NextGen”) technology companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of this investment policy, a NextGen technology company is a company that produces, designs, or markets innovative, new technology products or services; uses innovative, new technology extensively in its product development or operations; or is expected to benefit significantly from technological advances or improvements. The types of companies likely to be represented in the Fund’s portfolio include, but are not limited to, computer (hardware and software), communications (voice, data and wireless), consumer electronics, e-commerce, semiconductor, media, environmental, energy, biotechnology and health care. The Fund primarily invests in common
8
stocks of U.S. and non-U.S. companies, and may invest in companies of any market capitalization.
In selecting investments to buy for the Fund, the Adviser uses a fundamental research process to seek to identify catalysts (such as innovative product development, high acquisition potential, and underappreciated product cycles) that will positively change the earnings potential and market value of a company over time. The Adviser will consider selling a security if there is a change in the factors supporting the investment rationale, or the Adviser identifies a more attractive investment opportunity. The Fund may buy and sell securities frequently, which could result in a high portfolio turnover rate.
The Fund is classified as “non-diversified,” which means that it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Active Management Risk — The Fund is subject to the risk that the Adviser’s judgments about the attractiveness, value, or potential appreciation of the Fund’s investments may prove to be incorrect. If the investments selected and strategies employed by the Fund fail to produce the intended results, the Fund could underperform in comparison to its benchmark index or other funds with similar objectives and investment strategies.
Technology Companies Risk — Technology companies may have limited product lines, markets, financial resources and/or personnel. Technology companies typically face intense competition and potentially rapid product obsolescence. They are also heavily dependent on intellectual property rights and may be adversely affected by the loss or impairment of those rights.
Equity Risk — Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically
9
from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Small-Capitalization and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk — The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk — The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Foreign Company Risk — Investing in foreign companies poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the U.S. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the same level of regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers and foreign markets and securities may be less liquid.
Foreign Currency Risk — Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case the dollar value of the Fund’s investments in securities denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, would be adversely affected.
10
Portfolio Turnover Risk – The Fund is subject to portfolio turnover risk since it may buy and sell investments frequently. Such a strategy often involves higher expenses, including brokerage commissions, and may increase the amount of capital gains (in particular, short term gains) realized by the Fund. Shareholders may pay tax on such capital gains.
Non-Diversification Risk — The Fund is classified as “non-diversified,” which means it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund. To the extent that the Fund invests its assets in a smaller number of issuers, the Fund will be more susceptible to negative events affecting those issuers than a diversified fund.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks of an investment in the Fund by showing the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance for the 2018 calendar year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Investor Class Shares of the Fund commenced operations on January 22, 2018 and, therefore, do not have performance history for a full calendar year. Accordingly, no performance information is presented for Investor Class Shares. Investor Class Shares of the Fund would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the returns would generally differ only to the extent that expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher than expenses of Institutional Class Shares, in which case the returns for Investor Class Shares would be lower than those of Institutional Class Shares.
Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-855-4-ALPHAONE.
11
Total Returns by Calendar Year
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
4.80% |
(15.96)% |
(3/31/2018) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
12
ALPHAONE NEXTGEN TECHNOLOGY FUND |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(6.80)% |
(6.76)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(6.80)% |
(6.76)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(4.28)% |
(5.41)% |
S&P Global 1200 Information Technology Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(5.02)% |
(5.02)% |
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC serves as investment adviser to the Fund.
Dan Niles, Senior Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2017.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 21 of the Prospectus.
13
The investment objective of the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 90 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor
|
|
Management Fees |
0.90% |
0.90% |
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
10.47% |
9.55% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
11.37% |
10.70% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(9.97)% |
(9.05)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.40% |
1.65% |
1 |
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC (the “Adviser” or “AlphaOne”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.40% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until February 28, 2021 (the “contractual expense limit”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2021. |
14
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (taking into account the contractual expense limit) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
|
Institutional Class Shares |
$143 |
$1,351 |
$3,287 |
$7,145 |
Investor Class Shares |
$168 |
$1,347 |
$3,203 |
$6,993 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. For the fiscal period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 34% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-capitalization companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of this investment policy, a small-capitalization company is a company with a market capitalization within the range of the Russell 2000 Index at the time of initial purchase. While the market capitalization range of the Russell 2000 Index changes throughout the year, as of May 12, 2018, the day on which market capitalization data was used for the most recent annual reconstitution of the index, the market capitalization range of the companies to be included in the index as of the reconstitution date was between $159.2 million and $5.0 billion. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks of U.S. companies, but
15
may also include exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) with economic characteristics similar to equity securities.
Villanova Investment Management Company, LLC (the “Sub-Adviser” or “VIMCO”) seeks to generate long-term capital appreciation for the Fund by employing its distinctive private market value approach to public equities, while focusing on downside protection and a margin of safety. The Sub-Adviser approaches investing as a private buyer would, focusing on long-term business fundamentals and value creation while relying on absolute, not relative, valuations. The Sub-Adviser’s strategy is to invest only in companies with superior business models, sustainable competitive advantages, and underlevered balance sheets, that produce substantial free cash flows and are led by expert management teams. By combining rigorous fundamental research with detailed financial analysis and proprietary decision making tools, the Sub-Adviser seeks to allocate the Fund’s assets to securities in one of three investment categories: compounder, discount-to-value, and special situation. Compounders are companies that compound their enterprise value over an extended period of time through organic growth opportunities and the deployment of capital at attractive rates of return. Discount-to-value companies are those that trade below the Sub-Adviser’s assessment of their private market value (i.e. the amount that a private investor would be willing to pay for the company). Special situations are unique investment opportunities stemming from extraordinary circumstances (e.g. mergers and acquisitions or bankruptcies). To be considered for inclusion in the Fund’s portfolio, a security must meet a minimum expected rate of return, the level and duration of which depends on the security’s investment category.
The Sub-Adviser may sell a security held by the Fund for risk management purposes, or when the expected rate of return of the security falls below a pre-determined threshold, the fundamental characteristics of the company change, the market capitalization of the company is no longer within the range of the Russell 2000 Index, or the Sub-Adviser identifies a more attractive investment opportunity.
16
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Active Management Risk — The Fund is subject to the risk that the Sub-Adviser’s judgments about the attractiveness, value, or potential appreciation of the Fund’s investments may prove to be incorrect. If the investments selected and strategies employed by the Fund fail to produce the intended results, the Fund could underperform in comparison to its benchmark index or other funds with similar objectives and investment strategies.
Equity Risk — Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
ETFs Risk — ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. and non-U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which an index ETF is based or the other holdings of an active or index ETF, and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses.
Small Cap Company Risk — Small cap companies may be newly formed or in the early stages of development with limited product lines, markets or financial resources. Therefore, small cap companies
17
may be less financially secure than large- and mid-capitalization companies and may be more vulnerable to key personnel losses due to reliance on a smaller number of management personnel. In addition, there may be less public information available about these companies. Small cap stock prices may be more volatile than large- and mid-capitalization companies and such stocks may be more thinly traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market.
Value Style Risk — Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Sub-Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations, is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
Special Situations Risk — Investments in special situations may involve greater risks when compared to other investment strategies. Mergers, reorganizations, liquidations or recapitalizations may not be completed on the terms originally contemplated, or may fail. Expected developments may not occur in a timely manner, or at all. Transactions may take longer than originally anticipated, resulting in lower annualized returns than contemplated at the time of investment. Furthermore, failure to anticipate changes in the circumstances affecting these types of investments may result in permanent loss of capital, where the Fund may be unable to recoup some or all of its investment.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks of an investment in the Fund by showing the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance for the 2018 calendar year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Investor Class Shares of the Fund commenced operations on January 22, 2018 and, therefore, do not have performance history for a full calendar year. Accordingly, no performance information is presented for Investor Class Shares. Investor Class Shares of the Fund would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares
18
because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the returns would generally differ only to the extent that expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher than expenses of Institutional Class Shares, in which case the returns for Investor Class Shares would be lower than those of Institutional Class Shares.
Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-855-4-ALPHAONE.
Total Returns by Calendar Year
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
4.83% |
(17.39)% |
(06/30/2018) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
19
ALPHAONE VIMCO SMALL CAP VALUE FUND |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(12.52)% |
(12.46)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(13.36)% |
(13.30)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(7.89)% |
(10.35)% |
Russell 2000 Value Total Return Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(12.86)% |
(12.86)% |
INVESTMENT ADVISER and investment sub-adviser
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC serves as investment adviser to the Fund. Villanova Investment Management Company LLC serves as investment sub-adviser to the Fund.
Rastislav Berlansky, CFA, Principal and Portfolio Manager at the Sub-Adviser, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2017.
Edward A. Trumpbour, Principal and Portfolio Manager at the Sub-Adviser, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2017.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 21 of the Prospectus.
20
Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class or Investor Class Shares of the Funds for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000 or $2,500, respectively. Subsequent investments of Institutional Class or Investor Class Shares of the Funds must be made in amounts of at least $10,000 or $100, respectively.
The Funds reserve the right to waive or reduce the minimum investment amounts in their sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Funds directly by mail at: AlphaOne Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: AlphaOne Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or by telephone at 1-855-4-ALPHAONE.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Funds.
Tax Information
The Funds intend to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Funds through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Funds and their related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Funds over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
21
Investing in each Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that each Fund will achieve its goals. The Adviser’s and the Sub-Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser or the Sub-Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in a Fund, just as you could with other investments.
The value of your investment in a Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities a Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on a Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings. The AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund is non-diversified, meaning that the Fund may invest a large percentage of its assets in a single issuer or a relatively small number of issuers. Accordingly, the AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund will be more susceptible to negative events affecting a small number of holdings than a diversified fund.
Equity Risk — Equity securities in which the Funds invest include publicly and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, shares of American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and rights to subscribe to common stock and convertible securities. Common stock represents an equity, or ownership, interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stockholders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause
22
the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Foreign Company Risk — Investments in securities of foreign companies (including direct investments as well as investments through ADRs) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the U.S. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the U.S. and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes is recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio.
Foreign Currency Risk — Fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies, or between various foreign currencies, may negatively affect the Funds’ performance. Adverse changes in exchange rates may erode or reverse any gains produced by foreign-currency denominated investments and may widen any losses. Currency exchange rates can be volatile and can be affected by, among other factors, the actions or inactions by U.S. or foreign governments, central banks or supranational entities, the imposition of currency controls, speculation, or general economic or political developments in the U.S. or a foreign country.
ETFs Risk — Exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. and non-U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Funds invest in ETFs, the Funds will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which an index
23
ETF is based or the other holdings of an active or index ETF, and the value of the Funds’ investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Funds. Accordingly, the Funds’ investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses.
Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their NAV and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate a Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Technology Companies Risk — Technology companies are characterized by periodic new product introductions, innovations and evolving industry standards, and, as a result, face intense competition, both domestically and internationally, which may have an adverse effect on profit margins. Technology companies are often smaller and less experienced companies and may be subject to greater risks than larger companies; these risks may be heightened for technology companies in foreign markets. Technology companies may have limited product lines, markets, financial resources or personnel. The products of technology companies may face product obsolescence due to rapid technological developments and frequent new product introduction, changes in consumer and business purchasing patterns, unpredictable changes in growth rates and competition for the services of qualified personnel. Technology companies are heavily dependent on patent and intellectual property rights. The loss or impairment of these rights may adversely affect the profitability of these companies. Technology companies may also be adversely affected by changes or trends in commodity prices, which may be influenced or characterized by unpredictable factors. Finally, while all companies may be susceptible to network security breaches, certain technology companies may be particular targets of hacking and potential theft of proprietary or consumer information or disruptions in service, which could have a material adverse effect on their businesses.
24
More Information about Fund Objectives and Investments
The investment objective of each Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation. The investment objective of each Fund may not be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Funds use under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, each Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in cash, money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If a Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. A Fund will do so only if the Adviser or the Sub-Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity to pursue its investment objective.
This Prospectus describes the Funds’ principal investment strategies and risks, and the Funds will normally invest in the types of investments described in this Prospectus. In addition to the securities and other investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Funds also may invest in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in the Prospectus, are described in detail in the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”). For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI see the back cover of this Prospectus. Of course, there is no guarantee that the Funds will achieve their investment goals.
INFORMATION ABOUT PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
A description of the Funds’ policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Funds disclose their portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company formed in 2008, serves as the investment adviser to the Funds. The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of AlphaOne Capital Partners, LLC, which, in turn, is a wholly owned subsidiary of AlphaOne Holding, LLC, a private company owned by Paul J. Hondros. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Berwyn, Pennsylvania 19312. As of
25
December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $264.1 million in assets under management.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Funds’ investment programs. In addition, the Adviser oversees Villanova Investment Management Company LLC (“VIMCO” or the “Sub-Adviser”) to ensure its compliance with the investment policies and guidelines of the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund and monitors the Sub-Adviser’s adherence to its investment style. The Board supervises the Adviser and the Sub-Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser and the Sub-Adviser must follow in their management activities. The Adviser pays the Sub-Adviser out of the advisory fee it receives from the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund.
For its services to the Funds, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at the following annual rates based on the average daily net assets of each Fund:
Fund |
Advisory Fee |
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund |
1.00% |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund |
0.90% |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund |
0.90% |
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) for Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares from exceeding certain levels as set forth below (each, a “contractual expense limit”) until the applicable initial term end date set forth below. This agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on the applicable initial term end date.
Fund |
Contractual
|
Initial Term
|
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund |
1.50% |
February 28, 2020 |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund |
1.40% |
February 28, 2021 |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund |
1.40% |
February 28, 2021 |
In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion
26
of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made pursuant to the contractual expense limit during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
The Adviser has also voluntarily agreed to further reduce its fees and/or reimburse expenses in order to keep the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund’s net operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) from exceeding 1.42% of the Fund’s average daily net assets (the “voluntary expense limit”). The Adviser intends to continue this voluntary expense limit until further notice, but may discontinue all or part of it at any time.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser received advisory fees, stated as a percentage of average daily net assets of each Fund, as follows:
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund |
1.00% |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund |
0% 1 |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund |
0% 1 |
1 |
Represents the period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018. |
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Funds’ investment advisory agreement with respect to the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund will be available in the Funds’ Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019. A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Funds’ investment advisory agreement with respect to the AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund and AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund is available in the Funds’ Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2018.
VIMCO
Villanova Investment Management Company LLC, a Delaware limited liability company formed in 2016, serves as the investment sub-adviser to the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund. VIMCO is majority-owned by Berlansky/Trumpbour Investment Management Company LLC, which, in turn, is owned by Messrs. Rastislav Berlansky and Edward A. Trumpbour. AlphaOne Capital Partners, LLC is a minority owner of VIMCO. VIMCO’s principal place of business is located at
27
1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Berwyn, Pennsylvania 19312. As of December 31, 2018, VIMCO had approximately $7.7 million in assets under management.
For its services to the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund, VIMCO is entitled to a fee from the Adviser, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.675% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the investment sub-advisory agreement is available in the Funds’ Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2018.
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund
The AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals, each of whom is jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Daniel Goldfarb has been with the Adviser since 2009 when his investment team transitioned to the Adviser from OFI Institutional Asset Management. He serves as Head of the Fundamental Small/Micro Cap team and is responsible for managing the Adviser’s Micro Cap Core, Small Cap Growth, and Small Cap Core strategies. He has also served as an equity analyst for these strategies since their inception in 2000. He serves as Senior Portfolio Manager of the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund and is jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund. Mr. Goldfarb served as a managing director/portfolio manager with the OFI Institutional/Babson Capital organization since 1995. Previously, Mr. Goldfarb held positions at Drexel Burnham Lambert, Smith Barney, and Wilmington Trust. Mr. Goldfarb has covered financial institutions during his entire career as well as several other industries including telecom, electric utilities, and real estate investment trusts. He holds a B.A. from Hobart College and an M.B.A. from Vanderbilt University. Mr. Goldfarb is a CFA charterholder and Treasurer of the Bank Analyst Association of Boston.
Chris Crooks has been with the Adviser since 2009. He is a portfolio manager for the Fundamental Small Cap Core/Growth team and is responsible for managing the Adviser’s Micro Cap Core and Small Cap Core strategies. Mr. Crooks also serves as an equity analyst for the Micro Cap Core, Small Cap Core, and Small Cap Growth strategies. He is jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day
28
management of the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Crooks worked in the OFI Institutional/Babson Capital organization since 2003. Previously, Mr. Crooks was a managing director/analyst at Commerce Capital Markets responsible for covering the specialty chemicals and materials sectors. He also was a senior research analyst at Janney Montgomery Scott, LLC. He holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from Drexel University and an M.B.A. from Villanova University. Mr. Crooks is a CFA charterholder and is a member of the American Chemical Society.
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund
Dan Niles has been with the Adviser since 2009. He serves as a Senior Portfolio Manager of the AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund and is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund. From 2004 to 2009, Mr. Niles was a Managing Director at Neuberger Berman, Inc., a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers, and Chief Executive Officer of Neuberger Berman Technology Management, LLC. Mr. Niles first joined Lehman Brothers in May 2000, as the Senior Sell-Side Equity Research Analyst covering computer hardware and semiconductors. Prior to joining Lehman Brothers, Mr. Niles was a Managing Director in Equity Research at Robertson Stephens and, from 1990 to 1997, was in Robertson’s mergers and acquisitions group. Before starting his Wall Street career, Mr. Niles was an Engineer at Digital Equipment Corporation. Mr. Niles received a M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University and a B.S. in Systems Engineering from Boston University.
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund
The AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals, each of whom is jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Rastislav Berlansky, CFA, co-founded VIMCO in 2016. He is jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund. Before forming VIMCO, Mr. Berlansky was a Managing Director, Co-Head of the Absolute Value Team, and lead portfolio manager of the Small Cap Value product at Brandywine Global Investment Management (“Brandywine”). He also served as co-portfolio manager for the Small/Mid Cap Value product and equity analyst for all Absolute Value Equity portfolios at Brandywine. Prior to joining Brandywine in 2003, Mr. Berlansky was an analyst with LLR Partners, Inc. and a senior associate for PricewaterhouseCoopers in its Corporate Valuation Group. Mr. Berlansky is a CFA charterholder and
29
earned a B.S. in Business Administration from Villanova University, graduating summa cum laude.
Edward A. Trumpbour co-founded VIMCO in 2016. He is jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund. Before forming VIMCO, Mr. Trumpbour was a member of the Executive Board, a Managing Director, and the founder and co-head of the Absolute Value Team at Brandywine. He also served as lead portfolio manager of the Small/Mid Cap Value product and co-portfolio manager of the Small Cap Value product at Brandywine. Prior to joining Brandywine in 1996, Mr. Trumpbour was a vice president and senior portfolio manager of the Institutional Large Cap Value Team at Delaware Investment Advisers (“Delaware”). While at Delaware, he launched and managed the Delaware Value Fund, renamed the Delaware Small Cap Value Fund, a fund investing in small and mid-capitalization equities. Additionally, Mr. Trumpbour served as an analyst with Gabelli Asset Management. He earned an M.B.A. in Finance from The Wharton School of The University of Pennsylvania and B.S.B.A. in Finance from Georgetown University.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
ALPHAONE SMALL CAP OPPORTUNITIES FUND RELATED PERFORMANCE DATA of the adviser
The following table gives the related performance of all actual, fee-paying separate accounts, referred to as the “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies, strategies and risks substantially similar to those of the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund. The Composite does not reflect all of the Adviser’s assets under management. A complete list of the firm’s composite descriptions is available upon request. The data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of the Adviser.
The Adviser claims compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS ® ) and has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the GIPS standards. The Adviser has been independently verified for the periods January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2017. Verification assesses whether (1) the firm has complied with all the composite construction requirements of the GIPS standards on a
30
firm-wide basis and (2) the firm’s policies and procedures are designed to calculate and present performance in compliance with the GIPS standards. The Composite has been examined for the periods January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2017. The verification and performance examination reports are available upon request.
Performance results are presented both net of fees and gross of fees. “Net of fees” performance results are net of all fees, expenses and, if applicable, sales loads or placements fees. Because of variation in fee levels, “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular portfolio. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The performance of the Composite (net of fees) reflects the Adviser’s applicable portfolio fees and expenses; however, the Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the Composite. If the Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the Composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The Composite is also not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the Composite was subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
31
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Small Cap Opportunities Composite
1,2
(January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2018)
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts and does not represent the performance of the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund.
Year |
Annual Total
|
Annual
|
Russell
|
Number
|
Dispersion 5 |
Total Composite Assets at
|
Percentage
|
2018 |
-17.26% |
-16.39% |
-11.01% |
7 |
0.2% |
$201,023 |
76.19% |
2017 |
8.99% |
10.11% |
14.65% |
7 |
0.08% |
$283,557 |
80.21% |
2016 |
25.93% |
27.26% |
21.31% |
5 |
0.1% |
$254,051 |
78.77% |
2015 |
2.65% |
3.82% |
-4.41% |
7 |
0.05% |
$218,159 |
74.37% |
2014 |
1.11% |
2.17% |
4.89% |
7 |
0.3% |
$214,007 |
75.47% |
2013 |
39.66% |
40.97% |
38.82% |
6 |
0.1% |
$221,275 |
50.89% |
2012 |
13.95% |
15.03% |
16.35% |
8 |
0.0% |
$186,032 |
40.62% |
2011 |
1.92% |
2.91% |
-4.18% |
10 |
0.1% |
$155,463 |
41.90% |
2010 |
28.78% |
29.99% |
26.85% |
9 |
0.3% |
$184,575 |
49.60% |
2009 |
15.52% |
16.67% |
27.17% |
17 |
0.8% |
$199,893 |
0.75% |
2008 |
-23.93% |
-23.15% |
-33.79% |
20 |
0.6% |
$281,344 |
0.64% |
2007 |
3.13% |
4.16% |
-1.57% |
14 |
0.5% |
$274,233 |
0.49% |
2006 |
15.93% |
17.08% |
18.37% |
17 |
0.6% |
$286,015 |
0.58% |
2005 |
10.69% |
11.79% |
4.55% |
24 |
0.3% |
$380,000 |
0.29% |
2004 |
19.33% |
20.51% |
18.33% |
25 |
0.6% |
$423,000 |
0.55% |
2003 |
43.28% |
44.71% |
47.25% |
22 |
1.0% |
$352,000 |
0.98% |
2002 |
-7.18% |
-6.24% |
-20.48% |
21 |
1.0% |
$261,000 |
1.01% |
2001 |
30.20% |
31.48% |
2.49% |
12 |
1.4% |
$213,000 |
1.38% |
1 |
The Composite was created in June 1998. The Composite includes fully discretionary portfolios and, prior to June 30, 1998, included a non-fee paying portfolio. The minimum portfolio value requirement for inclusion in the Composite initially was set at $3 million; however, the minimum value was removed in July 2008. |
|
Performance results include all portfolios under the Adviser’s management that meet the Composite definition. A portfolio is included in the Composite when it is deemed that the investments made by the Adviser fully reflect the intended investment strategy. Inclusion will occur by the later of (i) when a portfolio meets the minimum portfolio value for the Composite, if such minimum portfolio value was applicable at the time of inclusion, or (ii) the fifth monthly performance measurement period after the assets come under management. Closed portfolios are included through the last full month under management. |
2 |
Management has used a time-weighted, monthly linked rate of return formula with daily adjustments for cash flows, described below. The monthly rate of return for an eligible account is the percentage change in the market value of the account during the month, taking into account the effect of any cash additions or withdrawals that occur during the month. Such cash additions or withdrawals are |
32
accounted for using the modified Dietz method. The modified Dietz method weights each cash flow by the amount of time it is held in the portfolio. Management defines a significant cash flow as monthly cash contributions or withdrawals in excess of 10% of an account’s value. If management determines that a significant cash flow disrupts the implementation of the investment style and strategy for the respective account, the account is temporarily removed from the Composite at the beginning of the month in which the significant cash flow occurs. The account is returned to the respective Composite the following month. Additional information regarding the treatment of significant cash flows and the calculation of returns is available upon request. | |
|
Monthly Composite returns are calculated by asset weighting each account’s monthly return based on the beginning-of-month market values. Each quarterly Composite rate of return is determined by compounding the asset-weighted monthly rates of return. The annual returns are computed by compounding the quarterly rates of return. |
|
Performance results are net of execution costs, exclude the effect of all income taxes, and assume the reinvestment of all interest, dividends, and capital gains. Performance presented is based on returns in U.S. dollars. Investments are valued using an independent pricing source. Interest income is recorded as earned. Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date. |
3 |
The Composite gross-of-fees returns shown include the reinvestment of income and the impact of transaction costs, but do not include the deduction of investment advisory fees or any other account expenses, such as custodial fees. Composite net of fee returns reflect the deduction of the maximum investment advisory fee as determined by the fee schedule. Composite net of fees returns are net of all fees, expenses and, if applicable, sales loads or placements fees. While actual portfolios incur transaction expenses, pay investment advisory fees, and may incur other account expenses, the benchmark index is shown without the impact of such charges. |
4 |
The Russell 2000 Index is a market cap-weighted index that measures the performance of the 2,000 smallest stocks in the Russell 3000 Index. |
5 |
Composite dispersion measures the consistency of a firm’s composite performance results with respect to the individual account returns within the composite for the full year. The dispersion of annual returns is measured by the standard deviation across asset-weighted portfolio returns represented within the Composite for a full year. For periods where less than five accounts were included in the Composite, dispersion is not disclosed, as it is not considered meaningful. |
ALPHAONE VIMCO SMALL CAP VALUE FUND RELATED PERFORMANCE DATA
The following table gives the related performance of all accounts (each, an “Account”), referred to as a “Composite,” managed by VIMCO that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund. The data illustrates the past performance of VIMCO in managing substantially similar accounts. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of VIMCO.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may
33
have been different. VIMCO has prepared and presented the Composite performance in compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS ® ). VIMCO’s policies on calculating performance and preparing GIPS ® compliant performance presentations are available upon request.
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. Investment transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. “Net of fees” returns reflect the deduction of investment management fees, as well as the deduction of any brokerage commissions, execution costs, sales loads and account fees paid by the Accounts, while “gross of fees” returns do not reflect the deduction of investment management fees. All fees and expenses, except custodial fees, if any, were included in the calculations. “Net of fees” returns are calculated using the highest stated investment management fee for the strategy. The Composite performance information is calculated in and expressed in U.S. dollars, without taking into account federal or state income taxes.
Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the Composite. If the Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the Composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The Accounts are also not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed on the Fund by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the Accounts were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ALPHAONE VIMCO SMALL CAP VALUE FUND.
34
Performance Information for VIMCO’s Small Cap Value Composite
1 |
The inception date of the Composite is September 1, 2016. |
2 |
The Russell 2000 Value Total Return Index is a market-weighted total return index that measures the performance of companies within the Russell 2000 Index having lower price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values. The Russell 2000 Index includes the 2000 firms from the Russell 3000 Index with the smallest market capitalizations. |
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange shares of the Funds.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Funds, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
Each Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own investment minimums and cost structure, as summarized below. Contact your financial intermediary or the Funds for more information about the Funds’ share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Initial – $100,000
Subsequent – $10,000 |
No Rule 12b-1 Fee |
Investor Class Shares |
Initial – $2,500
Subsequent – $100 |
0.25% 12b-1 Fee |
Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Funds or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisors, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if
35
you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
Each Fund reserves the right to accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Funds, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-855-4-ALPHAONE. Applications are also available on the Adviser’s website at www.alphaonecapital.com.
All initial investments must be made by check or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Funds do not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Funds reserve the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Funds are not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Funds do not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Funds subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Funds for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Funds by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Funds a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund name and the share class. Make your check payable to “AlphaOne Funds.”
36
Regular Mail Address
AlphaOne Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
AlphaOne Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-855-4-ALPHAONE for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name, the share class and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA#: 101000695
AlphaOne Funds
DDA# 9870523965
Ref: Fund name/account name/share class/account number
By Automatic Investment Plan (via Automated Clearing House (“ ACH”)) (Investor Class Shares O nly)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Funds. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually and annually in amounts of at least $100. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Funds at: AlphaOne Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121 (Express Mail Address: AlphaOne Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th
37
Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. Each Fund’s price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
Each Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, a Fund (or an authorized institution) must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, each Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Funds will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of a Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Funds through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Funds), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Funds prior to the time each Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Funds on
38
time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Funds after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as an agent on behalf of the Funds with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on a Fund’s behalf. The Funds will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at a Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Funds with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Funds. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Funds Calculate NAV
The NAV of a class of a Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, each Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or a Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which
39
are appointed by the Board. A Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
There may be limited circumstances in which the Funds would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Funds calculated their NAV.
With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Funds, the Funds may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Funds may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Funds price their shares, the value the Funds assign to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Funds may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of a Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted
40
by the Fund. The Funds reserve the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class or Investor Class Shares of the Funds for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000 or $2,500, respectively. Subsequent investments of Institutional Class or Investor Class Shares of the Funds must be made in amounts of at least $10,000 or $100, respectively. The Funds reserve the right to waive or reduce the minimum investment amounts in their sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Funds to purchase or exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund |
|||
Institutional Class |
AOMCX |
00769G857 |
8611 |
Investor Class |
AOMAX |
00769G865 |
8610 |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund |
|||
Institutional Class |
AONTX |
0075W0395 |
8619 |
Investor Class |
AONAX |
0075W0387 |
8620 |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund |
|||
Institutional Class |
VIMIX |
0075W0429 |
8621 |
Investor Class |
VIMOX |
0075W0411 |
8622 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Funds directly by mail or telephone at 1-855-4-ALPHAONE.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Funds.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program.
41
For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Funds must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before granting a redemption request, the Funds may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Funds participate in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-855-4-ALPHAONE for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next determined NAV after a Fund (or an authorized institution) receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Funds signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by the Funds after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
42
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
AlphaOne Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
AlphaOne Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
By Telephone
To redeem shares by telephone, you must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privileges) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-855-4-ALPHAONE to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Funds will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH) (I nvestor Class Shares On ly)
If your account balance is at least $2,500, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH).
To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Funds.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Funds will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after they receive your redemption request. The Funds, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Funds. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has
43
cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Funds typically expect to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Funds may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Funds generally pay sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Funds’ remaining shareholders, the Funds might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Funds may also redeem in-kind to discourage short-term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If because of redemptions your account balance for the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund drops below $50,000 for Institutional Class Shares and $1,250 for Investor Class Shares you may be required to sell your shares.
If because of redemptions your account balance for the AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund or AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund drops below $25,000 for Institutional Class Shares and $500 for Investor Class Shares you may be required to sell your shares.
The Funds generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. Each Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirement in its sole discretion. If your Fund shares are redeemed for this reason within 90 days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
44
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Funds may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when trading on the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Your Fund Shares
At no charge, you may exchange Institutional Class Shares or Investor Class Shares of one AlphaOne Fund for Institutional Class Shares or Investor Class Shares of another AlphaOne Fund by writing to or calling the Funds. Exchanges are subject to the minimum investment requirements and the fees and expenses of the AlphaOne Fund that you exchange into. You may only exchange shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses).
The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term or excessive trading. The Funds may suspend or terminate your exchange privilege if you engage in a pattern of exchanges that is excessive, as determined in the sole discretion of the Funds. For more information about the Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Funds have certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Funds are not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions they reasonably believe to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Funds over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
The Funds and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Funds and/or their shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds,
45
their service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
Each Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of a Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of a Fund is 0.25%.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Funds. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Funds. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Funds available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Funds with “shelf space,” placing them on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Funds in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of
46
Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of a Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Funds, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Funds are intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourage shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of a Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of a Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Funds may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time a Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by a Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type
47
of arbitrage may dilute the value of a Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair values. Although each Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
In addition, Funds that invest in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Funds’ shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Funds’ service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Funds’ policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Funds’ service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control.
The Funds’ policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than one (1) “round trip,” including exchanges, into or out of a Fund within any 90-day period. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the applicable Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Funds define a “round trip” as a purchase into a Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Funds assess a redemption fee of 2.00% on redemptions by shareholders of Fund shares held for less than 90 days (subject to certain exceptions as discussed in “Redemption Fee”). |
● |
The Funds reserve the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Funds or the Adviser or the Sub-Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Funds. |
The Funds and/or their service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Funds’ long-term shareholders. The Funds do not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are
48
designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Funds will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Funds for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Funds have entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Funds to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Funds. If the Funds or their service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Funds, the Funds or their service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Funds or their service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Funds, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Funds by that customer. If the Funds are not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Funds may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Funds’ shares is requested by the Funds and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Funds have an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Funds, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Funds on behalf of other persons.
The Funds and their service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Funds. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Funds to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Redemption Fee
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, each Fund charges a 2.00% redemption fee on redemptions (including exchanges) of
49
shares that have been held for less than 90 days. The redemption fee is deducted from the sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the applicable Fund. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of a Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly from the Funds or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Funds on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Funds request that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Funds. However, the Funds recognize that due to operational and systems limitations, intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Funds’. Therefore, to the extent that financial intermediaries are unable to collect the redemption fee, a Fund may not be able to defray the expenses associated with those short-term trades made by that financial intermediary’s customers.
Each Fund reserves the right to waive its redemption fee at its discretion when it believes such waiver is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories currently include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic withdrawals; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Funds will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that
50
will allow the Funds to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Funds are required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Funds are required to collect documents to fulfill their legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
Each Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, each Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Funds’ overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Funds have adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Funds from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Funds reserve the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of a Fund or in cases when a Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority.
51
If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Funds are required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the applicable Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Funds (if shares are held directly with the Funds) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Funds).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-855-4-ALPHAONE.
Each Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on a Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution. Dividends and distributions will automatically be reinvested in additional shares of a Fund, unless you elect to have the distributions paid in cash. To elect to receive your distribution in cash, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions made available by a Fund in cash after the Fund receives your notice. To cancel your election, simply send written notice to the Fund. Distributions from a Fund will be taxable to shareholders whether
52
received in cash or reinvested in additional shares. Shareholders who reinvest distributions in a Fund will be required to pay taxes on such distributions from other resources.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Funds. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to regulated investment companies, such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
The Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Funds, may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions (including distributions of net short-term capital gains), other than distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Funds as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Funds (or their administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount
53
of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally are treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less, or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Funds (or their administrative agent) are also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Funds will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Funds will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding
54
period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent a Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund consist of foreign securities, the Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. A Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
55
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Funds’ investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Funds. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Funds that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Funds. The Funds may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Funds and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
56
The table that follows presents performance information about the Funds. The information is intended to help you understand each Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years or, if shorter, the period of the Fund’s operations. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in a Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Funds, which is available upon request by calling 1-855-4-ALPHAONE.
57
AlphaOne FundS
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout the Years or Periods Ended October 31,
|
Net Asset
|
Net
|
Net Realized
|
Total
|
Distributions
|
Distributions
|
Net Asset
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Institutional Class Shares |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 |
$ | 14.79 | $ | (0.05 | ) | $ | (1.22 | ) | $ | (1.27 | ) | $ | — | $ | (0.69 | ) | $ | 12.83 | ||||||||||
2017 |
11.32 | (0.04 | ) | 3.86 | 3.82 | — | (0.35 | ) | 14.79 | |||||||||||||||||||
2016 |
12.27 | (0.03 | ) | (0.10 | ) | (0.13 | ) | — | (0.82 | ) | 11.32 | |||||||||||||||||
2015 |
12.46 | (0.05 | ) | 1.24 | 1.19 | — | (1.38 | ) | 12.27 | |||||||||||||||||||
2014 |
12.42 | (0.06 | ) | 0.72 | 0.66 | (0.02 | ) | (0.60 | ) | 12.46 | ||||||||||||||||||
Investor Class Shares |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 |
$ | 14.57 | $ | (0.08 | ) | $ | (1.19 | ) | $ | (1.27 | ) | $ | — | $ | (0.69 | ) | $ | 12.61 | ||||||||||
2017 |
11.19 | (0.07 | ) | 3.80 | 3.73 | — | (0.35 | ) | 14.57 | |||||||||||||||||||
2016 |
12.15 | (0.06 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.14 | ) | — | (0.82 | ) | 11.19 | |||||||||||||||||
2015 |
12.38 | (0.08 | ) | 1.23 | 1.15 | — | (1.38 | ) | 12.15 | |||||||||||||||||||
2014 |
12.36 | (0.09 | ) | 0.71 | 0.62 | — | (0.60 | ) | 12.38 | |||||||||||||||||||
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Institutional Class Shares (2) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 |
$ | 10.00 | $ | (0.01 | ) | $ | (0.31 | ) | $ | (0.32 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 9.68 | |||||||||||
Investor Class Shares (3) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 |
$ | 10.19 | $ | (0.03 | ) | $ | (0.49 | ) | $ | (0.52 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 9.67 | |||||||||||
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Institutional Class Shares (2) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 |
$ | 10.00 | $ | (0.01 | ) | $ | 0.29 | $ | 0.28 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 10.28 | |||||||||||||
Investor Class Shares (3) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 |
$ | 10.70 | $ | (0.03 | ) | $ | (0.41 | ) | $ | (0.44 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 10.26 | |||||||||||
|
58
^ |
Calculated using average shares for the year or period. |
‡ |
Total return is for the year or period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Ratio includes previously waived investment advisory fees recaptured. The net expense ratio would have been lower absent the impact of the recaptured fees. |
(2) |
Commenced operations on December 29, 2017. |
(3) |
Commenced operations on January 22, 2018. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.
59
Investment Adviser
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC
1000 Chesterbroook Blvd.
Suite 100
Berwyn, Pennsylvania 19312
Sub-Adviser (AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund)
Villanova Investment Management Company LLC
1000 Chesterbroook Blvd.
Suite 100
Berwyn, Pennsylvania 19312
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Funds is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Funds’ holdings and contain information from the Adviser and the Sub-Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Funds.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
Call 1-855-4-ALPHAONE |
By Mail: |
AlphaOne Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.alphaonecapital.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
ACP-PS-001-0900
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
ALPHAONE SMALL CAP OPPORTUNITIES FUND
Institutional Class Shares (AOMCX)
Investor Class Shares (AOMAX)
ALPHAONE NEXTGEN TECHNOLOGY FUND
Institutional Class Shares (AONTX)
Investor Class Shares (AONAX)
ALPHAONE VIMCO SMALL CAP VALUE FUND
Institutional Class Shares (VIMIX)
Investor Class Shares (VIMOX)
each, a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
ALPHAONE INVESTMENT SERVICES, LLC
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund, AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund and AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund (each, a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Funds’ prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Funds, which includes the Funds’ audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or the Funds’ annual or semi-annual report free of charge by calling 1-855-4-ALPHAONE.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | ACP-SX-001-0900 |
ii
General. Each Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under an Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Funds in Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. The different classes provide for variations in certain distribution expenses and in the minimum investment requirements. Minimum investment requirements and investor eligibility are described in the Prospectus. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares. For more information on distribution expenses, see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in this SAI.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. Each Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each, a “Trustee” and together, the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate each Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if a Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon the written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
Non-Diversification. The AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund is non-diversified, as that term is defined under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), which means that the Fund may invest a greater percentage of its total assets in the securities of fewer issuers than a “diversified” fund, which increases the risk that a change in the value of any one investment held by the Fund could affect the overall value of the Fund more than it would affect that of a “diversified” fund holding a greater number of investments. Accordingly, the value of the shares of the Fund may be more susceptible to any single economic, political or regulatory occurrence than the shares of a “diversified” fund would be. The Fund intends to satisfy the diversification requirements necessary to qualify as a regulated investment company ("RIC") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). For more information, see “Taxes” below. The AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund and the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund are classified as “diversified” investment companies under the 1940 Act.
S- 1
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
Each Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus. The following are descriptions of the permitted investments and investment practices of the Funds and the associated risk factors. Each Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
Fixed Income Securities
Fixed income securities, otherwise known as debt securities, consist primarily of debt obligations issued by governments, corporations, municipalities and other borrowers, but may also include structured securities that provide for participation interests in debt obligations. Issuers use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
U.S. Government Securities – The Funds may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Funds’ shares.
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On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae, and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
Corporate Bonds – Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest and repay the principal amount of the bond or note.
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated.
Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The investment managers will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets their investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
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Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities – Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are:
▪ | Payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly); and |
▪ | Falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing a Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. |
In addition to risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. If the prepayment rates increase, a Fund may have to reinvest its principals at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
Asset-Backed Securities – These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Funds may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which is the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
Mortgage Pass-Through Securities – The Funds may invest in mortgage pass-through securities. In the basic mortgage pass-through structure, mortgages with a similar issuer, term and coupon characteristics are collected and aggregated into a “pool” consisting of multiple mortgage loans. The pool is assigned a CUSIP number and undivided interests in the pool are traded and sold as pass-through securities. The holder of the security is entitled to a pro rata share of principal and interest payments (including unscheduled prepayments) from the pool of mortgage loans.
An investment in a specific pool of pass-through securities requires an analysis of the specific prepayment risk of mortgages within the covered pool (since mortgagors typically have the option to prepay their loans). The level of prepayments on a pool of mortgage securities is difficult to predict and can impact the subsequent cash flows and value of the mortgage pool. In addition, when trading specific mortgage pools, precise execution, delivery and settlement arrangements must be negotiated for each transaction. These factors combine to make trading in mortgage pools somewhat cumbersome.
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Most transactions in mortgage pass-through securities occur through the use of “to-be-announced” or “TBA transactions.” “TBA” refers to a commonly used mechanism for the forward settlement of U.S. agency mortgage pass-through securities, and not to a separate type of mortgage-backed security. TBA transactions generally are conducted in accordance with widely-accepted guidelines which establish commonly observed terms and conditions for execution, settlement and delivery. In a TBA transaction, the buyer and seller decide on general trade parameters, such as agency, settlement date, par amount, and price. The actual pools delivered generally are determined two days prior to settlement date. A Fund may use TBA transactions in several ways. For example, a Fund may enter into TBA agreements and “roll over” such agreements prior to the settlement date stipulated in such agreements. This type of TBA transaction is sometimes known as a “TBA roll.” In a “TBA roll” a Fund generally will sell the obligation to purchase the pools stipulated in the TBA agreement prior to the stipulated settlement date and will enter into a new TBA agreement for future delivery of pools of mortgage pass-through securities. In addition, a Fund may enter into TBA agreements and settle such transactions on the stipulated settlement date by accepting actual receipt or delivery of the pools of mortgage pass-through securities stipulated in the TBA agreement.
Default by or bankruptcy of a counterparty to a TBA transaction would expose a Fund to possible loss because of adverse market action, expenses or delays in connection with the purchase or sale of the pools of mortgage pass-through securities specified in the TBA transaction. To minimize this risk, the Funds will enter into TBA transactions only with established counterparties (such as major broker-dealers) and the investment managers will monitor the creditworthiness of such counterparties. A Fund’s use of “TBA rolls” may cause the Fund to experience higher portfolio turnover, higher transaction costs and to pay higher capital gain distributions to shareholders (which may be taxable) than other funds.
The Funds intend to invest cash pending settlement of any TBA transactions in money market instruments, repurchase agreements, commercial paper (including asset-backed commercial paper) or other high-quality, liquid short-term instruments, which may include money market funds affiliated with the investment managers.
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”) – CMOs are one type of mortgage-backed security, which were first introduced in the early 1980’s. CMOs generally retain many of the yield and credit quality characteristics as mortgage pass-through securities, while reducing some of the disadvantages of pass-throughs. CMOs may be backed by several types of varying mortgage collateral. The most prevalent types of collateral are: U.S. agency (e.g., Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, or Freddie Mac) guaranteed mortgage pass-through securities, non-agency guaranteed mortgage loans, and commercial mortgage loans. Some CMOs are also characterized as a Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (“REMIC”). A REMIC is a CMO that qualifies for special tax treatment under the Code and invests in certain mortgages primarily secured by interests in real property and other permitted investments.
A key difference between traditional mortgage pass-through securities and CMOs is the mechanics of the principal payment process. Unlike pass-through securities, which simply pay a pro rata distribution of any principal and interest payments from the underlying mortgage collateral, CMOs are structured into multiple classes, each bearing a different stated maturity and each potentially having different credit rating levels. Each class of CMO, often referred to as a “tranche,” may be issued with a specific fixed interest rate or may pay a variable interest rate, which may change monthly. Each tranche must be fully retired by its final distribution date. Generally, all classes of CMOs pay or accrue interest monthly similar to pass-through securities.
The credit risk of all CMOs is not identical and must be assessed on a security by security basis. Generally, the credit risk of CMOs is heavily dependent upon the type of collateral backing the security. For example, a CMO collateralized by U.S. agency guaranteed pass-through securities will have a different credit risk profile compared to a CMO collateralized by commercial mortgage loans. Investing in the lowest tranche of CMO or REMIC certificates often involves risk similar to those associated with investing in non-investment grade rated corporate bonds. Additionally, CMOs may at times be less liquid than a regular mortgage pass-through security.
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Government National Mortgage Association – Ginnie Mae is the principal governmental guarantor of mortgage-related securities. Ginnie Mae is a wholly owned corporation of the U.S. government within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Securities issued by Ginnie Mae are treasury securities, which means the full faith and credit of the U.S. government backs them. Ginnie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by Ginnie Mae and backed by pools of Federal Housing Administration-insured or Veterans Administration-guaranteed mortgages. Ginnie Mae does not guarantee the market value or yield of mortgage-backed securities or the value of the Fund shares. To buy Ginnie Mae securities, a Fund may have to pay a premium over the maturity value of the underlying mortgages, which the Fund may lose if prepayment occurs.
Federal National Mortgage Association – Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders. Fannie Mae is regulated by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Fannie Mae purchases conventional mortgages from a list of approved sellers and service providers, including state and federally-chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. Securities issued by Fannie Mae are agency securities, which means Fannie Mae, but not the U.S. government, guarantees their timely payment of principal and interest.
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation – Freddie Mac is stockholder-owned corporation established by the U.S. Congress to create a continuous flow of funds to mortgage lenders. Freddie Mac supplies lenders with the money to make mortgages and packages the mortgages into marketable securities. The system is designed to create a stable mortgage credit system and reduce the rates paid by homebuyers. Freddie Mac, not the U.S. government, guarantees timely payment of principal and interest.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers – Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Short-Term Investments – To earn a return on uninvested assets, meet anticipated redemptions, or for temporary defensive purposes, a Fund may invest a portion of its assets in the short-term securities listed below, U.S. government securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. Unless otherwise specified, a short-term debt security has a maturity of one year or less.
Bank Obligations – The Funds may invest in obligations issued by banks and other savings institutions. Investments in bank obligations include obligations of domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks. Such investments in domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks may involve risks that are different from investments in securities of domestic branches of U.S. banks. These risks may include future unfavorable political and economic developments, possible withholding taxes on interest income, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations, or other governmental restrictions which might affect the payment of principal or interest on the securities held by a Fund. Additionally, these institutions may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting and recordkeeping requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Bank obligations include the following:
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• | Bankers’ Acceptances – Bankers’ acceptances are bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Corporations use bankers’ acceptances to finance the shipment and storage of goods and to furnish dollar exchange. Maturities are generally six months or less. |
• | Certificates of Deposit – Certificates of deposit are interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity. They are issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds and normally can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit with penalties for early withdrawal will be considered illiquid. |
• | Time Deposits – Time deposits are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds. Like a certificate of deposit, it earns a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. Time deposits with a withdrawal penalty or that mature in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid investments. |
Commercial Paper – Commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a maturity ranging from one to 270 days issued by banks, corporations and other borrowers. Such investments are unsecured and usually discounted. The Funds may invest in commercial paper rated A-1 or A-2 by Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”) or Prime-1 or Prime-2 by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) or, if not rated, issued by a corporation having an outstanding unsecured debt issue rated A or better by Moody’s or by S&P. See “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” for a description of commercial paper ratings.
Yankee Bonds – Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds issued inside the United States by foreign entities. Investments in these securities involve certain risks that are not typically associated with investing in domestic securities. See “Foreign Securities.”
Zero Coupon Bonds – These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. A Fund’s investments in pay-in-kind, delayed and zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
These securities may include treasury securities, such as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”), that have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities (i.e., unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
Terms to Understand:
Maturity – Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (principal) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (call dates). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
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A fund that invests in debt securities has no real maturity. Instead, it calculates its weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the stated maturity of each debt security held by the fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the fund it represents.
Duration – Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or the fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. Duration measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years – the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities – The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
▪ | Interest Rates |
The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates (i.e., if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa).
▪ | Prepayment Risk |
This risk affects mainly mortgage-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. A Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of a Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of a Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund.
▪ | Extension Risk |
The other side of prepayment risk occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause a Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This relationship would increase both the sensitivity of a Fund to rising rates as well as the potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of U.S. government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
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▪ | Credit Rating |
Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from comparable treasury securities.
Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” Since an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called investment-grade because its issuer is more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, the investment managers may determine that it is of investment-grade. The investment managers may retain securities that are downgraded, if they believe that keeping those securities is warranted.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade (“junk bonds”) are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a junk bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, junk bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the junk bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of junk bonds and may cause a Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value junk bonds accurately.
Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. The Funds currently use ratings compiled by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch Ratings. Credit ratings are only an agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk.
The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
The investment managers may use ratings produced by ratings agencies as guidelines to determine the rating of a security at the time a Fund buys it. A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. The investment managers monitor the rating of the security and will take such action, if any, they believe appropriate when they learn that a rating agency has reduced the security’s rating. A Fund is not obligated to dispose of securities whose issuers subsequently are in default or which are downgraded below the above-stated ratings.
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Equity Securities
Types of Equity Securities:
Common Stocks – Common stocks represent units of ownership in a company. Common stocks usually carry voting rights and earn dividends. Unlike preferred stocks, which are described below, dividends on common stocks are not fixed but are declared at the discretion of the company’s board of directors.
Preferred Stocks – Preferred stocks are also units of ownership in a company. Preferred stocks normally have preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of the company. However, in all other respects, preferred stocks are subordinated to the liabilities of the issuer. Unlike common stocks, preferred stocks are generally not entitled to vote on corporate matters. Types of preferred stocks include adjustable-rate preferred stock, fixed dividend preferred stock, perpetual preferred stock, and sinking fund preferred stock. Generally, the market values of preferred stock with a fixed dividend rate and no conversion element vary inversely with interest rates and perceived credit risk.
Convertible Securities – Convertible securities are securities that may be exchanged for, converted into, or exercised to acquire a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s common stock at a fund’s option during a specified time period (such as convertible preferred stocks, convertible debentures and warrants). A convertible security is generally a fixed income security that is senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure, but is usually subordinated to similar non-convertible securities. In exchange for the conversion feature, many corporations will pay a lower rate of interest on convertible securities than debt securities of the same corporation. In general, the market value of a convertible security is at least the higher of its “investment value” (i.e., its value as a fixed income security) or its “conversion value” (i.e., its value upon conversion into its underlying common stock).
Convertible securities are subject to the same risks as similar securities without the convertible feature. The price of a convertible security is more volatile during times of steady interest rates than other types of debt securities. The price of a convertible security tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, whereas it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying common stock declines.
A synthetic convertible security is a combination investment in which a fund purchases both (i) high-grade cash equivalents or a high grade debt obligation of an issuer or U.S. government securities and (ii) call options or warrants on the common stock of the same or different issuer with some or all of the anticipated interest income from the associated debt obligation that is earned over the holding period of the option or warrant.
While providing a fixed income stream (generally higher in yield than the income derivable from common stock but lower than that afforded by a similar non-convertible security), a convertible security also affords an investor the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation attendant upon a market price advance in the convertible security’s underlying common stock. A synthetic convertible position has similar investment characteristics, but may differ with respect to credit quality, time to maturity, trading characteristics, and other factors. Because a Fund will create synthetic convertible positions only out of high grade fixed income securities, the credit rating associated with the Fund’s synthetic convertible investments is generally expected to be higher than that of the average convertible security, many of which are rated below high grade. However, because the options used to create synthetic convertible positions will generally have expirations between one month and three years of the time of purchase, the maturity of these positions will generally be shorter than average for convertible securities. Since the option component of a convertible security or synthetic convertible position is a wasting asset (in the sense of losing “time value” as maturity approaches), a synthetic convertible position may lose such value more rapidly than a convertible security of longer maturity; however, the gain in option value due to appreciation of the underlying stock may exceed such time value loss. The market price of the option component generally reflects these differences in maturities, and the investment managers take such differences into account when evaluating such positions. When a synthetic convertible position “matures” because of the expiration of the associated option, a Fund may extend the maturity by investing in a new option with longer maturity on the common stock of the same or a different issuer. If a Fund does not so extend the maturity of a position, it may continue to hold the associated fixed income security.
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Rights and Warrants – A right is a privilege granted to existing shareholders of a corporation to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is issued. Rights normally have a short life of usually two to four weeks, are freely transferable and entitle the holder to buy the new common stock at a lower price than the public offering price. Warrants are securities that are usually issued together with a debt security or preferred stock and that give the holder the right to buy proportionate amount of common stock at a specified price. Warrants are freely transferable and are traded on major exchanges. Unlike rights, warrants normally have a life that is measured in years and entitles the holder to buy common stock of a company at a price that is usually higher than the market price at the time the warrant is issued. Corporations often issue warrants to make the accompanying debt security more attractive.
An investment in warrants and rights may entail greater risks than certain other types of investments. Generally, rights and warrants do not carry the right to receive dividends or exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. In addition, their value does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities, and they cease to have value if they are not exercised on or before their expiration date. Investing in rights and warrants increases the potential profit or loss to be realized from the investment as compared with investing the same amount in the underlying securities.
Risks of Investing in Equity Securities:
General Risks of Investing in Stocks – While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors must accept the risks of ownership. Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations. Stockholders of a company that fares poorly can lose money.
Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
▪ | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
▪ | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
▪ | Changes in general financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates. |
Because preferred stock is generally junior to debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
Small- and Medium-Sized Companies – Investors in small- and medium-sized companies typically take on greater risk and price volatility than they would by investing in larger, more established companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of their small or medium size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of management depth. The securities of small- and medium-sized companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and might not be traded in volumes typical of securities traded on a national securities exchange. Thus, the securities of small and medium capitalization companies are likely to be less liquid, and subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements, than securities of larger, more established companies.
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Master Limited Partnerships – Master Limited Partnerships (“MLPs”) are limited partnerships or limited liability companies, whose partnership units or limited liability interests are listed and traded on a U.S. securities exchange, and are treated as publicly traded partnerships for federal income tax purposes. To qualify to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes, an MLP must receive at least 90% of its income from qualifying sources as set forth in Section 7704(d) of the Code. These qualifying sources include activities such as the exploration, development, mining, production, processing, refining, transportation, storage and marketing of mineral or natural resources. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are concentrated in a particular industry or sector, such as the energy sector, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry or sector. MLPs that are formed as limited partnerships generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners, while MLPs that are formed as limited liability companies generally have two analogous classes of owners, the managing member and the members. For purposes of this section, references to general partners also apply to managing members and references to limited partners also apply to members.
The general partner is typically owned by a major energy company, an investment fund, the direct management of the MLP or is an entity owned by one or more of such parties. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an equity interest of as much as 2% in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. A holder of general partner interests can be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of the holder’s investment in the general partner interest. General partner interests are not publicly traded and generally cannot be converted into common units. The general partner interest can be redeemed by the MLP if the MLP unitholders choose to remove the general partner, typically with a supermajority vote by limited partner unitholders.
Limited partners own the remainder of the MLP through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the MLP’s operations and management. Common units are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges, with their value fluctuating predominantly based on prevailing market conditions and the success of the MLP. Unlike owners of common stock of a corporation, owners of common units have limited voting rights and have no ability annually to elect directors. In the event of liquidation, common units have preference over subordinated units, but not over debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP.
MLPs are typically structured such that common units and general partner interests have first priority to receive quarterly cash distributions up to an established minimum amount (“minimum quarterly distributions” or “MQD”). Common and general partner interests also accrue arrearages in distributions to the extent the MQD is not paid. Once common and general partner interests have been paid, subordinated units receive distributions of up to the MQD; however, subordinated units do not accrue arrearages. Distributable cash in excess of the MQD paid to both common and subordinated units is distributed to both common and subordinated units generally on a pro rata basis. The general partner is also eligible to receive incentive distributions if the general partner operates the business in a manner which results in distributions paid per common unit surpassing specified target levels. As the general partner increases cash distributions to the limited partners, the general partner receives an increasingly higher percentage of the incremental cash distributions. A common arrangement provides that the general partner can reach a tier where it receives 50% of every incremental dollar paid to common and subordinated unit holders. These incentive distributions encourage the general partner to streamline costs, increase capital expenditures and acquire assets in order to increase the partnership’s cash flow and raise the quarterly cash distribution in order to reach higher tiers. Such results benefit all security holders of the MLP.
Real Estate Investment Trusts – A real estate investment trust (“REIT”) is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of the Code. The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
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REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Funds invest may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent. The above factors may adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through a Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act.
The Funds may be subject to the risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate. For example, real estate values may fluctuate as a result of general and local economic conditions, overbuilding and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, demographic trends and variations in rental income, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, regulatory limitations on rents, changes in neighborhood values, related party risks, changes in how appealing properties are to tenants, changes in interest rates and other real estate capital market influences.
Foreign Securities
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities that are traded in markets outside of the United States. The markets in which these securities are located can be developed or emerging. Consistent with their investment strategies, the Funds can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways:
▪ | They can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency; |
▪ | They can invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and other similar global instruments; and |
▪ | They can invest in investment funds. |
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Types of Foreign Securities:
American Depositary Receipts – ADRs as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including EDRs and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. EDRs are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
Emerging Markets – An “emerging market” country is generally a country that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank”) and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNPs”) than more developed countries.
Investment Funds – Some emerging market countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging market countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If a Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their net asset value (“NAV”).
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors – Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
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▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit the Funds’ ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Funds to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval, limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest or may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Funds’ investments.
Information and Supervision – There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk – The investment managers anticipate that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | Have substantially less volume; |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
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▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | May have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards; |
▪ | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis; |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States; |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated; |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights; and |
▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk – While each Fund denominates its NAV in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes – Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for the Funds to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Funds receive from their investments.
Emerging Markets – Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
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▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Corporate Loans – Corporate loans are negotiated and underwritten by a bank or syndicate of banks and other institutional investors. A Fund may acquire an interest in corporate loans through the primary market by acting as one of a group of lenders of a corporate loan. The primary risk in an investment in corporate loans is that the borrower may be unable to meet its interest and/or principal payment obligations. The occurrence of such a default with regard to a corporate loan in which a Fund had invested would have an adverse effect on the Fund’s NAV. In addition, a sudden and significant increase in market interest rates may cause a decline in the value of these investments and in a Fund’s NAV. Other factors, such as rating downgrades, credit deterioration, large downward movement in stock prices, a disparity in supply and demand of certain securities or market conditions that reduce liquidity could reduce the value of loans, impairing a Fund’s NAV. Corporate loans in which a Fund may invest may be collateralized or uncollateralized and senior or subordinate. Investments in uncollateralized and/or subordinate loans entail a greater risk of nonpayment than do investments in corporate loans which hold a more senior position in the borrower’s capital structure or that are secured with collateral.
In the case of collateralized senior loans, however, there is no assurance that sale of the collateral would raise enough cash to satisfy the borrower’s payment obligation or that the collateral can or will be liquidated. As a result, a Fund might not receive payments to which it is entitled and thereby may experience a decline in the value of its investment and its NAV. In the event of bankruptcy, liquidation may not occur and the court may not give lenders the full benefit of their senior positions. If the terms of a senior loan do not require the borrower to pledge additional collateral, a Fund will be exposed to the risk that the value of the collateral will not at all times equal or exceed the amount of the borrower’s obligations under the senior loans. To the extent that a senior loan is collateralized by stock in the borrower or its subsidiaries, such stock may lose all of its value in the event of bankruptcy of the borrower.
A Fund may also acquire an interest in corporate loans by purchasing participations (“Participations”) in and assignments (“Assignments”) of portions of corporate loans from third parties. By purchasing a Participation, a Fund acquires some or all of the interest of a bank or other lending institution in a loan to a corporate borrower. Participations typically will result in a Fund’s having a contractual relationship only with the lender and not the borrower. A Fund will have the right to receive payments or principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the lender selling the Participation and only upon receipt by the lender of the payments from the borrower. In connection with purchasing Participations, a Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the loan, nor any rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not directly benefit from any collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the Participation. As a result, a Fund will assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the lender that is selling the Participation.
When a Fund purchases Assignments from lenders, the Fund will acquire direct rights against the borrower on the loan. However, since Assignments are arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and assignors, the rights and obligations acquired by a Fund as the purchaser of an Assignment may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the lender from which the Fund is purchasing the Assignments.
A Fund may acquire corporate loans of borrowers that are experiencing, or are more likely to experience, financial difficulty, including loans of borrowers that have filed for bankruptcy protection. Although loans in which a Fund will invest generally will be secured by specific collateral, there can be no assurance that liquidation of such collateral would satisfy the borrower’s obligation in the event of nonpayment of scheduled interest or principal, or that such collateral could be readily liquidated. In the event of bankruptcy of a borrower, a Fund could experience delays or limitations with respect to its ability to realize the benefits of the collateral securing a senior loan.
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In addition, a Fund may have difficulty disposing of its investments in corporate loans. The liquidity of such securities is limited and the Fund anticipates that such securities could be sold only to a limited number of institutional investors. The lack of a liquid secondary market could have an adverse impact on the value of such securities and on a Fund’s ability to dispose of particular loans, Assignments or Participations when necessary to meet a Fund’s liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event, such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower. The lack of a liquid secondary market for corporate loans may also make it more difficult for a Fund to assign a value to those securities for purposes of valuing the Fund’s investments and calculating its NAV.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Funds may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Funds may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting themselves from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, a Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Funds to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Funds’ investment objectives and is legally permissible, the Funds may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by a Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when a Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), a Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Funds are not subject to registration or regulation as CPOs under the CEA. As a result, the Funds will be limited in their ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the investment managers’ ability to implement the Funds’ investment strategies and may adversely affect the Funds’ performance.
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Types of Derivatives:
Futures – A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily NAV, each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
A Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options – An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
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▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When a Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). A Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that a Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. A Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When a Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when a Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
A Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive a Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. A Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
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The Funds are permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, a Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, a Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
• | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap gives the holder the right to enter into a credit default swap at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the credit default swap relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
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The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
A Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. A Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
A Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, a Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Funds may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Funds may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which they could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which a Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if a Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Funds could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Funds may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, a Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, a Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
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Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts – A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect a Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. A Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
A Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. A Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that a Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
A Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause a Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
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It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, a Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities – The Funds may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Funds’ restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements – A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of a Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from a Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by a Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. A Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, a Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Funds will not enter into any swap agreement unless the investment managers believe that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Funds’ gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Funds may cover their current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that a Fund will be committed to pay.
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▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to a Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
As with a traditional investment in a debt security, a Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. A Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the breakeven inflation rate) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
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▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by a Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Funds than if they had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Funds’ gains or losses, causing them to make or lose substantially more than they invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities a Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices – The Funds’ ability to hedge their securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities a Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The investment managers will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior they expect to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities they are trying to hedge. However, if the investment managers' prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, a Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
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▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Funds. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Funds against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Funds’ foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Funds’ investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity – Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, a Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, a Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Funds intend to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, a Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, a Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk – Successful use of derivatives by the Funds is subject to the ability of the investment managers to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the investment managers incorrectly predict stock market and interest rate trends, the Funds may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if a Fund were to write a call option based on the investment managers’ expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if a Fund were to write a put option based on the investment managers’ expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
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Pricing Risk – At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if a Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If a Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin – Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to a Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, a Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. A Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage – The Funds’ use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Funds will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Funds do not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches this value, the Funds may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation – The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Funds by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Funds trade. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Funds’ use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Funds’ ability to achieve their investment objectives. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
Illiquid Investments
A Fund may purchase or hold illiquid investments, including investments that are not readily marketable and securities that are not registered (“restricted securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. A Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. Illiquid investments are investments that a Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment.
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Under current SEC staff guidelines, illiquid investments also are considered to include, among other investments, purchased OTC options, certain cover for OTC options, repurchase agreements with maturities in excess of seven days, and certain securities whose disposition is restricted under the federal securities laws. The Funds may not be able to sell illiquid investments when the investment managers consider it desirable to do so or may have to sell such investments at a price that is lower than the price that could be obtained if the investments were more liquid. In addition, the sale of illiquid investments also may require more time and may result in higher dealer discounts and other selling expenses than does the sale of investments that are not illiquid. Illiquid investments also may be more difficult to value due to the unavailability of reliable market quotations for such investments, and investment in illiquid investments may have an adverse impact on NAV.
Institutional markets for restricted securities have developed as a result of the promulgation of Rule 144A under the 1933 Act, which provides a “safe harbor” from 1933 Act registration requirements for qualifying sales to institutional investors. When Rule 144A restricted securities present an attractive investment opportunity and meet other selection criteria, a Fund may make such investments whether or not such securities are “illiquid” depending on the market that exists for the particular security. The Board has delegated the responsibility for determining the liquidity of Rule 144A restricted securities that a Fund may invest in to the investment managers.
Money Market Securities
Money market securities include short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by a nationally recognized statistical ratings organization (“NRSRO”), such as S&P or Moody’s, or determined by the investment managers to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described above. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings.”
Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements
Repurchase Agreements – A Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Funds follow certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the investment managers. The repurchase agreements entered into by a Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the investment managers monitor compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by a Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. A Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of each Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by that Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. There is no limit on the amount of a Fund’s assets that may be invested in repurchase agreements with maturities that are within seven days of investment. The investments of a Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the investment managers, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
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Reverse Repurchase Agreements – A Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements, which involve the sale of securities with an agreement to repurchase the securities at an agreed-upon price, date and interest payment and have the characteristics of borrowing. Generally, the effect of such a transaction is that a Fund can recover all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities involved during the term of the reverse repurchase agreement, while the Fund will be able to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are advantageous only if the interest cost to a Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. Opportunities to achieve this advantage may not always be available, and each Fund intends to use the reverse repurchase technique only when it will be advantageous to the Fund. Each Fund will in each instance establish a segregated account with the Fund’s custodian bank in which the Fund will maintain cash or cash equivalents or other portfolio securities equal in value to the Fund’s obligations in respect of reverse repurchase agreements.
Securities of Other Investment Companies
The Funds may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Funds. A Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its exchange-traded funds (“ETF”) investments.
For hedging or other purposes, the Funds may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs are traded on a securities exchange. The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the SEC to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Funds may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Funds otherwise comply with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Securities Lending
Each Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of a Fund (including the loan collateral). The Funds will not lend portfolio securities to the investment managers or their affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking-to-market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of a Fund.
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The Funds may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Funds’ securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, a Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects a Fund to market risk. A Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by the Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. Each Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. In such instances, the investment managers will vote the securities in accordance with their proxy voting policies and procedures. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon a Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Short Sales
As consistent with a Fund’s investment objective, the Fund may engage in short sales that are either “uncovered” or “against the box.” A short sale is “against the box” if at all times during which the short position is open, a Fund owns at least an equal amount of the securities or securities convertible into, or exchangeable without further consideration for, securities of the same issue as the securities that are sold short. A short sale against the box is a taxable transaction to the Fund with respect to the securities that are sold short.
Uncovered short sales are transactions under which a Fund sells a security it does not own. To complete such a transaction, the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund then is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of the replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay the lender amounts equal to any dividends or interest that accrue during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The proceeds of the short sale will be retained by the broker, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Until a Fund closes its short position or replaces the borrowed security, the Fund may: (a) segregate cash or liquid securities at such a level that the amount segregated plus the amount deposited with the broker as collateral will equal the current value of the security sold short; or (b) otherwise cover the Fund’s short position.
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Special Risks of Cyber Attacks
As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Funds, and their service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Funds and their service providers use to service the Funds’ operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Funds and their service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Funds, the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, the Funds’ distributor or custodian, or any other of the Funds’ intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Funds and their shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact a Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Funds to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Funds may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Funds may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause a Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Funds, the Funds’ service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Funds invest will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
Fundamental Policies
In addition to each Fund’s investment objective, the following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that a Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of that Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of a Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
The following fundamental policies apply to the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund.
The Fund may not:
1. | Purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
2. | Concentrate investments in a particular industry, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | Borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
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5. | Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | Underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
The following fundamental policies apply to the AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund and AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund.
1. | Each Fund may not concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time, except that the Fund may invest without limitation in securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities or tax-exempt obligations of state or municipal governments and their political subdivisions; provided, however, that the AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund will concentrate its investments in securities of technology companies. |
2. | Each Fund may borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | Each Fund may make loans, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Each Fund may purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | Each Fund may underwrite securities issued by other persons, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Further, |
6. | The AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund may purchase securities of an issuer, except if such purchase would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations of each Fund are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The following non-fundamental policies apply to the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund.
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The Fund may not:
1. | Make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) engage in securities lending as described in this SAI. |
2. | Change its investment strategies to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-capitalization companies at the time of initial purchase. This policy may be changed with 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
3. | Purchase or sell real estate, physical commodities, or commodities contracts, except that the Fund may purchase: (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including REITs), commodities, or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
The following non-fundamental policies apply to the AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund and AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund.
1. | Each Fund may not invest in unmarketable interests in real estate limited partnerships or invest directly in real estate. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing policy does not prevent the Fund from, among other things, purchasing marketable securities of companies that deal in real estate or interests therein (including REITs). |
2. | Each Fund may purchase or sell financial and physical commodities, commodity contracts based on (or relating to) physical commodities or financial commodities and securities and derivative instruments whose values are derived from (in whole or in part) physical commodities or financial commodities. |
The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Diversification . Under the 1940 Act, a diversified investment management company, as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agents or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer’s outstanding voting securities would be held by the fund.
Concentration . The 1940 Act requires that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy regarding concentration. The SEC staff has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s net assets in an industry, with certain exceptions. For purposes of a Fund’s concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
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Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain derivatives, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, a fund may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Commodities and Real Estate . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in commodities or real estate, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances causes a Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitation within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
Investment Adviser
General. The Adviser, AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC (“AlphaOne” or the “Adviser”), is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”). The Adviser was established in 2008 as a Delaware limited liability company. The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of AlphaOne Capital Partners, LLC, which, in turn, is a wholly owned subsidiary of AlphaOne Holding, LLC, a private company owned by Paul J. Hondros. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Berwyn, Pennsylvania 19312. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $264.1 million in assets under management.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Funds’ investment programs. In addition, the Adviser oversees Villanova Investment Management Company LLC (“VIMCO” or the “Sub-Adviser”) to ensure its compliance with the investment policies and guidelines of the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund and monitors the Sub-Adviser’s adherence to its investment style. The Board supervises the Adviser and the Sub-Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser and the Sub-Adviser must follow in their management activities.
Advisory Agreement. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement dated March 24, 2011 (the “Advisory Agreement”) with respect to the Funds. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as the investment adviser and makes investment decisions for the Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Funds’ investment programs, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Trustees.
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After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of each Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or, with respect to any Fund, by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund or, by the Adviser, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at the following annual rates based on the average daily net assets of each Fund:
Fund | Advisory Fee |
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund | 1.00% |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund | 0.90% |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund | 0.90% |
The Adviser may, from its own resources, compensate broker-dealers whose clients purchase shares of a Fund. The Adviser pays the Sub-Adviser out of the advisory fee it receives from the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) for Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares from exceeding certain levels as set forth below (each, a “contractual expense limit”) until the applicable initial term end date set forth below. This agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on the applicable initial term end date.
Fund |
Contractual
Expense Limit |
Initial Term
End Date |
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund | 1.50% | February 28, 2020 |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund | 1.40% | February 28, 2021 |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund | 1.40% | February 28, 2021 |
In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made pursuant to the contractual expense limit during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
The Adviser has also voluntarily agreed to further reduce its fees and/or reimburse expenses in order to keep the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund’s net operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) from exceeding 1.42% of the Fund’s average daily net assets (the “voluntary expense limit”). The Adviser intends to continue this voluntary expense limit until further notice, but may discontinue all or part of it at any time.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following advisory fees:
Fund | Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived by the Adviser 3 | Total Fees Paid to the Adviser (After Waivers) | ||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
AlphaOne Small Cap
Opportunities Fund |
$1,321,661 | $1,547,008 | $1,635,505 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $1,321,661 | $1,547,008 | $1,635,505 |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $10,855 2 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $10,855 2 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $0 2 |
AlphaOne VIMCO
Small Cap Value Fund |
N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $16,239 2 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $16,239 2 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $0 2 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
2 | Represents the period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018. |
3 | During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser additionally reimbursed fees of $180,244 for the AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund and $163,261 for the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund to maintain the stated contractual expense limits under its contractual expense limitation agreement with the Funds. |
Investment Sub-Adviser
VIMCO
General. Villanova Investment Management Company LLC is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act. VIMCO was established in 2016 as a Delaware limited liability company. VIMCO is majority-owned by Berlansky/Trumpbour Investment Management Company LLC, which, in turn, is owned by Messrs. Rastislav Berlansky and Edward A. Trumpbour. AlphaOne Capital Partners, LLC is a minority owner of VIMCO. VIMCO’s principal place of business is located at 1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Berwyn, Pennsylvania 19312. As of December 31, 2018, VIMCO had approximately $7.7 million in assets under management.
Sub-Advisory Agreement. VIMCO and the Adviser have entered into an investment sub-advisory agreement dated December 20, 2017 (the “Sub-Advisory Agreement”). Under the Sub-Advisory Agreement, VIMCO serves as the investment sub-adviser for the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund, makes investment decisions for the Fund and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Adviser and the Board. After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Sub-Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Sub-Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Sub-Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund, by the Adviser on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to VIMCO, or by VIMCO on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser.
Sub-Advisory Fees. For its services provided to the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund pursuant to the Sub-Advisory Agreement, VIMCO is entitled to a fee from the Adviser, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.675% of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
For the fiscal period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018, VIMCO did not receive any sub-advisory fees, after fee waivers, from the Adviser.
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THE PORTFOLIO MANAGERS
This section includes information about the Funds’ portfolio managers, including information about other accounts managed, the dollar range of Fund shares owned and how they are compensated.
Compensation.
AlphaOne. The Adviser compensates the portfolio managers for their management of the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund and AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund. The portfolio managers’ compensation consists of a combination of salary and bonus. Each portfolio manager’s bonus is calculated based on a profit sharing program which calibrates net profits derived from the portfolio manager’s individual strategy with the strength and quality of the stock picking of the portfolio manager.
VIMCO. The compensation of the portfolio managers is based on the profitability of VIMCO and consists of base salary, benefits and residual cash flows, the amount of which reflects their corresponding equity ownership in the firm.
Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The Funds are required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
AlphaOne | |
Chris Crooks | None |
Dan Goldfarb | $100,001 - $500,000 (AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund) |
Dan Niles | $100,001 - $500,000 (AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund) |
VIMCO | |
Rastislav Berlansky, CFA | $100,001 - $500,000 (AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund) |
Edward A. Trumpbour | Over $1,000,000 (AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund) |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Funds, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
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Name |
Registered
Investment Companies
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts | Total Assets (Millions) | Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (Millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (Millions) |
|
AlphaOne | ||||||
Chris Cooks | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 6 | $96.5 |
Dan Goldfarb | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 6 | $96.5 |
Dan Niles | 0 | $0 | 1 1 | $45.0 | 0 | $0 |
VIMCO | ||||||
Rastislav Berlansky, CFA | 1 | $2.63 | 1 | $4.27 | 1 | $1.60 |
Edward A. Trumpbour | 1 | $2.63 | 1 | $4.27 | 1 | $1.60 |
1 | This account is subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers’ management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of a Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as a Fund. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby a portfolio manager could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio managers’ knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby a portfolio manager could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of a Fund. In addition, it is also possible that a potential conflict of interest may arise because a portfolio manager manages an account with a performance-based management fee in addition to a Fund and other accounts without a performance-based fee. However, the Adviser and the Sub-Adviser have established policies and procedures to ensure that the purchase and sale of securities among all accounts they manage are fairly and equitably allocated.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
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Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following amounts for these services:
Fund | Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund | $145,384 | $170,171 | $196,259 |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $75,453 2 |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $62,877 2 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
2 | Represents the period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018. |
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments, and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”). The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Distribution Plan. The Trust has adopted a Distribution Plan with respect to the Investor Class Shares (the “Plan”) in accordance with the provisions of Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, which regulates circumstances under which an investment company may directly or indirectly bear expenses relating to the distribution of its shares. Continuance of the Plan must be approved annually by a majority of the Trustees and by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan (“Qualified Trustees”). The Plan requires that quarterly written reports of amounts spent under the Plan and the purposes of such expenditures be furnished to and reviewed by the Trustees. The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the amount that may be spent thereunder without approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of the affected Funds. All material amendments of the Plan will require approval by a majority of the Trustees and of the Qualified Trustees.
The Plan provides a method of paying for distribution and shareholder services, which may help the Funds grow or maintain asset levels to provide operational efficiencies and economies of scale, provided by the Distributor or other financial intermediaries that enter into agreements with the Distributor. The Funds may make payments to financial intermediaries, such as banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, investment counselors, broker-dealers, mutual fund “supermarkets” and the Distributor’s affiliates and subsidiaries, as compensation for services, reimbursement of expenses incurred in connection with distribution assistance or provision of shareholder services. The Distributor may, at its discretion, retain a portion of such payments to compensate itself for distribution services and distribution related expenses such as the costs of preparation, printing, mailing or otherwise disseminating sales literature, advertising, and prospectuses (other than those furnished to current shareholders of a Fund), promotional and incentive programs, and such other marketing expenses that the Distributor may incur.
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Under the Plan, the Distributor or financial intermediaries may receive up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Investor Class Shares as compensation for distribution and shareholder services. The Plan is characterized as a compensation plan since the distribution fee will be paid to the Distributor without regard to the distribution or shareholder service expenses incurred by the Distributor or the amount of payments made to financial intermediaries. The Trust intends to operate the Plan in accordance with its terms and with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules concerning sales charges.
Payments Under the Distribution Plan. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the Distributor the following fees pursuant to the Plan:
Fund |
Share Class |
12b-1 Fees Paid | 12b-1 Fees Retained by the Distributor | ||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund | Investor Class | $2,479 | $ 2,727 | $ 3,326 | $822 | $899 | $705 |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund | Investor Class | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $649 2 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $0 2 |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund | Investor Class | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $121 2 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $0 2 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
2 | Represents the period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018. |
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Funds and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Funds, the Distributor or shareholders of the Funds through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Funds in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Funds; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
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Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Funds by a financial intermediary’s customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 West 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Funds’ transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6 th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Funds. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Funds as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as the independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Funds did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Funds described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the investment managers are responsible for the day-to-day management of each Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
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The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objective, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ advisers and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
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Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. |
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President - Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
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Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Funds as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of each of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
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Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Funds are the only funds in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Funds’ most recently completed fiscal year.
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
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Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for the officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
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Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie
(Born: 1965) |
President (since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors (Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
Dianne M. Descoteaux (Born: 1977) |
Vice President and Secretary (since 2011) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2010. Associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, from 2006 to 2010. |
Russell Emery (Born: 1962) |
Chief Compliance Officer (since 2006) |
Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP from 2007 to 2013. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Matthew M. Maher (Born: 1975) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2018) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2018. Attorney, Blank Rome LLP, from 2015 to 2018. Assistant Counsel & Vice President, Bank of New York Mellon, from 2013 to 2014. Attorney, Dilworth Paxson LLP, from 2006 to 2013. |
Robert Morrow
(Born: 1968) |
Vice President (since 2017) |
Account Manager, SEI Investments, since 2007. |
Bridget E. Sudall (Born: 1980) |
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and Privacy Officer (since 2015) | Senior Associate and AML Officer, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2011 to 2015. Investor Services Team Lead, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2007 to 2011. |
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Funds are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by a Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which the disposal or valuation of a Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of any Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Funds adhere to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities. Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Funds’ pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of each Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
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Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Funds will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Funds will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Funds calculate NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which a Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value a Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Funds are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Funds are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Funds calculate NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
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The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting a Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of a Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state and local and foreign tax liabilities.
The following discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only would apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to RICs, such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. Each Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, each Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. A fund that qualifies as a RIC will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that the fund timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, each Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which includes dividends, taxable interest and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any, to its shareholders (“Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of each Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income, including but not limited to, certain gains from options, futures, and forward contracts derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in qualified publicly traded partnerships (“Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the end of each fiscal quarter of each Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the market value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of each Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership and (B) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested, including through corporations in which a Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of other RICs) of two or more issuers that a Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although each Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, each Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. Each Fund is treated as a separate corporation for federal income tax purposes. A Fund therefore is considered to be a separate entity in determining its treatment under the rules for RICs described herein. Losses in one Fund do not offset gains in another and the requirements (other than certain organizational requirements) for qualifying RIC status are determined at the Fund level rather than at the Trust level.
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If a Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, such Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where a Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If a Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year and these relief provisions are not available, such Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rates (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, a Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before re-qualifying as a RIC.
A Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Funds is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals which provide that such losses are carried over by the Funds indefinitely. If a Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if a Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires a Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), a Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent the Fund fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year, at least 98% of its ordinary income for that year and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gain over short- and long-term capital loss) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year, (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which a Fund paid no federal income tax). The Funds intend to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Funds may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when an investment manager might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Funds to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
Distributions to Shareholders. A Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of a Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by a Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by a Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from a Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend; (ii) a Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder); (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property; or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in a Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that a Fund receives from an ETF or an underlying fund taxable as a RIC will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such ETF or underlying fund.
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Distributions by the Funds of their net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of a Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in such Fund. Distributions from capital gains are generally made after applying any available capital loss carryforwards.
In the case of corporate shareholders, Fund distributions (other than capital gains distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by a Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation.
To the extent that a Fund makes a distribution of income received by such Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If a Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in a Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
A Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held your shares for a full year, a Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
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Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales, Exchanges or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange or redemption of shares of a Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Funds (or their administrative agent) are also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares the Funds will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Funds will use the average basis method as their default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. Each Fund may invest in complex securities. These investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect a Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by a Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to a Fund and/or defer a Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject a Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by a Fund.
Certain derivative investment by the Funds, such as exchange-traded products and over-the-counter derivatives may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the "Qualifying Income Test" described above, which must be met in order for a Fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code. In addition, the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of such derivative investments are often unclear for purposes of the “Asset Test” described above. The Funds intend to carefully monitor such investments to ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to ensure that they are adequately diversified under the Asset Test. The Funds, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying income from these investments and there are no assurances that the IRS will agree with the Funds’ determination of the “Asset Test” with respect to such derivatives.
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Each Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from futures and options contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. A Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, options contracts and swaps to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require the Funds to mark-to-market certain types of positions in their portfolios (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause a Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Accordingly, in order to avoid certain income and excise taxes, a Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time when the investment adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so.
If a Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs”, the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund's pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. Such Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by a Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of a Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, such Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If a Fund makes the election, such Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If a Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by such Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by a Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if a Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in a Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by a Fund.
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Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block UBTI from being realized by their tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in a Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of REMICs, (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisors. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
Fund shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from a Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from its retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in a Fund.
Backup Withholding. A Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a rate of 24% and remit to the United States Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided a Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to a Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to a Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Funds may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Funds. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. A Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of a Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from a Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Funds are required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends they pay to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by a Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Funds or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in a Fund will need to provide such Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Funds should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under United States Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of RICs such as the Funds are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Funds to their shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that each Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Funds. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders.
Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in a Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Funds will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When a Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
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In addition, an investment manager may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including a Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or Fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the investment managers that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Fund | Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund | $163,667 | $151,271 | $134,449 |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $18,031 2 |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $2,956 2 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
2 | Represents the period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018. |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the investment managers may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the investment managers. The investment managers may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the investment managers, under certain circumstances, to cause each Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the investment managers may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the investment managers believe that access to independent investment research is beneficial to their investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to each Fund.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the investment managers might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The investment managers may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used in connection with the account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the investment managers will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement or the Sub-Adviser under the Sub-Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the investment managers are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
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In some cases the investment managers may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the investment managers make a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the investment managers will use their own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the investment managers face a potential conflict of interest, but the investment managers believe that their allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that they appropriately allocate the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
From time to time, the investment managers may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Funds, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the investment managers with research services. FINRA has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser:
Fund |
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage
Commissions
|
Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund | $134,000 | $116,090,547 |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund | $613 1 | $4,842,361 1 |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund | 0 1 | $0 1 |
1 | Represents the period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018. |
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Funds may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of the Funds, the Adviser or the Sub-Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Funds for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Funds are required to identify any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that each Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the most recent fiscal year, the Funds did not hold any securities of their “regular brokers or dealers.”
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Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which a Fund may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one-year. A Fund may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Funds’ portfolio turnover rates were as follows:
Fund | Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 | |
AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund | 26% | 23% |
AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund | N/A 1 | 732% 2 |
AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund | N/A 1 | 34% 2 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
2 | Represents the period from December 29, 2017 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2018. |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Funds’ portfolio securities is in the best interests of the Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds, the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser or the principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (“Adviser CCO”) to authorize the release of a Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser CCO, either directly or through reports by the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Funds are required to disclose their complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). Each Fund will disclose a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes each of the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s NAV (“Summary Schedule”)) following the second and fourth quarters in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. The Funds’ complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters will be available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Funds’ complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters will be available in Shareholder Reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Completed schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT are not distributed to Fund shareholders but will be available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should a Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-855-4-ALPHAONE. Each Fund provides information about its complete portfolio holdings within 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter on the internet at www.alphaonecapital.com.
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In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator or Transfer Agent, in connection with their services to the Funds. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating a Fund. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of each Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics. The lag time for such disclosures will vary. The Funds believe that these third parties have legitimate objectives in requesting such portfolio holdings information.
The Funds’ policies and procedures provide that the Adviser’s CCO may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Adviser’s CCO must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of Fund shareholders and that to the extent conflicts between the interests of Fund shareholders and those of the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds exist, such conflicts are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The disclosures will not be made sooner than three days after the date of the information. The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, each Fund requires any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank each Fund, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
The Funds’ policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Funds, the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser and their affiliates or recipients of the Funds’ portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser and/or the Sub-Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of a Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of a Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of a Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Funds’ shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
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LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Funds to the Adviser. The Adviser has delegated the responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund to the Sub-Adviser. The Adviser and the Sub-Adviser will each vote such proxies in accordance with their respective proxy voting policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually each Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-855-4-ALPHAONE; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics (each a “Code of Ethics” and together the “Codes of Ethics”) apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“access persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by access persons. Under each Code of Ethics, access persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Funds, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, access persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings and limited offerings or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of any class of the shares of the Funds. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of a Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling a Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
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Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
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VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
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BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
*Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories.
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
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B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
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Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
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Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
A- 7
APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
ALPHAONE INVESTMENT SERVICES, LLC
ALPHAONE INVESTMENT SERVICES, LLC
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
I. POLICY
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC (the “Adviser” ) acts as discretionary investment adviser for a private fund, clients who may be governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, ( “ERISA” ), and as discretionary investment adviser to certain brokerage accounts. The Adviser’s authority to vote proxies or act on other shareholder actions on behalf of its clients is established under the delegation of discretionary authority under its investment advisory contracts. Therefore, unless a client (including a “named fiduciary” under ERISA) specifically reserves the right, in writing, to vote its own proxies or to take shareholder action in other corporate actions, the Adviser will vote all proxies or act on all other actions received in sufficient time prior to their deadlines as part of its full discretionary authority over the assets in accordance with these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures (these “Policies and Procedures” ). Corporate actions may include, for example and without limitation, tender offers or exchanges, bankruptcy proceedings, and class actions.
When voting proxies or acting on corporate actions on behalf of clients, the Adviser will act in a manner deemed prudent and diligent and will exercise its voting authority in a manner that is in the best interests of its clients and consistent with the investment objectives of the Adviser’s clients.
II. PURPOSE
The purpose of these Policies and Procedures is to memorialize the procedures and policies adopted by the Adviser to enable it to comply with its responsibilities and the requirements of Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended ( “Advisers Act” ). These Policies and Procedures also reflect the fiduciary standards and responsibilities set forth by the Department of Labor for ERISA accounts.
III. PROCEDURES
The Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer ( “CCO” ) shall be ultimately responsible for ensuring that all proxies and corporate actions received by the Adviser are voted in a timely manner and voted consistently across all portfolios or in accordance with any specific written instructions provided by a client. Although many proxy proposals can be voted in accordance with the Adviser’s established guidelines (see Section VI below) (the “Guidelines” ), the Adviser recognizes that certain proposals may require special consideration and that a client may provide the Adviser with specific voting instructions that may differ from the Adviser’s general Guidelines. Under such circumstances, the Adviser may make an exception to its general voting Guidelines. The Adviser may engage a non-affiliated third party vendor to vote proxies on behalf of its clients.
B- 1
A. Conflicts of Interest. Where a proxy proposal raises a material conflict of interest between the Adviser’s interests and that of one or more its clients, the Adviser shall resolve such conflict in the manner described below.
1. Vote in Accordance with the Guidelines . To the extent that the Adviser has little or no discretion to deviate from the Guidelines with respect to the proposal in question, the Adviser shall vote in accordance with the pre-determined voting policies set forth in the Guidelines.
2. Obtain Consent of Clients . To the extent that the Adviser has discretion to deviate from the Guidelines with respect to the proposal in question, the Adviser shall disclose the conflict to the relevant clients and obtain their consent to the proposed vote prior to voting the securities. The disclosure to the clients will include sufficient detail regarding the matter to be voted on and the nature of the Adviser’s conflict that the clients would be able to make an informed decision regarding the vote. When a client does not respond to such a conflict disclosure request or denies the request, the Adviser will abstain from voting the securities held by that client’s account.
B. Limitations . In certain circumstances, in accordance with a client’s investment advisory contract (or other written directive) or where the Adviser has determined that it is in the client’s best interest, the Adviser will not vote proxies received. The following are some circumstances where the Adviser will limit its role in voting proxies received on client securities:
1. Client Maintains Proxy Voting Authority : Where client specifies in writing that it will maintain the authority to vote proxies itself or that it has delegated the right to vote proxies to a third party, the Adviser will not vote the securities and will direct the relevant custodian to send the proxy material directly to the client. If any proxy material is received by the Adviser, it will promptly be forwarded to the client.
2. Limited Value or Terminated Account : If the Adviser concludes that the client’s economic interest or the value of the portfolio holding is indeterminable or insignificant, the Adviser will abstain from voting a client’s proxies. The Adviser will also abstain from voting a client’s proxies where a proxy is received for a client’s account that has been terminated with the Adviser. Regardless of any applicable record date of an issuer, the Adviser will not vote proxies received for securities that are no longer held in a client’s account. In addition, the Adviser generally will not vote securities where the economic value of the securities in the client account is less than $500.
3. Unjustifiable Costs : In certain circumstances, after doing a cost-benefit analysis, the Adviser may abstain from voting where the cost of voting a client’s proxy would exceed any anticipated benefits of the proxy proposal.
IV. RECORD KEEPING
In accordance with Rule 204-2 under the Advisers Act, the Adviser will maintain for the time periods set forth in the Rule (i) these Policies and Procedures, and any amendments thereto; (ii) all proxy statements received regarding client securities (provided however, that the Adviser may rely on the proxy statement filed on EDGAR as its records so long as it maintains a separate record identifying the statements that were received and relied upon); (iii) a record of votes cast on behalf of clients (the Adviser may rely on records of proxy votes maintained by a proxy voting service if the service has undertaken to provide a copy of such records promptly upon request); (iv) records of client requests for proxy voting information and the Adviser’s written responses to written or oral requests; (v) any documents prepared by the Adviser that were material to making a decision how to vote or that memorialized the basis for the decision; and (vi) records relating to requests made to clients regarding conflicts of interest in voting the proxy.
B- 2
See Section XII of the Compliance Manual, Books and Records, as to the record retention requirements of the Advisers Act with respect to the above records.
Sub-advisers to mutual funds are typically delegated responsibility for voting proxies relating to portfolio securities held by the fund for which the sub-adviser has investment discretion or responsibility. The sub-advisers each have their own proxy voting policies and procedures.
Form N-PX. Rule 30b1-4 under the 1940 Act requires mutual funds, as registered investment companies, to file, by August 31 of each year, their complete proxy voting records on Form N-PX for the 12-month period ended June 30. The CCO will review all reports on Form N-PX of the mutual fund clients of AlphaOne and assist the funds in the timely filing of all such reports on Form N-PX.
V. DISCLOSURE TO CLIENTS
The Adviser will describe in its Part II of Form ADV (or other brochure fulfilling the requirement of Rule 204-3) its proxy voting policies and procedures and advising clients how they may obtain information on how the Adviser voted their securities. Clients may obtain information on how their securities were voted or a copy of the Adviser’s Policies and Procedures by written request addressed to the Adviser. Finally, Rule 206(4)-6 under the Advisers Act requires registered investment advisers to provide clients with a concise summary of the adviser’s proxy voting policies and procedures and, upon request, to provide clients with a copy of such policies and procedures.
VI. GUIDELINES
Each proxy proposal or shareholder action will be considered individually. The following is a guideline on how the Adviser will vote certain proposals that are subject to shareholder approval. The vote recommendations set forth below are guidelines with respect to certain proposals and are not intended to be rigid voting rules as the manner in which proxies are ultimately voted will depend on market conditions and other extenuating facts and circumstances (i.e. proxy contests and the performance of an issuer) that may affect the Adviser’s voting decisions.
Where the Guidelines outline the Adviser’s voting position to be determined on a “ case by case ” basis for such proxy proposal, or such or such proposal is not listed in the Guidelines, then the Adviser will choose either to vote the proxy in accordance with the voting recommendation of a non-affiliated third party vendor, or will vote the proxy pursuant to client direction. The method selected by the Adviser will depend on the facts and circumstances of each situation and the requirements of applicable law.
B- 3
B- 4
B- 5
VILLANOVA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT COMPANY LLC
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
I. | POLICY |
Villanova Investment Management Company, LLC (the “Adviser” ) acts as discretionary investment adviser for a private fund, clients who may be governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, ( “ERISA” ), and as discretionary investment adviser to certain brokerage accounts. The Adviser’s authority to vote proxies or act on other shareholder actions on behalf of its clients is established under the delegation of discretionary authority under its investment advisory contracts. Therefore, unless a client (including a “named fiduciary” under ERISA) specifically reserves the right, in writing, to vote its own proxies or to take shareholder action in other corporate actions, the Adviser will vote all proxies or act on all other actions received in sufficient time prior to their deadlines as part of its full discretionary authority over the assets in accordance with these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures (these “Policies and Procedures” ). Corporate actions may include, for example and without limitation, tender offers or exchanges, bankruptcy proceedings, and class actions.
When voting proxies or acting on corporate actions on behalf of clients, the Adviser will act in a manner deemed prudent and diligent and will exercise its voting authority in a manner that is in the best interests of its clients and consistent with the investment objectives of the Adviser’s clients.
II. | PURPOSE |
The purpose of these Policies and Procedures is to memorialize the procedures and policies adopted by the Adviser to enable it to comply with its responsibilities and the requirements of Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended ( “Advisers Act” ). These Policies and Procedures also reflect the fiduciary standards and responsibilities set forth by the Department of Labor for ERISA accounts.
III. | PROCEDURES |
The Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer ( “CCO” ) shall be ultimately responsible for ensuring that all proxies and corporate actions received by the Adviser are voted in a timely manner and voted consistently across all portfolios or in accordance with any specific written instructions provided by a client. Although many proxy proposals can be voted in accordance with the Adviser’s established guidelines (see Section VI below) (the “Guidelines” ), the Adviser recognizes that certain proposals may require special consideration and that a client may provide the Adviser with specific voting instructions that may differ from the Adviser’s general Guidelines. Under such circumstances, the Adviser may make an exception to its general voting Guidelines. The Adviser may engage a non-affiliated third party vendor to vote proxies on behalf of its clients.
A. Conflicts of Interest . Where a proxy proposal raises a material conflict of interest between the Adviser’s interests and that of one or more its clients, the Adviser shall resolve such conflict in the manner described below.
1. Vote in Accordance with the Guidelines . To the extent that the Adviser has little or no discretion to deviate from the Guidelines with respect to the proposal in question, the Adviser shall vote in accordance with the pre-determined voting policies set forth in the Guidelines.
2. Obtain Consent of Clients . To the extent that the Adviser has discretion to deviate from the Guidelines with respect to the proposal in question, the Adviser shall disclose the conflict to the relevant clients and obtain their consent to the proposed vote prior to voting the securities. The disclosure to the clients will include sufficient detail regarding the matter to be voted on and the nature of the Adviser’s conflict that the clients would be able to make an informed decision regarding the vote. When a client does not respond to such a conflict disclosure request or denies the request, the Adviser will abstain from voting the securities held by that client’s account.
B. Limitations . In certain circumstances, in accordance with a client’s investment advisory contract (or other written directive) or where the Adviser has determined that it is in the client’s best interest, the Adviser will not vote proxies received. The following are some circumstances where the Adviser will limit its role in voting proxies received on client securities:
1. Client Maintains Proxy Voting Authority : Where client specifies in writing that it will maintain the authority to vote proxies itself or that it has delegated the right to vote proxies to a third party, the Adviser will not vote the securities and will direct the relevant custodian to send the proxy material directly to the client. If any proxy material is received by the Adviser, it will promptly be forwarded to the client.
2. Limited Value or Terminated Account : If the Adviser concludes that the client’s economic interest or the value of the portfolio holding is indeterminable or insignificant, the Adviser will abstain from voting a client’s proxies. The Adviser will also abstain from voting a client’s proxies where a proxy is received for a client’s account that has been terminated with the Adviser. Regardless of any applicable record date of an issuer, the Adviser will not vote proxies received for securities that are no longer held in a client’s account. In addition, the Adviser generally will not vote securities where the economic value of the securities in the client account is less than $500.
3. Unjustifiable Costs : In certain circumstances, after doing a cost-benefit analysis, the Adviser may abstain from voting where the cost of voting a client’s proxy would exceed any anticipated benefits of the proxy proposal.
IV. | RECORD KEEPING |
In accordance with Rule 204-2 under the Advisers Act, the Adviser will maintain for the time periods set forth in the Rule (i) these Policies and Procedures, and any amendments thereto; (ii) all proxy statements received regarding client securities (provided however, that the Adviser may rely on the proxy statement filed on EDGAR as its records so long as it maintains a separate record identifying the statements that were received and relied upon); (iii) a record of votes cast on behalf of clients (the Adviser may rely on records of proxy votes maintained by a proxy voting service if the service has undertaken to provide a copy of such records promptly upon request); (iv) records of client requests for proxy voting information and the Adviser’s written responses to written or oral requests; (v) any documents prepared by the Adviser that were material to making a decision how to vote or that memorialized the basis for the decision; and (vi) records relating to requests made to clients regarding conflicts of interest in voting the proxy.
See Section XII of the Compliance Manual, Books and Records, as to the record retention requirements of the Advisers Act with respect to the above records.
Sub-advisers, such as VIMCO, to mutual funds are typically delegated responsibility for voting proxies relating to portfolio securities held by the fund for which the sub-adviser has investment discretion or responsibility. The sub-advisers, such as VIMCO, each have their own proxy voting policies and procedures.
Form N-PX. Rule 30b1-4 under the 1940 Act requires mutual funds, as registered investment companies, to file, by August 31 of each year, their complete proxy voting records on Form N-PX for the 12-month period ended June 30. The CCO will review all reports on Form N-PX of the mutual fund clients of VIMCO and assist the funds in the timely filing of all such reports on Form N-PX.
V. | DISCLOSURE TO CLIENTS |
The Adviser will describe in its Part 2 of Form ADV its proxy voting policies and procedures and advising clients how they may obtain information on how the Adviser voted their securities. Clients may obtain information on how their securities were voted or a copy of the Adviser’s Policies and Procedures by written request addressed to the Adviser. Finally, Rule 206(4)-6 under the Advisers Act requires registered investment advisers to provide clients with a concise summary of the adviser’s proxy voting policies and procedures and, upon request, to provide clients with a copy of such policies and procedures.
VI. | GUIDELINES |
Each proxy proposal or shareholder action will be considered individually. The following is a guideline on how the Adviser will vote certain proposals that are subject to shareholder approval. The vote recommendations set forth below are guidelines with respect to certain proposals and are not intended to be rigid voting rules as the manner in which proxies are ultimately voted will depend on market conditions and other extenuating facts and circumstances (i.e., proxy contests and the performance of an issuer) that may affect the Adviser’s voting decisions.
Where the Guidelines outline the Adviser’s voting position to be determined on a “case by case” basis for such proxy proposal, or such or such proposal is not listed in the Guidelines, then the Adviser will choose either to vote the proxy in accordance with the voting recommendation of a non-affiliated third party vendor, or will vote the proxy pursuant to client direction. The method selected by the Adviser will depend on the facts and circumstances of each situation and the requirements of applicable law.
Prospectus The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund |
March 1, 2019 |
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of a Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request to continue receiving paper reports. Instead, as of that date, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted. The mail notification will provide you with a website link permitting you to access the report.
Under these regulations, you can continue receiving paper copies of the shareholder reports (free of charge) after March 1, 2021 by notifying the Funds or your financial intermediary at any time. If you invest directly with a Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-866-777-8227. If you invest through a financial intermediary such as a broker-dealer or bank, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all Cambiar Funds if you invest directly with the Funds.
If you have already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by the change described above, and you need not take any action.
|
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. |
Table of Contents |
Summary Information about Taxes and Fin ancial Intermediary Compensati on |
|
As of the date of this prospectus, Institutional Class Shares of the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund and the Cambiar Global Equity Fund are not available for purchase.
CAMBIAR OPPORTUNITY FUND |
The Cambiar Opportunity Fund (the “Fund”) seeks total return and capital preservation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor
|
||
Management Fees 1 |
0.60% |
0.60% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.11% |
0.31% |
||
Shareholder Service Fees 2 |
None |
0.20% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.11% |
0.11% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.71% |
0.91% |
||
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 3 |
(0.06)% |
(0.06)% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.65% |
0.85% |
1 |
Management Fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
2 |
The Fund’s Investor Class Shares are subject to a maximum annual shareholder servicing fee of 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares. |
3 |
Cambiar Investors, LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, non-routine expenses and shareholder servicing fees (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.65% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until March 1, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement; and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 1, 2020. |
1
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$66 |
$221 |
$389 |
$877 |
Investor Class Shares |
$87 |
$284 |
$498 |
$1,114 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as brokerage commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 47% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The Fund invests primarily in a diversified portfolio of common stocks of companies with a market capitalization in excess of $3 billion at time of purchase.
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser uses a fundamental, relative value investment approach to build a diversified portfolio of companies that meet the following criteria:
● |
Quality – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that possess strong competitive positions within their sector or industry, and offer a track record of innovation and product leadership as well as strong pricing and cost discipline. The Adviser prefers companies that possess strong financial characteristics such as low leverage and sufficient liquidity. |
● |
Valuation – The Adviser uses conventional valuation metrics, such as price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios, to identify companies that are trading at the lower end of their long-term valuation range. |
2
● |
Catalyst – The Adviser seeks to identify a fundamental positive development or catalyst (such as the onset of a new product or pricing cycle, resolution of a transitory overhang or normalization of the business’s cash flow, margins and/or earnings) that it believes can positively change investors’ perception of a company, but has not yet been recognized by the market. |
● |
Hurdle Rate – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that it believes have the ability to generate a significant investment return consisting of both capital appreciation and dividend income, typically over a 1-2 year time horizon, and is based on the company returning to its normal earnings and valuation. |
The Adviser constructs the Fund’s portfolio on a security-by-security basis, with the goal of building a portfolio that strikes a balance between the Adviser’s conviction in an investment and portfolio diversification. The Adviser seeks to manage the Fund’s risk through its research process as well as limits on individual position sizes and allocations to an economic sector.
The Adviser will consider liquidating or reducing its investment in a company if: (a) the investment thesis is realized and the stock reaches its price target, (b) the stock price increases disproportionately relative to actual company developments, (c) position size, country or sector limits are reached, or (d) there is a negative change in fundamentals, or the investment thesis fails to develop as expected. The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because of a decline in price, and may add to the position if the investment thesis remains intact.
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, a shareholder is subject to the risk that his or her investment could lose money. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. You should consider your investment goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance before investing in the Fund. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies, and hence, the Fund, may suffer a decline in response.
The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies whose stock appears undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for meeting
3
or exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds or market benchmarks. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time, and may never achieve the Adviser’s expected valuation.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Updated performance information is available at www.cambiar.com or by calling 1-866-777-8227.
During the periods shown in the chart, the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ highest return for a quarter was 22.06% (quarter ended 6/30/2009) and the lowest return for a quarter was (22.45)% (quarter ended 9/30/2011).
4
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown for only the Investor Class Shares. After-tax returns for Institutional Class Shares will vary.
Institutional Class Shares of the Fund commenced operations on November 3, 2005. As a result, the performance information provided for Institutional Class Shares incorporates the returns of Investor Class Shares of the Fund for periods before November 3, 2005. Institutional Class Shares would have substantially similar performance as Investor Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that total expenses of Institutional Class Shares are lower.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Investor Class Shares |
||||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(13.28)% |
4.45% |
10.59% |
7.55% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(15.51)% |
2.22% |
9.33% |
6.33% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(6.83)% |
3.26% |
8.87% |
6.11% |
Institutional Class Shares |
||||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(13.11)% |
4.69% |
10.86% |
7.72% |
Russell 1000 ® Value Index (re flects no dedu ction for fees, expenses, o r tax es) |
(8.27)% |
5.95% |
11.18% |
6.15% |
Cambiar Investors, LLC
5
The Opportunity Fund is managed by the domestic investment team. This team includes:
Brian M. Barish, CFA, President, Chief Investment Officer, joined the Adviser in 1997 and has served as Lead Manager of the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 1998.
Anna (Ania) A. Aldrich, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 1999 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since 1999.
Andrew P. Baumbusch, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2004 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since 2004.
Colin M. Dunn, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2011 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since 2011.
PURCHASING AND SELLING FUND SHARES
To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for Spousal IRAs). Thereafter your investments must be at least $100. To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments in Institutional Class Shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive any of the minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion. If your Institutional Class Share holdings are below the initial minimum investment amount at any time, the Fund reserves the right to transfer, on a tax-free basis, your Institutional Class Shares to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, in which case you will be subject to the fees and expenses of Investor Class Shares.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-777-8227 or visiting www.cambiar.com.
If you own your shares through an account with an investment professional or other institution, contact that investment professional or institution to redeem your shares. Your investment professional or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 54 of the prospectus.
6
CAMBIAR INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND |
The Cambiar International Equity Fund (the “Fund”) seeks total return and capital preservation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 90 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor
|
||
Management Fees 1 |
0.85% |
0.85% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.10% |
0.23% |
||
Shareholder Service Fees 2 |
None |
0.13% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.10% |
0.10% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.95% |
1.08% |
||
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 3 |
(0.05)% |
(0.05)% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.90% |
1.03% |
1 |
Management Fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
2 |
The Fund’s Investor Class Shares are subject to a maximum annual shareholder servicing fee of 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares. |
3 |
Cambiar Investors, LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, non-routine expenses and shareholder servicing fees (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.90% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until March 1, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) |
7
at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement; and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 1, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$92 |
$298 |
$521 |
$1,162 |
Investor Class Shares |
$105 |
$339 |
$591 |
$1,313 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as brokerage commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 54% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of foreign companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund expects, under normal market conditions, to invest in at least three different countries. In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser focuses predominantly on medium to large market capitalization equity securities.
The Fund may consider a company to be a “foreign company” if: (i) 50% of the company’s assets are located outside of the United States; or (ii) 50% of the company’s revenues are generated outside of the United States; or (iii) the company is domiciled or doing a substantial amount of business outside of the United States. The majority of these companies operate in “established” markets;
8
however, when opportunities warrant, the Fund may invest up to 25% of its assets in securities of companies in “emerging market” countries. An “emerging market” country is any country determined by the Adviser to have an emerging market economy, considering factors such as the country’s credit rating, its political and economic stability and the development of its financial and capital markets. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrializing, with lower gross national products than more developed countries. In some circumstances, the Fund may purchase American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, rather than foreign shares that are traded on foreign exchanges, because the ADRs have greater liquidity or for other reasons.
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser uses a fundamental, relative value investment approach to build a diversified portfolio of companies that meet the following criteria:
● |
Quality – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that possess strong competitive positions within their sector or industry, and offer a track record of innovation and product leadership as well as strong pricing and cost discipline. The Adviser prefers companies that possess strong financial characteristics such as low leverage and sufficient liquidity. |
● |
Valuation – The Adviser uses conventional valuation metrics, such as price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios, to identify companies that are trading at the lower end of their long-term valuation range. |
● |
Catalyst – The Adviser seeks to identify a fundamental positive development or catalyst (such as the onset of a new product or pricing cycle, resolution of a transitory overhang or normalization of the business’s cash flow, margins and/or earnings) that it believes can positively change investors’ perception of a company, but has not yet been recognized by the market. |
● |
Hurdle Rate – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that it believes have the ability to generate a significant investment return consisting of both capital appreciation and dividend income, typically over a 1-2 year time horizon, and is based on the company returning to its normal earnings and valuation. |
The Adviser constructs the Fund’s portfolio on a security-by-security basis, with the goal of building a portfolio that strikes a balance between the Adviser’s conviction in an investment and portfolio diversification. The Adviser seeks to manage the Fund’s risk through its research process as well as limits on individual position sizes and allocations to an economic sector or individual country.
The Adviser will consider liquidating or reducing its investment in a company if: (a) the investment thesis is realized and the stock reaches its price target, (b) the stock price increases disproportionately relative to actual company developments, (c) position size, country or sector limits are reached, or (d) there is a negative
9
change in fundamentals, or the investment thesis fails to develop as expected. The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because of a decline in price, and may add to the position if the investment thesis remains intact.
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, a shareholder is subject to the risk that his or her investment could lose money. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. You should consider your investment goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance before investing in the Fund. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies, and hence, the Fund, may suffer a decline in response.
Because the Fund invests in foreign securities, including through securities denominated in foreign currencies and ADRs, it will be subject to certain risks not typically associated with domestic securities. Foreign investments, especially investments in emerging markets, can be riskier and more volatile than investments in the United States, because of, among other things, unstable political and economic conditions, sovereign solvency considerations, and less developed and more thinly-traded securities markets. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make it more difficult for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is often less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. Although ADRs and other depositary receipts are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies, they are also subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
10
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Fund investments in foreign currencies and securities denominated in foreign currencies are subject to currency risk. As a result, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Additionally, the value of the Fund’s assets measured in U.S. dollars may be affected by exchange control regulations. The Fund will generally incur transaction costs in connection with conversions between various currencies which will negatively impact performance. ADRs indirectly bear currency risk because they represent an interest in securities that are not denominated in U.S. dollars.
The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies whose stock appears undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for meeting or exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds or market benchmarks. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time, and may never achieve the Adviser’s expected valuation.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Updated performance information is available at www.cambiar.com or by calling 1-866-777-8227.
11
During the periods shown in the chart, the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ highest return for a quarter was 25.69% (quarter ended 6/30/2009) and the lowest return for a quarter was (21.10)% (quarter ended 9/30/2011).
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown for only the Investor Class Shares. After-tax returns for Institutional Class Shares will vary.
Institutional Class Shares of the Fund commenced operations on November 30, 2012. As a result, the performance information provided for Institutional Class Shares incorporates the returns of Investor Class Shares of the Fund for periods before November 30, 2012. Institutional Class Shares would have substantially similar performance as Investor Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that total expenses of Institutional Class Shares are lower.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
12
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Investor Class Shares |
||||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(18.21)% |
(0.63)% |
7.83% |
6.73% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(18.18)% |
(0.81)% |
7.73% |
6.39% 1 |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(11.17)% |
(0.40)% |
6.76% |
6.00% 1 |
Institutional Class Shares |
||||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(18.06)% |
(0.49)% |
7.94% |
6.78% |
MSCI EAFE Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(13.79)% |
0.53% |
6.32% |
6.37% |
1 |
The Since Inception after-tax returns include performance prior to the Fund’s registration as a mutual fund on September 9, 2002, which has not been adjusted to reflect distributions that are generally required for a mutual fund. If the adjustments had been made, the Since Inception after-tax returns may have been lower. More information about the Fund’s history and performance can be found on page 84. |
Cambiar Investors, LLC
The International Equity Fund is managed by the international investment team. This team includes:
Brian M. Barish, CFA, President, Chief Investment Officer, joined the Adviser in 1997, is Co-Lead Manager of the Fund and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 1997.
Jennifer M. Dunne, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2005, is Co-Lead Manager of the Fund and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since 2005.
Anna (Ania) A. Aldrich, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 1999 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since 1999.
Andrew P. Baumbusch, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2004 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since 2004.
Todd L. Edwards, PhD, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2007 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since 2007.
13
Alvaro Shiraishi, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2007 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since 2007.
PURCHASING AND SELLING FUND SHARES
To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for Spousal IRAs). Thereafter your investments must be at least $100. To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments in Institutional Class Shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive any of the minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion. If your Institutional Class Share holdings are below the initial minimum investment amount at any time, the Fund reserves the right to transfer, on a tax-free basis, your Institutional Class Shares to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, in which case you will be subject to the fees and expenses of Investor Class Shares.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-777-8227 or visiting www.cambiar.com.
If you own your shares through an account with an investment professional or other institution, contact that investment professional or institution to redeem your shares. Your investment professional or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 54 of the prospectus.
14
CAMBIAR SMALL CAP FUND |
The Cambiar Small Cap Fund (the “Fund”) seeks long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 90 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor
|
||
Management Fees 1 |
0.85% |
0.85% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.14% |
0.21% |
||
Shareholder Service Fees 2 |
None |
0.07% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.14% |
0.14% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.99% |
1.06% |
||
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 3 |
(0.09)% |
(0.09)% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.90% |
0.97% |
1 |
Management Fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
2 |
The Fund’s Investor Class Shares are subject to a maximum annual shareholder servicing fee of 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares. |
3 |
Cambiar Investors, LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, non-routine expenses and shareholder servicing fees (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.90% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until March 1, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement; and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. |
15
This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 1, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$92 |
$306 |
$538 |
$1,205 |
Investor Class Shares |
$99 |
$328 |
$576 |
$1,286 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as brokerage commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 45% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in common stocks of small-cap companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund generally considers small-cap companies to be those with market capitalizations not greater than either that of the largest company in the Russell 2000 ® Value Index ($5.2 billion as of December 31, 2018) or $3.5 billion, whichever is greater at the time of initial purchase.
16
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser uses a fundamental, relative value investment approach to build a diversified portfolio of companies that meet the following criteria:
● |
Quality – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that possess strong competitive positions within their sector or industry, and offer a track record of innovation and product leadership as well as strong pricing and cost discipline. The Adviser prefers companies that possess strong financial characteristics such as low leverage and sufficient liquidity. |
● |
Valuation – The Adviser uses conventional valuation metrics, such as price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios, to identify companies that are trading at the lower end of their long-term valuation range. |
● |
Catalyst – The Adviser seeks to identify a fundamental positive development or catalyst (such as the onset of a new product or pricing cycle, resolution of a transitory overhang or normalization of the business’s cash flow, margins and/or earnings) that it believes can positively change investors’ perception of a company, but has not yet been recognized by the market. |
● |
Hurdle Rate – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that it believes have the ability to generate a significant investment return consisting of both capital appreciation and dividend income, typically over a 1-2 year time horizon, and is based on the company returning to its normal earnings and valuation. |
The Adviser constructs the Fund’s portfolio on a security-by-security basis, with the goal of building a portfolio that strikes a balance between the Adviser’s conviction in an investment and portfolio diversification. The Adviser seeks to manage the Fund’s risk through its research process as well as limits on individual position sizes and allocations to an economic sector.
The Adviser will consider liquidating or reducing its investment in a company if: (a) the investment thesis is realized and the stock reaches its price target, (b) the stock price increases disproportionately relative to actual company developments, (c) position size, country or sector limits are reached, or (d) there is a negative change in fundamentals, or the investment thesis fails to develop as expected. The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because of a decline in price, and may add to the position if the investment thesis remains intact.
17
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, a shareholder is subject to the risk that his or her investment could lose money. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. You should consider your investment goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance before investing in the Fund. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies, and hence, the Fund, may suffer a decline in response.
The Fund is also subject to the risk that small capitalization stocks may underperform other segments of the equity market or the equity market as a whole. The small-capitalization companies that the Fund invests in may be more vulnerable to adverse corporate, business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management team. Therefore, small-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies whose stock appears undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for meeting or exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds or market benchmarks. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time, and may never achieve the Adviser’s expected valuation.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with
18
those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Updated performance information is available at www.cambiar.com or by calling 1-866-777-8227.
During the periods shown in the chart, the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ highest return for a quarter was 23.25% (quarter ended 6/30/2009) and the lowest return for a quarter was (23.68)% (quarter ended 9/30/2011).
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown for only the Investor Class Shares. After-tax returns for Institutional Class Shares will vary.
Institutional Class Shares of the Fund commenced operations on October 31, 2008. As a result, the performance information provided for Institutional Class Shares incorporates the returns of Investor Class Shares of the Fund for periods before October 31, 2008. Institutional Class Shares would have substantially similar performance as Investor Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that total expenses of Institutional Class Shares are lower.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
19
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Investor Class Shares |
||||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(12.37)% |
(0.79)% |
11.20% |
7.79% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(16.44)% |
(3.06)% |
9.45% |
6.30% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(5.53)% |
(1.09)% |
9.19% |
6.22% |
Institutional Class Shares |
||||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(12.30)% |
(0.61)% |
11.42% |
7.95% |
Russell 2000
®
Value Index
|
(12.86)% |
3.60% |
10.40% |
6.96% |
Cambiar Investors, LLC
The Small Cap Fund is managed by the domestic investment team. This team includes:
Andrew P. Baumbusch, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2004, is Co-Lead Manager of the Fund, and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2004.
Colin M. Dunn, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2011, is Co-Lead Manager of the Fund, and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since 2011.
Brian M. Barish, CFA, President, Chief Investment Officer, joined the Adviser in 1997 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2004.
Anna (Ania) A. Aldrich, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 1999 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2004.
PURCHASING AND SELLING FUND SHARES
To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for Spousal IRAs). Thereafter your investments must be at least $100. To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments in Institutional Class Shares. The Fund reserves the
20
right to waive any of the minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion. If your Institutional Class Share holdings are below the initial minimum investment amount at any time, the Fund reserves the right to transfer, on a tax-free basis, your Institutional Class Shares to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, in which case you will be subject to the fees and expenses of Investor Class Shares.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-777-8227 or visiting www.cambiar.com.
If you own your shares through an account with an investment professional or other institution, contact that investment professional or institution to redeem your shares. Your investment professional or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 54 of the prospectus.
21
CAMBIAR GLOBAL ULTRA FOCUS FUND |
The Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund (the “Fund”) seeks long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 180 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor
|
||
Management Fees 1 |
0.90% |
0.90% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.17% |
0.20% |
||
Shareholder Service Fees 2 |
None |
0.03% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.17% |
0.17% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.07% |
1.10% |
||
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 3 |
(0.12)% |
(0.12)% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.95% |
0.98% |
1 |
Management Fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
2 |
The Fund’s Investor Class Shares are subject to a maximum annual shareholder servicing fee of 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares. |
3 |
Cambiar Investors, LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, non-routine expenses and shareholder servicing fees (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.95% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until March 1, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) |
22
at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement; and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 1, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$97 |
$328 |
$578 |
$1,295 |
Investor Class Shares |
$100 |
$338 |
$595 |
$1,329 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as brokerage commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 87% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of companies located throughout the world. For purposes of this policy, equity securities include common stocks and derivative instruments with economic characteristics similar to equity securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks and the Fund is generally unconstrained by any particular sector or market capitalization. The Fund’s investments may occasionally include derivative instruments and short positions. The derivative instruments in which the Fund invests will primarily be call options. To a lesser extent, however, the Fund may also invest in put options and swaps. While the Fund is generally unconstrained
23
within its equity universe, the Fund will typically invest in a portfolio of 20-30 issuers that the Adviser believes represent the best opportunities for long-term capital appreciation. Due to the highly focused nature of the Fund’s investment strategy, the Fund is considered to be non-diversified, and may invest a significant portion of its assets in a relatively small number of securities.
Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest in at least three different countries and invest at least 40% (or, if conditions are not favorable, invest at least 30%) of its assets in foreign companies. The Fund may consider a company to be a “foreign company” if: (i) 50% of the company’s assets are located outside of the United States; or (ii) 50% of the company’s revenues are generated outside of the United States; or (iii) the company is domiciled or doing a substantial amount of business outside of the United States. The Fund may invest in securities of companies in “emerging market” countries. An “emerging market” country is any country determined by the Adviser to have an emerging market economy, considering factors such as the country’s credit rating, its political and economic stability, and the development of its financial and capital markets. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrializing, with lower gross national products than more developed countries. The Adviser’s allocation among various foreign countries does not seek to replicate any particular index’s country allocation by global capitalization or regional capitalization. There is no limit on investments in securities of foreign companies, including emerging markets companies.
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser uses a fundamental, relative value investment approach to build a portfolio of companies that meet the following criteria:
● |
Quality – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that possess strong competitive positions within their sector or industry, and offer a track record of innovation and product leadership as well as strong pricing and cost discipline. The Adviser prefers companies that possess strong financial characteristics such as low leverage and sufficient liquidity. |
● |
Valuation – The Adviser uses conventional valuation metrics, such as price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios, to identify companies that are trading at the lower end of their long-term valuation range. |
● |
Catalyst – The Adviser seeks to identify a fundamental positive development or catalyst (such as the onset of a new product or pricing cycle, resolution of a transitory overhang or normalization of the business’s cash flow, margins and/or earnings) that it believes can positively change investors’ perception of a company, but has not yet been recognized by the market. |
24
● |
Hurdle Rate – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that it believes have the ability to generate a significant investment return consisting of both capital appreciation and dividend income, typically over a 1-2 year time horizon, and is based on the company returning to its normal earnings and valuation. |
The Adviser constructs the Fund’s portfolio on a security-by-security basis, with the goal of building a portfolio that strikes a balance between the Adviser’s conviction in an investment and portfolio diversification. The Adviser seeks to manage the Fund’s risk through its research process as well as limits on individual position sizes and allocations to an economic sector or individual country.
The Adviser will consider liquidating or reducing its investment in a company if: (a) the investment thesis is realized and the stock reaches its price target, (b) the stock price increases disproportionately relative to actual company developments, (c) position size, country or sector limits are reached, or (d) there is a negative change in fundamentals, or the investment thesis fails to develop as expected. The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because of a decline in price, and may add to the position if the investment thesis remains intact.
To the extent the Fund invests in derivatives, those instruments will primarily be intended to hedge against the risk of unfavorable price movements in the underlying instruments, to increase long exposure to underlying instruments, to provide short exposure, to manage cash flows or currency exposure, or for other purposes.
The Fund may buy and sell securities more frequently than other mutual funds, which could result in the Fund having a higher portfolio turnover rate than other mutual funds.
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, a shareholder is subject to the risk that his or her investment could lose money. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. You should consider your investment goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance before investing in the Fund. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies, and hence, the Fund, may suffer a decline in response.
25
Because the Fund invests in foreign securities, including through securities denominated in foreign currencies and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), it will be subject to certain risks not typically associated with domestic securities. Foreign investments, especially investments in emerging markets, can be riskier and more volatile than investments in the United States, because of, among other things, unstable political and economic conditions, sovereign solvency considerations, and less developed and more thinly-traded securities markets. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make it more difficult for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is often less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. Although ADRs and other depositary receipts are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies, they are also subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Fund investments in foreign currencies and securities denominated in foreign currencies are subject to currency risk. As a result, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Additionally, the value of the Fund’s assets measured in U.S. dollars may be affected by exchange control regulations. The Fund will generally incur transaction costs in connection with conversions between various currencies which will negatively impact performance. ADRs indirectly bear currency risk because they represent an interest in securities that are not denominated in U.S. dollars.
26
The Fund’s use of derivatives, including options and swaps, is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, liquidity risk, counterparty risk, valuation risk and hedging risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate closely or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Liquidity risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and at the price that the Fund would like, which may result in the Fund accepting a lower price to sell the derivative, selling other assets to raise cash or giving up another investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on the Fund’s management or performance. Counterparty risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise fail to honor its financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Hedging risk is the risk that derivatives instruments used for hedging purposes may not be effective in hedging the intended risk, may not be in place at the appropriate time to hedge the intended risk or may limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
When the Fund sells securities “short,” the Fund may be subject to substantially higher risks and greater volatility. The Fund may seek to increase return and reduce risk by using short sales or financial derivatives such as options. Short sales are speculative investments that will cause the Fund to lose money if the value of a security sold short rises. Because the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could be subject to a theoretically unlimited loss, although the Fund may be able to limit any such losses by purchasing the security sold short, albeit at a higher price. Short sales can also be used as a hedge and therefore lower the overall risk of the Fund.
The Fund is non-diversified, which means that it may invest in the securities of fewer issuers than a diversified fund. As a result, the Fund may be more susceptible to a single adverse corporate, economic or political occurrence affecting one or more of these issuers, and may experience increased volatility due to its investments in those securities.
The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies whose stock appears undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for meeting or exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses
27
or produce poor performance relative to other funds or market benchmarks. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time, and may never achieve the Adviser’s expected valuation.
Due to its investment strategy, the Fund may have a higher turnover rate than other mutual funds since it may buy and sell securities more frequently than other mutual funds. Such a strategy often involves higher expenses, including brokerage commissions, and may increase the amount of capital gains (in particular, short-term gains) realized by the Fund. Shareholders in taxable accounts may pay tax on such capital gains. In addition, the use of short sales may cause the Fund to have higher expenses (especially interest on borrowings and dividend expenses) than those of other equity mutual funds.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
As of the date of this prospectus, Institutional Class Shares of the Fund have not commenced operations and therefore have no performance information to report. Institutional Class Shares of the Fund would have substantially similar performance as Investor Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that total expenses of Institutional Class Shares would be lower.
Updated performance information is available at www.cambiar.com or by calling 1-866-777-8227.
28
During the periods shown in the chart, the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ highest return for a quarter was 30.74% (quarter ended 9/30/2009) and the lowest return for a quarter was (32.69)% (quarter ended 9/30/2011).
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Investor Class Shares |
||||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(21.79)% |
(1.07)% |
12.03% |
5.22% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(21.94)% |
(1.24)% |
11.64% |
4.81% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(13.61)% |
(0.90)% |
10.22% |
4.16% |
MSCI World Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(8.71)% |
4.56% |
9.67% |
3.79% |
Cambiar Investors, LLC
The Global Ultra Focus Fund is managed by the global investment team. This team includes:
Brian M. Barish, CFA, President, Chief Investment Officer, joined the Adviser in 1997 and has managed the Fund since its inception in 2007.
PURCHASING AND SELLING FUND SHARES
To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for Spousal IRAs). Thereafter your investments must be at least $100. To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the
29
Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments in Institutional Class Shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive any of the minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion. If your Institutional Class Share holdings are below the initial minimum investment amount at any time, the Fund reserves the right to transfer, on a tax-free basis, your Institutional Class Shares to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, in which case you will be subject to the fees and expenses of Investor Class Shares. As of the date of this prospectus, Institutional Class Shares of the Fund are not available for purchase.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-777-8227 or visiting www.cambiar.com.
If you own your shares through an account with an investment professional or other institution, contact that investment professional or institution to redeem your shares. Your investment professional or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 54 of the prospectus.
30
CAMBIAR SMID FUND |
The Cambiar SMID Fund (the “Fund”) seeks long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 90 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor
|
||
Management Fees 1 |
0.80% |
0.80% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.36% |
0.36% |
||
Shareholder Service Fees 2 |
None |
—% 3 |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.36% |
0.36% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.16% |
1.16% |
||
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 4 |
(0.31)% |
(0.31)% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.85% |
0.85% |
1 |
Management Fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
2 |
The Fund’s Investor Class Shares are subject to a maximum annual shareholder servicing fee of 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares. |
3 |
Amounts designated as “—” are zero or have been rounded to zero. |
4 |
Cambiar Investors, LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, non-routine expenses and shareholder servicing fees (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.85% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until March 1, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) |
31
at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement; and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 1, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$87 |
$338 |
$608 |
$1,381 |
Investor Class Shares |
$87 |
$338 |
$608 |
$1,381 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as brokerage commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 61% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in common stocks of small- to mid-sized companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund generally considers small- and mid-sized companies to be those with market capitalizations not greater than either that of the largest company in the Russell 2500 ® Value Index ($12.5 billion as of December 31, 2018) or $12 billion, whichever is greater at the time of initial purchase.
32
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser uses a fundamental, relative value investment approach to build a diversified portfolio of companies that meet the following criteria:
● |
Quality – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that possess strong competitive positions within their sector or industry, and offer a track record of innovation and product leadership as well as strong pricing and cost discipline. The Adviser prefers companies that possess strong financial characteristics such as low leverage and sufficient liquidity. |
● |
Valuation – The Adviser uses conventional valuation metrics, such as price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios, to identify companies that are trading at the lower end of their long-term valuation range. |
● |
Catalyst – The Adviser seeks to identify a fundamental positive development or catalyst (such as the onset of a new product or pricing cycle, resolution of a transitory overhang or normalization of the business’s cash flow, margins and/or earnings) that it believes can positively change investors’ perception of a company, but has not yet been recognized by the market. |
● |
Hurdle Rate – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that it believes have the ability to generate a significant investment return consisting of both capital appreciation and dividend income, typically over a 1-2 year time horizon, and is based on the company returning to its normal earnings and valuation. |
The Adviser constructs the Fund’s portfolio on a security-by-security basis, with the goal of building a portfolio that strikes a balance between the Adviser’s conviction in an investment and portfolio diversification. The Adviser seeks to manage the Fund’s risk through its research process as well as limits on individual position sizes and allocations to an economic sector.
The Adviser will consider liquidating or reducing its investment in a company if: (a) the investment thesis is realized and the stock reaches its price target, (b) the stock price increases disproportionately relative to actual company developments, (c) position size, country or sector limits are reached, or (d) there is a negative change in fundamentals, or the investment thesis fails to develop as expected. The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because of a decline in price, and may add to the position if the investment thesis remains intact.
33
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, a shareholder is subject to the risk that his or her investment could lose money. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. You should consider your investment goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance before investing in the Fund. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies, and hence, the Fund, may suffer a decline in response.
The Fund is also subject to the risk that small- and mid-capitalization stocks may underperform other segments of the equity market or the equity market as a whole. The small- and mid-capitalization companies that the Fund invests in may be more vulnerable to adverse corporate, business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in smaller companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have more limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management team. Therefore, stocks of smaller companies may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies whose stock appears undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for meeting or exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds or market benchmarks. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time, and may never achieve the Adviser’s expected valuation.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of
34
a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Updated performance information is available at www.cambiar.com or by calling 1-866-777-8227.
During the periods shown in the chart, the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ highest return for a quarter was 13.14% (quarter ended 3/31/2013) and the lowest return for a quarter was (11.57)% (quarter ended 12/31/2018).
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown for only the Investor Class Shares. After-tax returns for Institutional Class Shares will vary.
Institutional Class Shares of the Fund commenced operations on November 3, 2014. As a result, the performance information provided for Institutional Class Shares incorporates the returns of Investor Class Shares of the Fund for periods before November 3, 2014. Institutional Class Shares would have substantially similar performance as Investor Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that total expenses of Institutional Class Shares are lower.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
35
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since
|
Investor Class Shares |
|||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(2.62)% |
4.72% |
7.78% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(4.02)% |
4.29% |
7.26% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(0.73)% |
3.77% |
6.33% |
Institutional Class Shares |
|||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(2.61)% |
4.74% |
7.79% |
Russell 2500 ® Value Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(12.36)% |
4.16% |
7.48% |
Cambiar Investors, LLC
The SMID Fund is managed by the domestic investment team. This team includes:
Andrew P. Baumbusch, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2004, is Co-Lead Manager of the Fund, and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Colin M. Dunn, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2011, is Co-Lead Manager of the Fund, and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Brian M. Barish, CFA, President, Chief Investment Officer, joined the Adviser in 1997 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Anna (Ania) A. Aldrich, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 1999 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2011.
PURCHASING AND SELLING FUND SHARES
To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for Spousal IRAs). Thereafter your investments must be at least $100. To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments in Institutional Class Shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive any of the minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion. If your Institutional Class Share holdings are below the initial minimum investment
36
amount at any time, the Fund reserves the right to transfer, on a tax-free basis, your Institutional Class Shares to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, in which case you will be subject to the fees and expenses of Investor Class Shares.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-777-8227 or visiting www.cambiar.com.
If you own your shares through an account with an investment professional or other institution, contact that investment professional or institution to redeem your shares. Your investment professional or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 54 of the prospectus.
37
CAMBIAR GLOBAL EQUITY FUND |
The Cambiar Global Equity Fund (the “Fund”) seeks long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 90 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor
|
||
Management Fees 1 |
0.75% |
0.75% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.70% |
0.70% |
||
Shareholder Service Fees 2 |
None |
—% 3 |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.70% |
0.70% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.45% |
1.45% |
||
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 4 |
(0.65)% |
(0.65)% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.80% |
0.80% |
1 |
Management Fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
2 |
The Fund’s Investor Class Shares are subject to a maximum annual shareholder servicing fee of 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares. |
3 |
Amounts designated as “—” are zero or have been rounded to zero. |
4 |
Cambiar Investors, LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, non-routine expenses and shareholder servicing fees (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.80% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until March 1, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) |
38
at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement; and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 1, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$82 |
$395 |
$730 |
$1,679 |
Investor Class Shares |
$82 |
$395 |
$730 |
$1,679 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as brokerage commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 45% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of companies located throughout the world. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. Although the Fund is permitted to invest in securities of any market capitalization, it typically invests in securities of companies with market capitalizations of $3 billion or greater and expects, under normal market conditions, to invest in at least three different countries and invest at least 40% (or, if conditions are not favorable, invest at least 30%) of its assets in foreign companies. The equity securities in which the Fund generally invests are common stocks and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security. The Fund may consider a company to be a “foreign company” if: (i)
39
50% of the company’s assets are located outside of the United States; or (ii) 50% of the company’s revenues are generated outside of the United States; or (iii) the company is domiciled or doing a substantial amount of business outside of the United States. The majority of these companies operate in “established” markets; however, when opportunities warrant, the Fund may invest up to 25% of its assets in securities of companies in “emerging market” countries. An “emerging market” country is any country determined by the Adviser to have an emerging market economy, considering factors such as the country’s credit rating, its political and economic stability and the development of its financial and capital markets. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrializing, with lower gross national products than more developed countries.
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser uses a fundamental, relative value investment approach to build a diversified portfolio of companies that meet the following criteria:
● |
Quality – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that possess strong competitive positions within their sector or industry, and offer a track record of innovation and product leadership as well as strong pricing and cost discipline. The Adviser prefers companies that possess strong financial characteristics such as low leverage and sufficient liquidity. |
● |
Valuation – The Adviser uses conventional valuation metrics, such as price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios, to identify companies that are trading at the lower end of their long-term valuation range. |
● |
Catalyst – The Adviser seeks to identify a fundamental positive development or catalyst (such as the onset of a new product or pricing cycle, resolution of a transitory overhang or normalization of the business’s cash flow, margins and/or earnings) that it believes can positively change investors’ perception of a company, but has not yet been recognized by the market. |
● |
Hurdle Rate – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that it believes have the ability to generate a significant investment return consisting of both capital appreciation and dividend income, typically over a 1-2 year time horizon, and is based on the company returning to its normal earnings and valuation. |
The Adviser constructs the Fund’s portfolio on a security-by-security basis, with the goal of building a portfolio that strikes a balance between the Adviser’s conviction in an investment and portfolio diversification. The Adviser seeks to manage the Fund’s risk through its research process as well as limits on individual position sizes and allocations to an economic sector or individual country.
The Adviser will consider liquidating or reducing its investment in a company if: (a) the investment thesis is realized and the stock reaches its price target, (b) the stock price increases disproportionately relative to actual company developments, (c) position size, country or sector limits are reached, or (d) there is a negative
40
change in fundamentals, or the investment thesis fails to develop as expected. The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because of a decline in price, and may add to the position if the investment thesis remains intact.
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, a shareholder is subject to the risk that his or her investment could lose money. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. You should consider your investment goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance before investing in the Fund. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies, and hence, the Fund, may suffer a decline in response.
Because the Fund invests in foreign securities, including through ADRs and securities denominated in foreign currencies, it will be subject to certain risks not typically associated with domestic securities. Foreign investments, especially investments in emerging markets, can be riskier and more volatile than investments in the United States, because of, among other things, unstable political and economic conditions, sovereign solvency considerations, and less developed and more thinly-traded securities markets. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make it more difficult for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is often less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. Although ADRs and other depositary receipts are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies, they are also subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
41
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Fund investments in foreign currencies and securities denominated in foreign currencies are subject to currency risk. As a result, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Additionally, the value of the Fund’s assets measured in U.S. dollars may be affected by exchange control regulations. The Fund will generally incur transaction costs in connection with conversions between various currencies which will negatively impact performance. ADRs indirectly bear currency risk because they represent an interest in securities that are not denominated in U.S. dollars.
The Fund is also subject to the risk that mid-capitalization stocks may underperform other segments of the equity market or the equity market as a whole. The mid-capitalization companies that the Fund invests in may be more vulnerable to adverse corporate, business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in smaller companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have more limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management team. Therefore, stocks of smaller companies may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies whose stock appears undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for meeting or exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds or market benchmarks. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time, and may never achieve the Adviser’s expected valuation.
42
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
As of the date of this prospectus, Institutional Class Shares of the Fund have not commenced operations and therefore have no performance information to report. Institutional Class Shares of the Fund would have substantially similar performance as Investor Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that total expenses of Institutional Class Shares would be lower.
Updated performance information is available at www.cambiar.com or by calling 1-866-777-8227.
During the periods shown in the chart, the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ highest return for a quarter was 11.69% (quarter ended 3/31/2012) and the lowest return for a quarter was (14.87)% (quarter ended 12/31/2018).
43
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since
|
Investor Class Shares |
|||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(15.77)% |
1.02% |
6.96% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(16.40)% |
(0.54)% |
5.25% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(9.28)% |
0.38% |
5.19% |
MSCI World Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(8.71)% |
4.56% |
8.92% |
Cambiar Investors, LLC
The Global Equity Fund is managed by the global investment team. This team includes:
Anna (Ania) A. Aldrich, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 1999 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Todd L. Edwards, PhD, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2007 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Alvaro Shiraishi, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2007 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2011.
44
PURCHASING AND SELLING FUND SHARES
To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for Spousal IRAs). Thereafter your investments must be at least $100. To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments in Institutional Class Shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive any of the minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion. If your Institutional Class Share holdings are below the initial minimum investment amount at any time, the Fund reserves the right to transfer, on a tax-free basis, your Institutional Class Shares to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, in which case you will be subject to the fees and expenses of Investor Class Shares. As of the date of this prospectus, Institutional Class Shares of the Fund are not available for purchase.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-777-8227 or visiting www.cambiar.com.
If you own your shares through an account with an investment professional or other institution, contact that investment professional or institution to redeem your shares. Your investment professional or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 54 of the prospectus.
45
CAMBIAR INTERNATIONAL SMALL CAP FUND |
The Cambiar International Small Cap Fund (the “Fund”) seeks long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 180 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees 1 |
0.90% |
|
Other Expenses |
4.35% |
|
Shareholder Service Fees 2 |
—% 3 |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
4.35% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
5.25% |
|
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 4 |
(4.30)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.95% |
1 |
Management Fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
2 |
The Fund’s Institutional Class Shares are subject to a maximum annual shareholder servicing fee of 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares. |
3 |
Amounts designated as “—” are zero or have been rounded to zero. |
4 |
Cambiar Investors, LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, non-routine expenses and shareholder servicing fees (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.95% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average daily net assets until March 1, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement; and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. |
46
This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 1, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$97 |
$1,187 |
$2,271 |
$4,958 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as brokerage commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual fund operating expenses or in the Example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 68% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-cap foreign companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund expects, under normal market conditions, to invest in at least three different countries. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are generally common stocks traded on foreign exchanges, although it may also purchase American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security. The Fund generally considers small-cap foreign companies to be those with market capitalizations not greater than either that of the largest company in the MSCI EAFE Small Cap Index ($7.9 billion as of December 31, 2018) or $5 billion, whichever is greater at the time of initial purchase.
47
The Fund may consider a company to be a “foreign company” if: (i) 50% of the company’s assets are located outside of the United States; or (ii) 50% of the company’s revenues are generated outside of the United States; or (iii) the company is domiciled or doing a substantial amount of business outside of the United States. The majority of these companies operate in “established” markets; however, the Fund may invest up to 25% of its assets in securities of companies in “emerging market” countries. An “emerging market” country is any country determined by the Adviser to have an emerging market economy, considering factors such as the country’s credit rating, its political and economic stability and the development of its financial and capital markets. Typically, emerging market countries are in the process of industrializing, with lower gross national products than more developed countries. In some circumstances, the Fund may purchase ADRs, rather than foreign shares that are traded on foreign exchanges, because the ADRs have greater liquidity or for other reasons. From time to time, the Fund may also focus its investments in a particular geographic region, such as Europe or Asia.
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser uses a fundamental, relative value investment approach to build a diversified portfolio of companies that meet the following criteria:
● |
Quality – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that possess strong competitive positions within their sector or industry, and offer a track record of innovation and product leadership as well as strong pricing and cost discipline. The Adviser prefers companies that possess strong financial characteristics such as low leverage and sufficient liquidity. |
● |
Valuation – The Adviser uses conventional valuation metrics, such as price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios, to identify companies that are trading at the lower end of their long-term valuation range. |
● |
Catalyst – The Adviser seeks to identify a fundamental positive development or catalyst (such as the onset of a new product or pricing cycle, resolution of a transitory overhang or normalization of the business’s cash flow, margins and/or earnings) that it believes can positively change investors’ perception of a company, but has not yet been recognized by the market. |
● |
Hurdle Rate – The Adviser seeks to identify companies that it believes have the ability to generate a significant investment return consisting of both capital appreciation and dividend income, typically over a 1-2 year time horizon, and is based on the company returning to its normal earnings and valuation. |
The Adviser constructs the Fund’s portfolio on a security-by-security basis, with the goal of building a portfolio that strikes a balance between the Adviser’s conviction in an investment and portfolio diversification. The Adviser seeks to manage the Fund’s risk through its research process as well as limits on individual position sizes and allocations to an economic sector or individual country.
48
The Adviser will consider liquidating or reducing its investment in a company if: (a) the investment thesis is realized and the stock reaches its price target, (b) the stock price increases disproportionately relative to actual company developments, (c) position size, country or sector limits are reached, or (d) there is a negative change in fundamentals, or the investment thesis fails to develop as expected. The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because of a decline in price, and may add to the position if the investment thesis remains intact.
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, a shareholder is subject to the risk that his or her investment could lose money. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. You should consider your investment goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance before investing in the Fund. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies, and hence, the Fund, may suffer a decline in response.
The Fund is also subject to the risk that small-cap stocks may underperform other segments of the equity market or the equity market as a whole. The small-cap companies that the Fund invests in may be more vulnerable to adverse corporate, business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small-sized companies may pose additional risks because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management team. Therefore, small-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies and may be subject to great liquidity risk. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Because the Fund invests in foreign securities, including through securities denominated in foreign currencies and ADRs, it will be subject to certain risks not typically associated with domestic securities. Foreign investments, especially investments in emerging markets, can be riskier and more volatile than investments in the United States, because of, among other things, unstable political and economic conditions, sovereign solvency considerations, and less developed and more thinly-traded securities markets. These risks may be heightened when investing in the securities of small-cap foreign companies. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make
49
it more difficult for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is often less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. Although ADRs and other depositary receipts are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies, they are also subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
To the extent that it concentrates its investments in a specific geographic region, the Fund may be particularly susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that region. As a result, the Fund’s net asset value may be more volatile than that of a fund holding more geographically diverse investments.
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity, significant price volatility, restrictions on foreign investment, and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Fund investments in foreign currencies and securities denominated in foreign currencies are subject to currency risk. As a result, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Additionally, the value of the Fund’s assets measured in U.S. dollars may be affected by exchange control regulations. The Fund will generally incur transaction costs in connection with conversions between various currencies which will negatively impact performance. ADRs indirectly bear currency risk because they represent an interest in securities that are not denominated in U.S. dollars.
50
The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies whose stock appears undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for meeting or exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds or market benchmarks. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time, and may never achieve the Adviser’s expected valuation.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Updated performance information is available at www.cambiar.com or by calling 1-866-777-8227.
During the periods shown in the chart, the Fund’s highest return for a quarter was 10.34% (quarter ended 6/30/2017) and the lowest return for a quarter was (10.81)% (quarter ended 12/31/2018).
51
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
|
1 Year |
Since
|
Institutional Class Shares |
||
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(13.40)% |
4.02% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(14.21)% |
3.20% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(7.61)% |
3.15% |
MSCI EAFE Small Cap Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(17.58)% |
5.39% |
Cambiar Investors, LLC
The International Small Cap Fund is managed by the international investment team. This team includes:
Todd L. Edwards, PhD, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2007, is Co-Lead Manager of the Fund, and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Alvaro Shiraishi, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2007, is Co-Lead Manager of the Fund, and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Brian M. Barish, CFA, President, Chief Investment Officer, joined the Adviser in 1997 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Jennifer Dunne, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2005 and has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2014.
52
PURCHASING AND SELLING FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum initial investment amount in its sole discretion. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-777-8227 or visiting www.cambiar.com.
If you own your shares through an account with an investment professional or other institution, contact that investment professional or institution to redeem your shares. Your investment professional or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 54 of the prospectus.
53
SUMMARY INFORMATION ABOUT TAXES AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY COMPENSATION |
Tax Information
Each Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Funds through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Funds and their related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend a Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s web site for more information.
54
INVESTING WITH THE CAMBIAR FUNDS |
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Investor Class Shares and Institutional Class Shares of the Funds.
How to Choose a Share Class
The Funds, other than the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund, have two classes of shares, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. As of the date of this prospectus, Institutional Class Shares of the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund and the Cambiar Global Equity Fund are not available for purchase. Although both share classes invest in the same portfolio of securities, each share class has its own shareholder eligibility criteria, investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares of the Funds (except of the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund) and Investor Class Shares of the Funds. Contact your financial intermediary or the Funds for more information about the Funds’ share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Primarily institutional investors and individual investors who meet the initial investment minimum |
Initial – $5,000,000
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee.
No Shareholder Servicing Fee. |
Investor Class Shares |
Primarily individual investors |
Initial – $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for Spousal IRAs)
Subsequent – $100 |
No 12b-1 Fee.
Shareholder Servicing Fee not to exceed 0.25% annually. |
The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares of the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Institutional and individual investors |
Initial – $100,000
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee.
Shareholder Servicing Fee not to exceed 0.25% annually. |
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Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Funds or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisers, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available.
The Funds reserve the right to change the criteria for investor eligibility and accept investments of smaller amounts in their sole discretion.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of a Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Federal Taxes.”
To purchase Investor Class Shares or Institutional Class Shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, DST Systems, Inc., complete and send in the account application. If you need an account application or have questions, please call 1-866-777-8227 or visit www.cambiar.com.
All investments must be made by check, wire or Automated Clearing House (“ACH”). All checks must be payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Funds do not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Funds do not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Funds subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Funds for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with a Fund by sending a check and your completed and signed account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the share class and the name of the Fund.
Regular Mail Address
The Cambiar Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
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Express Mail Address
The Cambiar Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by a Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill a purchase order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent, DST Systems, Inc., receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-866-777-8227 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name, the share class and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA# 101000695
The Cambiar Funds
DDA Acct. # 9871063178
Ref: Fund name/account number/account name/share class
By Automatic Investment Plan (via Automated Clearing House)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Funds. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Funds at: The Cambiar Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: The Cambiar Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Funds, an investor may be permitted to purchase shares of a Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for that Fund. Assets purchased by a
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Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Funds. The Funds reserve the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Minimum Investments
You can open an account with Investor Class Shares of the Cambiar Opportunity Fund, Cambiar International Equity Fund, Cambiar Small Cap Fund, Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund, Cambiar SMID Fund, and Cambiar Global Equity Fund with a minimum initial investment of $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for Spousal IRAs). Thereafter your investments in Investor Class Shares must be at least $100 for each Fund. You can open an account with Institutional Class Shares of any Fund, except the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund, with a minimum initial investment of $5,000,000. You can open an account with Institutional Class Shares of the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund with a minimum initial investment of $100,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments in Institutional Class Shares. Each Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion. If your Institutional Class Share holdings, as applicable, are below the initial minimum investment amount at any time, the Funds reserve the right to transfer, on a tax-free basis, your Institutional Class Shares to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, in which case you will be subject to the fees and expenses of Investor Class Shares.
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Fund Codes
Each Fund’s reference information, which is listed below, will be helpful to you when you contact the Funds to purchase or exchange shares, check a Fund’s daily net asset value per share (“NAV”) or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Trading Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Cambiar Opportunity Fund |
|||
Investor Class Shares |
CAMOX |
00758M261 |
1262 |
Institutional Class Shares |
CAMWX |
0075W0825 |
1362 |
Cambiar International Equity Fund |
|||
Investor Class Shares |
CAMIX |
00758M139 |
1269 |
Institutional Class Shares |
CAMYX |
00769G543 |
1209 |
Cambiar Small Cap Fund |
|||
Investor Class Shares |
CAMSX |
0075W0817 |
1363 |
Institutional Class Shares |
CAMZX |
0075W0593 |
1364 |
Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund |
|||
Investor Class Shares |
CAMAX |
0075W0650 |
1365 |
Institutional Class Shares |
|||
Cambiar SMID Fund |
|||
Investor Class Shares |
CAMMX |
00769G766 |
1270 |
Institutional Class Shares |
CAMUX |
00769G311 |
6270 |
Cambiar Global Equity Fund |
|||
Investor Class Shares |
CAMGX |
00769G113 |
1366 |
Institutional Class Shares |
CAMTX |
00769G295 |
6266 |
Cambiar International Small Cap Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
CAMFX |
00769G287 |
1693 |
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By Mail
You may redeem Fund shares held directly with the Funds by contacting the Funds at: The Cambiar Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: The Cambiar Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Send a letter to the Funds signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of redemption orders does not constitute receipt by a Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill a redemption order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent, DST Systems, Inc., receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
All registered share owner(s) must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that a Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of our shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, a Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
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Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Funds participate in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-866-777-8227 for more information.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire and/or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application.
Call 1-866-777-8227 or visit www.cambiar.com to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Funds will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank by either Fed wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via Automated Clearing House ) (Investor Class Shares Only)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Funds.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Funds generally pay redemption proceeds in cash. However, in the Funds’ sole discretion and under conditions that make the payment of cash inadvisable and for the protection of the Funds’ remaining shareholders, the Funds might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Funds may also redeem in-kind to discourage short-term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold. Redemptions of certain shareholders’ Fund shares may take place in-kind, while other contemporaneous shareholder redemptions take place in cash. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
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At no charge, you may exchange Investor Class Shares of one Fund for Investor Class Shares of another Fund, and Institutional Class Shares of one Fund for Institutional Class Shares of another Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Funds, subject to the eligibility requirements and the fees and expenses of the share class of the Fund you exchange into. The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term or excessive trading. A Fund may suspend or terminate your exchange privilege if you engage in a pattern of exchanges that is excessive, as determined at the sole discretion of the Funds. For more information about the Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
At no charge, you may also convert Investor Class Shares of one Fund directly to Institutional Class Shares of the same Fund, and Institutional Class Shares of one Fund directly to Investor Class Shares of the same Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Funds, subject to the eligibility requirements and the fees and expenses of the share class of the Fund you convert into. A conversion between share classes of a Fund is not a taxable event.
You may only exchange or convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). If you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only exchange or convert into a share class of a Fund which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which classes of shares of the Funds are available through the intermediary.
If you exchange or convert shares of a Fund, the number of shares received will be based on the respective NAVs of the shares transferred and the shares received as of the date of the exchange or conversion. Consequently, you may receive fewer shares or more shares than you transfer, depending on that day’s NAVs. The total value of your investment, however, will not change as a result of the exchange or conversion.
Calculating Your Share Price
You may buy, sell or exchange shares of a Fund on each day the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”) at a price equal to its NAV next computed after the Fund or an authorized institution receives your order in proper form. The Funds calculate NAV once each Business Day as of the close of trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Funds or an authorized institution (defined below) must receive your order in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA
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rollover forms, etc.) before the close of trading on the NYSE. Otherwise, you will receive the NAV that is calculated at the close of trading on the following Business Day. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Funds will calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Funds will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of a Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase, exchange or redeem shares.
Each share class of a Fund calculates its NAV by adding the total value of its assets attributable to the class, subtracting its liabilities attributable to the class and then dividing the result by the number of shares outstanding of the class. In calculating NAV, the Funds generally value their investment portfolios at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Funds reasonably believe that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, but before the time as of which a Fund calculates NAV, the Funds are required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Funds’ determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of factors, is subjective in nature, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Funds assign to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
With respect to foreign securities held by the Funds, the Funds may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a foreign security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Funds may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of certain international markets and the time as of which a Fund prices its shares, as well as due to the fact that foreign markets and exchanges may be closed on days when the Funds are open for business, the values assigned to securities may not be the same as the closing, quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Funds may consider the performance of the securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information.
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There may be limited circumstances in which a Fund would fair value price securities of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of more than 60 days, the Funds use the value of the security provided by pricing services. The values provided by a pricing service may be based upon market quotations for the same security if a quotation is readily available, or may be based upon the values of securities expected to trade in a similar manner or a pricing matrix. When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less, the Funds may use the security’s amortized cost. Amortized cost and the use of a pricing matrix in valuing fixed income securities are forms of fair value pricing.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Funds through the transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Funds through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Funds), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Funds prior to the time the Funds calculate their NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Funds on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution (defined below), orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Funds after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Funds with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on a Fund’s behalf. A Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at a Fund’s NAV next computed after they
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are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of a Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact them directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow their procedures for transacting with the Funds. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about compensation that may be paid to your financial intermediary by the Funds and/or the Adviser, please refer to the section entitled “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in this prospectus and the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
Redemption Fees
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, the Cambiar International Equity Fund, the Cambiar Small Cap Fund, the Cambiar SMID Fund and the Cambiar Global Equity Fund each charge a 2.00% redemption fee on redemptions (including exchanges) of shares that have been held for less than 90 days, and the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund and the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund charge a 2.00% redemption fee on redemptions (including exchanges) of shares that have been held for less than 180 days. The redemption fee is deducted from the sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund from which the redemption was made. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of a Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly from the Funds or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Funds on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. Each Fund requests that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Fund. However, the Funds recognize that due to operational and systems limitations, intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Funds’. Therefore, to the extent that financial intermediaries are unable to collect the redemption fee, a Fund may not be able to defray the expenses associated with those short-term trades made by that financial intermediary’s customers.
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The Cambiar International Equity Fund, the Cambiar Small Cap Fund, the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund, the Cambiar SMID Fund, the Cambiar Global Equity Fund and the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund each reserve the right to waive its redemption fee at its discretion when it believes such waiver is in the best interests of the Fund and its shareholders, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories currently include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) redemptions by sponsors of certain wrap fee account programs; (v) systematic withdrawals; and (vi) retirement loans and withdrawals.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Funds will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after they receive your redemption request in proper form, meaning that it is complete and contains all necessary information and has any necessary supporting documentation (such as applicable signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.). The Funds, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Funds. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase). In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
The Funds typically expect to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Funds may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from their custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described above). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Telephone Transactions
The Funds will employ reasonable procedures to confirm that instructions communicated by telephone are genuine, but cannot be responsible for any loss, liability, cost or expense for following instructions received by telephone reasonably believed to be genuine.
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Rights Reserved by the Funds
Purchases
At any time and without notice, the Funds may:
● |
Close to new investments (i.e., stop offering shares); |
● |
Reject any purchase order; or |
● |
Bar an investor engaged in a pattern of excessive trading, as determined by the Funds, from buying shares. (Excessive trading can adversely impact investment performance by disrupting management and increasing expenses.) The Funds will consider various factors in determining whether an investor has engaged in excessive trading. These factors include, but are not limited to, the investor’s historic trading patterns, the number of transactions (including exchanges), the size of the transactions, the time between transactions and the percentage of the investor’s account involved in each transaction. For more information about the Funds’ policies on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.” |
Redemptions
At any time and without notice, the Funds may change or eliminate any of the redemption methods described above, except redemption by mail. The Funds may suspend your right to redeem your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by applicable law or the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
Exchanges
The Funds may:
● |
Modify or cancel the exchange program at any time on 60 days’ written notice to shareholders; |
● |
Reject any request for an exchange; or |
● |
Limit or cancel a shareholder’s exchange privilege, especially when an investor is believed to be engaged in a pattern of excessive trading. |
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Funds are intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourage shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. Frequent trading into and out of the Funds may present risks to
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the Funds’ long-term shareholders, and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of each Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring each Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Cambiar International Equity Fund, the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund and the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund invest to varying degrees in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time each Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by a Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there is a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage by seeking to buy or sell Fund shares may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair value at the time the Fund calculates its NAV. Although the Funds have procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating each Fund’s NAV, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage. For more information on how the Funds use fair value pricing, see “Calculating Your Share Price.”
Because certain of the Funds may invest in small- and mid-capitalization securities which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, Funds holding these types of securities may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Funds’ shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Funds’ service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Funds’ policies and procedures described in this prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Funds’ service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Funds’ policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than 3 “round trips” into or out of each Fund in any one-year period. If, to the knowledge of the Funds, a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Funds and/or their service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. |
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The Funds define a “round trip” as a purchase into a Fund, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund.
● |
The Cambiar International Equity Fund, the Cambiar Small Cap Fund, the Cambiar SMID Fund and the Cambiar Global Equity Fund each assess a redemption fee of 2.00% on redemptions (including exchanges) by shareholders of Fund shares held for less than 90 days, and the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund and the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund each charge a 2.00% redemption fee on redemptions (including exchanges) of shares that have been held for less than 180 days (all Redemption Fees subject to certain exceptions as discussed in “Redemption Fees”). |
● |
Each Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
Each Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Funds do not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in a Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers, broker-dealers and mutual fund supermarkets) often establish omnibus accounts in the Funds for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Funds have entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Funds to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Funds. If the Funds or their service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Funds, the Funds or their service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Funds or their service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Funds, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Funds by that customer. If the Funds are not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Funds may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Funds’ shares is requested by the Funds and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Funds have
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an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Funds, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Funds on behalf of other persons.
The Funds and their service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Funds. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Funds to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Funds will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Funds to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Funds are required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Funds are required to collect documents to fulfill their legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.), or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application, your investment will be received and your order will be processed at the NAV next-determined.
The Funds reserve the right to close or liquidate your account at the NAV next-determined and remit proceeds to you via check if they are unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds.
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Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification are part of the Funds’ overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Funds have adopted an Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Program designed to prevent the Funds from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Funds reserve the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Funds or in cases when the Funds are requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Funds are required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include Fund account inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Funds (if shares are held directly with the Funds) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Funds).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-866-777-8227.
Small Accounts
A Fund may redeem your shares without your permission if the value of your account falls below $1,250 for Investor Class Shares of the Fund or may convert your Institutional Class Shares to Investor Class Shares, on a tax-free basis,
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without your permission if the value of your Institutional Class Shares account falls below $2,500,000, except the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund. The Cambiar International Small Cap Fund may redeem your shares without your permission if the value of your account falls below $50,000. This provision does not apply:
● |
To retirement accounts and certain other accounts; or |
● |
When the value of your account falls because of market fluctuations and not your redemptions or exchanges. |
The Funds will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to allow you time to add to your account and avoid the redemption or conversion, as applicable, of your shares. If your Cambiar International Equity Fund, Cambiar Small Cap Fund, Cambiar SMID Fund and Cambiar Global Equity Fund shares are redeemed or converted for this reason within 90 days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied. If your Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund and Cambiar International Small Cap Fund shares are redeemed or converted for this reason within 180 days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied. If your shares are converted from Institutional Class Shares to Investor Class Shares, you will be subject to the fees and expenses of Investor Class Shares.
Dividends and Distributions
Normally, each Fund distributes its net investment income and its net capital gains, if any, at least once a year. A Fund will automatically reinvest dividends and distributions in additional shares of the Fund, unless you elect on your account application to receive them in cash.
To elect cash payment, you must notify the Funds in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Funds receive your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Funds written notice.
Federal Taxes
The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Funds. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plan, which are not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Funds.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable
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years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to regulated investment companies (“RICs”), such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
Taxes on Distributions
Each Fund intends to distribute to shareholders substantially all of its net investment income and its net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Distributions that are reported by the Funds as long-term capital gains distributions and as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year, each Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Funds).
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors. Call 1-866-777-8227 to find out when the Funds expect to make a distribution to shareholders.
Taxes on the Sale or Exchange of Fund Shares
Each sale or exchange of shares of the Funds may be a taxable event. For tax purposes, an exchange of Fund shares for shares of a different Fund is the same as a sale.
A sale of Fund shares may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss generally will be treated as short term if you held the shares 12 months or less, long term if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term,
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rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, a Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, a Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election, a Fund will use the average cost basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders should also carefully review the cost basis information provided to them by a Fund and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Investments in Foreign Securities
To the extent that the Funds invest in foreign securities, they may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Funds received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of a Fund at the end of the Fund’s taxable year consists of foreign securities, that Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. A Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Additional Information about Taxes
More information about taxes is included in the SAI.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS |
The investment objective of the Cambiar Opportunity Fund and the Cambiar International Equity Fund is to seek total return and capital preservation. The investment objective of the Cambiar Small Cap Fund, the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund, the Cambiar SMID Fund, the Cambiar Global Equity Fund and the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation. The investment objective of each Fund may be changed without shareholder approval.
OTHER INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS
In addition to the investment strategies described above, each Fund may employ non-principal investment practices that this prospectus does not describe, such as when-issued and forward commitment transactions, lending of securities, borrowing and other techniques. For more information concerning any of the Funds’ investment practices and risks, please read the SAI.
Investing in each Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that a Fund will achieve its goals. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, geopolitical events, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in a Fund.
The value of your investment in a Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities a Fund owns and the markets on which they trade. The effect on a Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on a number of factors, including the number of securities in the portfolio, the securities’ relative weightings in the portfolio, and how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings. The Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund is non-diversified, meaning that it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a single issuer or a smaller number of issuers, as compared to a diversified fund. The Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund, however, intends to comply with the diversification requirements for qualification as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
Overall stock market risks can affect the value of the Funds. Over time, market forces can be highly dynamic and can cause stock markets to move in cycles, including periods when stock prices rise generally and periods when they decline generally. The value of the Funds’ investments may increase or decrease more than the stock market in general.
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Equity Risk – Equity securities include public and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities and depositary receipts, as well as shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stockholders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provisions. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s NAV to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Foreign Company Risk – Investments in securities of foreign companies (including direct investments as well as investments through depositary receipts) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. These risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar.
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The Funds may invest in both sponsored and unsponsored American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). Unsponsored ADRs are issued by one or more depositaries without a formal agreement with the company that issues the underlying securities. Holders of unsponsored ADRs generally bear all the costs of such ADRs. In addition, the issuers of the securities underlying unsponsored ADRs are not obligated to disclose material information in the United States and, therefore, there may be less information available regarding such issuers and the market value of the ADRs may not fully reflect such information.
European Economic Risk – The Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (the “EU”) requires compliance with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, interest rates and debt levels, as well as fiscal and monetary controls, each of which may significantly affect European countries. Decreasing imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro (the common currency of certain EU countries), the default or threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt (including, without limitation, the default by Greece) and/or an economic recession in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect on the economies of EU member countries and their trading partners. The European financial markets have experienced volatility and adverse trends in recent years due to concerns about economic downturns or rising government debt levels in several European countries, including, but not limited to, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ukraine. These events have adversely affected the exchange rate of the euro and may continue to significantly affect European countries.
Responses to financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not produce the desired results, may result in social unrest and may limit future growth and economic recovery or have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and other entities of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world. In addition, one or more countries may abandon the euro and/or withdraw from the EU. In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom, which is a significant global economy, resolved to leave the EU. The results of that referendum have introduced significant uncertainty into the stability, composition and trading relationships of the EU, as well as instability into global financial markets as the United Kingdom negotiates its exit from the EU. These risks may increase as the date by which the withdrawal is scheduled to take place (March 29, 2019) draws nearer.
The occurrence of terrorist incidents throughout Europe also could impact financial markets. The impact of these events is not clear but could be significant and far-reaching and adversely affect the value of the Funds.
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Asian Economic Risk – Many Asian economies have experienced rapid growth and industrialization in recent years, but there is no assurance that this growth rate will be maintained. Other Asian economies, however, have experienced high inflation, high unemployment, currency devaluations and restrictions, and over-extension of credit. During the recent global recession, many of the export-driven Asian economies experienced the effects of the economic slowdown in the United States and Europe, and certain Asian governments implemented stimulus plans, low-rate monetary policies and currency devaluations. Economic events in any one Asian country may have a significant economic effect on the entire Asian region, as well as on major trading partners outside Asia. Many Asian countries are subject to political risk, including corruption and regional conflict with neighboring countries. In addition, many Asian countries are subject to social and labor risks associated with demands for improved political, economic and social conditions. The Asian region has in the past also experienced earthquakes, mud slides, tsunamis and other natural disasters, and the region continues to be subject to the risks of such events and their attendant effects on financial markets.
Derivatives Risk – The Funds may invest in derivatives, including options and swaps, in an effort to increase returns, to hedge against the risk of unfavorable price movements in the underlying instruments, to provide economic exposure to a security or issuer, to manage cash flows or currency exposure, to address tax considerations, as an alternative to selling a security short or for other reasons. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify the Funds’ gains or losses. There are various factors that affect a Fund’s ability to achieve its objective with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends upon the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. The Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate closely with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold. The lack of a liquid secondary market for a derivative may prevent the Fund from closing its derivative positions and could adversely impact its ability to achieve its objective and to realize profits or limit losses. Since derivatives may be purchased for a fraction of their value, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss or gain to the Fund. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and the Fund may lose more in a derivative than it originally invested in it. There can be no assurance that the Adviser’s use of derivatives will be successful in achieving its intended goals.
Additionally, derivative instruments are subject to counterparty risk, meaning that the party that issues the derivative may experience a significant credit event and may be unwilling or unable to make timely settlement payments or otherwise honor its obligations.
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The Funds may purchase or sell options, which involve the payment or receipt of a premium by the investor and the corresponding right or obligation, as the case may be, to either purchase or sell the underlying security for a specific price at a certain time or during a certain period. Purchasing options involves the risk that the underlying instrument will not change price in the manner expected, so that the investor loses its premium. Selling options involves potentially greater risk because the investor is exposed to the extent of the actual price movement in the underlying security (which could result in a potentially unlimited loss) rather than only the premium payment received. Over-the-counter options also involve counterparty risk.
The Funds may enter into total return swaps, which are contracts whereby one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. A reference instrument may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets. Swaps can involve greater risks than direct investment in securities, because swaps may be leveraged and are subject to counterparty risk. It may also not be possible for the Funds to liquidate a swap position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.
Short-Term Investing Risk – The investments and strategies described in this prospectus are those that the Funds use under normal circumstances. During unusual economic, market, political or other circumstances, each Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in short-term, high quality debt instruments, such as U.S. government securities. These instruments would not ordinarily be consistent with a Fund’s principal investment strategies, and may prevent a Fund from achieving its investment objective. A Fund will use a temporary strategy if the Adviser believes that pursuing the Fund’s investment objective will subject it to a significant risk of loss. Each of the Cambiar International Equity Fund, the Cambiar Small Cap Fund, the Cambiar SMID Fund, the Cambiar Global Equity Fund, the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund and the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund has a policy requiring it to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in particular types of securities as described in each Fund’s principal investment strategies. In addition to the temporary measures described above, each Fund may also temporarily deviate from its 80% policy in other limited, appropriate circumstances, such as unusually large cash inflows or redemptions.
When a Fund pursues a temporary defensive strategy, the Fund may not profit from favorable developments that it would have otherwise profited from if it was pursuing its normal strategy.
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Information about Portfolio Holdings
The Funds generally post a detailed list of their securities (portfolio holdings) as of the most recent calendar month end, 30 days after the end of the calendar month. These postings can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/ and generally remain until replaced by new postings as described above. In addition, the Funds generally post at www.cambiar.com their ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage that each of these holdings represents of each Fund’s total assets, as of the most recent calendar month end, 10 calendar days after the end of the calendar month. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Funds’ portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed in the best interest of the Funds. Please consult the SAI for a description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Funds’ portfolio holdings.
Investment Adviser
Cambiar Investors, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company located at 200 Columbine Street, Suite 800, Denver, Colorado 80206, serves as the investment adviser to each of the Funds. The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of each Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis, subject to oversight by the Board. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $10.5 billion in assets under management. The Adviser has provided investment management services to corporations, foundations, endowments, pension and profit sharing plans, trusts, estates and other institutions and individuals since 1973.
For its services, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of each Fund, as set forth in the table below. The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce its fees and reimburse expenses of each Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, non-routine expenses and shareholder servicing fees (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding the amounts listed in the table below for each Fund, as a percentage of average daily net assets of each share class, until March 1, 2020. To maintain these expense limits, the Adviser may reduce a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Funds. In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the Fund’s total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Fund’s expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point a Fund’s total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the Fund’s expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/
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or expense reimbursement, and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. The table also lists the amount each Fund paid the Adviser during the most recent fiscal year, as a percentage of its average daily net assets.
|
Cambiar
|
Cambiar
|
Cambiar
|
Cambiar
|
Management Fees |
0.60% 1 |
0.90% 2 |
0.85% 3 |
0.90% 4 |
Expense Limits |
0.65% 1 |
0.90% 2 |
0.90% 3 |
0.95% 4 |
Advisory Fee Paid During the Most Recent Fiscal Year (after waivers) |
0.69% |
0.86% |
0.91% |
0.93% 8 |
|
Cambiar
|
Cambiar
|
Cambiar
|
Management Fees |
0.80% 5 |
0.75% 6 |
0.90% 7 |
Expense Limits |
0.85% 5 |
0.80% 6 |
0.95% 7 |
Advisory Fee Paid During the Most Recent Fiscal Year (after waivers) |
0.59% |
0.25% 8 |
None |
1 |
Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee and expense limit for the Opportunity Fund were 0.75% and 0.80%, respectively. |
2 |
Effective March 1, 2019, the management fee for the International Equity Fund is subject to the following breakpoints: 0.90% on the first $2 billion in assets; 0.80% for assets between $2 billion and $10 billion; and 0.70% for assets over $10 billion. Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee for the International Equity Fund was subject to the following breakpoints: 0.90% on the first $5 billion in assets; 0.80% for assets between $5 and $10 billion; and 0.70% for assets greater than $10 billion. Prior to June 1, 2018, the management fee for the International Equity Fund was 0.90%. Prior to March 1, 2019, the expense limit for the International Equity Fund was 0.95%. |
3 |
Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee and expense limit for the Small Cap Fund were 1.00% and 1.05%, respectively. |
4 |
Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee and expense limit for the Global Ultra Focus Fund were 1.00% and 1.10%, respectively. |
5 |
Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee and expense limit for the SMID Fund were 0.90% and 0.95%, respectively. |
6 |
Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee and expense limit for the Global Equity Fund were 0.90% and 0.95%, respectively. |
7 |
Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee and expense limit for the International Small Cap Fund were 1.10% and 1.15%, respectively. |
8 |
Amount is for Investor Class Shares only. Institutional Class Shares were not in operation for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018. |
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A discussion regarding the basis for Board approval of the Funds’ investment advisory agreements is available in the Funds’ October 31, 2018 Annual Report to Shareholders, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.
Portfolio Managers
The Cambiar Opportunity Fund, the Cambiar International Equity Fund, the Cambiar Small Cap Fund, the Cambiar SMID Fund, the Cambiar Global Equity Fund and the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund are each managed by a team of investment professionals that are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of these Funds. Brian M. Barish serves as the sole portfolio manager of the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund.
Brian M. Barish, CFA, President, Chief Investment Officer, joined the Adviser in 1997 and has over 29 years of investment experience. He serves as the sole portfolio manager of the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund, the Lead Manager of the investment team of the Cambiar Opportunity Fund and the Co-Lead Manager of the investment team of the Cambiar International Equity Fund. He co-manages the Cambiar Small Cap Fund, the Cambiar SMID Fund and the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund. He focuses on the technology, media, aerospace and defense sectors. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Barish served as Director of Emerging Markets Research for Lazard Freres & Co., a New York based investment bank. He has also served as a securities analyst with Bear, Stearns & Co. and Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder, a New York based research firm. Mr. Barish received a BA in Economics and Philosophy from the University of California, Berkeley, and holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation.
Anna (Ania) A. Aldrich, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 1999 and has over 29 years of investment experience. She co-manages the Cambiar Opportunity Fund, the Cambiar International Equity Fund, the Cambiar Small Cap Fund, the Cambiar SMID Fund, and the Cambiar Global Equity Fund, with a focus on the financial services and consumer products sectors. Prior to joining the Adviser, Ms. Aldrich was a global equity analyst at Bankers Trust, a New York based investment company, covering the financial services and transportation sectors. She began her career as a senior investor relations professional at BET PLC, a New York based communications firm. Ms. Aldrich holds an MBA in Finance from Fordham University and a BA in Computer Science from Hunter College. She also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation.
Jennifer M. Dunne, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2005 and has over 24 years of investment experience. She serves as the Co-Lead Manager of the investment team of the Cambiar International Equity Fund, and co-manages the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund with a focus on the energy, industrials and healthcare sectors. Prior to joining the Adviser, Ms. Dunne was a senior
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equity analyst at Founders Asset Management LLC, a Colorado based asset management firm. Ms. Dunne holds a graduate diploma from the London School of Economics as well as a Masters of Economics from the University of British Columbia and a BA from the University of Colorado, Boulder. She also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation.
Andrew P. Baumbusch, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2004 and has over 20 years of investment experience. He serves as the Co-Lead Manager of the investment teams of the Cambiar Small Cap Fund and the Cambiar SMID Fund, and co-manages the Cambiar Opportunity Fund and the Cambiar International Equity Fund, with a focus on the industrials, media and telecom sectors. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Baumbusch served as an investment analyst at Franklin Templeton, Atrium Capital and Alex Brown & Sons. Mr. Baumbusch holds an MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business and a BA in Economics from Princeton University.
Todd L. Edwards, PhD, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2007 and has over 23 years of investment experience. He serves as the Co-Lead Manager of the investment team of the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund, and co-manages the Cambiar Global Equity Fund and the Cambiar International Equity Fund, with a focus on foreign company coverage in the financial services and consumer staple sectors. In addition, Mr. Edwards is responsible for the Adviser’s macroeconomic and policy research efforts. Prior to joining the Adviser, he was a Director in the Global Emerging Markets Group at Citigroup. Before that, he served as Director of Research and Equity Strategist at BBVA Securities. Mr. Edwards began his investment career as a research analyst at Salomon Brothers. Mr. Edwards received a PhD and MA from Tulane University and a BA from Colorado College.
Alvaro Shiraishi, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2007 and has over 25 years of investment experience. Mr. Shiraishi serves as the Co-Lead Manager of the investment team of the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund, and co-manages the Cambiar Global Equity Fund and the Cambiar International Equity Fund. He is responsible for foreign company coverage in the basic materials and consumer discretionary sectors. Prior to joining the Adviser, he worked at Aon Corporation in Chicago, where he conducted risk management research for the industrials and construction industries. Mr. Shiraishi began his investment career as an equity analyst for UBS. Mr. Shiraishi received a BA in Economics from Universidad Panamericana in Mexico City.
Colin M. Dunn, CFA, Investment Principal, joined the Adviser in 2011 and has over 19 years of investment experience. He serves as the Co-Lead Manager of the investment teams of the Cambiar Small Cap Fund and the Cambiar SMID Fund, and co-manages the Cambiar Opportunity Fund. He focuses on the utilities and specialty materials sectors. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Dunn served as Vice President in the Investment Banking department at Keefe, Bruyette & Woods. He
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has also served as a securities analyst in the Investment Banking division at UBS. Mr. Dunn received a BS in Finance from Georgetown University and holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS’ HISTORY AND PERFORMANCE
Cambiar Opportunity Fund
Effective June 24, 2002, the Cambiar Opportunity Fund (“Opportunity Fund”) became the successor to a separate mutual fund, the UAM Funds Trust Cambiar Opportunity Portfolio (the “Predecessor Opportunity Fund”). The Predecessor Opportunity Fund was managed by the Adviser and its predecessor, had an identical investment objective as the Opportunity Fund, and had a strategy, fees and expenses that were substantially similar to those of the Opportunity Fund. The performance shown in the performance table on page 5 of this prospectus represents the performance of the Predecessor Opportunity Fund for periods prior to June 24, 2002.
Cambiar International Equity Fund
Effective September 9, 2002, the Cambiar International Equity Fund (the “International Equity Fund”) became the successor to the Cambiar International Equity Trust (the “Predecessor International Fund”), an unregistered, similarly managed fund. The Predecessor International Fund was managed by the Adviser and its predecessor, had an identical investment objective as the International Equity Fund, and had a strategy that was substantially similar to that of the International Equity Fund. The performance shown in the performance table on page 13 of this prospectus represents the performance of the Predecessor International Fund for periods prior to September 9, 2002, adjusted to reflect expenses for the International Equity Fund. The Predecessor International Fund was not a registered mutual fund and so it was not subject to the same investment and tax restrictions as the International Equity Fund. If it had been, the Predecessor International Fund’s performance may have been lower.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
The Funds and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Funds and/or their shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with
84
the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing services. For more information, please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Funds, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Shareholder Servicing Plan
The Funds, except for the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund, have adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that each Fund may pay financial intermediaries for certain shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.25% based on each Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets. The Cambiar International Small Cap Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for certain shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.25% based on the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average daily net assets. The services for which financial intermediaries are compensated under a shareholder servicing plan may include record-keeping, transaction processing for shareholders’ accounts and other non-distribution-related shareholder services.
Other Payments by the Funds
The Funds may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, shareholder services fees the Funds may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Funds’ shareholder servicing plan.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Funds. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, are not paid by the Funds, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Funds. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans,
85
qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Funds available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Funds with “shelf space,” placing them on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Funds in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the market power and flexibility of the intermediary, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary, the time period in which the arrangement was entered into or amended, or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV of a Fund’s shares.
Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders, as well as information about any fees and/or commissions it charges.
86
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION |
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Funds’ investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Funds. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against these service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Funds that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Funds. The Funds may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Funds and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
87
Financial Highlights |
The tables that follow present performance information about the Investor Class Shares and Institutional Class Shares of the Funds, as applicable. The information is intended to help you understand the financial performance of each Fund for the past five fiscal years or the period of the Fund’s operations, if shorter. Certain information contained in the tables reflects the financial results for a share of each Fund. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in the Funds assuming all dividends and distributions were reinvested. The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Funds. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Funds, which is available upon request by calling the Funds at 1-866-777-8227.
No information is shown for Institutional Class Shares of the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund and the Cambiar Global Equity Fund because they had not commenced operations as of the end of the prior fiscal year.
88
Opportunity Fund – Investor Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 26.33 | $ | 24.20 | $ | 22.67 | $ | 26.34 | $ | 24.13 | $ | 20.45 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (2) |
0.23 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.19 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(0.62 | ) | 2.01 | 3.25 | (0.99 | ) | 2.28 | 3.71 | ||||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.39 | ) | 2.13 | 3.47 | (0.68 | ) | 2.41 | 3.90 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.21 | ) | — | (0.40 | ) | (0.25 | ) | (0.20 | ) | (0.22 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(3.11 | ) | — | (1.54 | ) | (2.74 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(3.32 | ) | — | (1.94 | ) | (2.99 | ) | (0.20 | ) | (0.22 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 22.62 | $ | 26.33 | $ | 24.20 | $ | 22.67 | $ | 26.34 | $ | 24.13 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(2.17 | )% | 8.80 | % | 15.41 | % | (2.61 | )% | 10.03 | % | 19.14 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 115,537 | $ | 170,495 | $ | 173,177 | $ | 229,255 | $ | 294,656 | $ | 464,209 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.00 | % | 1.00 | % * | 1.05 | % | 1.11 | % | 1.20 | % | 1.20 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.06 | % | 1.06 | % * | 1.10 | % | 1.17 | % | 1.26 | % | 1.28 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
0.96 | % | 0.93 | % * | 0.93 | % | 1.30 | % | 0.51 | % | 0.85 | % | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
47 | % | 16 | % * * | 46 | % | 55 | % | 64 | % | 58 | % |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
89
Opportunity Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 26.30 | $ | 24.15 | $ | 22.62 | $ | 26.30 | $ | 24.11 | $ | 20.43 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (2) |
0.27 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.25 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(0.62 | ) | 2.01 | 3.24 | (1.00 | ) | 2.28 | 3.71 | ||||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.35 | ) | 2.15 | 3.53 | (0.62 | ) | 2.47 | 3.96 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.27 | ) | — | (0.46 | ) | (0.32 | ) | (0.28 | ) | (0.28 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(3.11 | ) | — | (1.54 | ) | (2.74 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(3.38 | ) | — | (2.00 | ) | (3.06 | ) | (0.28 | ) | (0.28 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 22.57 | $ | 26.30 | $ | 24.15 | $ | 22.62 | $ | 26.30 | $ | 24.11 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(2.00 | )% | 8.90 | % | 15.73 | % | (2.38 | )% | 10.28 | % | 19.46 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 169,330 | $ | 175,834 | $ | 175,630 | $ | 349,003 | $ | 413,096 | $ | 357,067 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.80 | % | 0.80 | % * | 0.80 | % | 0.86 | % | 0.95 | % | 0.95 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers, Expense Reimbursements and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.86 | % | 0.86 | % * | 0.85 | % | 0.92 | % | 1.01 | % | 1.03 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.11 | % | 1.13 | % * | 1.24 | % | 1.57 | % | 0.76 | % | 1.09 | % | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
47 | % | 16 | % * * | 46 | % | 55 | % | 64 | % | 58 | % |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
90
International Equity Fund – Investor Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 28.31 | $ | 25.23 | $ | 24.26 | $ | 25.86 | $ | 24.88 | $ | 21.77 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (2) |
0.45 | 0.28 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.56 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(3.15 | ) | 2.80 | 0.90 | (1.91 | ) | 0.99 | 2.61 | ||||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(2.70 | ) | 3.08 | 1.37 | (1.41 | ) | 1.32 | 3.17 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.36 | ) | — | (0.40 | ) | (0.12 | ) | (0.35 | ) | (0.06 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(0.23 | ) | — | — | (0.07 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.59 | ) | — | (0.40 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.35 | ) | (0.06 | ) | |||||||||||||
Redemption Fees (2) |
0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.01 | 0.00 | (3) | |||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 25.02 | $ | 28.31 | $ | 25.23 | $ | 24.26 | $ | 25.86 | $ | 24.88 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(9.77 | )% | 12.21 | % | 5.75 | % | (5.45 | )% | 5.52 | % | 14.56 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 710,594 | $ | 1,665,962 | $ | 1,410,600 | $ | 1,397,228 | $ | 162,146 | $ | 133,850 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.08 | % | 1.08 | % * | 1.06 | % | 1.08 | % | 1.09 | % | 1.20 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.12 | % | 1.12 | % * | 1.11 | % | 1.12 | % | 1.18 | % | 1.45 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.60 | % | 2.08 | % * | 1.94 | % | 2.08 | % | 1.34 | % | 2.30 | % | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
54 | % | 26 | % * * | 57 | % | 39 | % | 49 | % | 58 | % |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
(3) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
91
International Equity Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 28.40 | $ | 25.29 | $ | 24.31 | $ | 25.89 | $ | 24.93 | $ | 21.79 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (2) |
0.49 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.68 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(3.15 | ) | 2.80 | 0.96 | (1.82 | ) | 1.03 | 2.56 | ||||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(2.66 | ) | 3.11 | 1.39 | (1.38 | ) | 1.36 | 3.24 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.40 | ) | — | (0.42 | ) | (0.14 | ) | (0.40 | ) | (0.10 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(0.23 | ) | — | — | (0.07 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.63 | ) | — | (0.42 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.40 | ) | (0.10 | ) | |||||||||||||
Redemption Fees (2) |
0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | ||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 25.11 | $ | 28.40 | $ | 25.29 | $ | 24.31 | $ | 25.89 | $ | 24.93 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(9.63 | )% | 12.30 | % | 5.87 | % | (5.30 | )% | 5.65 | % | 14.84 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 2,514,844 | $ | 1,913,807 | $ | 1,726,372 | $ | 1,079,244 | $ | 276,796 | $ | 158,408 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.95 | % | 0.95 | % * | 0.95 | % | 0.95 | % | 0.95 | % | 0.95 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.00 | % | 0.99 | % * | 1.00 | % | 1.02 | % | 1.04 | % | 1.17 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.73 | % | 2.24 | % * | 1.79 | % | 1.80 | % | 1.35 | % | 2.77 | % | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
54 | % | 26 | % * * | 57 | % | 39 | % | 49 | % | 58 | % |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
(3) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
92
Small Cap Fund – Investor Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 19.37 | $ | 18.66 | $ | 16.35 | $ | 20.26 | $ | 22.41 | $ | 20.13 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (Loss) (2) |
0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 | (0.02 | ) | 0.01 | (0.08 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(0.10 | ) | 0.68 | 2.27 | (2.47 | ) | 0.67 | 5.02 | ||||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.04 | ) | 0.71 | 2.31 | (2.49 | ) | 0.68 | 4.94 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.08 | ) | — | — | (0.13 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(0.80 | ) | — | — | (1.29 | ) | (2.83 | ) | (2.66 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.88 | ) | — | — | (1.42 | ) | (2.83 | ) | (2.66 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Redemption Fees (2)(3) |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 18.45 | $ | 19.37 | $ | 18.66 | $ | 16.35 | $ | 20.26 | $ | 22.41 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(0.37 | )% | 3.80 | % | 14.13 | % | (12.51 | )% | 4.01 | % | 25.13 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 49,475 | $ | 99,220 | $ | 121,257 | $ | 309,441 | $ | 474,040 | $ | 627,861 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.12 | % | 1.10 | % * | 1.30 | % | 1.30 | % | 1.30 | % | 1.30 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.21 | % | 1.15 | % * | 1.33 | % | 1.35 | % | 1.36 | % | 1.40 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
0.31 | % | 0.35 | % * | 0.24 | % | (0.11 | )% | 0.05 | % | (0.35 | )% | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
45 | % | 26 | % * * | 54 | % | 59 | % | 69 | % | 67 | % |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
(3) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
93
Small Cap Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 19.83 | $ | 19.10 | $ | 16.69 | $ | 20.66 | $ | 22.74 | $ | 20.34 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (Loss) (2) |
0.08 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.07 | (0.03 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(0.11 | ) | 0.69 | 2.33 | (2.53 | ) | 0.68 | 5.09 | ||||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.03 | ) | 0.73 | 2.41 | (2.50 | ) | 0.75 | 5.06 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.11 | ) | — | — | (0.18 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(0.80 | ) | — | — | (1.29 | ) | (2.83 | ) | (2.66 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.91 | ) | — | — | (1.47 | ) | (2.83 | ) | (2.66 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Redemption Fees (2)(3) |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 18.89 | $ | 19.83 | $ | 19.10 | $ | 16.69 | $ | 20.66 | $ | 22.74 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(0.29 | )% | 3.82 | % | 14.44 | % | (12.30 | )% | 4.27 | % | 25.48 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 72,239 | $ | 198,706 | $ | 366,398 | $ | 477,509 | $ | 721,824 | $ | 725,099 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.05 | % | 1.05 | % * | 1.05 | % | 1.05 | % | 1.05 | % | 1.05 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.14 | % | 1.10 | % * | 1.09 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.11 | % | 1.15 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
0.41 | % | 0.41 | % * | 0.46 | % | 0.14 | % | 0.31 | % | (0.12 | )% | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
45 | % | 26 | % * * | 54 | % | 59 | % | 69 | % | 67 | % |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
(3) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
94
Global Ultra Focus Fund – Investor Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 19.67 | $ | 18.76 | $ | 17.12 | $ | 19.15 | $ | 17.79 | $ | 12.36 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (Loss) (2) |
0.13 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.04 | (0.02 | ) | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(2.24 | ) | 0.84 | 1.66 | (2.07 | ) | 1.61 | 5.42 | ||||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(2.11 | ) | 0.91 | 1.68 | (2.03 | ) | 1.59 | 5.43 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.06 | ) | — | (0.04 | ) | — | (0.25 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
— | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Return of Capital |
— | — | — | — | 0.00 | (3) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.06 | ) | — | (0.04 | ) | — | (0.25 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||
Redemption Fees (2) |
0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.02 | 0.00 | (3) | |||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 17.50 | $ | 19.67 | $ | 18.76 | $ | 17.12 | $ | 19.15 | $ | 17.79 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(10.76 | )% | 4.85 | % | 9.83 | % | (10.60 | )% | 9.27 | % | 43.93 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 80,479 | $ | 111,860 | $ | 112,985 | $ | 131,170 | $ | 151,049 | $ | 196,899 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.13 | % | 1.12 | % * | 1.35 | % | 1.35 | % | 1.35 | % | 1.35 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers, Expense Reimbursements and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.20 | % | 1.21 | % * | 1.40 | % | 1.40 | % | 1.38 | % | 1.39 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
0.68 | % | 0.75 | % * | 0.14 | % | 0.22 | % | (0.10 | )% | 0.06 | % | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
87 | % | 43 | % * * | 72 | % | 115 | % | 163 | % | 167 | % |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
(3) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
95
SMID Fund – Investor Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 16.42 | $ | 15.74 | $ | 12.90 | $ | 14.42 | $ | 13.39 | $ | 10.85 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (Loss) (2) |
0.09 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.05 | (0.02 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
0.93 | 0.64 | 2.84 | (1.49 | ) | 1.14 | 3.22 | |||||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
1.02 | 0.68 | 2.92 | (1.48 | ) | 1.19 | 3.20 | |||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.07 | ) | — | (0.08 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.05 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
— | — | — | (0.03 | ) | (0.11 | ) | (0.66 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.07 | ) | — | (0.08 | ) | (0.04 | ) | (0.16 | ) | (0.66 | ) | |||||||||||||
Redemption Fees (2) |
— | — | — | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | — | ||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 17.37 | $ | 16.42 | $ | 15.74 | $ | 12.90 | $ | 14.42 | $ | 13.39 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
6.20 | % | 4.32 | % | 22.66 | % | (10.27 | )% | 8.97 | % | 29.95 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 35,750 | $ | 30,231 | $ | 29,379 | $ | 38,505 | $ | 37,857 | $ | 2,998 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.95 | % | 0.95 | % * | 1.04 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.18 | % | 1.35 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.26 | % | 1.38 | % * | 1.39 | % | 1.43 | % | 1.63 | % | 4.41 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
0.53 | % | 0.45 | % * | 0.55 | % | 0.10 | % | 0.39 | % | (0.14 | )% | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
61 | % | 13 | % * * | 48 | % | 78 | % | 72 | % | 71 | % |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
(3) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
96
SMID Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
November 3,
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 16.41 | $ | 15.73 | $ | 12.89 | $ | 14.42 | $ | 13.91 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (2) |
0.09 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
0.93 | 0.64 | 2.87 | (1.50 | ) | 0.65 | ||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
1.02 | 0.68 | 2.93 | (1.48 | ) | 0.67 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.07 | ) | — | (0.09 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.05 | ) | |||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
— | — | — | (0.03 | ) | (0.11 | ) | |||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.07 | ) | — | (0.09 | ) | (0.05 | ) | (0.16 | ) | |||||||||||
Redemption Fees (2) |
— | — | — | 0.00 | (3) | — | ||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 17.36 | $ | 16.41 | $ | 15.73 | $ | 12.89 | $ | 14.42 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
6.22 | % | 4.32 | % | 22.73 | % | (10.27 | )% | 4.92 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 3,780 | $ | 3,704 | $ | 3,592 | $ | 712 | $ | 645 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.95 | % | 0.95 | % * * | 0.97 | % | 1.05 | % | 1.05 | % * * | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.26 | % | 1.38 | % * * | 1.34 | % | 1.38 | % | 1.54 | % * * | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
0.54 | % | 0.45 | % * * | 0.40 | % | 0.15 | % | 0.26 | % * * | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
61 | % | 13 | % * * * | 48 | % | 78 | % | 72 | % * * * |
* |
Commencement of Operations. |
* * |
Annualized. |
* * * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
(3) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
97
Global Equity Fund – Investor Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 13.27 | $ | 12.14 | $ | 11.20 | $ | 12.93 | $ | 13.43 | $ | 12.49 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (2) |
0.15 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.21 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(0.87 | ) | 1.05 | 0.92 | (0.84 | ) | 0.83 | 1.98 | ||||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.72 | ) | 1.13 | 1.05 | (0.70 | ) | 0.90 | 2.19 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.17 | ) | — | (0.08 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.05 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(0.33 | ) | — | (0.03 | ) | (0.96 | ) | (1.21 | ) | (1.20 | ) | |||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.50 | ) | — | (0.11 | ) | (1.03 | ) | (1.40 | ) | (1.25 | ) | |||||||||||||
Redemption Fees (2) |
0.00 | (3) | — | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 12.05 | $ | 13.27 | $ | 12.14 | $ | 11.20 | $ | 12.93 | $ | 13.43 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(5.72 | )% | 9.31 | % | 9.35 | % | (5.51 | )% | 7.85 | % | 17.96 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 11,921 | $ | 14,215 | $ | 13,652 | $ | 8,964 | $ | 2,073 | $ | 1,983 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.95 | % | 0.95 | % * | 1.10 | % | 1.20 | % | 1.23 | % | 1.30 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.60 | % | 1.78 | % * | 1.84 | % | 3.71 | % | 5.30 | % | 5.77 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.21 | % | 1.27 | % * | 1.10 | % | 1.20 | % | 0.54 | % | 1.59 | % | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
45 | % | 21 | % * * | 60 | % | 59 | % | 63 | % | 67 | % |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
(3) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
98
International Small Cap Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year or Period
Year
|
Period
|
Year Ended April 30, |
November 18,
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
2017 |
2016 |
||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year/Period |
$ | 12.68 | $ | 11.36 | $ | 10.17 | $ | 10.61 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (2) |
0.10 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.03 | — | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(0.70 | ) | 1.23 | 1.25 | (0.44 | ) | 0.61 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.60 | ) | 1.32 | 1.38 | (0.41 | ) | 0.61 | |||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.10 | ) | — | (0.12 | ) | (0.01 | ) | — | ||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(0.76 | ) | — | (0.07 | ) | (0.02 | ) | — | ||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.86 | ) | — | (0.19 | ) | (0.03 | ) | — | ||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year/Period |
$ | 11.22 | $ | 12.68 | $ | 11.36 | $ | 10.17 | $ | 10.61 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
(5.36 | )% | 11.62 | % | 13.83 | % | (3.91 | )% | 6.10 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year/Period (Thousands) |
$ | 2,228 | $ | 2,064 | $ | 1,552 | $ | 1,366 | $ | 1,270 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.15 | % | 1.15 | % * * | 1.15 | % | 1.40 | % | 1.40 | % * * | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
5.45 | % | 7.93 | % * * | 8.20 | % | 9.44 | % | 15.61 | % * * | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
0.78 | % | 1.43 | % * * | 1.30 | % | 0.26 | % | (0.06 | )% * * | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
68 | % | 26 | % * * * | 49 | % | 54 | % | 16 | % * * * |
* |
Commencement of Operations. |
* * |
Annualized. |
* * * |
Portfolio turnover is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Effective August 15, 2017, Cambiar Funds changed their fiscal year end to October 31. |
(2) |
Per share data calculated using the average shares method. |
Amounts designated as “—“ are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
99
The Cambiar Funds
Investors who would like more information about the Funds should read the Funds’ Annual and Semi-Annual Reports and the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”), as it may be amended from time to time. The Annual and Semi-Annual Reports of the Funds provide additional information about their investments. In the Annual Report, you will also find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the performance of the Funds during the last fiscal year. The SAI contains additional detailed information about the Funds and is incorporated by reference into (is legally a part of) this prospectus.
Investors can receive free copies of the SAI, shareholder reports, the Funds’ privacy policy and other information about the Funds and can make shareholder inquiries at www.cambiar.com or by writing to or calling:
The Cambiar Funds
|
You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act of 1940 file number is 811-06400.
CMB-PS-010-0500
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
CAMBIAR OPPORTUNITY FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: CAMWX)
(Investor Class Shares: CAMOX)
CAMBIAR INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: CAMYX)
(Investor Class Shares: CAMIX)
CAMBIAR SMALL CAP FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: CAMZX)
(Investor Class Shares: CAMSX)
CAMBIAR GLOBAL ULTRA FOCUS FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: )
(Investor Class Shares: CAMAX)
CAMBIAR SMID FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: CAMUX)
(Investor Class Shares: CAMMX)
CAMBIAR GLOBAL EQUITY FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: CAMTX)
(Investor Class Shares: CAMGX)
CAMBIAR INTERNATIONAL SMALL CAP FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: CAMFX)
each, a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
CAMBIAR INVESTORS, LLC
This Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the following series of the Trust (each, a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”):
Cambiar Opportunity Fund (the “Opportunity Fund”)
Cambiar International Equity Fund (the “International Equity Fund”)
Cambiar Small Cap Fund (the “Small Cap Fund”)
Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund (the “Global Ultra Focus Fund”)
Cambiar SMID Fund (the “SMID Fund”)
Cambiar Global Equity Fund (the “Global Equity Fund”)
Cambiar International Small Cap Fund (the “International Small Cap Fund”)
As of the date of this SAI, Institutional Class Shares of the Global Ultra Focus Fund and the Global Equity Fund are not available for purchase. This SAI should be read in conjunction with the Funds’ prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Funds, which includes the Funds’ audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Cambiar Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: The Cambiar Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105), or by calling the Funds at 1-866-777-8227.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | CMB-SX-003-1000 |
i
General. Each Fund is a separate series of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund, and all assets of such fund, belong solely to that fund and would be subject to any liabilities related thereto. Each fund pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation materials and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are pro-rata allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate prospectuses and statements of additional information.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Funds (except for the International Small Cap Fund) in the following classes: Investor Class Shares and Institutional Class Shares; however, the Global Ultra Focus Fund and Global Equity Fund currently only offer Investor Class Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the International Small Cap Fund in Institutional Class Shares only. The different classes provide for variations in shareholder servicing expenses and in the minimum investment requirements. Minimum investment requirements and investor eligibility are described in the Prospectus. For more information on shareholder servicing expenses, see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in this SAI. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares.
History of the Funds. The Opportunity Fund is the successor to the UAM Funds Trust Cambiar Opportunity Portfolio (the “Predecessor Opportunity Fund”), a separate registered investment company. The Predecessor Opportunity Fund was managed by Cambiar Investors, LLC (“Cambiar” or the “Adviser”) and its predecessor, had an identical investment objective as the Opportunity Fund, and had a strategy, fees and expenses that were substantially similar to those of the Opportunity Fund. The Predecessor Opportunity Fund’s date of inception was June 30, 1998. The Predecessor Opportunity Fund dissolved and reorganized into the Opportunity Fund on June 24, 2002. Substantially all of the assets of the Predecessor Opportunity Fund were acquired by the Opportunity Fund in connection with its commencement of operations on June 24, 2002.
The International Equity Fund is the successor to the Cambiar International Equity Trust (the “Predecessor International Equity Fund”), a separate unregistered investment company. The Predecessor International Equity Fund was managed by the Adviser and its predecessor, had an identical investment objective as the International Equity Fund, and had a strategy that was substantially similar to that of the International Equity Fund. The Predecessor International Equity Fund’s date of inception was September 2, 1997. The Predecessor International Equity Fund dissolved and reorganized into the International Equity Fund on September 9, 2002. Substantially all of the assets of the Predecessor International Equity Fund were acquired by the International Equity Fund in connection with its commencement of operations on September 9, 2002.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. Each Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Shareholders’ approval will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of trustees under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trust’s Board of Trustees (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Board” or the “Trustees”) has the power to liquidate one or more Funds without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if a Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
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In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the majority of the Trustees then in office and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. To the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, such reorganization or merger may be effected without the approval of shareholders of any series.
Non-Diversification. Each Fund, with the exception of the Global Ultra Focus Fund, is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Global Ultra Focus Fund is non-diversified, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act, which means that it may invest a greater percentage of its total assets in the securities of fewer issuers than a “diversified” fund, which increases the risk that a change in the value of any one investment held by the Fund could affect the overall value of the Fund more than it would affect that of a “diversified” fund holding a greater number of investments. Accordingly, the value of the shares of the Global Ultra Focus Fund may be more susceptible to any single corporate, economic, political or regulatory occurrence than the shares of a “diversified” fund would be. The Global Ultra Focus Fund intends to satisfy the diversification requirements necessary to qualify as a regulated investment company ("RIC") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). For more information, see “Taxes” below.
INVESTMENT POLICIES OF THE FUNDS
Each Fund will determine compliance with the investment limitation percentages below (with the exception of a limitation relating to borrowing) and other applicable investment requirements in this SAI immediately after and as a result of its acquisition of such security or other asset. Accordingly, each Fund generally will not consider changes in values, net assets or other circumstances when determining whether the investment complies with its investment limitations.
Fundamental Policies :
The following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that a Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of a Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
Each Fund may not:
▪ | Borrow money, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. |
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▪ | Issue senior securities, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction. |
▪ | Underwrite securities of other issuers, except insofar as the Fund may technically be deemed to be an underwriter under the 1933 Act in connection with the purchase or sale of its portfolio securities. |
▪ | Concentrate (invest 25% of its assets) its investments in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry or group of industries (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities). |
▪ | Purchase or sell real estate, except: (1) to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction; (2) that the Fund may invest in securities of issuers that deal or invest in real estate; and (3) that the Fund may purchase securities secured by real estate or interests therein. |
▪ | Purchase or sell commodities or contracts on commodities except that the Fund may engage in financial futures contracts and related options and currency contracts and related options and may otherwise do so in accordance with applicable law and without registering as a CPO under the Commodity Exchange Act ("CEA"). |
▪ | Make loans to other persons, except that the Fund may lend its portfolio securities in accordance with applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. The acquisition of investment securities or other investment instruments shall not be deemed to be the making of a loan. |
In addition, each Fund, with the exception of the Global Ultra Focus Fund, may not make any investment inconsistent with its classification as a diversified series of an open-end investment company under the 1940 Act.
For purposes of a Fund's concentration policy described above, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and any SEC staff guidance.
Non-Fundamental Policies :
In addition to each Fund’s investment objective, the following limitations are non-fundamental, which means a Fund may change them without shareholder approval. Each Fund (except the Global Ultra Focus Fund, SMID Fund and International Small Cap Fund) may:
▪ | Not (i) purchase securities of any issuer (except securities of other investment companies, securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities) if, as a result, more than 5% of the total assets of the Fund would be invested in the securities of such issuer; or (ii) acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. This restriction applies to 75% of the Fund’s total assets. |
▪ | Not borrow money, except that the Fund may: (1) borrow from banks (as defined in the 1940 Act) or enter into reverse repurchase agreements, in amounts up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed); (2) borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes; (3) obtain such short-term credit as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities; and (4) purchase securities on margin and engage in short sales to the extent permitted by applicable law. |
The Fund will not purchase securities while borrowings are outstanding except to exercise prior commitments and to exercise subscription rights.
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▪ | Purchase and sell currencies or securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-commitment basis. |
▪ | Purchase and sell foreign currency, purchase options on foreign currency and foreign currency exchange contracts. |
▪ | Invest in the securities of foreign issuers. |
▪ | Purchase shares of other investment companies to the extent permitted by applicable law. |
▪ | Notwithstanding any fundamental policy or other limitation, invest all of its investable assets in securities of a single open-end management investment company with substantially the same investment objectives, policies and limitations. |
▪ | Hold illiquid and restricted securities to the extent permitted by applicable law. The Fund intends to follow the rules under the 1940 Act and the policies of the SEC as they are adopted from time to time with respect to illiquid securities, including: (1) treating as illiquid any investment that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment; and (2) not acquiring any illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. |
▪ | Write covered call options and may buy and sell put and call options. |
▪ | Enter into repurchase agreements. |
▪ | Lend portfolio securities to registered broker-dealers or other institutional investors. These loans may not exceed 33 1/3% of the Fund’s total assets taken at market value. In addition, the Fund must receive at least 100% collateral. |
▪ | Sell securities short and engage in short sales “against the box.” |
▪ | Enter into swap transactions. |
In addition:
▪ | The Small Cap Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in common stocks of small-cap companies without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
▪ | The International Equity Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of foreign companies without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
▪ | The Global Equity Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of companies located throughout the world without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
The Global Ultra Focus Fund may:
▪ | Not borrow money in an amount exceeding 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets, provided that investment strategies which require the Fund to cover a position by segregating assets or entering into an offsetting position shall not be subject to this limitation. To the extent that its borrowings exceed 5% of its assets: (i) all borrowings will be repaid before the Fund makes additional investments; and (ii) asset coverage of at least 300% is required. |
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▪ | Not purchase securities on margin, except such short-term credits as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of securities and provided that margin deposits in connection with futures contracts, options on futures or other derivative instruments shall not constitute purchasing securities on margin. |
▪ | Purchase and sell currencies or securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-commitment basis. |
▪ | Purchase and sell foreign currency, purchase options on foreign currency and foreign currency exchange contracts. |
▪ | Invest in the securities of foreign issuers. |
▪ | Purchase shares of other investment companies to the extent permitted by applicable law. |
▪ | Notwithstanding any fundamental policy or other limitation, invest all of its investable assets in securities of a single open-end management investment company with substantially the same investment objectives, policies and limitations. |
▪ | Hold illiquid and restricted securities to the extent permitted by applicable law. The Fund intends to follow the rules under the 1940 Act and the policies of the SEC as they are adopted from time to time with respect to illiquid securities, including: (1) treating as illiquid any investment that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment; and (2) not acquiring any illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. |
▪ | Write covered call options and may buy and sell put and call options. |
▪ | Enter into repurchase agreements. |
▪ | Lend portfolio securities to registered broker-dealers or other institutional investors. These loans may not exceed 33 1/3% of the Fund’s total assets taken at market value. In addition, the Fund must receive at least 100% collateral. |
▪ | Sell securities short and engage in short sales “against the box.” |
▪ | Enter into swap transactions. |
▪ | Not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of companies located throughout the world without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
The SMID Fund and International Small Cap Fund may:
▪ | Not (i) purchase securities of any issuer (except securities of other investment companies, securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities) if, as a result, more than 5% of the total assets of the Fund would be invested in the securities of such issuer; or (ii) acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. This restriction applies to 75% of the Fund’s total assets. |
▪ | Not borrow money in an amount exceeding 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets, provided that investment strategies which require the Fund to cover a position by segregating assets or entering into an offsetting position shall not be subject to this limitation. To the extent that its borrowings exceed 5% of its assets: (i) all borrowings will be repaid before the Fund makes additional investments; and (ii) asset coverage of at least 300% is required. |
▪ | Purchase and sell currencies or securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-commitment basis. |
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▪ | Purchase and sell foreign currency, purchase options on foreign currency and foreign currency exchange contracts. |
▪ | Invest in the securities of foreign issuers. |
▪ | Purchase shares of other investment companies to the extent permitted by applicable law. |
▪ | Notwithstanding any fundamental policy or other limitation, invest all of its investable assets in securities of a single open-end management investment company with substantially the same investment objectives, policies and limitations. |
▪ | Hold illiquid and restricted securities to the extent permitted by applicable law. The Fund intends to follow the rules under the 1940 Act and the policies of the SEC as they are adopted from time to time with respect to illiquid securities, including: (1) treating as illiquid any investment that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment; and (2) not acquiring any illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. |
▪ | Write covered call options and may buy and sell put and call options. |
▪ | Enter into repurchase agreements. |
▪ | Lend portfolio securities to registered broker-dealers or other institutional investors. These loans may not exceed 33 1/3% of the Fund’s total assets taken at market value. In addition, the Fund must receive at least 100% collateral. |
▪ | Sell securities short and engage in short sales “against the box.” |
▪ | Enter into swap transactions. |
In addition:
▪ | The SMID Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in common stocks of small- to mid-sized companies without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
▪ | The International Small Cap Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-cap foreign companies without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
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DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
Each Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus. Each Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund's stated investment policies, including those discussed in this SAI.
Equity Securities
Types of Equity Securities:
Common Stocks - Common stocks represent units of ownership in a company. Common stocks usually carry voting rights and earn dividends. Unlike preferred stocks, which are described below, dividends on common stocks are not fixed but are declared at the discretion of the company’s board of directors.
Preferred Stocks - Preferred stocks are also units of ownership in a company. Preferred stocks generally pay dividends, which are fixed in advance. Preferred stocks normally have preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of the company. Dividends on preferred stocks are usually cumulative, meaning that, in the event the issuer fails to make one or more dividend payments on the preferred stock, no dividends may be paid on the issuer’s common stock until all unpaid preferred stock dividends have been paid. However, in all other respects, preferred stocks are subordinated to the liabilities of the issuer. Unlike common stocks, preferred stocks are generally not entitled to vote on corporate matters. Types of preferred stocks include adjustable-rate preferred stock, fixed dividend preferred stock, perpetual preferred stock, and sinking fund preferred stock. Generally, the market values of preferred stock with a fixed dividend rate and no conversion element varies inversely with interest rates and perceived credit risk.
Convertible Securities - Convertible securities are securities that may be exchanged for, converted into, or exercised to acquire a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s common stock at the investor’s option during a specified time period (such as convertible preferred stocks, convertible debentures and warrants). By investing in convertible securities, the Funds may seek opportunity through the conversion feature to participate in the capital appreciation of the common stock or other interests into which the securities are convertible, while potentially earning a higher fixed rate of return than is ordinarily available on common stocks. A convertible security is generally a fixed income security that is senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure, but is usually subordinated to similar non-convertible fixed income securities. In exchange for the conversion feature, many corporations pay a lower rate of interest on convertible securities than that paid on their non-convertible fixed income securities. In general, the market value of a convertible security is at least the higher of its “investment value” ( i.e. , its value as a fixed income security) or its “conversion value” ( i.e., its value upon conversion into its underlying common stock).
Convertible securities are subject to the same risks as similar securities without the convertible feature. The price of a convertible security can be more volatile during times of steady interest rates than other types of debt securities. The price of a convertible security tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, whereas it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying common stock declines.
A synthetic convertible security is a combination investment in which an investor purchases both (i) high-grade cash equivalents or a high grade debt obligation of an issuer or U.S. government securities and (ii) call options or warrants on the common stock of the same or different issuer with some or all of the anticipated interest income from the associated debt obligation that is earned over the holding period of the option or warrant.
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While providing a fixed income stream (generally higher in yield than the income derivable from common stock but lower than that afforded by a similar non-convertible security), a convertible security also affords an investor the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation attendant upon a market price advance in the convertible security’s underlying common stock. A synthetic convertible position has similar investment characteristics, but may differ with respect to credit quality, time to maturity, trading characteristics, and other factors. Because a Fund will create synthetic convertible positions only out of high grade fixed income securities, the credit rating associated with the Fund’s synthetic convertible investments is generally expected to be higher than that of the average convertible security, many of which are rated below high grade. However, because the options used to create synthetic convertible positions will generally have expirations between one month and three years of the time of purchase, the maturity of these positions will generally be shorter than average for convertible securities. Since the option component of a convertible security or synthetic convertible position is a wasting asset (in the sense of losing “time value” as maturity approaches), a synthetic convertible position may lose such value more rapidly than a convertible security of longer maturity; however, the gain in option value due to appreciation of the underlying stock may exceed such time value loss, the market price of the option component generally reflects these differences in maturities, and the Adviser takes such differences into account when evaluating such positions. When a synthetic convertible position “matures” because of the expiration of the associated option, a Fund may extend the maturity by investing in a new option with longer maturity on the common stock of the same or different issuer. If a Fund does not so extend the maturity of a position, it may continue to hold the associated fixed income security.
Rights and Warrants - Common stock rights and warrants are securities that may be attached to an issuer’s common stock, preferred stock, or other existing securities, or may be issued independently of other securities. A right is a privilege granted to existing shareholders of a corporation to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is issued. Rights normally have a short life of usually two to four weeks, may be freely transferable and entitle the holder to buy the new common stock at a lower price than the public offering price. Rights typically offer an issuer’s shareholders an opportunity to avoid or minimize dilution of their ownership interests when new shares are issued to others. Warrants are securities that are usually issued together with a debt security or preferred stock and that give the holder the right to buy proportionate amount of common stock at a specified price. Warrants may be freely transferable and are often traded on major exchanges. Unlike rights, warrants normally have a life that is measured in years and entitles the holder to buy common stock of a company at a price that is usually higher than the market price at the time the warrant is issued. Corporations often issue warrants to make the accompanying debt security more attractive.
Both rights and warrants may be issued in connection with corporate actions without requiring payment, or may require payment of a purchase price. An investment in warrants and rights may entail greater risks than certain other types of investments. Generally, rights and warrants do not carry the right to receive dividends or exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. In addition, their value does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities, and they cease to have value if they are not exercised on or before their expiration date. Investing in rights and warrants increases the potential profit or loss to be realized from the investment as compared with investing the same amount in the underlying securities.
Risks of Investing in Equity Securities:
General Risks of Investing in Stocks - While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors also accept the risks of ownership. Investing in equity securities can be riskier than other types of investments, often involve more volatility than other investments, and can result in losses. Investors should expect that the value of their account(s) will rise and fall more dynamically than some strategies that emphasize other types of investments. Over time, market forces can be highly dynamic and can cause stock markets to move in cycles, including periods when stock prices rise generally and periods when they generally decline. The value of an account’s investments may increase or decrease more than the stock market in general, and overall stock market risks will affect the value of client accounts.
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Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations.
Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
▪ | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
▪ | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
▪ | Changes in general financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as domestic and foreign economic growth and market conditions, changes in interest rates, credit conditions, currency exchange rates or inflation rates, volatility and political events. |
There is a risk that the Adviser will not accurately predict the applicability or impact of these and other factors on markets or investments, and individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. As a result, investment decisions may not accomplish what they were intended to achieve. These risks may be elevated during certain periods, including periods when the values of equity securities are highly correlated with one another.
The value of equity securities also may be influenced by changes in investor sentiment, such as perceptions as to whether investments in value equity assets provide attractive returns in the context of the risks being assumed. At times, negative sentiment and advisers’ perception of certain investments may predominate, price-earnings multiples may contract, or investors may avoid investment in equity securities altogether. Similarly, there may be periods during which certain segments of the equity assets spectrum, such as growth stocks, are favored over other equity segments. In addition, the securities of “value” companies can continue to be undervalued for long periods of time, and may never reach the Adviser’s expectation as to their worth.
Small- and Medium-Sized Companies - Investors in small- and medium-sized companies typically take on greater risk and price volatility than they would by investing in larger, more established companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of their small or medium size, limited markets and financial resources, reduced access to capital markets, narrow product lines and frequent lack of management depth. The securities of small- and medium-sized companies are more likely to be traded in the over-the-counter market and might not be traded in volumes typical of securities of larger issuers. Thus, the securities of small and medium capitalization companies may be less liquid, and subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements, than securities of larger, more established companies.
Technology Companies - Stocks of technology companies have tended to be subject to greater volatility than securities of companies that are not dependent upon or associated with technological issues. Technology companies operate in various industries. Since these industries frequently share common characteristics, an event or issue affecting one industry may significantly influence other, related industries. For example, technology companies may be strongly affected by worldwide scientific or technological developments and their products and services may be subject to governmental regulation or adversely affected by governmental policies.
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Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”) - A Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities of companies offering shares in IPOs. IPO securities are subject to, among other risks, market and liquidity risk. In addition, the purchase of IPO securities often involves higher transaction costs than those associated with the purchase of securities traded on exchanges or markets. IPOs may have a magnified performance impact on a Fund with a smaller asset base. Whether a Fund participates in these types of investments depends upon a number of factors, including the attractiveness and the availability of IPO securities and portfolio manager interest. There can be no assurance that any Fund will participate in IPOs. A Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time, which may increase the turnover of a Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses for the Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, a Fund may realize taxable gains it will subsequently distribute to shareholders.
In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for a Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Holders of IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders. The market value of IPO shares may fluctuate considerably due to factors such as the absence of a prior public market, lack of support for the issuer or offering, unseasoned trading and speculation, a potentially small number of securities available for trading, more limited information about the issuer, and other factors.
The Funds’ investment in IPO shares may include the securities of unseasoned companies (companies with less than three years of continuous operations), which can present risks considerably greater than common stocks of more established companies. These companies may have limited operating histories and their prospects for profitability may be uncertain. These companies may be involved in new and evolving businesses and may be vulnerable to competition and changes in technology, markets and economic conditions. They may be more dependent on key managers and third parties and may have limited product lines.
Foreign Securities
Equity and debt securities of issuers may be considered to be “foreign company” securities if 50% of the company’s assets are located outside of the United States, 50% of the company’s revenues are generated outside of the United States, or the company is domiciled or does a substantial amount of business outside of the United States. Foreign companies can operate in both developed and emerging market countries. Foreign securities include instruments denominated in foreign currencies and traded on foreign exchanges and markets, as well as depositary receipts.
American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) - ADRs, as well as other “hybrid” forms of depositary receipts, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership interests in shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign (ordinary) securities in their national markets and currencies, however, ADRs are still subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities traded in their national markets and currencies. EDRs are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies. In addition to brokerage commissions charged for the purchase or sale of ADRs, a Fund may incur additional fees if it converts ADRs into foreign (ordinary) securities, and vice-versa.
ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types of ADRs are similar, there are differences regarding a holder's rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. Unsponsored facilities are generally established without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities. The Funds may also invest in EDRs, GDRs, and similar instruments representing foreign-traded depositary interests in securities of foreign companies.
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Emerging Markets – An “emerging market” country is any country determined by the Adviser to have an emerging market economy, considering factors such as the country’s credit rating, its political and economic stability and the development of its financial and capital markets. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrializing, with lower gross national products (“GNP”) than more developed countries.
Investing in emerging market economies may involve greater risks than investing in developed market economies, including, but not limited to, greater political and economic instability (including elevated risks of war, civil disturbances, and acts of terrorism), enhanced boom and bust cycles, dependence on revenues from particular commodities, dependence on international aid, price controls, immature economic and market structures, and burdensome investment or trading requirements.
Some emerging countries currently prohibit or impose restrictions on direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If a Fund invests in such investment funds, Fund shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their net asset value.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities (including ADRs), foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors - Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital formation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, economic diversification, inclusion in economic or monetary unions, budget deficits, sovereign solvency, and national debt; |
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▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly impact the interests of investors, as well as influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | Securities issued by foreign companies in one country may be particularly susceptible to economic, regulatory or other conditions affecting issuers and countries within their region; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. (and other) investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit the Funds’ ability to invest in a particular country or make it more expensive for the Funds to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval, may limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest, or may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). The UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU, presently scheduled for March 29, 2019. It is increasingly unclear whether the withdrawal negotiations will be successful and what the potential consequences of the exit may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Funds’ investments.
Information and Supervision - There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are typically fewer reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to those analyzing U.S. companies, and information concerning foreign corporate actions such as acquisitions or divestitures, rights offerings, dividends, legal or compliance developments, requirements or restrictions, or other matters that can affect the value of foreign companies, may be more difficult to obtain. Certain foreign companies may not be subject to uniform accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk - The Adviser will determine if an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States is the best available market for transacting in foreign securities traded in their national markets or currencies. Many foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, generally remain less developed than the trading venues in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
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Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | Typically have less trading volume; |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience more rapid and erratic price movements than domestic stock markets; |
▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | May have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and accounting practices and standards; |
▪ | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis; |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States; |
▪ | Foreign over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than foreign stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated; |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights; and |
▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk - While the Funds denominate their net asset value in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impact the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | Purchases and sales of foreign securities traded in their national markets or currencies necessitate foreign exchange transactions, and it may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a securities market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain securities may not always reflect significant movements in currency values. |
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Taxes - Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for a Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that is not recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets Risks - Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Be subject to greater political and economic instability (including elevated risks or war, civil disturbances, and acts of terrorism), enhanced boom and bust cycles, immature economic and market structures, dependence on revenues from commodities, dependence on international aid, price controls, unstable governments, and burdensome investment or trade requirements; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries or commodities, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Debt Securities
Corporations and governments use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
U.S. Treasury Obligations - U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”).
The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. STRIPS have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities ( i.e. , unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
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U.S. Government Securities - The Funds may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so because the entities are not funded by Congressional appropriations and their debt (and equity) securities are not guaranteed by the U.S. government. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Funds’ shares.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae's support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
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The future status of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac could be impacted by, among other things, the actions taken and restrictions placed on Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac by the FHFA in its role as conservator, the restrictions placed on Fannie Mae’s or Freddie Mac’s operations and activities under the Agreement, market responses to developments at Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, and future legislative and regulatory action that alters the operations, ownership structure and/or mission of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, each of which may, in turn, impact the value of, and cash flows on, any securities guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
Corporate Bonds - Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest at specified times, and repay the principal amount of the bond or note at maturity.
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the mortgage loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated.
Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The Adviser will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in selecting mortgage-backed securities for the Funds. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers - Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities - Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are: 1) payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly); and 2) falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing a Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. In addition to the risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected.
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Other Asset-Backed Securities - These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure that the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Funds may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
Short-Term Investments - To earn a return on uninvested assets, meet anticipated redemptions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Funds may invest a portion of their assets in the short-term debt securities listed below, U.S. government securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. Unless otherwise specified, a short-term debt security has a maturity of one year or less.
• | Bank Obligations - The Funds will only invest in a debt security issued by a commercial bank if the bank: |
▪ | Has total assets of at least $1 billion, or the equivalent in other currencies (based on the most recent publicly available information about the bank); and |
▪ | Is a U.S. bank and a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; or is a foreign branch of a U.S. bank and the Adviser believes the security is of an investment quality comparable with other debt securities that the Funds may purchase. |
• | Time Deposits - Time deposits are non-negotiable deposits, such as savings accounts or certificates of deposit, held by a financial institution for a fixed term with the understanding that the depositor can withdraw its money only by giving notice to the institution. However, there may be early withdrawal penalties depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. The Funds may only purchase time deposits maturing from two calendar days through seven calendar days. |
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• | Certificates of Deposit - Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank or savings and loan association for a definite period of time and earning a specified return. |
• | Bankers’ Acceptance - A bankers’ acceptance is a time draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower, usually in connection with an international commercial transaction (to finance the import, export, transfer or storage of goods). |
• | Commercial Paper - Commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a maturity ranging from 1 to 270 days issued by banks, corporations and other borrowers. Such investments are unsecured and usually discounted. The Funds may invest in commercial paper rated A-1 or A-2 by Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) or Prime-1 or Prime-2 by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), or, if not rated, issued by a corporation having an outstanding unsecured debt issue rated A or better by Moody’s or by S&P. See “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” for a description of commercial paper ratings. |
Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities - Stripped mortgage-backed securities are derivative multiple-class mortgage-backed securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities usually have two classes that receive different proportions of interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. Typically, one class will receive some of the interest and most of the principal, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remaining principal. In extreme cases, one class will receive all of the interest (“interest only” or “IO” class) while the other class will receive the entire principal (“principal only” or “PO” class). The cash flow and yields on IOs and POs are extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities. A rapid rate of principal payments may adversely affect the yield to maturity of IOs and could cause the total loss of investment. Slower than anticipated prepayments of principal may adversely affect the yield to maturity of a PO. The yields and market risk of interest only and principal only stripped mortgage-backed securities, respectively, may be more volatile than those of other fixed income securities, including traditional mortgage-backed securities.
Yankee Bonds - Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds issued inside the United States by foreign entities. Investments in these securities involve certain risks that are not typically associated with investing in domestic securities. See “Foreign Securities.”
Zero Coupon Bonds - These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. Because current tax laws require reporting the portion of the original issue discount on zero coupon bonds as interest income, even though holders receive no cash, a Fund’s investments in zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
Terms to Understand:
Maturity - Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (principal) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (call dates). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
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Mutual funds that invest in debt securities have no real maturity. Instead, they calculate their weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the effective or anticipated maturity of each debt security held by the mutual fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the mutual fund it represents.
Duration - Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or of a mutual fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. Duration measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years — the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities - The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and the coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
▪ | Interest Rates |
The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates ( i.e. , if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa).
▪ | Prepayment Risk |
This risk affects mainly mortgage- and asset-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage- and asset-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. A Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of a Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of a Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund.
▪ | Extension Risk |
The other side of prepayment risk is extension risk, which occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause a Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This would increase the sensitivity of a Fund to rising rates and its potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of debt securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
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▪ | Credit Rating |
Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term Treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk-free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than Treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer usually affects the value of a debt security. Generally, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal, the lower the quality rating of a security. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from investors with higher credit ratings.
Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” Since an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called investment-grade because its issuer is deemed to be more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, the Adviser may determine that it is of investment-grade. The Adviser may retain securities that are downgraded, if it believes that keeping those securities is warranted.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade (“junk bonds”) are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or more highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a junk bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, junk bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the junk bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of junk bonds and may cause the Funds to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value junk bonds accurately.
Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. The Funds currently use ratings compiled by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”). Credit ratings are only the rating agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk. The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
The Adviser may use ratings produced by ratings agencies as guidelines to determine the rating of a security at the time a Fund buys it. A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. The Adviser monitors the rating of the security and will take such action, if any, it believes appropriate when it learns that a rating agency has reduced the security’s rating. The Funds are not obligated to dispose of securities whose issuers subsequently are in default or which are downgraded. The Funds may invest in securities of any rating.
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Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset, such as a stock or a bond, an underlying economic factor, such as an interest rate, or a market benchmark, such as an index. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Funds may use derivatives for risk management purposes, to hedge against the risk of unfavorable price movements in the underlying instruments, to gain exposure to underlying instruments and/or various markets in a cost efficient manner, to gain long or short exposure, to manage cash flows, or for other purposes. A Fund may also invest in derivatives to protect it from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, a Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of a Fund to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective, and in some instances, a more cost effective, means of hedging this exposure.
Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate, or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by a Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the SEC and its staff.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the CEA by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), a Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund's use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration and regulation with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Funds are not subject to registration or regulation as CPOs under the CEA. As a result, the Funds will be limited in their ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Funds’ investment strategies and may adversely affect the Funds’ performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures - A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party sells and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial information is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade - known as “contract markets” - approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
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Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the delivery date). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.”
Although the actual terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the person closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the person closing out the contract will realize a gain. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the person closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the person closing out the contract will realize a gain.
A Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options - An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded-options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counter-party will not fulfill its obligations under the contract.
▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When a Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). A Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that a Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. A Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it wants to buy. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, a Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
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The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When a Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a specified price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when a Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a specified price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. A Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counter-party to the option.
A Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, a Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, a Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, a Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive a Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. A Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, a Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
The Funds are permitted only to write covered options. At the time of selling the call option, a Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, a Fund may cover the put option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
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▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series ( i.e. , the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
The Funds may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Funds may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons they would sell a futures contract. They also may purchase such put options in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. The Funds may buy call options on futures contracts for the same purpose as the actual purchase of the futures contracts, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
The Funds may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, a Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, a Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to a Fund.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Funds may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, a Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, a Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
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▪ | Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts |
A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts ( i.e. , the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are traded in the inter-bank markets conducted directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers, as opposed to futures contracts which are traded only on exchanges regulated by the CFTC; |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to a commodities exchange. |
Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies - A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect a Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. A Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
The Funds may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” could offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. A Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that a Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. The hedges simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques which may minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency also may limit potential gains that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
A Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency, but will cause a Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
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It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, a Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, a Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. The Funds may bear transaction costs in connection with these purchases or sales.
Participatory Notes (“P-Notes”) - P-Notes are participation interest notes that are issued by banks or broker-dealers and are designed to offer a return linked to a particular underlying foreign equity, debt, currency or market. When purchasing a P-Note, the posting of margin is not required because the full cost of the P-Note (plus commission) is paid at the time of purchase. When the P-Note matures, the issuer will pay to, or receive from, the purchaser the difference between the nominal value of the underlying instrument at the time of purchase and that instrument's value at maturity. Investments in P-Notes involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the underlying foreign companies or foreign securities markets that they seek to replicate.
In addition, there can be no assurance that the trading price of P-Notes will equal the underlying value of the foreign companies or foreign securities markets that they seek to replicate. The holder of a P-Note that is linked to a particular underlying security is entitled to receive any dividends paid in connection with an underlying security or instrument. However, the holder of a P-Note does not receive voting rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security or instrument. P-Notes constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or broker-dealers that issue them. There is also counterparty risk associated with these investments because the purchaser is relying on the creditworthiness of such counterparty and has no rights under a P-Note against the issuer of the underlying security. In addition, purchasers incur transaction costs when investing in P-Notes. P-Notes are generally traded over-the-counter.
Swaps, Caps, Collars and Floors
Swap Agreements - A swap is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swaps are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of a Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from a Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by a Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. A Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counter-party is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, a Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the contract. The Funds will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the other party to the transaction is creditworthy.
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A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify a Fund’s gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, a Fund may cover its current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a single stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that a Fund will be committed to pay.
▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument – which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets – during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation (depreciation) related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to a Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the agreement or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
Like a traditional investment in a debt security, a Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives if the floating rate of interest exceeds the fixed rate of interest.
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▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. A Fund may enter into a currency swap when it holds one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the contract and returned at the end of the contract. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above may negatively affect currency swaps.
Caps, Collars and Floors - Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of a Fund than if it had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify a Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to make or lose substantially more than it invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities a Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose a Fund to greater risks.
Correlation of Prices - A Fund’s ability to hedge its securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities a Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing only in those contracts whose behavior it expects to resemble the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if a Fund’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, a Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or trading of an instrument stops; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
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While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of a Fund. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect a Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of a Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity - Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, a Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, a Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Funds intend to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, market liquidity cannot be guaranteed. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, a Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, a Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid ( i.e. , difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk - If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, a Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if a Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if a Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk - At times, market prices for certain derivatives may be unavailable or unreliable and market conditions might make it difficult to value some derivative investments. For example, if a Fund has valued its derivatives too high, the Fund may, upon sale, be unable to obtain the price at which it was valuing the instrument.
Margin - Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions may involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to a Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
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If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, a Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. A Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage - The prices of derivatives are volatile ( i.e. , they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | national and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches this value, a Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Investment Companies
The Funds may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. Investment companies are companies that are engaged primarily in the business of investing in securities or that hold a large proportion of their assets in the form of investment securities. The Funds themselves are investment companies, as are many money market funds, exchange-traded and closed-end funds. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by a Fund. A Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that Fund shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s own expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a Fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its exchange-traded fund investments.
For hedging or other purposes, a Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, including exchange-traded funds ("ETFs"), are traded on a securities exchange. The market prices of ETFs will fluctuate in accordance with changes in their underlying portfolio securities and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not precisely replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other considerations. Actively managed ETFs are subject to the risk that the investment strategies employed by their investment advisers may underperform other investments.
Pursuant to orders issued by the SEC to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Funds may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Funds otherwise comply with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”)
A REIT is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) that invests primarily in income producing real estate or real estate-related loans or interests and which meets the definitional requirements of the Code. The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Funds invest may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers, and self-liquidation. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent. The above factors may adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through a Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act.
Repurchase Agreements
A repurchase agreement is an agreement in which one party sells securities to a Fund in return for cash with an agreement to repurchase equivalent securities at an agreed-upon price and on an agreed-upon future date. A Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions and follow certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with large, well-capitalized and well-established financial institutions deemed creditworthy by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by a Fund will provide that the underlying collateral shall have a value equal to at least 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement at all times. The Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement as well as the ongoing financial condition and creditworthiness of the counterparty. Under all repurchase agreements entered into by a Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral.
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In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, a Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund's right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. At times, the investments of each of the Funds in repurchase agreements may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant. A Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
Reverse repurchase agreements involve sales by a Fund of portfolio assets concurrently with an agreement by the Fund to repurchase the same assets at a later date at a fixed price. Generally, the effect of such a transaction is that the Fund can recover all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities involved during the term of the reverse repurchase agreement, while the Fund will be able to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are advantageous only if the interest cost to the Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. Opportunities to achieve this advantage may not always be available, and each Fund intends to use the reverse repurchase technique only when it will be advantageous to such Fund. In the event a Fund invests in reverse repurchase agreements, it will establish a segregated account with the Trust’s custodian bank in which the Fund will maintain cash or cash equivalents or other portfolio securities equal in value to the Fund’s obligations in respect of reverse repurchase agreements. Reverse repurchase agreement are considered to be borrowings under the 1940 Act. Although there is no limit on the percentage of Fund assets that can be used in connection with reverse repurchase agreements, no Fund expects to engage, under normal circumstances, in reverse repurchase agreements with respect to more than 33 1/3% of its total assets.
Restricted and Illiquid Investments
While the Funds do not anticipate doing so to any appreciable extent, each Fund may purchase illiquid investments, including securities that are not readily marketable and securities that are not registered (“restricted securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. A Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. If the percentage of a Fund’s net assets held in illiquid investments exceeds 15%, the Fund will take such measures as required by the Fund's liquidity risk management program. Illiquid investments are investments that a Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. There may be a limited trading market or low trading volumes for illiquid investments that may result in erratic price movements. In addition, a Fund may be unable to dispose of its holdings in illiquid investments quickly, and may need to liquidate such positions over extended periods of time or at sharply discounted prices.
Securities Lending
Each Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of the Fund (including the loan collateral). The Funds will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned by a Fund that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of such Fund.
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The Funds may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Funds’ securities lending agent but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, a Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Each Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if the Fund has knowledge of a material vote affecting the security, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon a Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities (including for the purpose of voting the securities) or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse company or market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Short Sales
Description of Short Sales:
The Funds are permitted to engage in short sales of securities except as prohibited by the 1940 Act. Selling a security short is when an investor sells a security it does not own. To sell a security short an investor must borrow the security from someone else to deliver to the buyer. The investor then replaces the security it borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or before the time of replacement. Until it replaces the security, the investor repays the person that lent it the security for any interest or dividends that may have accrued during the period of the loan.
Investors typically sell securities short to:
▪ | Take advantage of an anticipated decline in prices. |
▪ | Protect a profit in a security it already owns. |
▪ | Manage exposure to securities or markets. |
A Fund can lose money if the price of the security it sold short increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. Because the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could also be subject to a theoretically unlimited loss. Likewise, the Fund can profit if the price of the security declines between those dates.
To borrow the security, a Fund may be required to pay a premium, which increases the cost of the security sold. The Funds will also incur transaction costs in effecting short sales. A Fund’s gains and losses will be decreased or increased, as the case may be, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest, or expenses the Funds may be required to pay in connection with a short sale.
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The broker will retain the net proceeds of the short sale, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Short Sales Against the Box - In addition, the Funds may engage in short sales “against the box.” In a short sale against the box, a Fund agrees to sell at a future date a security that it either currently owns or has the right to acquire at no extra cost. The Fund will incur transaction costs to open, maintain and close short sales against the box.
Restrictions on Short Sales:
A Fund will not short sell a security if:
▪ | After giving effect to such short sale, the total market value of all securities sold short would exceed 25% of the value of the Fund’s net assets; |
▪ | The market value of the securities of any single issuer that have been sold short by the Fund would exceed two percent (2%) of the value of the Fund’s net assets; or |
▪ | Any security sold short would constitute more than two percent (2%) of any class of the issuer’s securities. |
Whenever a Fund sells a security short, its custodian segregates an amount of cash or liquid securities equal to the difference between: (a) the market value of the securities sold short at the time they were sold short; and (b) any cash or U.S. government securities the Fund is required to deposit with the broker in connection with the short sale (not including the proceeds from the short sale). The segregated assets are marked to market daily in an attempt to ensure that the amount deposited in the segregated account plus the amount deposited with the broker is at least equal to the market value of the securities at the time they were sold short.
When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward-Delivery Transactions
A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which have not been issued. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In a forward-delivery transaction, a Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities a Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. A Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
A Fund uses when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward-delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When a Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions, it relies on the counterparty to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, the Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-delivery basis, a Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because a Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to other risks typically associated with equity or debt investments.
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A Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions. A Fund will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of the commitments.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks
As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, a Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, misappropriation, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that a Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting a Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, administrator or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses, the inability of the Fund to conduct normal operations, or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business with the Fund. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact a Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. A Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex and adapt to enhanced securities features. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which a Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that a Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
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INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
Investment Adviser. Cambiar Investors, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company located at 200 Columbine Street, Suite 800, Denver, Colorado 80206, serves as the investment adviser to the Funds. The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of each Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $10.5 billion in discretionary assets under management. The Adviser and its predecessor, Cambiar Investors, Inc., which was an affiliate of Old Mutual (US) Holdings, Inc. (formerly United Asset Management Company) (“Old Mutual”), have provided investment management services to corporations, foundations, endowments, collective investment trusts, pension and profit sharing plans, trusts, estates and other institutions as well as individuals since 1973. The Adviser is owned by Cambiar Holdings, LLLP, which is controlled by Mr. Brian Barish.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”). Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as the investment adviser and makes investment decisions for each of the Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of each Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Trustees.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of each Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or, with respect to any Fund, by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of that Fund, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser, or, by the Adviser, on 90 days’ written notice to the Trust. The Advisory Agreement provides that the Adviser shall not be protected against any liability to the Trust or its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on its part in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard of its obligations or duties thereunder. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of each Fund as follows:
Fund | Advisory Fee |
Opportunity Fund | 0.60% 1 |
International Equity Fund | 0.90% 2 |
Small Cap Fund | 0.85% 3 |
Global Ultra Focus Fund | 0.90% 4 |
SMID Fund | 0.80% 5 |
Global Equity Fund | 0.75% 6 |
International Small Cap Fund | 0.90% 7 |
1 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee for the Opportunity Fund was 0.75%. |
2 | Effective March 1, 2019, the management fee for the International Equity Fund is subject to the following breakpoints: 0.90% on the first $2 billion in assets; 0.80% for assets between $2 billion and $10 billion; and 0.70% for assets over $10 billion. Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee for the International Equity Fund was subject to the following breakpoints: 0.90% on the first $5 billion in assets; 0.80% for assets between $5 and $10 billion; and 0.70% for assets greater than $10 billion. Prior to June 1, 2018, the management fee for the International Equity Fund was 0.90%. |
3 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee for the Small Cap Fund was 1.00%. |
4 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee for the Global Ultra Focus Fund was 1.00%. |
5 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee for the SMID Fund was 0.90%. |
6 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee for the Global Equity Fund was 0.90%. |
7 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the management fee for the International Small Cap Fund was 1.10%. |
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The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses for each Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, non-routine expenses and shareholder servicing fees (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding the amounts listed in the table below for each Fund, as a percentage of average daily net assets of each share class, until March 1, 2020. The Adviser may renew these contractual fee waivers for subsequent periods. To maintain these expense limits, the Adviser may reduce a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Funds. In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the Fund’s total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Fund’s expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point a Fund’s total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the Fund’s expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 1, 2020.
Fund | Expense Cap |
Opportunity Fund | 0.65% 1 |
International Equity Fund | 0.90% 2 |
Small Cap Fund | 0.90% 3 |
Global Ultra Focus Fund | 0.95% 4 |
SMID Fund | 0.85% 5 |
Global Equity Fund | 0.80% 6 |
International Small Cap Fund | 0.95% 7 |
1 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the expense limit for the Opportunity Fund was 0.80%. |
2 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the expense limit for the International Equity Fund was 0.95%. |
3 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the expense limit for the Small Cap Fund was 1.05%. |
4 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the expense limit for the Global Ultra Focus Fund was 1.10%. |
5 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the expense limit for the SMID Fund was 0.95%. |
6 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the expense limit for the Global Equity Fund was 0.95%. |
7 | Prior to March 1, 2019, the expense limit for the International Small Cap Fund was 1.15%. |
For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2017, the fiscal period from May 1, 2017 to October 31, 2017 and the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds paid the following advisory fees to the Adviser:
Fund | Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived by the Adviser 1 | Total Fees Paid (After Waivers) to the Adviser | |||||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2017 2 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2017 2 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2017 2 | 2018 | |
Opportunity Fund | $5,111,826 | $3,322,570 | $1,303,745 | $2,398,000 | $377,342 | $240,533 | $111,763 | $198,951 | $4,734,484 | $3,082,037 | $1,191,982 | $2,199,049 |
International Equity Fund | $9,577,657 | $25,808,639 | $15,369,948 | $32,891,697 | $639,634 | $1,475,723 | $755,795 | $1,744,173 | $8,938,023 | $24,332,916 | $14,614,153 | $31,147,524 |
Small Cap Fund | $9,964,030 | $6,263,045 | $1,960,387 | $1,901,593 | $462,401 | $228,943 | $100,791 | $170,603 | $9,501,629 | $6,034,102 | $1,859,596 | $1,730,990 |
Global Ultra Focus Fund | $1,428,607 | $1,173,172 | $561,777 | $1,001,839 | $65,717 | $59,176 | $49,516 | $67,156 | $1,362,890 | $1,113,996 | $512,261 | $934,683 |
SMID Fund | $415,988 | $310,086 | $149,236 | $353,601 | $135,098 | $116,875 | $70,941 | $120,931 | $280,890 | $193,211 | $78,295 | $232,670 |
Global Equity Fund | $29,037 | $112,094 | $62,260 | $123,829 | $29,037 | $92,280 | $57,430 | $89,008 | $0 | $19,814 | $4,830 | $34,821 |
International Small Cap Fund | $13,428 | $15,195 | $10,190 | $25,956 | $13,428 | $15,195 | $10,190 | $25,956 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
1 | For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2017, the fiscal period from May 1, 2017 to October 31, 2017 and the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser additionally reimbursed fees of $51,785, $0, $0 and $0, respectively, for the Global Equity Fund, and $84,479, $82,364, $52,598 and $75,546, respectively, for the International Small Cap Fund to maintain the stated expense cap under its contractual expense limitation agreement with the Funds. |
2 | Effective August 15, 2017, the Board approved a change in the fiscal year end of the Funds from April 30 to October 31. |
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This section includes information about the Funds’ portfolio managers, including information about other accounts managed, the dollar range of Fund shares owned and how the portfolio managers are compensated.
Compensation. The Adviser compensates the Funds’ portfolio managers for their management of the Funds and the Adviser’s other accounts. The portfolio managers’ compensation consists of an industry competitive base salary, discretionary cash bonus, and a profit-sharing contribution at year-end. While the Adviser’s investment professionals receive a competitive salary plus a bonus tied to firm and individual performance, contributions are also measured through performance attribution which details individual stock/product and sector-relative contribution, as well as other overall “value added” considerations important to the firm, such as client service. Equity in the Adviser’s parent company is also available to reward key employees. The following table represents the benchmarks against which each portfolio manager’s pre-tax performance results are compared:
Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
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Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares 1 |
Brian M. Barish |
Over $1,000,000 (Opportunity Fund) Over $1,000,000 (International Equity Fund) Over $1,000,000 (Small Cap Fund) Over $1,000,000 (Global Ultra Focus Fund) Over $1,000,000 (SMID Fund) |
Anna (Ania) A. Aldrich |
$500,001 - $1,000,000 (Opportunity Fund) $100,001 - $500,000 (International Equity Fund) $100,001 - $500,000 (Small Cap Fund) $100,001 - $500,000 (Global Ultra Focus Fund) $50,001 - $100,000 (Global Equity Fund) |
Jennifer M. Dunne | None |
Andrew P. Baumbusch |
$10,001 - $50,000 (Opportunity Fund) $10,001 - $50,000 (Small Cap Fund) $10,001 - $50,000 (Global Ultra Focus Fund) $10,001 - $50,000 (SMID Fund) $10,001 - $50,000 (Global Equity Fund) |
Todd L. Edwards | $100,001 - $500,000 (Opportunity Fund) |
Alvaro Shiraishi |
$100,001 - $500,000 (Global Equity Fund) $100,001 - $500,000 (International Small Cap Fund) |
Colin Dunn |
$10,001 - $50,000 (Opportunity Fund) $100,001 - $500,000 (International Equity Fund) $50,001 - $100,000 (Small Cap Fund) $10,001 - $50,000 (Global Equity Fund) $10,001 - $50,000 (SMID Fund) $10,001 - $50,000 (International Small Cap Fund) |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Funds, the portfolio managers are responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as follows. None of the accounts included below are subject to a performance based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other
Accounts |
||||
Name | Number of Accounts |
Total
|
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets
|
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets
|
Anna (Ania) A. Aldrich | 0 | $0 | 1 | $44.95 | 488 | $8,024.64 |
Brian M. Barish | 0 | $0 | 1 | $44.95 | 475 | $7,992.19 |
Andrew Baumbusch | 0 | $0 | 1 | $44.95 | 461 | $7,927.13 |
Jennifer M. Dunne | 0 | $0 | 1 | $44.95 | 307 | $6,433.16 |
Todd Edwards | 0 | $0 | 1 | $44.95 | 384 | $6,598.11 |
Alvaro Shiraishi | 0 | $0 | 1 | $44.95 | 335 | $6,531.60 |
Colin Dunn | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 159 | $1,519.03 |
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Conflicts of Interest. A portfolio manager’s management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with his or her management of a Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The management of multiple accounts may result in a portfolio manager devoting unequal time and attention to the management of each account. Although the Adviser does not track the time a portfolio manager spends on a single portfolio, it does seek to ensure that portfolio managers have adequate time and resources to effectively manage all of the accounts for which she or he is responsible. Even where multiple accounts are managed by a portfolio manager within the same investment strategy, the manager may take action with respect to one account that may differ from the timing or nature of action taken with respect to another account because of different investment platforms, account types, opening or funding dates, cash flows, client-specific objectives or restrictions, or for other reasons. Accordingly, the performance of each account managed by a portfolio manager will vary.
Potential conflicts of interest may also arise when allocating and/or aggregating trades. The Adviser often seeks to aggregate into a single trade order several individual contemporaneous client trade orders in a single security. Under applicable Adviser policies, when trades are aggregated on behalf of more than one account, such transactions will be allocated to participating client accounts in a fair and equitable manner. The Adviser’s policies also seek to ensure that portfolio managers do not systematically allocate other types of trades in a manner that would be more beneficial to one account than another, and the Adviser’s compliance personnel monitor transactions made on behalf of multiple clients to seek to ensure adherence to its policies. In addition, the Adviser has adopted and implemented policies and procedures, including brokerage and trade allocation policies and procedures, that seek to minimize potential conflicts of interest that may arise because the Adviser advises multiple accounts.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss arising out of any investment or for any act or omission in carrying out its duties thereunder, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2017, the fiscal period from May 1, 2017 to October 31, 2017 and the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds paid the Administrator the following fees:
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Fund | Administration Fees Paid | |||
2016 | 2017 | 2017 1 | 2018 | |
Opportunity Fund | $315,998 | $197,964 | $76,504 | $140,547 |
International Equity Fund | $515,783 | $1,281,384 | $751,587 | $1,603,731 |
Small Cap Fund | $497,232 | $279,880 | $86,355 | $83,303 |
Global Ultra Focus Fund | $71,057 | $52,441 | $24,727 | $43,989 |
SMID Fund | $20,681 | $14,810 | $7,299 | $17,296 |
Global Equity Fund | $1,557 | $5,564 | $3,045 | $6,046 |
International Small Cap Fund | $606 | $617 | $408 | $1,038 |
1 | Effective August 15, 2017, the Board approved a change in the fiscal year end of the Funds from April 30 to October 31. |
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”) whereby the Distributor acts as principal underwriter for the Trust’s shares. The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Shareholder Servicing Plan. The Funds, except for the International Small Cap Fund, have adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which a shareholder servicing fee of up to 0.25% of average daily net assets of Investor Class Shares of the Funds may be paid to financial intermediaries. The International Small Cap Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which a shareholder servicing fee of up to 0.25% of average daily net assets of Institutional Class Shares of the Fund may be paid to financial intermediaries. Under the shareholder servicing plan, financial intermediaries may perform, or may compensate other financial intermediaries for performing, certain shareholder and/or administrative services or similar non-distribution services, including: (i) maintaining shareholder accounts; (ii) arranging for bank wires; (iii) responding to shareholder inquiries relating to the services performed by the financial intermediaries; (iv) responding to inquiries from shareholders concerning their investments in the Funds; (v) assisting shareholders in changing dividend options, account designations and addresses; (vi) providing information periodically to shareholders showing their positions in the Funds; (vii) forwarding shareholder communications from the Funds such as shareholder reports, annual reports, proxies, and dividend and capital gain distribution and tax notices to shareholders; (viii) processing purchase, exchange and redemption requests from shareholders and placing orders with the Funds or their service providers; (ix) providing sub-accounting services; (x) processing dividend and capital gains payments from the Funds on behalf of shareholders; and (xi) providing other non-distribution-related services as the Funds may reasonably request to the extent that the financial intermediary is permitted to do so under applicable laws or regulations.
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Other Payments by the Funds. The Funds may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, shareholder services fees the Funds may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Funds’ shareholder servicing plan.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries, brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Funds and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, shareholder or administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments from the resources of the Adviser and/or its affiliates may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Funds, the Distributor or shareholders of the Funds through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Funds in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Funds; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
Payments by the Adviser and/or its affiliates may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Funds by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. One of the purposes of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
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DST Systems, Inc., 333 W. 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent for the Funds under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104 (the “Custodian”) serves as the custodian of the Funds. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Funds as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. The financial statements and financial highlights, including the notes thereto, for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018 have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Funds did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Funds described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third-party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of each Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objective, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
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The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust's internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust's financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust's financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the Adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management, but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
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Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees.
As noted, the Board has a lead independent Trustee. In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name
and Year
of Birth |
Position
with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations
|
Other
Directorships
Held in the Past 5 Years |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018) |
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager - Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. |
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Name
and Year
of Birth |
Position
with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations
|
Other
Directorships
Held in the Past 5 Years |
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President - Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Funds as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
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Individual Trustee Qualifications. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chair of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of each of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Funds are the only funds in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Funds' most recently completed fiscal year:
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Name |
Aggregate
Compensation from the Trust |
Pension or Retirement
Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated Annual
Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation from the
Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
Name and Year
of Birth |
Position with Trust and
Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations
in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie
(Born: 1965) |
President (since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors (Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Funds are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis on those days. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
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It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Funds in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period. There may be instances in which certain shareholders are redeemed in-kind while other shareholders are redeemed contemporaneously in cash.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of a Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of any Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
The Funds have no current intention to allow purchases in-kind, but under certain circumstances a Fund may allow investors to purchase shares by contributing securities in-kind to the Fund, provided that the securities used to purchase Fund shares are appropriate investments for the Fund, are consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and policies, and meet any other applicable criteria established by the Adviser, such as liquidity. A Fund will value the securities in accordance with the Funds’ policies and procedures with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities, as of the time at which the Funds determine the net asset value per share of each Fund (the “NAV”) on the day that the securities are contributed to the Fund in-kind. The Adviser has the sole discretion with respect to determining whether particular securities may be used as payment in-kind for Fund shares.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Funds adhere to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities . Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Funds’ pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of each Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Funds will follow the above policies regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Funds will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Funds calculate NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which each Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value a Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Funds are provided daily by independent, third-party pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Funds are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Funds calculate NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
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Fair Valuation of Foreign Securities Based on U.S. Market Movements. The International Equity Fund, the International Small Cap Fund and the Global Ultra Focus Fund use MarkIt Fair Value (“MarkIt”) as a third party fair valuation vendor. MarkIt provides a fair value for foreign securities held by the Funds based on certain factors and methodologies (involving, generally, tracking valuation correlations between the U.S. market and each foreign security) applied by MarkIt in the event that there are movements in the U.S. market that exceed a specific threshold that has been established in advance by the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Fair Value Pricing Committee has also established a “confidence interval” which is used to determine the level of correlation between the value of a foreign security and movements in the U.S. market that is required for a particular security to be fair valued when the threshold is exceeded. In the event that the threshold established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee is exceeded on a specific day, the International Equity Fund, the International Small Cap Fund and the Global Ultra Focus Fund value the foreign securities in their portfolios that exceed the applicable “confidence interval” based upon the fair values provided by MarkIt. In such event, it is not necessary to hold a Fair Value Pricing Committee meeting. In the event that the Adviser believes that the fair values provided by MarkIt are not reliable, the Adviser can contact the Administrator and request that a meeting of the Fair Value Pricing Committee be held.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting each Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of each Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult with their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to RICs, such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
Qualifications as a Regulated Investment Company. Each Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. By following such a policy, each Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. A Fund that qualifies as a RIC will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that the Fund timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
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In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, each Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of each Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of each Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of each Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of each Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership; and (B) not more than 25% of the value of each Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that a Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and may distribute their capital gains for any taxable year, the Funds will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. Each Fund is treated as a separate corporation for federal income tax purposes. A Fund therefore is considered to be a separate entity in determining its treatment under the rules for RICs described herein. Losses in one Fund do not offset gains in another and the requirements (other than certain organizational requirements) for qualifying RIC status are determined at the Fund level rather than at the Trust level.
If a Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If a Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and these relief provisions are not available, all of its income will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would generally be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, a Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
A Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
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The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Funds is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If a Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund's net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. A Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses” are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. A Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if a Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally only requires a Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain, a Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of any calendar year, at least 98% of its ordinary income for that year and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gain over short- and long-term capital loss) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of that year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which a Fund paid no federal income tax). Each Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. A Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of a Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
Shareholder Treatment. Each Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of a Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by a Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by each Fund will be eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Funds receive qualified dividend income on the securities they hold and the Funds report the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from each Fund’s assets before it calculates the net asset value) with respect to such dividend, (ii) each Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in a Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions by the Funds of their net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of a Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in such Fund.
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In the case of corporate shareholders, Fund distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by such Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation. Certain of the Funds' investment strategies may limit their ability to make distributions eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
To the extent that a Fund makes a distribution of income received by such Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of Fund shares).
If a Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in a Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the net asset value of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the net asset value of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Funds (or their administrative agents) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Funds may report and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Funds.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange, or redemption of shares of a Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged, or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.
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Each Fund (or its administrative agent) is required to report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, each Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares each Fund will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election, the Funds will use the average basis method as their default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them by a Fund and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by a Fund from foreign sources may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and United States possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of a Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations or ADRs, the Fund will be eligible to, and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by a Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, a Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit (potentially subject to significant limitations) he or she may be entitled to use against his or her federal income tax. If a Fund makes the election, such Fund will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If the Funds do not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by the Funds.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by a Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if a Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in a Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Funds.
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Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. Each Fund may invest in complex securities. These investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect a Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by a Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to a Fund and/or defer a Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject a Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by each Fund.
Certain derivative investments by the Funds, such as exchange-traded products (including ETFs) and over-the-counter derivatives, may produce non-qualifying income for purposes of the “Qualifying Income Test” described above, which must be met in order for a Fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code. In addition, the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of some derivative investments may be unclear for purposes of applying the “Asset Test” described above. The Funds intend to carefully monitor such investments to ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to ensure that the Funds are adequately diversified under the Asset Test. The Funds, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying income from these investments and there are no assurances that the IRS will agree with the Funds’ determination under the “Asset Test” with respect to such derivatives. Failure to satisfy the Asset Test might also result from a determination by the IRS that financial instruments in which the Fund invests are not securities.
Each Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from futures and options contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. A Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, options contracts and swaps to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require the Funds to mark-to-market certain types of positions in their portfolios (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause a Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Accordingly, in order to avoid certain income and excise taxes, a Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so and which may result in a taxable gain or loss.
A Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount, and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions may also require the Funds to mark-to-market certain types of positions in their portfolios (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause a Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Each Fund intends to monitor its transactions, intends to make the appropriate tax elections, and intends to make the appropriate entries in its books and records when it acquires any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
If a Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs”, the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF”, the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund's pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. Such Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
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Backup Withholding. In certain cases, each Fund will be required to withhold at a rate of 24% and remit to the U.S. Treasury, such withheld amounts on any distributions paid to a shareholder who (1) has provided the Fund either an incorrect taxpayer identification number or no number at all, (2) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends, (3) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding, or (4) has not certified to a Fund that such shareholder is a U.S. person or U.S. resident alien.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as a Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
Non-U.S. Shareholders. Non-U.S. investors in a Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and may be subject to additional reporting obligations and are therefore strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in a Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. A Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of a Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from a Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described in this paragraph. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), a U.S. withholding tax at a 30% rate is imposed on dividends for shareholders who own their shares through foreign accounts or foreign intermediaries if certain disclosure requirements related to U.S. accounts or ownership are not satisfied. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by a Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Funds or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement. Each Fund will not pay any additional amounts in respect to any amounts withheld.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in a Fund will need to provide such Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Funds should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders . Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block UBTI from being realized by their tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”); (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC; or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult with their tax advisors regarding these issues.
The Funds’ shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from a Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from its retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
State Taxes. It is expected that each Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by each Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from rules for federal income taxation described above.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by a Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders.
Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of federal, state and local taxes applicable to an investment in Fund shares.
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BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over the counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Funds will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down.
In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts over which it has brokerage discretion, including one or more Funds, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, the aggregation of trades can be expected to result in an overall economic benefit to the affected accounts, or to obtain efficiencies potentially available on larger transactions. Transactions involving aggregated orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account consistent with the Adviser’s applicable policies and procedures. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or a Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser and the Board that the advantages of combined orders generally outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2017, the fiscal period from May 1, 2017 to October 31, 2017 and the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Fund | Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | |||
2016 | 2017 | 2017 1 | 2018 | |
Opportunity Fund | $451,123 | $337,814 | $57,865 | $165,653 |
International Equity Fund | $3,049,564 | $4,566,359 | $2,248,405 | $4,269,198 |
Small Cap Fund | $1,292,386 | $879,394 | $371,195 | $255,257 |
Global Ultra Focus Fund | $403,986 | $193,031 | $89,012 | $128,962 |
SMID Fund | $55,711 | $23,948 | $6,218 | $29,068 |
Global Equity Fund | $7,144 | $17,547 | $9,016 | $15,038 |
International Small Cap Fund | $1,570 | $1,118 | $912 | $2,653 |
1 | Effective August 15, 2017, the Board approved a change in the fiscal year end of the Funds from April 30 to October 31. |
Brokerage Selection. The Adviser’s primary objective in executing securities trades for the Funds is to attempt to ensure that the total cost or proceeds associated with the transaction are the most favorable reasonably available under prevailing market conditions, based on considerations including overall investment goals.
Some of the qualitative and quantitative considerations that may be relevant in assessing whether best execution is achieved include, among others: (1) in relation to the security: price, size of the order, market depth, available liquidity, recent order flow and other trading characteristics, the availability of accurate information affecting choices as to the most favorable market center or other trading venue for execution, the feasibility of using a traditional broker or an electronic communications network or other alternative trading system (together, “ATS”), and the cost and difficulty of achieving an execution in a particular market center or other trading venue, and (2) in relation to the broker or ATS: amount of commissions or spreads or fees, speed of execution, ability to locate liquidity or natural counterparties, ability to trade in local markets, willingness to commit the broker’s own capital, quality of the sales trader, execution and settlement capabilities, responsiveness, knowledge of the other side of the trade, financial responsibility, the value of qualifying research or services provided to the Adviser that generally benefit clients, and the confidentiality of trading information.
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The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Funds to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting an agency transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided by the broker, viewed in terms of either the specific transactions or the Adviser’s overall responsibilities to client accounts. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). The Adviser’s arrangements in this respect are intended to fall within the “safe harbor” provided under Section 28(e) and applicable SEC and staff guidance. In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Funds.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include access to corporate executives, broker analysts, and economists, attendance at investment conferences, furnishing of market letters and reports concerning the state of the economy, the outlook for particular industries, the prospects of individual companies and portfolio strategy, access to software to assist in post-trade matching and settlement, portfolio management and analysis software, and other research-oriented software. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used in connection with the account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
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Commission Sharing Arrangement (“CSA”). The Adviser utilizes Commission Sharing Arrangements (“CSA”) facilitated by one or more executing brokers to obtain research from certain macro research and other firms. Allocations to the firms are determined by the Adviser’s broker-vote process.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds paid the following commissions through the CSA program:
Fund |
Total
Dollar Amount of
Brokerage Commissions for Research Services (“CSA”) |
Total Dollar Amount of
Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services (“CSA”) |
2018 | 2018 | |
Opportunity Fund | $9,157 | $12,893,552 |
International Equity Fund | $373,367 | $271,604,052 |
Small Cap Fund | $15,179 | $13,323,102 |
Global Ultra Focus Fund | $4,089 | $3,534,010 |
SMID Fund | $1,571 | $1,540,101 |
Global Equity Fund | $694 | $825,993 |
International Small Cap Fund | $0 | $0 |
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Funds may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Funds or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated thereunder by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Funds for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2017, the fiscal period from May 1, 2017 to October 31, 2017 and the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds paid no brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Funds are required to identify any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers” that each Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. A Fund’s regular broker-dealers are (i) the ten broker-dealers that received the greatest dollar amount of brokerage commissions from the Fund; (ii) the ten broker-dealers that engaged as principal in the largest dollar amount of portfolio transactions of the Fund; and (iii) the ten broker-dealers that sold the largest dollar amount of Fund shares. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds held securities of their "regular brokers and dealers" as follows:
Fund |
Name of
Broker/Dealer |
Type of
Security Held |
Dollar Amount
at FYE |
Opportunity Fund | Wells Fargo & Co | Equity | $9,315,250 |
Global Equity Fund | HSBC | Equity | $234,418 |
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Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. The Funds may at times hold investments in short-term instruments, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal year ended April 30, 2017, the fiscal period from May 1, 2017 to October 31, 2017 and the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the portfolio turnover rates for the Funds were as follows:
Fund | Portfolio Turnover Rate | ||
2017 | 2017 1 | 2018 | |
Opportunity Fund | 46% | 16% | 47% |
International Equity Fund | 57% | 26% | 54% |
Small Cap Fund | 54% | 26% | 45% |
Global Ultra Focus Fund | 72% | 43% | 87% |
SMID Fund | 48% | 13% | 61% |
Global Equity Fund | 60% | 21% | 45% |
International Small Cap Fund | 49% | 26% | 68% |
1 | Effective August 15, 2017, the Board approved a change in the fiscal year end of the Funds from April 30 to October 31. |
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Funds’ portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders. These policies and procedures are also designed to address conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds, the Adviser, or the principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (“Adviser CCO”) to authorize the release of the Funds’ portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser CCO, either directly or through reports by the Funds’ Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Funds are required to disclose their complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31). Each Fund will disclose a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s net asset value (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. Each Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters is available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and each Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters is available in Shareholder Reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
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Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should a Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-777-8227.
The Funds generally post a detailed list of their portfolio holdings as of the most recent calendar month end, 30 days after the end of the calendar month. These postings can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/ and generally remain until replaced by new postings as described above. In addition, each Fund generally posts its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage that each of these holdings represents of the Fund’s total assets, as of the most recent calendar month end, 10 calendar days after the end of the calendar month. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Funds’ portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed in the best interest of the Funds.
In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator, the financial printer or Transfer Agent, in connection with their services to the Funds. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Funds. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of a Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics.
The Funds’ policies and procedures provide that the Adviser’s CCO may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Adviser’s CCO must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of the Funds’ shareholders and that conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders and those of the Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds are addressed. Complete portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The monthly disclosures will not be made sooner than three days after the date of the information.
The Adviser currently has arrangements to provide: International Equity Fund non-public holdings information to Mercer Investments; Small Cap Fund non-public holdings information to Aon Hewitt, Cardinal Investment Advisor, Russell Mellon and Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC; SMID Fund non-public holdings information to Aon Hewitt; and non-public portfolio holdings information of each Fund to eVestment and FactSet. The Adviser may report the complete portfolio (including security name, ticker, number of shares, current market value and percentage of portfolio), as well as percentage weightings for the top ten holdings. This is generally sent on a quarterly basis, but may vary. The lag time for such disclosures will also vary. Each Fund’s portfolio holdings may be used to create 1) a quarterly profile to educate brokers, or 2) to conduct quarterly due diligence on the Fund. This information is considered confidential and will not be distributed to the public. The Funds believe these disclosures serve a legitimate business purpose. The Funds’ Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, the Funds require any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Funds or the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank the Funds, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
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The Funds’ policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Funds, the Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Funds’ portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of a Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of a Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of a Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. Each Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust, unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
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The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Funds to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Funds’ complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-777-8227; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics (each a “Code of Ethics” and together the “Codes of Ethics”) apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“access persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by access persons. Under each Code of Ethics, access persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Funds, but are required to report certain personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. The Codes of Ethics further require certain access persons to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings and limited offerings. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of any class of the shares of the Funds. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of a Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling a Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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Cambiar International Small Cap Fund | ||
Name and Address | % of Fund | |
CAMBIAR HOLDINGS LLLP 200 COLUMBINE ST STE 800 DENVER CO 80206-4734 |
53.54% | |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SVCS CORP FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-1995 |
45.01% |
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
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Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
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Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
• | The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation; |
• | The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and |
• | The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights. |
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
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Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
*Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories.
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Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
• | Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and |
• | Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note. |
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
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SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
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AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
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B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
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APPENDIX B - PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
P ROXY V OTING P OLICIES AND PROCEDURES
PROXY VOTING POLICY AND PROCEDURES |
• | Objective : The objective of Cambiar Investors, LLC’s proxy voting process is to seek to maximize the long-term investment performance of our client accounts by exercising delegated voting authority over proxies in clients’ best economic interests as determined by Cambiar in good faith after appropriate review. Cambiar will use reasonable best efforts to vote proxies for which it receives ballots in good order and in a timely manner. Proxies will be voted or otherwise processed (such as by a decision to abstain from voting or to take no action) consistent with these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures (“Proxy Voting Policies”). |
• | Policy : Under its investment discipline, Cambiar seeks to invest in issuers with management teams that it believes are committed to enhancing shareholder value and serving shareholder interests. Cambiar believes that the management teams of most companies it invests in generally pursue these objectives, and therefore believes that voting proxy proposals in clients’ best economic interests generally equates to voting with the recommendations of company management teams and/or the company’s board of directors. |
• | Cambiar’s analysis of a proxy proposal can lead it to conclude that a particular management or board recommendation may not be in clients’ best interests. In these circumstances, Cambiar may, in its sole discretion, choose to vote against a management or board recommendation based on its analysis, if such action appears more consistent with the best interests of clients. |
• | In certain circumstances, such as when a proxy issuer is also a client of Cambiar, a potential material conflict in how the proxies are voted may arise between Cambiar’s interests and the interests of affected clients. In the event there exists a material conflict of interest between Cambiar and the interests of one or more clients in how proxies are voted, Cambiar has adopted procedures that are designed to resolve such conflicts. In such situations, Cambiar may vote these ballots as recommended by an independent, third-party proxy research provider. |
• | Cambiar may abstain from voting or take no action on certain proxy proposals. Instances when this might occur include, but are not limited to, proxies issued by companies that Cambiar has decided to sell, proxies issued by companies that Cambiar did not select for a client portfolio, or proxies issued by foreign companies, as described further below. |
• | Special challenges may arise in connection with voting proxies for companies organized in foreign countries or subject to foreign securities laws. Certain foreign markets, for example, may require that the securities positions be held or “blocked” for extended periods leading up to (or even following) the meeting. Because foreign markets may impose these or other types of burdensome or expensive voting requirements, Cambiar may choose, in its discretion, to abstain or take no action on these proxies. For certain foreign securities held in depositary receipt form, Cambiar may not have the option to vote proxies as the receipt issuer may not pass through to receipt holders the voting rights of the ordinary shares. |
• | Cambiar may use an independent, third-party proxy service provider to assist in the ministerial and administrative aspects of voting proxies, including assisting in preparing ballots and reports, casting votes, maintaining voting records, and disclosing voting information to clients. Cambiar will use reasonable best efforts to periodically reconcile available votes or votes cast by the proxy service provider against shares held in client accounts in an effort to ensure that Cambiar is receiving and voting proxies for those clients and relationships for which it has voting authority. |
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• | Cambiar maintains records relating to how it votes proxies for client accounts, as well as other records relating to these Proxy Voting Policies, as required by the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (“Advisers Act”). These policies and procedures, as well as a record of how Cambiar votes proxies for client accounts, are available to clients upon request. |
Proxy Voting Procedures:
1. | Responsibilities : Cambiar’s Operations Department has primary responsibility for implementing these Proxy Voting Policies. The head of the Operations staff will designate one individual (“Proxy Administrator”) to assume primary responsibility for voting proxies and associated duties. The Proxy Administrator may select other Cambiar employees, including members of the investment and compliance teams, to assist in complying with these policies. |
Cambiar may retain an independent, third-party proxy voting service provider (“proxy service provider”) to assist in recordkeeping, reporting, voting and processing proxies. Cambiar currently uses Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. (“Broadridge”) and its ProxyEdge voting platform to provide these services. Certain clients’ ballots may be voted using an alternative method (such as a different proxy service provider designated by the client). In some cases, proxies may only be voted using paper ballots, such as when required by certain client custodians or by issuers of foreign ordinary shares. In those cases, Cambiar will use reasonable best efforts to vote those proxies if it is determined to be in clients’ best interests.
Cambiar also may retain an independent, third-party proxy research service (“proxy advisory firm”) to assist in effectuating these policies and procedures, including providing independent proxy voting research. At present, Cambiar uses Glass Lewis & Co. (“Glass Lewis”) for these purposes. Prior to hiring a proxy advisory firm, Cambiar will seek to determine that the firm is adequately staffed, has the capacity and competency to adequately analyze proxy issues, and is devoid of material conflicts of interest with Cambiar in providing its services. The Compliance Department will periodically review any proxy advisory firm to consider whether it can continue to satisfy these requirements.
Cambiar will conduct oversight of third-party research providers that it retains to assist with proxy voting to determine that proxies continue to be voted in clients’ best interests. Cambiar will request that proxy advisory firms update Cambiar regarding relevant business changes ( i.e ., with respect to the firm’s capacity and competency to provide proxy voting advice) or conflict policies and procedures. Cambiar will use such information to identify and address conflicts that may arise on an ongoing basis.
2. | Procedures : The Proxy Administrator will review the applicable investment management agreement/client profile for each eligible new account to determine if the client has elected to have Cambiar vote proxies on its behalf. If so, the Operations staff will forward to the client the information necessary to register the account on Broadridge’s ProxyEdge voting platform to identify relevant proxy voting data. |
Upon notification through the proxy service provider or client custodian that a proxy has been issued for a security held in a Cambiar client portfolio, the Proxy Administrator will retrieve and review the applicable research report from the proxy advisory firm. Among other things, the Proxy Administrator will review the report to determine if the proxy advisory firm recommends voting in a manner consistent with the recommendations of company management and/or the company’s board of directors. As discussed above, because Cambiar generally believes that the issuers it invests in generally attempt to serve shareholder interests, Cambiar seeks to vote with the recommendations of management or the board when such recommendation is in clients’ best interests. In the event that the proxy advisory firm recommends voting with management or the board on all ballot measures and Cambiar concurs with the recommendation, the Proxy Administrator will rely on the proxy service provider to vote according to established instructions on the ProxyEdge voting platform
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If the proxy advisory firm recommends voting differently from management or the board, as described below in Voting Away from Management , the Proxy Administrator will provide the relevant research materials to a Cambiar portfolio manager or investment analyst. Once the research materials have been reviewed, the investment team member will provide the Proxy Administrator with instructions as to whether to vote as recommended by the board or management, to vote as recommended by the proxy advisory firm, as applicable, or take some other action, such as a decision to abstain or take no action. The Proxy Administrator will review the vote instructions on the ProxyEdge voting platform to confirm that the correct vote instructions are displayed consistent with investment team member instructions, as needed.
Some custodians may require that proxies be voted on paper ballots. In these instances, the paper ballots are reviewed, analyzed, and voted manually, as per procedures similar to those described above.
3. | Voting Away from Management : In certain circumstances, analysis of proxy proposals could lead Cambiar to the conclusion that certain recommendations of the board or management may not be in clients’ best interests. For example, certain proxy proposals or recommendations by management, the board, shareholders, or other proponents—such as, without limitation, proposals that would affect corporate governance, anti-takeover measures, directors, director qualifications, or compensation programs—could present circumstances in which the management or board recommendation, in Cambiar’s view, is not optimum for promoting client interests. |
In these and other circumstances, Cambiar may vote against (or abstain or take no action on) a management or board recommendation. Cambiar may use the proxy advisory firm to assist in identifying ballot measures that may warrant additional analysis. Members of Cambiar’s investment management team also may identify matters in which Cambiar may choose to vote away from management or the board. A decision to vote against a particular management or board recommendation or to otherwise abstain or take no action on a proxy proposal does not necessarily signal a departure from Cambiar’s overall view that management is committed to shareholder interests.
The Proxy Administrator provides the research and analysis issued by the proxy advisory firm to the investment team member responsible for following that company if the service recommends voting in a manner inconsistent with a management or board recommendation. The Proxy Administrator will then solicit the views of the portfolio manager or analyst, who will provide a final determination as to whether to vote as recommended by management or the board, to vote as recommended by the proxy advisory firm, as applicable, or take some other action. The Proxy Administrator will update the votes in the system accordingly. In the event the Portfolio Manager/Analyst determines to vote against (or abstain or take no action on) a management or board recommendation, the Proxy Administrator will maintain certain records, as described in Recordkeeping , below.
4. | Material Conflicts of Interest : In certain circumstances, such as when a proxy issuer is also a client of Cambiar, a potential material conflict in how the proxies are voted may arise between Cambiar’s interests and the interests of affected clients. Cambiar has established certain procedures to be followed when a potential material conflict of interest is identified. |
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Cambiar defines a “material conflict of interest” to mean those circumstances in which Cambiar: (1) knowingly does a material amount of business with a particular proxy issuer or another principal proponent of a proxy proposal; (2) does a material amount of business with an entity closely affiliated with the proxy issuer or other principal proponent of a proposal; or (3) may appear to have a significant conflict of interest between its own interests and the interests of clients. Cambiar generally considers proxies issued by publicly-traded institutional investor clients (or their affiliates) that sponsor wrap arrangements or maintain separate accounts with Cambiar as potentially presenting material conflicts of interest. Cambiar also considers significant service providers to Cambiar as potentially presenting material conflicts of interest.
Cambiar does not consider SMA/UMA/Model wrap accounts for which it maintains proxy voting authority to present potential material conflicts of interest because: (1) it considers Cambiar’s primary relationship to be with the wrap account sponsor, rather than the underlying account; (2) such accounts are less likely to be materially significant; and (3) in many instances wrap account sponsors do not provide Cambiar with information necessary to identify or evaluate a potential conflict of interest.
The Proxy Administrator will seek to maintain (and periodically review and update) a spreadsheet listing each entity or person identified by Cambiar as potentially presenting a material conflict of interest with respect to voting proxies. In addition to large institutional clients that sponsor wrap arrangements or maintain separate accounts, Cambiar will include individuals identified to Cambiar as officers or board members of public companies, significant service providers to Cambiar or its affiliates, and other entities and individuals deemed to present potential material conflicts of interest.
Upon receipt of an issuer’s proxy ballot, the Proxy Administrator will review the spreadsheet in an effort to identify potential material conflicts of interest. In the event that a material conflict of interest is identified with respect to one or more ballot measures, Cambiar will seek to vote the proxies as recommended by the proxy advisory firm, will “echo” or “mirror” vote those shares in the same proportion as other votes, will seek guidance from affected clients, or will abstain or take no action on that ballot. The Proxy Administrator will document instances in which material conflicts of interest are identified and addressed, as described in Recordkeeping , below.
5. | Voting in Foreign Markets : Corporate governance standards, disclosure requirements, and the mechanics of voting proxies in foreign markets can vary greatly from U.S. markets. Certain foreign markets impose unduly burdensome or expensive proxy voting requirements on equity holders, including “share-blocking” requirements that require that the foreign securities be held for designated periods of time leading up to, and sometimes following, the meeting. In other jurisdictions, ballots may not be cast if a current and valid power of attorney between the client and the custodian is not in place. Other jurisdictions require that shares be re-registered out of street name and into the name of the beneficial owner in order to vote; an action that typically must be followed by re-registering the shares back into street name. |
Foreign proxies may raise other issues as well. For example, ballots cast for foreign proxies may be voted, but not counted, due to foreign voting requirements or other limitations. In some jurisdictions, ballots for foreign securities held in omnibus accounts for multiple clients may be voted in an unexpected manner if the custodian receives different voting instructions from its customers and cannot split votes.
For interests in certain foreign companies held through unsponsored American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) or similar depositary receipts, Cambiar may not have the option to vote proxies as the receipt issuer may not pass the voting rights of the ordinary shares through to receipt holders.
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Because some foreign markets impose these and other hurdles to casting proxy ballots, Cambiar may, in its discretion, choose to abstain or take no action on foreign proxies if it determines, in its own reasonable discretion, that the burdens and costs outweigh the potential benefits to clients. The Proxy Administrator will document proxy voting for foreign issuers, as described in Recordkeeping , below.
6. | Abstaining or Taking No Action/Closed Accounts : Cambiar will use reasonable best efforts to vote proxies for which Cambiar receives ballots in good order and with timely notice. Such proxies will be voted or otherwise processed as intended under this Proxy Voting Policy when consistent with clients’ best interests. |
On occasion, Cambiar may be unable to vote or otherwise process certain proxy ballots. For example, proxies that are not received or processed in a timely manner due to functional limitations of the proxy voting system, custodial limitations, factors relating to voting proxies for foreign securities or interests, or other factors beyond Cambiar’s control may compromise the ability to vote such proxies. Cambiar also may be unable to vote proxies for securities out on loan under securities lending programs.
In the event that a client account closes, Cambiar will attempt, within a reasonable period, to contact the proxy service provider or custodian, as applicable, to request that proxy information for that client no longer be forwarded to Cambiar and that Cambiar be removed from the client’s proxy voting designation. As a result of complexities and limitations within the proxy voting process, however, Cambiar may vote proxies for clients whose accounts close after the record date.
7. | Voting by Client : Clients may elect to vote proxies for their own account as an alternative to directing Cambiar to do so. Cambiar recommends this approach if a client believes that proxies should be voted based on religious, political or social interests or other client-specific considerations. Cambiar generally cannot implement client proxy voting guidelines that do not delegate full discretion to Cambiar, or that are not fully consistent with this Proxy Voting Policy. Cambiar does not vote individual proxy ballot measures as per client request. In its discretion and on a limited basis, Cambiar may agree to a client request to vote proxies according to a specific set of guidelines promulgated by an independent third-party proxy service. |
8. | Reconciliation : The Proxy Administrator will use reasonable best efforts to periodically reconcile available votes or votes cast on Broadridge’s ProxyEdge system (and on ballots received or voted outside of the system) against shares held in client accounts in an effort to confirm that Cambiar is receiving and voting proxies for clients and relationships for which it has voting authority. Furthermore, the Proxy Administrator will periodically sample proxy votes, including those voted away from management or the board or had resulted in Cambiar abstaining or taking no action, to review whether they complied with these policies and procedures. |
9. | Recordkeeping : Pursuant to Rule 204-2(c)(2), Cambiar shall maintain the following records: (1) copies of all proxy voting policies and procedures; (2) copies of proxy statements received for client securities; (3) a record of each domestic and foreign proxy vote cast on behalf of clients; (4) documents prepared by Cambiar that are material to making certain proxy voting decisions, including research provided by a proxy advisory firm; (5) written client requests for proxy voting information regarding client accounts; and (6) written responses to written or oral requests for proxy information. Cambiar may keep such records on Broadridge’s ProxyEdge platform or a similar electronic system maintained by a proxy service provider or advisory firm. For records maintained by third-parties, Cambiar will obtain an undertaking from the third-party provider that such records are available promptly upon request. Cambiar may also rely on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s EDGAR system to keep records of certain proxy statements issued by companies. Proxy-related records will be maintained in an easily accessible place for at least five years (and at an appropriate office of Cambiar or its service provider for the first two years). |
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The Proxy Administrator will document instances in which it identifies a material conflict of interest, as well as the analysis for resolving the particular conflict. Further, the Proxy Administrator will document certain non-routine proxy voting issues, including the basis for decisions to vote against a management or board recommendation or any decision to abstain or take no action on a proxy that is intended to demonstrate divergence from a management or board recommendation.
Other than as required by Rule 204-2(c)(2), Cambiar will not document other, more routine matters, including, but not limited to: (1) a decision not to vote or otherwise process proxies that were not received in good order or in a timely fashion, or otherwise not processed for reasons beyond Cambiar’s control; or (2) when it determines to abstain or take no action in the following circumstances: (i) when foreign issuers impose burdensome, unreasonable, or expensive requirements on voting proxies; (ii) when the foreign jurisdiction does not allow vote splitting; (iii) when Cambiar has sold or determined to sell a security; (iv) when Cambiar did not select the securities for the client portfolio (such as securities that were selected by the client or a previous adviser, unsupervised securities held in a client account, money market securities); and (v) when the client account has closed.
10. | Information : Copies of these policies and procedures can be obtained free of charge by: |
> | calling Cambiar toll-free at 888-673-9950 |
> | writing to Cambiar at: 200 Columbine Street, Suite 800, Denver, CO 80206 |
> | visiting the Cambiar website at http://www.cambiar.com |
Cambiar clients may obtain proxy voting records for their accounts free of charge by:
> | calling Cambiar toll-free at 888-673-9950 |
> | writing to Cambiar at: 200 Columbine Street, Suite 800, Denver, CO 80206 |
> | for Cambiar Fund shareholders, by visiting our website at http://www.cambiar.com |
(typically the Cambiar Funds’ proxy voting records are available by August 31 each year for the previous 12 month period ended June 30)
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Cambiar’s Chief Compliance Officer will review the adequacy of these policies and procedures at least annually to determine whether they have been implemented effectively, including whether the policies and procedures continue to be reasonably designed to vote proxies in the best interests of clients. Any amendments to this policy require the written approval of the Chief Compliance Officer.
Approved by: | Christine Simon |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer |
Effective Date: | March 31, 2015 |
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Prospectus
March 1, 2019
CIBC ATLAS DISCIPLINED EQUITY FUND
(FORMERLY, AT DISCIPLINED EQUITY FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWEIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWEVX)
CIBC ATLAS MID CAP EQUITY FUND
(FORMERLY, AT MID CAP EQUITY FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWMIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWMVX)
CIBC ATLAS INCOME OPPORTUNITIES FUND
(FORMERLY, AT INCOME OPPORTUNITIES FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWIIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWIVX)
CIBC ATLAS ALL CAP GROWTH FUND
(FORMERLY, AT ALL CAP GROWTH FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWGIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWGVX)
CIBC ATLAS EQUITY INCOME FUND
(FORMERLY, AT EQUITY INCOME FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWYIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWYVX)
INVESTMENT ADVISER:
CIBC PRIVATE WEALTH ADVISORS, INC.
(FORMERLY, AT INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC.)
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Funds, please see:
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Investor Class Shares of the Funds are currently not available for purchase.
The investment objective of the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation and, secondarily, current income.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor
|
|||
Management Fees |
0.66% |
0.66% |
||
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
None |
0.25% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.10% |
0.25% |
||
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
None |
0.15% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.10% |
0.10% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
0.76% |
1.16% |
1 |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, Shareholder Servicing Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.80% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee reduction and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return
1
each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
|
Institutional Class Shares |
$78 |
$243 |
$422 |
$942 |
Investor Class Shares |
$118 |
$368 |
$638 |
$1,409 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 19% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities and other instruments that have economic characteristics similar to equity securities. The Fund invests primarily in equity securities of U.S. and foreign issuers, and it may invest up to 25% of its net assets in foreign securities. The principal type of equity securities in which the Fund invests is common stock.
The Fund may invest in the securities of issuers of all capitalization sizes; however, a substantial number of the issuers in which the Fund invests are large-capitalization issuers. The Fund considers an issuer to be a large-capitalization issuer if it has a market capitalization, at the time of purchase, within the range of the largest and smallest capitalized companies included in the Russell 1000 ® Index during the most recent 11-month period (based on month-end data) plus the most recent date during the current month. As of December 31, 2018, the market capitalization range for the Russell 1000 ® Index was approximately $365 million to $780.4 billion.
The Fund normally invests in securities that generate strong cash flow and are available at attractive valuations. The Fund’s portfolio managers will be opportunistic with regard to the prices the Fund will pay for new investments and at which it will terminate positions.
In choosing securities, the Fund’s portfolio managers emphasize a bottom-up, fundamental stock selection investment strategy that focuses on issuers
2
that can consistently deliver strong cash flow growth and return on invested capital. The portfolio managers also look to invest in securities of issuers with a proven track record of solid business execution because they believe that such a history is an indication of the value of the underlying franchise or market position. These issuers typically have a proprietary product or business approach that allows them to be leaders within their respective industries. In addition, the portfolio managers emphasize diversification in terms of sector exposure.
The Fund’s portfolio managers consider selling a stock when its fundamental business prospects deteriorate, its ability to generate cash deteriorates, or when they think the stock is too expensive based on cash flow valuation metrics. In response to market, economic, political or other conditions, the Fund’s portfolio managers may temporarily use a different investment strategy for defensive purposes. If the Fund’s portfolio managers do so, different factors could affect the Fund’s performance and the Fund may not achieve its investment objective.
The Fund’s investments in the types of securities described in this Prospectus vary from time to time, and, at any time, the Fund may not be invested in all of the types of securities described in this Prospectus. The Fund may also invest in securities and other investments not described in this Prospectus. Such investments will not constitute principal investment strategies of the Fund.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Foreign Securities Risk – The Fund’s foreign investments may be affected by changes in a foreign country’s exchange rates, political and social instability, changes in economic or taxation policies, difficulties when
3
enforcing obligations, decreased liquidity, and increased volatility. Foreign companies may be subject to less regulation resulting in less publicly available information about the companies.
Management Risk – The investment techniques and risk analysis used by the Fund’s portfolio managers may not produce the desired results.
Market Risk – The prices of and the income generated by the Fund’s securities may decline in response to, among other things, investor sentiment, general economic and market conditions, regional or global instability, and currency and interest rate fluctuations.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
The Fund acquired the assets and liabilities and assumed the historical performance of the Invesco Disciplined Equity Fund (the “Invesco Predecessor Fund”), a series of AIM Equity Funds (“Invesco Equity Funds”), on January 2, 2014 (the “Disciplined Equity Reorganization”). Accordingly, the performance shown for the periods prior to the Disciplined Equity Reorganization but after September 21, 2009 represents the performance of Class Y shares of the Invesco Predecessor Fund, which was the only class of shares of the Invesco Predecessor Fund outstanding at the time of the Disciplined Equity Reorganization. The Invesco Predecessor Fund acquired the assets and liabilities and assumed the historical performance of the Atlantic Whitehall Equity Income Fund, a series of Atlantic Whitehall Funds Trust (the “Atlantic Whitehall Predecessor Fund”), on September 21, 2009 (the “Prior Disciplined Equity Reorganization”). Accordingly, the performance shown in the bar chart and performance table for periods prior to September 21, 2009 represents the performance of Institutional Class shares of the Atlantic Whitehall Predecessor Fund (together with the Invesco Predecessor Fund, the “Predecessor Funds”), which was the only class of shares of the Atlantic Whitehall Predecessor Fund outstanding at the time of the Prior Disciplined Equity Reorganization. The Predecessor Funds’ returns in the bar chart and table have not been adjusted to reflect the Fund’s expenses. If the Predecessor Funds’ performance information had been adjusted to reflect the Fund’s expenses, the performance may have
4
been higher or lower for a given period depending on the expenses incurred by a Predecessor Fund for that period.
As of the date of this Prospectus, Investor Class Shares of the Fund have not commenced operations and therefore have no performance information to report. Investor Class Shares of the Fund would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the returns would generally differ only to the extent that expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher than the expenses of Institutional Class Shares, in which case the returns for Investor Class Shares would be lower than those of Institutional Class Shares.
Updated performance information is available by calling 1-855-328-3863.
Annual Total Returns
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
16.84% |
(12.58)% |
6/30/2009 |
12/31/2018 |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
5
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Return Before Taxes |
0.96% |
9.41% |
13.66% |
8.56% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(0.76)% |
8.29% |
12.68% |
7.62% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
1.98% |
7.51% |
11.53% |
7.00% |
S&P 500 ® Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(4.38)% |
8.49% |
13.12% |
8.69% |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
Patricia Bannan, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014 and managed the Invesco Predecessor Fund since 2010.
Brant Houston, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014 and managed the Invesco Predecessor Fund since 2013.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 37 of the Prospectus.
6
The CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund (the “Fund”) seeks long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor
|
|||
Management Fees |
0.75% |
0.75% |
||
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
None |
0.25% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.10% |
0.25% |
||
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
None |
0.15% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.10% |
0.10% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
0.85% |
1.25% |
1 |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, Shareholder Servicing Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee reduction and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although
7
your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
|
Institutional Class Shares |
$87 |
$271 |
$471 |
$1,049 |
Investor Class Shares |
$127 |
$397 |
$686 |
$1,511 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 9% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of mid-capitalization companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of this policy, a mid-capitalization company is a company with a market capitalization of between $2 billion and $20 billion at the time of initial purchase. While the Fund expects to invest primarily in common stock, it may also invest in other equity securities, including preferred stock, convertible securities and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). The Fund may invest up to 25% of its net assets in foreign securities, including ADRs.
In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser utilizes a bottom-up, fundamental selection process that focuses on identifying companies across various sectors that can deliver consistently strong earnings growth, free cash flow growth and above average return on equity. The Adviser looks for a proven history of growth in the companies in which the Fund invests, because the Adviser believes that it is indicative of the value of the company’s underlying franchise or market position, and companies with such a history typically have a proprietary product or business approach that allows them to be leaders within their respective industries.
The Fund intends to buy and hold securities of companies for the long-term, and seeks to limit portfolio turnover. The Fund may sell a security, however, when a company’s fundamental business prospects or ability to generate cash deteriorates, its capitalization exceeds the upper range of capitalizations of
8
companies in the Fund’s benchmark index, its management becomes less stable or it becomes overvalued, or when more attractive alternatives exist.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The mid-capitalization companies the Fund invests in may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these medium-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies may have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, the mid-capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since
9
political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies generally are denominated in a foreign currency. Changes in the value of a currency compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes will increase their earnings at a certain rate that is generally higher than the rate expected for non-growth companies. If a growth company does not meet these expectations, the price of its stock may decline significantly, even if it has increased earnings. Many growth companies do not pay dividends. Companies that do not pay dividends often have greater stock price declines during market downturns. Over time, a growth investing style may go in and out of favor, and when out of favor, may cause the Fund to underperform other equity funds that use differing investing styles.
10
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
As of the date of this Prospectus, Investor Class Shares of the Fund have not commenced operations and therefore have no performance information to report. Investor Class Shares of the Fund would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the returns would generally differ only to the extent that expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher than the expenses of Institutional Class Shares, in which case the returns for Investor Class Shares would be lower than those of Institutional Class Shares.
Updated performance information is available by calling 1-855-328-3863.
Annual Total Returns
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
8.67% |
(14.57)% |
(03/31/2015) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
11
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund |
1 Year |
Since
|
Return Before Taxes |
(6.76)% |
6.37% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(6.76)% |
6.27% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(4.26)% |
5.18% |
Russell Mid-Cap Growth Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(4.75)% |
6.81% |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
Frederick L. Weiss, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Jay Pearlstein, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 37 of the Prospectus.
12
The CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund (the “Fund”) seeks current income and long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor
|
|||
Management Fees |
0.60% |
0.60% |
||
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
None |
0.25% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.11% |
0.26% |
||
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
None |
0.15% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.11% |
0.11% |
||
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.04% |
0.04% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1,2 |
0.75% |
1.15% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, Shareholder Servicing Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee reduction and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
13
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
|
Institutional Class Shares |
$77 |
$240 |
$417 |
$930 |
Investor Class Shares |
$117 |
$365 |
$633 |
$1,398 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 25% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in income producing securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund invests in a combination of common stock, preferred stock, convertible securities, fixed income securities (including corporate bonds, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, U.S. government securities, and money market instruments), and other investment companies (including exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) and closed-end investment companies (“closed-end funds”)). The Fund may invest up to 25% of its net assets in foreign securities, including American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). The Fund focuses on companies with market capitalizations within the range of the Russell 1000 ® Index during the prior year, but may invest in companies not included in the Index. As of December 31, 2018, the market capitalization range for the Russell 1000 ® Index was approximately $365 million to $780.4 billion. The Fund may invest without limit in securities of any credit quality, including securities that are rated below investment grade (“high yield” or “junk” bonds) and those in default. The Fund may also invest up to 25% of its assets in the sale (writing) of covered call or put options on common stocks to generate additional income and reduce volatility.
14
In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser utilizes a bottom-up, fundamental selection process that focuses on identifying companies across various sectors that are attractively valued and can deliver consistently strong free cash flow growth and above average return on equity. The Adviser looks for a proven history of solid business execution in the companies in which the Fund invests, because the Adviser believes that it is indicative of the value of the company’s underlying franchise or market position, and companies with such a history typically have a proprietary product or business approach that allows them to be leaders within their respective industries. Based on an assessment of relative and absolute attractiveness, an investment may be made in a company’s common stock, preferred stock, and/or debt.
The Fund intends to buy and hold securities of companies for the long-term, and seeks to limit portfolio turnover. The Fund may sell a security, however, when a company’s fundamental business prospects or ability to generate cash deteriorates, its management becomes less stable or it becomes overvalued, or when more attractive alternatives exist.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit
15
standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
Fixed Income Market Risk – The prices of the Fund’s fixed income securities respond to economic developments, particularly interest rate changes, as well as to perceptions about the creditworthiness of individual issuers, including governments and their agencies. In the case of foreign securities, price fluctuations will reflect international economic and political events, as well as changes in currency valuations relative to the U.S. dollar.
Interest Rate Risk – The risk that the value of fixed income securities will fall due to rising interest rates. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
Credit Risk – The risk that the issuer of a security or the counterparty to a contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation.
Corporate Fixed Income Securities Risk – The prices of the Fund’s corporate fixed income securities respond to economic developments, particularly interest rate changes, as well as to perceptions about the creditworthiness and business prospects of individual issuers.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk – Mortgage-backed securities are affected by, among other things, interest rate changes and the possibility of prepayment of the underlying mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities are also subject to the risk that underlying borrowers will be unable to meet their obligations.
Asset-Backed Securities Risk – Payment of principal and interest on asset-backed securities is dependent largely on the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities, and asset-backed securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets.
U.S. Government Securities Risk – The Fund’s investment in U.S. government obligations may include securities issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. government, or its agencies or instrumentalities. Payment of principal and interest on U.S. government obligations may be backed by the full faith and credit of the United States or may be backed solely by the issuing or guaranteeing agency or instrumentality itself. There can be no assurance that the U.S. government would provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities (including government-sponsored enterprises) where it is not obligated to do so. In addition, U.S. government securities are not guaranteed against price movements due to changing interest rates.
16
High Yield Bond Risk – High yield, or “junk,” bonds are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less creditworthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. Compared with investment-grade bonds, high yield bonds are considered to carry a greater degree of risk and are considered to be less likely to make payments of interest and principal. In particular, lower-quality high yield bonds (rated CCC, CC, C, or unrated securities judged to be of comparable quality) are subject to a greater degree of credit risk than higher-quality high yield bonds and may be near default. High yield bonds rated D are in default. Market developments and the financial and business conditions of the corporation issuing these securities generally influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies generally are denominated in a foreign currency. Changes in the value of a currency compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
17
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of put and call options is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is described above. Leverage risk and liquidity risk are described below. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Leverage Risk – The use of leverage can amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations.
Liquidity Risk – The risk that certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
Risks of Investing in Other Investment Companies – To the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies, such as ETFs and closed-end funds, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities held by such other investment companies. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund relies on that investment company to achieve its investment objective. If the investment company fails to achieve its objective, the value of the Fund’s investment could decline, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance. By investing in another investment company, Fund shareholders indirectly bear the Fund’s proportionate share of the fees and expenses of the other investment company, in addition to the fees and expenses that Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with the Fund’s own operations.
Because closed-end funds and ETFs are listed on national stock exchanges and are traded like stocks listed on an exchange, their shares potentially may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value. Investments in closed-end funds and ETFs are also subject to brokerage and other trading costs, which could result in greater expenses to the Fund. In addition, because the value of closed-end funds and ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect Fund performance.
18
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
As of the date of this Prospectus, Investor Class Shares of the Fund have not commenced operations and therefore have no performance information to report. Investor Class Shares of the Fund would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the returns would generally differ only to the extent that expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher than the expenses of Institutional Class Shares, in which case the returns for Investor Class Shares would be lower than those of Institutional Class Shares.
Updated performance information is available by calling 1-855-328-3863.
Annual Total Returns
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
5.58% |
(8.48)% |
(09/30/2018) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad based indices.
19
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund |
1 Year |
Since
|
Return Before Taxes |
(3.53)% |
4.43% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(4.20)% |
3.59% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(1.80)% |
3.32% |
S&P 500 Index (“S&P Index”) (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(4.38)% |
7.78% |
Barclays U.S. Government/Credit Index (“Barclays Index”) (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(0.42)% |
1.95% |
Blended 60/40 S&P Index/Barclays Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(2.52)% |
5.61% |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
Gary Pzegeo, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Brant Houston, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 37 of the Prospectus.
20
The investment objective of the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund (the “Fund”) is long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor
|
|||
Management Fees |
0.82% |
0.82% |
||
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
None |
0.25% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.10% |
0.20% |
||
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
None |
0.10% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.10% |
0.10% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.92% |
1.27% |
||
Plus Previously Waived Fees and/or Reimbursed Expenses Recovered 1 |
0.18% |
0.18% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.10% |
1.45% |
1 |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, Shareholder Servicing Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.10% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its or Geneva Advisors, LLC’s (the “Predecessor Adviser”) prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
21
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
|
Institutional Class Shares |
$112 |
$330 |
$546 |
$1,167 |
Investor Class Shares |
$148 |
$439 |
$733 |
$1,569 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During the fiscal period from September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 4% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing primarily in common stocks of U.S. companies without regard to market capitalizations. Under normal conditions, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its net assets in common stocks, and may also invest in preferred stocks, of U.S. companies. Additionally, the Fund may invest up to 30% of its net assets in securities of “foreign issuers.” “Foreign issuers” include non-U.S. companies: (a) whose securities are not traded on a U.S. exchange; (b) whose securities are traded on a U.S. exchange, and denominated in U.S. dollars, in the form of American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”); or (c) who are organized and headquartered outside the United States but whose securities are publicly traded on a U.S. exchange. The Fund may invest up to 25% of its net assets in securities of “foreign issuers” located in emerging markets. “Emerging markets” are less developed countries as defined by the investment community and included in the Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Markets Index (“MSCI EM”) or that are publicly announced to be added to the MSCI EM.
Under normal market conditions, the Adviser uses a bottom-up, fundamental investment approach that focuses on identifying quality
22
growth companies. This approach begins with the Adviser identifying an initial universe of securities based on the Adviser’s proprietary analysis. In assessing whether a company is a quality growth company, the Adviser may consider, among other things, whether such company has sustainable competitive advantages and highly visible future growth potential, including internal revenue growth, large market opportunities and simple business models, and shows strong cash flow generation and high return on invested capital. The Adviser utilizes proprietary research and a rigorous qualitative and quantitative investment process.
The Fund’s investment strategy focuses on identifying stocks within multiple industry groups. Using quantitative and qualitative measures established by the Adviser, the Fund seeks to purchase common stocks that have stronger performance relative to other common stocks. The Adviser may sell the Fund’s investments for a variety of reasons, including to secure gains, limit losses or reinvest in more promising investment opportunities.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Depositary Receipts Risk – Depositary receipts, including ADRs, are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer that are issued by depositary banks and generally trade on an established market. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities, including, among other things, political, social and economic developments abroad, currency movements, and different legal, regulatory and tax environments.
The Fund may invest in unsponsored ADRs, which are issued by one or more depositaries without a formal agreement with the company that issues the underlying securities. Holders of unsponsored ADRs generally bear all the costs thereof, and the depositaries of unsponsored ADRs frequently are under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuers of the underlying securities or to pass through voting rights with respect to the underlying securities. In addition, the issuers of the securities underlying unsponsored ADRs are not obligated to disclose material information in the United States and, therefore, there may be less information available regarding such issuers and there may not be a correlation between such information and the market value of the ADRs.
23
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – The Fund’s investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Foreign Issuer Risk – Investing in foreign issuers, including direct investments and investments through ADRs, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the U.S. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign issuers are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
24
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes will increase their earnings at a certain rate that is generally higher than the rate expected for non-growth companies. If a growth company does not meet these expectations, the price of its stock may decline significantly, even if it has increased earnings. Many growth companies do not pay dividends. Companies that do not pay dividends often have greater stock price declines during market downturns. Over time, a growth investing style may go in and out of favor, and when out of favor, may cause the Fund to underperform other equity funds that use differing investing styles.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Management Risk – The Fund is actively managed, and the investment techniques and risk analysis used by the Fund’s portfolio managers may not produce the desired results.
Market Risk – The prices of and the income generated by the Fund’s securities may decline in response to, among other things, investor sentiment, general economic and market conditions, regional or global instability, and currency and interest rate fluctuations.
Micro-Capitalization Company Risk – Micro-capitalization companies may be newly formed or in the early stages of development with limited product lines, markets or financial resources. Therefore, micro-capitalization companies may be less financially secure than large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies and may be more vulnerable to key personnel losses due to reliance on a smaller number of management personnel. In addition, there may be less public information available about these companies. Micro-cap stock prices may be more volatile than large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies and such stocks may be more thinly traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more
25
vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Before the Fund commenced operations, the Fund acquired the assets and liabilities of the Geneva Advisors All Cap Growth Fund (the “All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund”) in a reorganization (the “All Cap Growth Reorganization”). After being approved by shareholders of the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund, the All Cap Growth Reorganization occurred on February 12, 2018. As a result of the All Cap Growth Reorganization, shareholders of the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund’s Class I and Class R shares received Institutional Class Shares of the Fund, and the Fund assumed the performance and accounting history of the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund’s Class I shares prior to the date of the All Cap Growth Reorganization. Accordingly, the performance shown for periods prior to the All Cap Growth Reorganization represents the performance of Class I shares of the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund. The All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund’s returns in the bar chart and table have not been adjusted to reflect Fund expenses. If the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund’s performance information had been adjusted to reflect Fund expenses, the performance may have been higher or lower for a given period depending on the expenses incurred by the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund for that period.
Prior to the date of this Prospectus, Investor Class Shares of the Fund had not commenced operations and therefore have no performance information to report. Investor Class Shares of the Fund would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares because the
26
shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that the expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher. Updated performance information is available by calling 1-855-328-3863.
Annual Total Returns
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
22.11% |
(18.65)% |
09/30/10 |
09/30/11 |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
27
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Return Before Taxes |
2.44% |
6.67% |
13.27% |
6.71% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(1.08)% |
4.11% |
11.90% |
5.56% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
4.40% |
4.91% |
11.21% |
5.41% |
Russell 3000 Growth Total Return Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(2.12)% |
9.99% |
15.15% |
8.50% |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
Robert C. Bridges, Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018 and managed the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund since its inception in 2007.
John P. Huber, Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018 and managed the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund since its inception in 2007.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 37 of the Prospectus.
28
The CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund (the “Fund”) seeks current income, and, secondarily, modest capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor
|
|||
Management Fees |
0.80% |
0.80% |
||
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
None |
0.25% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.10% |
0.20% |
||
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
None |
0.10% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.10% |
0.10% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.90% |
1.25% |
||
Plus Previously Waived Fees and/or Reimbursed Expenses Recovered 1 |
0.20% |
0.20% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.10% |
1.45% |
1 |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding 12b-1 Fees, Shareholder Servicing Fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.10% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its or Geneva Advisors, LLC’s (the “Predecessor Adviser”) prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
29
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
|
Institutional Class Shares |
$112 |
$328 |
$539 |
$1,147 |
Investor Class Shares |
$148 |
$437 |
$727 |
$1,550 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During the fiscal period from September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 3% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in publicly traded securities without regard to market capitalizations. Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The equity securities in which the Fund may invest include common stocks, preferred stocks, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), master limited partnerships (“MLPs”) and convertible securities. The Fund may invest in securities of companies of any market capitalization, including micro-capitalization. A REIT is a security of a company that invests in real estate, either through real estate property, mortgages and similar real estate investments, or all of the foregoing. MLPs are businesses organized as limited partnerships that trade their proportionate shares of the partnership (units) on a public exchange.
The Fund may also invest up to 30% of its net assets in securities of “foreign issuers.” “Foreign issuers” include non-U.S. companies: (a) whose securities are not traded on a U.S. exchange; (b) whose securities are traded on a U.S. exchange, and denominated in U.S. dollars, in the form of American
30
Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”); or (c) who are organized and headquartered outside the United States but whose securities are publicly traded on a U.S. exchange. The Fund may invest up to 25% of its net assets in securities of “foreign issuers” located in emerging markets. “Emerging markets” are less developed countries as defined by the investment community and included in the Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Markets Index (“MSCI EM”) or that are publicly announced to be added to the MSCI EM.
The Fund’s investment strategy focuses on identifying stocks within multiple industry groups. The Fund seeks to generate current income while providing a modest amount of capital appreciation. The Fund has wide flexibility in the types of securities used to generate a current income yield. Using quantitative and qualitative measures established by the Adviser, the Fund also seeks to purchase dividend-paying and non-dividend-paying common stocks that have stronger performance relative to other dividend-paying and non-dividend-paying common stocks. The Adviser may sell the Fund’s investments for a variety of reasons, including to secure gains, limit losses or reinvest in more promising investment opportunities.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
Depositary Receipts Risk – Depositary receipts, including ADRs, are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer that are issued by depositary banks and generally trade on an established market. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities, including, among other things, political, social and economic developments abroad, currency movements, and different legal, regulatory and tax environments.
The Fund may invest in unsponsored ADRs, which are issued by one or more depositaries without a formal agreement with the company that issues
31
the underlying securities. Holders of unsponsored ADRs generally bear all the costs thereof, and the depositaries of unsponsored ADRs frequently are under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuers of the underlying securities or to pass through voting rights with respect to the underlying securities. In addition, the issuers of the securities underlying unsponsored ADRs are not obligated to disclose material information in the United States and, therefore, there may be less information available regarding such issuers and there may not be a correlation between such information and the market value of the ADRs.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – The Fund’s investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Foreign Issuer Risk – Investing in foreign issuers, including direct investments and investments through ADRs, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the U.S. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign issuers are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which would reduce income
32
received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes will increase their earnings at a certain rate that is generally higher than the rate expected for non-growth companies. If a growth company does not meet these expectations, the price of its stock may decline significantly, even if it has increased earnings. Many growth companies do not pay dividends. Companies that do not pay dividends often have greater stock price declines during market downturns. Over time, a growth investing style may go in and out of favor, and when out of favor, may cause the Fund to underperform other equity funds that use differing investing styles.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Management Risk – The Fund is actively managed, and the investment techniques and risk analysis used by the Fund’s portfolio managers may not produce the desired results.
Market Risk – The prices of and the income generated by the Fund’s securities may decline in response to, among other things, investor sentiment, general economic and market conditions, regional or global instability, and currency and interest rate fluctuations.
Micro-Capitalization Company Risk – Micro-capitalization companies may be newly formed or in the early stages of development with limited product lines, markets or financial resources. Therefore, micro-capitalization companies may be less financially secure than large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies and may be more vulnerable to key personnel losses due to reliance on a smaller number of management personnel. In addition, there may be less public information available about these companies. Micro-cap stock prices may be more volatile than large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies and such stocks may be more thinly traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market.
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MLPs Risk – To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in a MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation, such as limited control of management, limited voting rights and tax risks. MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions, which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
REIT Risk – REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Before the Fund commenced operations, the Fund acquired the assets and liabilities of the Geneva Advisors Equity Income Fund (the “Equity Income Predecessor Fund”) in a reorganization (the “Equity Income
34
Reorganization”). After being approved by shareholders of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund, the Equity Income Reorganization occurred on February 12, 2018. As a result of the Equity Income Reorganization, shareholders of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund’s Class I and Class R shares received Institutional Class Shares of the Fund, and the Fund assumed the performance and accounting history of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund’s Class I shares prior to the date of the Equity Income Reorganization. Accordingly, the performance shown for periods prior to the Equity Income Reorganization represents the performance of Class I shares of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund. The Equity Income Predecessor Fund’s returns in the bar chart and table have not been adjusted to reflect Fund expenses. If the Equity Income Predecessor Fund’s performance information had been adjusted to reflect Fund expenses, the performance may have been higher or lower for a given period depending on the expenses incurred by the Equity Income Predecessor Fund for that period.
Prior to the date of this Prospectus, Investor Class Shares of the Fund had not commenced operations and therefore have no performance information to report. Investor Class Shares of the Fund would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that the expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher. Updated performance information is available by calling 1-855-328-3863.
Annual Total Returns
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
14.79% |
(11.65)% |
12/31/11 |
09/30/15 |
35
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since
|
Return Before Taxes |
(1.77)% |
5.45% |
9.74% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(3.05)% |
4.42% |
8.74% |
Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(0.05)% |
4.09% |
7.83% |
Russell 1000 Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(4.78)% |
8.21% |
9.70% |
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
Robert C. Bridges, Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018 and managed the Equity Income Predecessor Fund since its inception in 2010.
John P. Huber, Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018 and managed the Equity Income Predecessor Fund since its inception in 2010.
Gordon C. Scott, CFA, Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018 and managed the Equity Income Predecessor Fund since 2014.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 37 of the Prospectus.
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Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of a Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA, you must invest at least $250,000. To purchase Investor Class Shares of a Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $3,000 ($2,000 for an IRA). There are no minimums for subsequent investments. A Fund may accept initial investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion. Investor Class Shares of the Funds are currently not available for purchase.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Funds directly by mail at: CIBC Atlas Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: CIBC Atlas Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or by telephone at 1-855-328-3863.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other financial intermediary, contact that broker or intermediary to redeem your shares. Your broker or financial intermediary may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by a Fund.
Tax Information
Each Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of a Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
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Investing in the Funds involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Funds will achieve their investment objectives. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Funds, just as you could with other investments.
The value of your investment in a Fund is based on the value of the securities and other investments the Fund holds. Generally, these prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities a Fund owns and the markets in which it trades. The effect on a Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Convertible Securities Risk – Convertible securities are securities that are convertible into or exercisable for common stock of the issuer (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at either a stated price or a stated rate. The market values of convertible securities may decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, increase as interest rates decline. A convertible security’s market value, however, tends to reflect the market price of the common stock of the issuing company when that stock price approaches or is greater than the convertible security’s “conversion price.” The conversion price is defined as the predetermined price at which the convertible security could be exchanged for the associated stock. As the market price of the underlying common stock declines, the price of the convertible security tends to be influenced more by the yield of the convertible security. Thus, it may not decline in price to the same extent as the underlying common stock. In the event of a liquidation of the issuing company, holders of convertible securities may be paid before the company’s common stockholders but after holders of any senior debt obligations of the company. Consequently, the issuer’s convertible securities generally entail less risk than its common stock but more risk than its debt obligations.
Equity Risk – Equity securities in which the Funds invest include common stock, preferred stock, convertible debt and shares of American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), as well as shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stockholders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent
38
partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy all of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Fixed Income Risk – The market values of fixed income investments change in response to interest rate changes and other factors. During periods of rising interest rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities generally decrease. Moreover, while securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields, the prices of longer maturity securities are also subject to greater market value fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. During periods of falling interest rates, certain debt obligations with high interest rates may be prepaid (or “called”) by the issuer prior to maturity, and during periods of rising interest rates, certain debt obligations with low interest rates may be extended beyond maturity. Current market conditions may pose heightened risks for the Funds. While interest rates in the U.S. are near historic lows, changes in government policy, including the Federal Reserve ending its quantitative easing program and beginning to raise the federal funds rate, have increased the risk that interest rates will continue to rise in the near future. A rise in interest rates may, in turn, increase volatility and reduce liquidity in the fixed income markets, and result in a decline in the value of the fixed income investments held by the Funds. In addition, reductions in dealer market-making capacity as a result of structural or regulatory changes could further decrease liquidity and/or increase volatility in the fixed income markets. As a result of these conditions, a Fund’s value may fluctuate and/or a Fund may experience increased redemptions from shareholders, which may impact a Fund’s liquidity or force a Fund to sell securities into a declining or illiquid market.
In addition to these risks, fixed income securities may be subject to credit risk, which is the possibility that an issuer will be unable or unwilling to make timely payments of either principal or interest.
Emerging Market Securities Risk – Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in non-U.S. securities. Unlike more
39
established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity, significant price volatility, restrictions on foreign investment, and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Foreign Securities Risk – Investments in securities of foreign issuers (including direct investments as well as investments through ADRs) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio.
Derivatives Risk – The CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund’s use of options is subject to derivatives risk. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect the Fund’s ability to achieve its objective with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends upon the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. The Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold. The lack of a liquid secondary market for a derivative may prevent the Fund from closing its derivative positions and could adversely impact its ability to achieve its objective and to realize profits or limit losses. Since derivatives may be
40
purchased for a fraction of their value, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss or gain to the Fund. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and the Fund may lose more in a derivative than it originally invested in it. There can be no assurance that the Adviser’s use of derivatives will be successful in achieving its intended goals.
The Fund may purchase or sell options, which involve the payment or receipt of a premium by the investor and the corresponding right or obligation, as the case may be, to either purchase or sell the underlying security for a specific price at a certain time or during a certain period. Purchasing options involves the risk that the underlying instrument will not change price in the manner expected, so that the investor loses its premium. Selling options involves potentially greater risk because the investor is exposed to the extent of the actual price movement in the underlying security rather than only the premium payment received (which could result in a potentially unlimited loss).
Foreign Currency Risk – Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the dollar, the value of a Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by a Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
Management Risk – The investment performance of a Fund depends largely on the skill of key personnel and investment professionals of the Adviser. A Fund’s investment strategy permits investments to be made in a range of issuers, securities, financial instruments and transactions. Within these parameters, the Adviser will make investment decisions for a Fund as it deems appropriate. No assurance can be given that a Fund will be successful in obtaining suitable investments, or that if such investments are made, the investment objective of the Fund will be achieved. If key personnel, including key investment or key technical staff, were to leave the Adviser or be unable to perform their duties, the Adviser might not be able to find equally desirable replacements in a timely fashion and the performance of a Fund could, as a result, be adversely affected.
Market Risk – The market price of securities and other investments owned by a Fund may go up or down, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably. Securities may decline in value due to factors affecting securities markets generally or particular industries represented in the securities markets. The
41
value of a security may decline due to general market conditions which are not specifically related to a particular company, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or adverse investor sentiment generally. They may also decline due to factors which affect a particular industry or industries, such as labor shortages or increased production costs and competitive conditions within an industry. During a general downturn in the securities markets, multiple asset classes may decline in value simultaneously.
Micro-, Small- and Medium-Capitalization Company Risk – Investing in equity securities of micro-, small- and medium-capitalization companies often involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in larger capitalization companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of smaller size companies, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and the frequent lack of depth of management. Stock prices of smaller companies may be based in substantial part on future expectations rather than current achievements. The securities of smaller companies are often traded over-the-counter and, even if listed on a national securities exchange, may not be traded in volumes typical for that exchange. Consequently, the securities of smaller companies may be less liquid, may have limited market stability and may be subject to more severe, abrupt or erratic market movements than securities of larger, more established companies or the market averages in general. Further, smaller companies may have less publicly available information and, when available, it may be inaccurate or incomplete.
MLPs Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in a MLP than investors in a corporation. For example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks
42
associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this prospectus.
More Information about Fund Investments
The investment objective of the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund is long-term capital appreciation and, secondarily, current income. The investment objective of the CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund is long-term capital appreciation. The investment objective of the CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund is current income and long-term capital appreciation. The investment objective of the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund is long-term capital appreciation. The investment objective of the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund is current income and, secondarily, modest capital appreciation. The investment objective of each Fund may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Funds use under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, each Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in cash, money market instruments or other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If a Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. A Fund will do so only if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity to pursue its investment objective.
This Prospectus describes each Fund’s principal investment strategies and risks, and each Fund will normally invest in the types of securities and other investments described in this Prospectus. In addition to the securities and other investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, each Fund also may invest in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI see the back cover of this Prospectus. Of course, there is no guarantee that a Fund will achieve its investment goal.
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Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Funds’ policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Funds disclose their portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc., a Delaware corporation, has been providing investment advisory services since 1932, and serves as the investment adviser to the Funds. The Adviser is an investment management firm with a principal place of business located at One South Wacker Drive, Suite 3500, Chicago, Illinois 60606. The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”), a Canadian financial services company. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $16.6 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers each Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities.
For its services to the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at the following rates based on the average daily net assets of the Fund:
44
For its services to the CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund, CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at the following rates based on the average daily net assets of each Fund:
Fund |
Fee |
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund |
0.75% |
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund |
0.60% |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund |
0.82% |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund |
0.80% |
The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce fees and/or reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding 12b-1 fees, shareholder servicing fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding the amounts listed in the table below, as a percentage of the average daily net assets of each Fund, until February 28, 2020:
In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its (or, with respect to the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, the Predecessor Adviser’s) prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020; or (ii) by the Board, for any reason at any time. The Board has no current intention to terminate the Agreement prior to February 28, 2020.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser received advisory fees (after recoupments for the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and
45
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund) as a percentage of the average daily net assets of each Fund as follows:
Fund |
Advisory Fees Paid |
CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund |
0.66% |
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund |
0.75% |
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund |
0.60% |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund |
1.01% 1 |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund |
1.00% 1 |
1 |
Reflects the period from September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. |
For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2018, the Adviser received advisory fees (after fee waivers for the period from September 1, 2017, to February 12, 2018, and including fees recovered for the period from February 13, 2018, to August 31, 2018) as a percentage of average daily net assets of the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund as follows:
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund |
0.90% |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund |
0.85% |
If a separately managed account client of the Adviser invests in the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund or CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, the Adviser may be compensated for both managing the Funds and for managing the client’s assets (which include the client’s investments in the Funds). Specifically, because the Adviser bills its separately managed account clients quarterly in advance, the funds that are deployed from a client account during the quarter to be invested in the Funds may be assessed the Adviser’s separately managed account fee, which is separate from the management fees of the Funds. The separately managed account client will also incur its proportionate share of fees of the Funds as a shareholder of the Funds. The separately managed account client will be reimbursed for the separately managed account fees it pays to the Adviser with respect to the portion of the client’s assets that are invested in the Funds for the period of time during the quarter when those assets were invested in the Funds.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the investment advisory agreement for the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund and CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund is available in the Funds’ Annual Report to Shareholders dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the investment advisory agreement for the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC
46
Atlas Equity Income Fund is available in the Funds’ Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated February 28, 2018, which covers the period from September 1, 2017 to February 28, 2018.
The Adviser employs a team approach with specific individual members of the team having final authority and ultimate accountability for specific phases of the process. Portfolio managers and analysts are responsible for research in the sectors they cover. All members of the team conduct fundamental research to identify investment candidates and participate in the portfolio construction process. The following individuals are jointly and primarily responsible for making the day-to-day investment decisions for the Funds:
Patricia Bannan, CFA, Managing Director, is a co-manager of the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund. Ms. Bannan has been associated with the Adviser and/or its affiliates since 2007. From 1999 to 2005, she was a portfolio manager and ultimately the head of the large cap growth team at Evergreen Investments. Prior to that, Ms. Bannan held investment and leadership roles at CGU Insurance, Prudential Investments and Phoenix Investment Counsel and has been in the financial services industry for over 35 years.
Brant Houston, CFA, Senior Vice President, is a co-manager of the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund and CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund. Mr. Houston has been associated with the Adviser and/or its affiliates since 2007. Prior to 2007, he worked in various investment and analytic roles at Geronimo Financial, Nicholas Applegate Capital Management and Wilshire Associates. Mr. Houston has been in the financial services industry for 20 years.
Frederick L. Weiss, CFA, Managing Director, is a co-manager of the CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund. Mr. Weiss has been associated with the Adviser and/or its affiliates since 1989. Prior to 1989, he served as vice president and senior analyst at Adams, Harkness & Hill covering the technology and health care sectors. Previously, Mr. Weiss was a senior equity analyst at State Street Research covering the technology sector.
Jay Pearlstein, CFA, Managing Director, is a co-manager of the CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund. Mr. Pearlstein has been associated with the Adviser and/or its affiliates since 1996. Prior to 1996, he was vice president of the equity research department and a member of the investment policy committee at Loomis, Sayles & Co. Previously, Mr. Pearlstein was a senior auditor for Coopers & Lybrand.
47
Gary Pzegeo, CFA, Managing Director, is a co-manager of the CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund. Mr. Pzegeo has been associated with the Adviser and/or its affiliates since 2007. Prior to 2007, he served as senior portfolio specialist and senior portfolio manager of high yield bonds at Evergreen Investments. Previously, he was a vice president, portfolio manager and head of taxable bonds at Gannet, Welsh & Kotler. Mr. Pzegeo has been in the financial services industry for more than 28 years.
Robert C. Bridges is a co-manager of the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund. Mr. Bridges has been associated with the Adviser and/or its affiliates since 2017 and joined the Predecessor Adviser in 2003. Prior to 2003, he was a Principal at William Blair & Company for more than 10 years. Mr. Bridges has over 25 years of experience in managing investment portfolios.
John P. Huber is a co-manager of the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund. Mr. Huber has been associated with the Adviser and/or its affiliates since 2017 and joined the Predecessor Adviser in 2003. Prior to 2003, Mr. Huber was a Principal at William Blair & Company, having been admitted to that firm’s partnership in 1998. Mr. Huber has been in the financial services industry for more than 20 years.
Gordon C. Scott, CFA, is a co-manager of the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund. Mr. Scott has been associated with the Adviser and/or its affiliates since 2017 and joined the Predecessor Adviser in 2014. Prior to 2014, Mr. Scott worked for nine years at Rail-Splitter Capital Management, most recently as a Principal overseeing the firm’s investments in services, industrials and financials. Mr. Scott is also a trustee of the Northfield (IL) Police Pension Fund, a director of the Northfield Parks Foundation and a director of the Northfield Educational Foundation Fund. Mr. Scott has been in the financial services industry for more than 25 years.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
Related Performance Data of the Adviser
The following tables give the related performance of actual separate accounts (each, an “Account”), referred to as “Composites,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity and CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Funds. The data does not represent the performance of the Funds. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Funds or of the Adviser.
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The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composites differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Funds. If the performance was calculated in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Adviser has prepared and presented the following in compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS ® ”). The Adviser’s policies on valuation, calculating performance and preparing GIPS ® compliant performance presentations are available upon request.
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. Investment transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. All returns reflect the payment of brokerage commissions, execution costs, sales loads and account fees, if any, paid by the Accounts included in the Composites, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. “Net of fees” returns also reflect the payment of actual investment management fees or the Adviser’s highest fees for the respective strategy. All fees and expenses, except custodial fees, if any, were included in the calculations. Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
In order to improve accuracy and maintain compliance with evolving GIPS standards, the Adviser has at times modified its performance calculation methodology. None of these changes, however, have had a material impact on the performance presentation. Beginning December 1, 2009, all Account returns are calculated daily using the current day ending market value excluding cash flows but including income, and prior day ending market value including cash flows, and geometrically linked to create monthly returns. Prior to December 1, 2009, Account returns were calculated monthly using the Modified Dietz method to account for cash flows. Monthly Composite returns were calculated by weighting individual Account returns by their beginning of month market value as a percentage of a Composite’s beginning of month market value. Prior to January 1, 2006, Composite returns were calculated quarterly using the monthly return methodology. At all times, annual Composite returns were calculated by geometrically linking the monthly or quarterly Account returns. Geometrical linking is a method of compounding separately calculated periodic returns. Accounts are included in a Composite beginning with the first full month of performance to the last full month prior to the termination of the Account. Composite performance results are presented in U.S. dollars.
49
The Accounts that are included in the Composites are not subject to the same type of expenses to which the Funds are subject and are not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composites could have been adversely affected if the Accounts in the Composites were subject to the same fees and expenses or federal securities and tax laws as the Funds.
The investment results for the Composites presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Funds. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Funds’ own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUNDS
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Mid Cap Equity Strategy Composite
1
(January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2018)
Year |
Total
|
Total
|
Russell
|
Number of
|
Dispersion 3 |
Total
|
2018 |
-6.75% |
-5.97% |
-4.75% |
643 |
0.12% |
1,667.9 |
2017 |
20.91% |
21.92% |
25.27% |
600 |
0.15% |
1,661.8 |
2016 |
4.07% |
5.08% |
7.33% |
433 |
0.15% |
1,242.8 |
2015 |
3.39% |
4.42% |
-0.20% |
367 |
0.14% |
1,024.8 |
2014 |
14.68% |
15.77% |
11.90% |
288 |
0.20% |
737.1 |
2013 |
33.98% |
35.15% |
35.74% |
371 |
0.31% |
583.0 |
2012 |
14.02% |
14.95% |
15.81% |
253 |
0.27% |
393.3 |
2011 |
5.42% |
6.26% |
-1.65% |
178 |
0.14% |
330.1 |
2010 |
26.72% |
27.75% |
26.39% |
146 |
0.25% |
254.4 |
2009 |
33.93% |
35.03% |
46.30% |
148 |
0.55% |
224.8 |
2008 |
-43.30% |
-42.79% |
-44.33% |
33 |
0.77% |
97.2 |
2007 |
15.93% |
16.93% |
11.43% |
91 |
0.23% |
730.3 |
2006 |
7.33% |
8.39% |
10.67% |
64 |
0.62% |
760.2 |
2005 |
6.85% |
7.86% |
12.08% |
27 |
0.15% |
907.8 |
2004 |
15.83% |
16.90% |
15.48% |
17 |
0.24% |
850.9 |
2003 |
26.93% |
28.10% |
42.71% |
17 |
0.65% |
788.7 |
50
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 12/31/18) |
|||
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
|||
Time Period |
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
Russell Mid Cap
|
1 Year |
-6.75% |
-5.97% |
-4.75% |
3 Years |
5.47% |
6.40% |
8.59% |
5 Years |
6.83% |
7.81% |
7.42% |
10 Years |
14.29% |
15.29% |
15.12% |
Since Inception 4 |
11.68% |
12.70% |
9.71% |
1 |
The Composite includes only discretionary Accounts with a market value in excess of $250,000. Prior to September 1, 2017, the minimum Account size was $500,000, prior to July 1, 2014, the minimum Account size was $250,000, prior to January 1, 2009, the minimum Account size was $1 million and prior to January 1, 2006, the minimum Account size was $3 million. The minimum market values represent the level of assets required to fully implement the Composite’s strategy. |
2 |
The Russell Mid Cap Growth Index is an unmanaged capitalization-weighted index of medium and medium/small companies in the Russell 1000 Index chosen for their growth orientation. The Russell 1000 Index is an unmanaged price-only index of the 1,000 largest capitalized companies that are domiciled in the US and whose common stocks are traded. |
3 |
Dispersion is measured using the asset-weighted standard deviation of Accounts managed for the entire year beginning in January 2005 and the equal-weighted standard deviation of Accounts managed for the entire year prior to January 2005. If the individual Account returns are normally distributed around the mean return, then approximately 68%, 95% and 99.7% of the Accounts will have returns falling between the mean plus or minus one, two, and three standard deviations, respectively. Greater standard deviation means greater risk to the investor. |
4 |
Inception date of the Composite is July 31, 1992. |
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Income Opportunities Strategy Composite
1
Year |
Total
|
Total
|
60% S&P 500
|
Number of
|
Dispersion 3 |
Total
|
2018 |
-2.89% |
-3.53% |
-2.52% |
20 |
0.15% |
373.7 |
2017 |
13.82% |
14.56% |
14.41% |
12 |
0.13% |
379.2 |
2016 |
13.92% |
14.69% |
8.48% |
10 |
N/A |
297.6 |
2015 |
-4.94% |
-4.31% |
1.13% |
3 |
N/A |
217.2 |
2014 |
10.26% |
11.41% |
10.63% |
2 |
N/A |
142.4 |
2013 |
11.16% |
12.49% |
17.40% |
84 |
0.16% |
73.8 |
51
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 12/31/18) |
|||
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
|||
Time Period |
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
60% S&P 500
|
1 Year |
-3.53% |
-2.89% |
-2.52% |
3 Years |
7.75% |
8.46% |
6.56% |
5 Years |
5.57% |
6.34% |
6.24% |
Since Inception 4 |
6.89% |
7.81% |
7.86% |
1 |
The Composite includes only discretionary Accounts with a market value in excess of $250,000. Prior to May 1, 2018, the minimum Account size was $2,000,000, prior to July 1, 2016, the minimum Account size was $10,000,000 and prior to July 1, 2014, the minimum Account size was $100,000. The minimum market value represents the level of assets required to fully implement the Composite’s strategy. |
2 |
The blended index is composed with the following weightings: 60% S&P 500 Index and 40% Barclays U.S. Government/Credit Bond Index. The S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged, capitalization-weighted index designed to measure performance of the broad domestic economy through changes in the aggregate market value of 500 stocks representing all major industries. The Barclays U.S. Government/Credit Bond Index is an unmanaged index that includes government and investment-grade corporate bonds with at least one year until maturity. |
3 |
Dispersion is measured using the asset-weighted standard deviation of Accounts managed for the entire year. If the individual Account returns are normally distributed around the mean return, then approximately 68%, 95% and 99.7% of the Accounts will have returns falling between the mean plus or minus one, two, and three standard deviations, respectively. Greater standard deviation means greater risk to the investor. |
4 |
Inception date of the Composite is March 1, 2012. |
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Funds.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Funds, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
Each Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Funds for more information
52
about the Funds’ share classes and how to choose between them. Investor Class Shares of the Funds are currently not available for purchase.
Class Name |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Initial – $250,000
|
12b-1 Fee – None
|
Investor Class Shares |
Initial – $3,000 ($2,000 for IRAs)
|
12b-1 Fee – 0.25%
|
Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from a Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisors, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
Subject to any conditions or limitations imposed on the servicing of Institutional Class Shares of the Funds by your financial intermediary, if you received Institutional Class Shares of a Fund as a result of its reorganization, you will be permitted to make additional Institutional Class Share purchases of the Fund.
The Funds reserve the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept initial investments of smaller amounts in their sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-855-328-3863.
All investments must be made by check, wire or Automated Clearing House (“ACH”). All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Funds do not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Funds reserve the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Funds are not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
53
The Funds do not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Funds subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Funds for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Funds by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Funds a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund name and the share class.
Regular Mail Address
CIBC Atlas Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
CIBC Atlas Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-855-328-3863 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name, the share class and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
Routing Number: 101000695
DDA: 9870523965
REF: CIBC Atlas Funds - Fund #/share class/Acct #
54
By Systematic Purchase Plan (via ACH) (Investor Class Shares Only)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan via ACH by mailing a completed application to the Funds. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $50 per month for IRAs, and at least $100 per month for all other types of accounts. To cancel or change a plan, contact the Funds by mail at: CIBC Atlas Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 or by telephone at 1-855-328-3863. Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Funds, an investor may purchase shares of a Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by a Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Funds reserve the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days that either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. Each Fund’s price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (as defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Funds were provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
Each Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, a Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Funds reserve the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Funds will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are
55
not Business Days, the value of a Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from a Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from a Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Funds prior to the time each Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Funds on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Funds after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Funds with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on a Fund’s behalf. A Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at a Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of a Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Funds. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
56
How the Funds Calculate NAV
The NAV of a class of a Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, each Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or a Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. A Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
With respect to non-U.S. securities held by the Funds, the Funds may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Funds may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time as of which the Funds price their shares, the value the Funds assign to securities may not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Funds may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information related to the securities.
There may be limited circumstances in which a Fund would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of more than 60 days, each Fund uses the value of the security provided by pricing services. The values provided by a pricing service may be based upon market
57
quotations for the same security if a quotation is readily available, or may be based upon the values of securities expected to trade in a similar manner or a pricing matrix. When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less, each Fund may use the security’s amortized cost. Amortized cost and the use of a pricing matrix in valuing fixed income securities are forms of fair value pricing.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of a Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA, you must invest at least $250,000. To purchase Investor Class Shares of a Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $3,000 ($2,000 for an IRA). There are no minimums for subsequent investments. A Fund may accept initial investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Funds to purchase or exchange Institutional Class Shares or Investor Class Shares of the Funds, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
AWEIX |
00769G493 |
4342 |
Investor Class Shares |
AWEVX |
00769G485 |
4343 |
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
AWMIX |
00769G477 |
4344 |
Investor Class Shares |
AWMVX |
00769G469 |
4345 |
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
AWIIX |
00769G451 |
4346 |
Investor Class Shares |
AWIVX |
00769G444 |
4347 |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
AWGIX |
00769G170 |
4348 |
Investor Class Shares |
AWGVX |
00769G162 |
4349 |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
AWYIX |
00769G154 |
4350 |
Investor Class Shares |
AWYVX |
00769G147 |
4351 |
58
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Funds directly by mail or telephone at 1-855-328-3863.
If you own your shares through an account with a financial intermediary, contact that financial intermediary to sell your shares. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Funds.
If you would like to have your redemption proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Funds in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Funds must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before they grant a redemption request, the Funds may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Funds participate in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-855-328-3863 for more information.
The sale price will be the NAV next determined after the Funds receive your request in proper form.
59
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Funds signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
CIBC Atlas Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
CIBC Atlas Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
To redeem shares by telephone, you must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privileges) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-855-328-3863 to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Funds will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
60
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH) (Investor Class Shares Only)
If your account balance is at least $5,000, you may transfer as little as $50 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Funds.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Funds will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after they receive your redemption request. The Funds, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Funds. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Funds typically expect to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Funds may also meet redemption requests by drawing on a line of credit, using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Funds generally pay sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Funds’ remaining shareholders, the Funds might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $50,000 with respect to Institutional Class Shares and $3,000 with respect to Investor Class Shares ($2,000 for IRAs) because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Funds generally will provide you at least 60 days’ written notice to give
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you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Funds reserve the right to waive the minimum account value requirement in their sole discretion. If you received Institutional Class Shares as a result of the Reorganization, you will not be subject to the $50,000 minimum account balance with respect to Institutional Class Shares.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Funds may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of one CIBC Atlas Fund for Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares, respectively, of another CIBC Atlas Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Funds. You may only exchange shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses).
The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term or excessive trading. A Fund may suspend or terminate your exchange privilege if you engage in a pattern of exchanges that is excessive, as determined in the sole discretion of the Funds. For more information about the Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Funds have certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Funds are not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions they reasonably believe to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Funds over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Funds and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Funds and/or their shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered
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investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Funds have adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Funds to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of a Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of a Fund is 0.25%.
Shareholder Servicing Plan
The Funds have adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.15% based on the average daily net assets of Investor Class Shares of the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund and CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund or 0.10% based on the average daily net assets of Investor Class Shares of the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund. The services for which financial intermediaries are compensated may include record-keeping, transaction processing for shareholders’ accounts and other shareholder services.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Funds. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Funds. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries
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may receive payments for making shares of the Funds available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Funds with “shelf space,” placing them on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Funds in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of a Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Funds, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Funds are intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourage shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of a Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of a Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Funds may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time a Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the
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value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by a Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of a Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair values. Although each Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
In addition, because the CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund invests in mid-cap securities and the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund invest in micro-, small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Funds may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Funds’ shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Funds’ service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Funds’ policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Funds’ service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Funds’ policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips,” including exchanges, into or out of a Fund within any one-year period. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Funds and/or their service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Funds define a “round trip” as a purchase or exchange into a Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
Each Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Funds and/or their service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent
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with the interests of the Funds’ long-term shareholders. The Funds do not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Funds will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Funds for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Funds have entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Funds to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Funds. If the Funds or their service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Funds, the Funds or their service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Funds or their service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Funds, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Funds by that customer. If the Funds are not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Funds may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Funds’ shares is requested by the Funds and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Funds have an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Funds, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Funds on behalf of other persons.
The Funds and their service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Funds. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Funds to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain,
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verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Funds will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Funds to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Funds are required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Funds are required to collect documents to fulfill their legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker or financial intermediary. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds, your application will be rejected.
Subject to the Funds’ right to reject purchase as described in this Prospectus, upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Funds reserve the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if they are unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds. Further, the Funds reserve the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Funds’ overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Funds have adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Funds from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Funds reserve the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Funds or in cases when the Funds
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are requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Funds are required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the applicable Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Funds (if shares are held directly with the Funds) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Funds).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-855-328-3863.
The Funds distribute their net investment income and make distributions of their net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on a Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Funds in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Funds receive your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Funds written notice.
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You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Funds. The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Funds. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to regulated investment companies, such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
The Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Funds, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Distributions reported by the Funds as long-term capital gains and as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Funds (or their administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year. Certain of the Funds’ investment strategies may limit their ability to distribute dividends eligible for to be treated as qualified dividend income.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
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Each sale of shares of the Funds may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss generally will be treated as short term if you held the shares 12 months or less and long term if you held the shares for longer. For tax purposes, an exchange of Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Funds).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, each Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, each Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average cost basis method. In the absence of an election, each Fund will use the average cost basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholders (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent a Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of a Fund consist of foreign securities, such Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. A Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
The CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund may invest in MLPs taxed as partnerships, which have historically made cash distributions to limited
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partners that exceed the amount of taxable income allocable to limited partners or members, due to a variety of factors, including significant non-cash deductions such as depreciation and depletion. These excess cash distributions would not be treated as income to the Fund but rather would be treated as a return of capital to the extent of the Fund’s basis in the MLP. As a consequence, the Fund may make distributions that exceed its earnings and profits, which would be characterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in Fund shares and result in a higher capital gain or lower capital loss when the Fund shares are sold. After a shareholder’s basis in Fund shares has been reduced to zero, distributions in excess of earnings and profits in respect of those Fund shares will be treated as gain from the sale of the Fund shares.
The Tax Act treats “qualified publicly traded partnership income” within the meaning of Section 199A(e)(5) of the Code as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. Qualified publicly traded partnership income is generally income of a “publicly traded partnership” that is not treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is effectively connected with such entity’s trade or business, but does not include certain investment income. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). The Tax Act does not contain a provision permitting a regulated investment company, such as the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, to pass the special character of this income through to its shareholders. Currently, direct investors in entities that generate “qualified publicly traded partnership income” will enjoy the lower rate, but investors in a regulated investment company that invests in such entities will not. It is uncertain whether future technical corrections or administrative guidance will address this issue to enable the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund to pass through the special character of “qualified publicly traded partnership income” to shareholders.
The CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund may invest in REITs. The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Fund may rely, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if
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the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Funds’ investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Funds. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Funds that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Funds. The Funds may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Funds and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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The tables that follow present performance information about the Funds. This information is intended to help you understand each Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years or, if shorter, the period of the Fund’s operations. Certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in a Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). Except as otherwise stated below, the information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Funds. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Funds, which is available upon request by calling the Funds at 1-855-328-3863.
With respect to the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, the financial information shown below is that of the Class Y shares of the Invesco Predecessor Fund for periods prior to January 2, 2014, which is the date on which the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund assumed the performance and accounting history of the Invesco Predecessor Fund.
With respect to the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund, the financial information shown below is that of the Class I shares of the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund for periods prior to February 12, 2018, which is the date on which the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund assumed the performance and accounting history of the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund’s Class I shares. With respect to the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, the financial information shown below is that of the Class I shares of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund for periods prior to February 12, 2018, which is the date on which the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund assumed the performance and accounting history of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund’s Class I shares. Information for each of the periods through August 31, 2017 with respect to the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund was audited by different independent registered public accounting firms.
Because Investor Class Shares of the Funds had not commenced operations as of the date of this Prospectus, financial highlights are not available.
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CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Year
Year Ended October 31, |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 (2) |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 (1) |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 18.76 | $ | 15.73 | $ | 16.40 | $ | 15.77 | $ | 14.07 | ||||||||||
Income from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income * |
0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.13 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain |
2.36 | 3.11 | 0.01 | 1.16 | 2.32 | |||||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
2.52 | 3.27 | 0.16 | 1.31 | 2.45 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.16 | ) | (0.15 | ) | (0.15 | ) | (0.13 | ) | (0.13 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized Gains |
(0.36 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.68 | ) | (0.55 | ) | (0.62 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.52 | ) | (0.24 | ) | (0.83 | ) | (0.68 | ) | (0.75 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 20.76 | $ | 18.76 | $ | 15.73 | $ | 16.40 | $ | 15.77 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
13.61 | % | 21.02 | % | 1.17 | % | 8.50 | % | 18.25 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 1,007,224 | $ | 898,378 | $ | 732,489 | $ | 675,226 | $ | 586,379 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Including Waivers, Reimbursements and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.76 | % | 0.78 | % ‡ | 0.80 | % ‡ | 0.79 | % | 0.79 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers, Reimbursements and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.76 | % | 0.78 | % | 0.79 | % | 0.79 | % | 0.81 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
0.78 | % | 0.89 | % | 1.00 | % | 0.93 | % | 0.89 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
19 | % | 17 | % | 12 | % | 16 | % | 22 | % |
(1) |
On January 2, 2014, the Invesco Disciplined Equity Fund (the “Predecessor Fund”) was reorganized into The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund AT Disciplined Equity Fund. Information presented prior to January 2, 2014 is that of the Predecessor Fund. |
(2) |
On June 25, 2018, the name AT Disciplined Equity Fund changed to CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund. |
* |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the year. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Return shown does not reflect the deductions of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived its fee and/or reimbursed other expenses. |
‡ |
Ratio includes previously waived advisory fees recaptured. The net expense ratio would have been lower absent the impact of the recaptured fees. |
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CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Period or Year
Year Ended October 31, |
Period
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 (2) |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 (1) |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of
|
$ | 13.28 | $ | 11.28 | $ | 11.49 | $ | 10.54 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss * |
(0.02 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.01 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
0.59 | 2.17 | (0.18 | ) | 1.04 | 0.55 | ||||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
0.57 | 2.15 | (0.20 | ) | 1.01 | 0.54 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gains |
— | (0.15 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.06 | ) | — | ||||||||||||
Return of Capital |
— | — | (3) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
— | (0.15 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.06 | ) | — | ||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period or Year |
$ | 13.85 | $ | 13.28 | $ | 11.28 | $ | 11.49 | $ | 10.54 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
4.29 | % | 19.28 | % | (1.74 | )% | 9.60 | % | 5.40 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Period or Year (Thousands) |
$ | 607,572 | $ | 522,472 | $ | 334,175 | $ | 249,899 | $ | 47,888 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Including Waivers, Reimbursements and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.85 | % | 0.87 | % | 0.88 | % | 0.98 | % ‡ | 1.00 | % * * | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers, Reimbursements and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.85 | % | 0.87 | % | 0.88 | % | 0.94 | % | 1.67 | % * * | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
(0.16 | )% | (0.20 | )% | (0.21 | )% | (0.27 | )% | (0.27 | )% * * | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
9 | % | 17 | % | 23 | % | 11 | % | 7 | % * * * |
Amounts designated as “—” are either not applicable, $0 or have been rounded to $0.
(1) |
Commenced operations on June 27, 2014. |
(2) |
On June 25, 2018, the name of the AT Mid Cap Equity Fund changed to CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund. |
(3) |
Value is less than $0.01 per share. |
* |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period. |
* * |
Annualized. |
* * * |
Not Annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Return shown does not reflect the deductions of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived its fee and/or reimbursed other expenses. |
‡ |
Ratio includes previously waived advisory fees recaptured. The net expense ratio would have been lower absent the impact of the recaptured fees. |
75
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Period or Year
Year Ended October 31, |
Period
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 (2) |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 (1) |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of
|
$ | 11.04 | $ | 10.00 | $ | 9.68 | $ | 10.08 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income * |
0.28 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.09 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
0.23 | 1.04 | 0.32 | (0.37 | ) | 0.05 | ||||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
0.51 | 1.31 | 0.62 | (0.06 | ) | 0.14 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.29 | ) | (0.27 | ) | (0.30 | ) | (0.31 | ) | (0.06 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized Gains |
— | — | — | (0.03 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.29 | ) | (0.27 | ) | (0.30 | ) | (0.34 | ) | (0.06 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period or Year |
$ | 11.26 | $ | 11.04 | $ | 10.00 | $ | 9.68 | $ | 10.08 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
4.60 | % | 13.20 | % | 6.55 | % | (0.67 | )% | 1.42 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Period or Year (Thousands) |
$ | 329,434 | $ | 322,712 | $ | 234,464 | $ | 209,754 | $ | 116,640 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Including Waivers, Reimbursements and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.71 | % | 0.73 | % | 0.74 | % | 0.79 | % ‡ | 0.85 | % * * | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers, Reimbursements and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.71 | % | 0.73 | % | 0.74 | % | 0.77 | % | 0.97 | % * * | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
2.49 | % | 2.54 | % | 3.13 | % | 3.10 | % | 2.76 | % * * | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
25 | % | 17 | % | 24 | % | 29 | % | 6 | % * * * |
Amounts designated as “—” are either not applicable, $0 or have been rounded to $0.
(1) |
Commenced operations on June 27, 2014. |
(2) |
On June 25, 2018, the name of the AT Income Opportunities Fund changed to CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund. |
* |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period. |
* * |
Annualized. |
* * * |
Not Annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Return shown does not reflect the deductions of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived its fee and/or reimbursed other expenses. |
‡ |
Ratio includes previously waived advisory fees recaptured. The net expense ratio would have been lower absent the impact of the recaptured fees. |
76
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Period or Year
Period
|
Year Ended August 31, |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 (1) |
2018 (2) |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period or Year |
$ | 34.57 | $ | 28.28 | $ | 26.32 | $ | 26.78 | $ | 29.34 | $ | 26.03 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss * |
(0.05 | ) | (0.22 | ) | (0.17 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.24 | ) | (0.29 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(3.54 | ) | 9.56 | 3.99 | 1.90 | 0.95 | 3.60 | |||||||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
(3.59 | ) | 9.34 | 3.82 | 1.71 | 0.71 | 3.31 | |||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gains |
— | (3.05 | ) | (1.86 | ) | (2.17 | ) | (3.27 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
— | (3.05 | ) | (1.86 | ) | (2.17 | ) | (3.27 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||
Redemption Fees |
— | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | |||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period or Year |
$ | 30.98 | $ | 34.57 | $ | 28.28 | $ | 26.32 | $ | 26.78 | $ | 29.34 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(10.38 | )% | 35.54 | % | 15.94 | % | 6.54 | % | 2.63 | % | 12.72 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Period or Year (Thousands) |
$ | 166,180 | $ | 187,736 | $ | 139,450 | $ | 137,960 | $ | 134,970 | $ | 158,927 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Including Waivers, Reimbursements, Recaptures and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.10 | % * * ‡(4) | 1.10 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.11 | % (4) | 1.10 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers, Reimbursements, Recaptures and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.92 | % * * (4) | 1.15 | % | 1.37 | % | 1.38 | % | 1.36 | % (4) | 1.33 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets (Including Waivers) |
(0.88 | )% * * | (0.72 | )% | (0.67 | )% | (0.74 | )% | (0.86 | )% | (1.03 | )% | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
4 | % * * * | 50 | % | 36 | % | 46 | % | 54 | % | 73 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are either not applicable, $0 or have been rounded to $0.
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Return shown does not reflect the deductions of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived its fee and/or reimbursed other expenses. |
‡ |
Ratio includes previously waived advisory fees recaptured. The net expense ratio would have been lower absent the impact of the recaptured fees. |
77
* |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period. |
* * |
Annualized |
* * * |
Not Annualized |
(1) |
For the period September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. Effective February 27, 2018, the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund changed its fiscal year end to October 31, 2018. |
(2) |
On February 12, 2018, the All Cap Growth Fund (the “Predecessor Fund”) was reorganized into The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund AT All Cap Growth Fund. Class R and Class I shares of the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund were exchanged on a tax-free basis for Institutional Class shares of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund AT All Cap Growth Fund. Information presented prior to February 12, 2018 is that of the Predecessor Fund. On June 25, 2018, the name of the AT All Cap Growth Fund changed to CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund. |
(3) |
Less than $0.005 per share. |
(4) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets includes the effects of fees paid indirectly. If these expense offsets were excluded, the ratios would have been the same. |
78
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund – Institutional Class Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Period or Year
Period
|
Year Ended August 31, |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 (1) |
2018 (2) |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
||||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period or Year |
$ | 40.60 | $ | 36.55 | $ | 31.29 | $ | 30.76 | $ | 33.73 | $ | 28.98 | ||||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income * |
— | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.30 | 0.40 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(2.10 | ) | 5.35 | 5.33 | 1.04 | (2.04 | ) | 6.33 | ||||||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
(2.10 | ) | 5.65 | 5.56 | 1.12 | (1.74 | ) | 6.73 | ||||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.06 | ) | (0.81 | ) | (0.30 | ) | (0.29 | ) | (0.53 | ) | (0.56 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net Realized Gains |
— | (0.79 | ) | — | (0.30 | ) | (0.70 | ) | (1.42 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.06 | ) | (1.60 | ) | (0.30 | ) | (0.59 | ) | (1.23 | ) | (1.98 | ) | ||||||||||||
Redemption Fees |
— | — | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | 0.00 | (3) | ||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period or Year |
$ | 38.44 | $ | 40.60 | $ | 36.55 | $ | 31.29 | $ | 30.76 | $ | 33.73 | ||||||||||||
Total Return † |
(5.19 | )% | 15.88 | % | 17.88 | % | 3.71 | % | (5.42 | )% | 23.88 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Period or Year (Thousands) |
$ | 111,468 | $ | 115,914 | $ | 107,340 | $ | 101,542 | $ | 222,162 | $ | 226,383 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Including Waivers, Reimbursements, Recaptures and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.10 | % * * ‡(4) | 1.10 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.10 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers, Reimbursements, Recaptures and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.90 | % * * (4) | 1.18 | % | 1.44 | % | 1.41 | % | 1.37 | % | 1.37 | % | ||||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets (Including Waivers) |
(0.02 | )% * * | 0.79 | % | 0.70 | % | 0.25 | % | 0.89 | % | 1.26 | % | ||||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
3 | % * * * | 30 | % | 17 | % | 41 | % | 52 | % | 67 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are either not applicable, $0 or have been rounded to $0.
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Return shown does not reflect the deductions of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived its fee and/or reimbursed other expenses. |
‡ |
Ratio includes previously waived advisory fees recaptured. The net expense ratio would have been lower absent the impact of the recaptured fees. |
79
* |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period. |
* * |
Annualized |
* * * |
Not Annualized |
(1) |
For the period September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. Effective February 27, 2018, the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund changed its fiscal year end to October 31, 2018. |
(2) |
On February 12, 2018, the Geneva Advisors Equity Income Fund (the “Equity Income Predecessor Fund”) was reorganized into The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund AT Equity Income Fund (the ”AT Equity Income Fund”). Class R and Class I shares of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund were exchanged on a tax-free basis for Institutional Class shares of the AT Equity Income Fund. Information presented prior to February 12, 2018 is that of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund. On June 25, 2018, the name of the AT Equity Income Fund changed to CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund. |
(3) |
Less than $0.005 per share. |
(4) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets includes the effects of fees paid indirectly. If these expense offsets were excluded, the ratios would have been the same. |
80
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
Investment Adviser
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
One South Wacker Drive
Suite 3500
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Funds is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the CIBC Atlas Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Funds’ holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Funds.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-855-328-3863 |
By Mail: |
CIBC Atlas Funds
|
By Internet: |
The Funds do not have a website, but you can obtain the SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report by mail or telephone. |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports for the Funds, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
ATF-PS-001-0700
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
CIBC ATLAS DISCIPLINED EQUITY FUND
(FORMERLY, AT DISCIPLINED EQUITY FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWEIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWEVX)
CIBC ATLAS MID CAP EQUITY FUND
(FORMERLY, AT MID CAP EQUITY FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWMIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWMVX)
CIBC ATLAS INCOME OPPORTUNITIES FUND
(FORMERLY, AT INCOME OPPORTUNITIES FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWIIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWIVX)
CIBC ATLAS ALL CAP GROWTH FUND
(FORMERLY, AT ALL CAP GROWTH FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWGIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWGVX)
CIBC ATLAS EQUITY INCOME FUND
(FORMERLY, AT EQUITY INCOME FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: AWYIX)
(Investor Class Shares: AWYVX)
each, a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
CIBC PRIVATE WEALTH ADVISORS, INC.
(FORMERLY, AT INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC.)
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, the CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund, the CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund, the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund (each, a “Fund” and together, the “Funds”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Funds’ prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Funds, which includes the Funds’ audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Funds at CIBC Atlas Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: CIBC Atlas Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or calling the Funds at 1-855-328-3863.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | ATF-SX-001-0700 |
Investor Class Shares of the Funds are currently not available for purchase.
ii
General. Each Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund, and all assets of such fund, belong solely to that fund and would be subject to any liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
History of Certain Funds.
CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund. The CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund is the successor to the Invesco Disciplined Equity Fund (the “Invesco Predecessor Fund”) and the Atlantic Whitehall Equity Income Fund (the “Atlantic Whitehall Predecessor Fund”). The Invesco Predecessor Fund was managed by Invesco Advisers, Inc. (“Invesco”) and the Atlantic Whitehall Predecessor Fund was managed by CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (the “Adviser”) under the Adviser’s previous name, Stein Roe Investment Counsel, Inc. The Invesco Predecessor Fund and the Atlantic Whitehall Predecessor Fund had substantially similar investment objectives, investment strategies, policies and restrictions as those of the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund. The CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund acquired the assets and liabilities and assumed the historical performance of the Invesco Predecessor Fund on January 2, 2014.
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund. The CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund is the successor to the Geneva Advisors All Cap Growth Fund (the “All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund”). The All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund was managed by Geneva Advisors, LLC (“Geneva”), the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund’s investment adviser, prior to Geneva’s acquisition by the Adviser and the subsequent reorganization of the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund into the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund on February 12, 2018 (the “All Cap Growth Reorganization"). The All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund had substantially similar investment objectives, investment strategies, policies and restrictions as those of the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund.
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund. The CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund is the successor to the Geneva Advisors Equity Income Fund (the “Equity Income Predecessor Fund”). The Equity Income Predecessor Fund was managed by Geneva, the Equity Income Predecessor Fund's investment adviser, prior to Geneva’s acquisition by the Adviser and the subsequent reorganization of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund into the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund on February 12, 2018 (the "Equity Income Reorganization"). The Equity Income Predecessor Fund had substantially similar investment objectives, investment strategies, policies and restrictions as those of the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Funds in Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. The different classes provide for variations in certain distribution and shareholder servicing expenses and minimum initial investment requirements. Minimum investment requirements are described in the Prospectus. For more information on distribution and shareholder servicing expenses, see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in this SAI. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares.
S- 1
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. Each Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of members of the Trust’s Board of Trustees (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Trustees” or the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate one or more Funds without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if a Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
Each Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. Each Fund is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus. The following are descriptions of the permitted investments and investment practices of the Funds and the associated risk factors. A Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). ADRs, as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. Depositary receipts are securities that evidence ownership interests in a security or a pool of securities that have been deposited with a “depository” and may be sponsored or unsponsored. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. The underlying shares are held in trust by a custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
For ADRs, the depository is typically a U.S. financial institution and the underlying securities are issued by a foreign issuer. For other depositary receipts, the depository may be a foreign or a U.S. entity, and the underlying securities may have a foreign or a U.S. issuer. Depositary receipts will not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as their underlying securities. Generally, ADRs are issued in registered form, denominated in U.S. dollars, and designed for use in the U.S. securities markets. Other depositary receipts, such as GDRs and EDRs, may be issued in bearer form and denominated in other currencies, and are generally designed for use in securities markets outside the U.S. While the two types of depositary receipt facilities (unsponsored or sponsored) are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all of the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services.
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Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholders meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
For purposes of a Fund’s investment policies, investments in depositary receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities. Thus, a depositary receipt representing ownership of common stock will be treated as common stock. Depositary receipts do not eliminate all of the risks associated with directly investing in the securities of foreign issuers.
Equity Securities. Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company or partnership and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants and rights to acquire common stock, securities convertible into common stock, and investments in master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a Fund invests will cause the net asset value (“NAV”) of the Fund to fluctuate. The Funds purchase equity securities traded on global securities exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
• | Common Stock. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock. |
• | Preferred Stock. Preferred stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer that pays dividends at a specified rate and that has precedence over common stock in the payment of dividends. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take precedence over the claims of those who own preferred and common stock. |
• | Alternative Entity Securities. Alternative entity securities are the securities of entities that are formed as limited partnerships, limited liability companies, business trusts or other non-corporate entities that are similar to common or preferred stock of corporations. |
• | Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”). An ETF is a fund whose shares are bought and sold on a securities exchange as if it were a single security. An ETF holds a portfolio of securities designed to track a particular market segment or index. Some examples of ETFs are SPDRs ® , DIAMONDS SM , NASDAQ 100 Index Tracking Stock SM (“QQQs SM ”), and iShares ® . A Fund could purchase an ETF to temporarily gain exposure to a portion of the U.S. or foreign market while awaiting an opportunity to purchase securities directly. Similarly, a Fund may establish a short position in an ETF to gain inverse exposure to a portion of the U.S. or foreign markets. The risks of owning an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the securities comprising the index which an index ETF is designed to track or the other holdings of an active or index ETF, although lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in it being more volatile than the tracked index or underlying holdings, and ETFs have management fees that increase their costs versus the costs of owning the underlying holdings directly. See also “Securities of Other Investment Companies” below. |
• | Warrants. Warrants are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments. |
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• | Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by a Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party. |
Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain or loss than common stocks. Convertible securities generally provide yields higher than the underlying common stocks, but generally lower than comparable non-convertible securities. Because of this higher yield, convertible securities generally sell at a price above their “conversion value,” which is the current market value of the stock to be received upon conversion. The difference between this conversion value and the price of convertible securities will vary over time depending on changes in the value of the underlying common stocks and interest rates. When the underlying common stocks decline in value, convertible securities will tend not to decline to the same extent because of the interest or dividend payments and the repayment of principal at maturity for certain types of convertible securities. However, securities that are convertible other than at the option of the holder generally do not limit the potential for loss to the same extent as securities convertible at the option of the holder. When the underlying common stocks rise in value, the value of convertible securities may also be expected to increase. At the same time, however, the difference between the market value of convertible securities and their conversion value will narrow, which means that the value of convertible securities will generally not increase to the same extent as the value of the underlying common stocks. Because convertible securities may also be interest-rate sensitive, their value may increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
Contingent convertible bonds are typically issued by non-U.S. banks and may be convertible into equity or may be written down if pre-determined triggering events occur, such as a decline in capital thresholds below a specified level occurs. Contingent convertible bonds typically are subordinated to other debt instruments of the issuer and generally rank junior to the claims of all holders of unsubordinated obligations of the issuer. Coupon payments on contingent convertible securities may be discretionary and may be cancelled by the issuer. Contingent convertible bonds are a new form of instrument, and the market and regulatory environment for contingent convertible bonds is evolving. Therefore, it is uncertain how the overall market for contingent convertible bonds would react to a triggering event or coupon suspension applicable to one issuer. A Fund may lose money on its investment in a contingent convertible bond when holders of the issuer's equity securities do not.
General Risks of Investing in Stocks. While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors must accept the risks of ownership. Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations. Stockholders of a company that fares poorly can lose money.
Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
▪ | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
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▪ | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
▪ | Changes in general financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates. |
Because preferred stock is generally junior to debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”). A Fund may invest a portion of its assets in REITs. A REIT is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Funds invest may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent. The above factors may adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through a Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act.
Each of the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund and CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in equity interests and/or debt obligations issued by REITs.
Real Estate Companies’ Securities. The Funds may be subject to the risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate. For example, real estate values may fluctuate as a result of general and local economic conditions, overbuilding and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, demographic trends and variations in rental income, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, regulatory limitations on rents, changes in neighborhood values, related party risks, changes in how appealing properties are to tenants, changes in interest rates and other real estate capital market influences.
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Micro, Small and Medium Capitalization Issuers. Investing in equity securities of micro, small and medium capitalization companies often involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in larger capitalization companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of smaller size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of depth of management. The securities of micro and smaller companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and even if listed on a national securities exchange may not be traded in volumes typical for that exchange. Consequently, the securities of micro and smaller companies are less likely to be liquid, may have limited market stability, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than securities of larger, more established growth companies or the market averages in general.
Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”). A Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities of companies offering shares in IPOs. IPOs may have a magnified performance impact on a Fund with a small asset base. A Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time, which may increase the turnover of the Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses for the Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, a Fund may realize taxable gains that it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for a Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Holders of IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
A Fund’s investment in IPO shares may include the securities of unseasoned companies (companies with less than three years of continuous operations), which presents risks considerably greater than common stocks of more established companies. These companies may have limited operating histories and their prospects for profitability may be uncertain. These companies may be involved in new and evolving businesses and, compared to their better-established, larger cap peers, may be more vulnerable to competition and changes in technology, markets and economic conditions. They may be more dependent on key managers and third parties and may have limited product lines.
Master Limited Partnerships. MLPs are limited partnerships or limited liability companies, whose partnership units or limited liability interests are listed and traded on a U.S. securities exchange, and are treated as publicly traded partnerships for federal income tax purposes. To qualify to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes, an MLP must receive at least 90% of its income from qualifying sources as set forth in Section 7704(d) of the Code. These qualifying sources include activities such as the exploration, development, mining, production, processing, refining, transportation, storage and marketing of mineral or natural resources. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are concentrated in a particular industry or sector, such as the energy sector, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry or sector.
MLPs that are formed as limited partnerships generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners, while MLPs that are formed as limited liability companies generally have two analogous classes of owners, the managing member and the members. For purposes of this section, references to general partners also apply to managing members and references to limited partners also apply to members.
The general partner is typically owned by a major energy company, an investment fund, the direct management of the MLP or is an entity owned by one or more of such parties. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an equity interest of as much as 2% in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. A holder of general partner interests can be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of the holder’s investment in the general partner interest. General partner interests are not publicly traded and generally cannot be converted into common units. The general partner interest can be redeemed by the MLP if the MLP unitholders choose to remove the general partner, typically with a supermajority vote by limited partner unitholders.
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Limited partners own the remainder of the MLP through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the MLP’s operations and management. Common units are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges, with their value fluctuating predominantly based on prevailing market conditions and the success of the MLP. Unlike owners of common stock of a corporation, owners of common units have limited voting rights and have no ability annually to elect directors. In the event of liquidation, common units have preference over subordinated units, but not over debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP.
MLPs are typically structured such that common units and general partner interests have first priority to receive quarterly cash distributions up to an established minimum amount (“minimum quarterly distributions” or “MQD”). Common and general partner interests also accrue arrearages in distributions to the extent the MQD is not paid. Once common and general partner interests have been paid, subordinated units receive distributions of up to the MQD; however, subordinated units do not accrue arrearages. Distributable cash in excess of the MQD paid to both common and subordinated units is distributed to both common and subordinated units generally on a pro rata basis. The general partner is also eligible to receive incentive distributions if the general partner operates the business in a manner which results in distributions paid per common unit surpassing specified target levels. As the general partner increases cash distributions to the limited partners, the general partner receives an increasingly higher percentage of the incremental cash distributions. A common arrangement provides that the general partner can reach a tier where it receives 50% of every incremental dollar paid to common and subordinated unit holders. These incentive distributions encourage the general partner to streamline costs, increase capital expenditures and acquire assets in order to increase the partnership’s cash flow and raise the quarterly cash distribution in order to reach higher tiers. Such results benefit all security holders of the MLP.
Foreign Securities. Foreign securities include equity securities of foreign entities, obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of foreign banks, including, without limitation, European Certificates of Deposit, European Time Deposits, European Bankers’ Acceptances, Canadian Time Deposits, Europaper and Yankee Certificates of Deposit, and investments in Canadian Commercial Paper and foreign securities. These instruments have investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in obligations of U.S. domestic issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, the possible imposition of withholding taxes on interest or other income, possible seizure, nationalization, or expropriation of foreign deposits, the possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source, greater fluctuations in value due to changes in exchange rates, or the adoption of other foreign governmental restrictions which might adversely affect the payment of principal and interest on such obligations. Such investments may also entail higher custodial fees and sales commissions than domestic investments. Foreign issuers of securities or obligations are often subject to accounting treatment and engage in business practices different from those respecting domestic issuers of similar securities or obligations. Foreign branches of U.S. banks and foreign banks may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks.
Emerging Markets. An “emerging market” country is generally a country that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank”) and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNPs”) than more developed countries. There are currently over 130 countries that the international financial community generally considers to be emerging or developing countries, approximately 40 of which currently have stock markets.
Investment Funds. Some emerging countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If a Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their NAV.
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Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors. Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners, and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit a Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval, limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest, or may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Funds’ investments.
Information and Supervision. There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
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Stock Exchange and Market Risk. The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | Have substantially less volume; |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | May have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards; |
▪ | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis; |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States; |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated; |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights; and |
▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk. While each Fund denominates its NAV in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
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▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes. Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for a Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets. Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Money Market Securities. Money market securities include short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by a nationally recognized statistical ratings organization (“NRSRO”), such as Standard & Poor’s Rating Services (“S&P”) or Moody’s Investor Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), or determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described below. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” to this SAI.
U.S. Government Securities. The Funds may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
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Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Funds’ shares.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
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U.S. Treasury Obligations. U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”). The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately.
Commercial Paper. Commercial paper is the term used to designate unsecured short-term promissory notes issued by corporations and other entities. Maturities on these issues vary from a few to 270 days.
Investment Grade Fixed Income Securities. Fixed income securities are considered investment grade if they are rated in one of the four highest rating categories by an NRSRO, or, if not rated, are determined to be of comparable quality by the Adviser. See “Appendix A - Description of Ratings” for a description of the bond rating categories of several NRSROs. Ratings of each NRSRO represent its opinion of the safety of principal and interest payments (and not the market risk) of bonds and other fixed income securities it undertakes to rate at the time of issuance. Ratings are not absolute standards of quality and may not reflect changes in an issuer’s creditworthiness. Fixed income securities rated BBB- or Baa3 lack outstanding investment characteristics, and have speculative characteristics as well. Securities rated Baa3 by Moody’s or BBB- by S&P or higher are considered by those rating agencies to be “investment grade” securities, although Moody’s considers securities rated in the Baa category to have speculative characteristics. While issuers of bonds rated BBB by S&P are considered to have adequate capacity to meet their financial commitments, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity to pay interest and principal for debt in this category than debt in higher rated categories. In the event a security owned by a Fund is downgraded below investment grade, the Adviser will review the situation and take appropriate action with regard to the security.
Debt Securities. Corporations and governments use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
• | Corporate Bonds. Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest, and repay the principal amount of the bond or note. |
• | Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated. |
Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The Adviser will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets its investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
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Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers. Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities. Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are: 1) payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly); and 2) falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing a Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. In addition to risks associated with changes in interest rates, a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. When prepayment occurs, a Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
Other Asset-Backed Securities. These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Funds may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
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Repurchase Agreements. The Funds may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Funds follow certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Funds will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Funds, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Funds will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of a Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. A Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of each Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by that Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Funds in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements. The Funds may enter into reverse repurchase agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which a Fund sells portfolio securities to financial institutions, such as banks and broker-dealers, and agrees to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon date and price that is higher than the original sale price. Reverse repurchase agreements are similar to a fully collateralized borrowing by a Fund. At the time a Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will earmark on the books of the Fund or place in a segregated account cash or liquid securities having a value equal to the repurchase price (including accrued interest) and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve risks. Reverse repurchase agreements are a form of leverage, and the use of reverse repurchase agreements by a Fund may increase the Fund’s volatility. Reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to the risk that the other party to the reverse repurchase agreement will be unable or unwilling to complete the transaction as scheduled, which may result in losses to a Fund. Reverse repurchase agreements also involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by a Fund may decline below the price at which it is obligated to repurchase the securities. In addition, when a Fund invests the proceeds it receives in a reverse repurchase transaction, there is a risk that those investments may decline in value. In this circumstance, the Fund could be required to sell other investments in order to meet its obligations to repurchase the securities.
The CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund may invest up to 10% of its net assets in reverse repurchase agreements.
Securities of Other Investment Companies. The Funds may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Funds. A Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
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For hedging or other purposes, the Funds may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Funds may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Funds otherwise comply with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Funds may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Funds may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting themselves from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, a Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Funds to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Funds’ investment objectives and is legally permissible, the Funds may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by a Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the SEC and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when a Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), a Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
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Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Funds are not subject to registration or regulation as CPOs under the CEA. As a result, the Funds will be limited in their ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Funds’ investment strategies and may adversely affect the Funds’ performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a “futures commission merchant” or “custodian bank,” when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily NAV, each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
A Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options. An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
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▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When a Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). A Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that a Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. A Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When a Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when a Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
A Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive a Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. A Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
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The Funds are permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, a Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, a Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
• | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
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The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
A Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. A Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
A Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, a Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Funds may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Funds may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which they could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which a Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if a Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Funds could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Funds may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, a Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, a Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
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Straddles and Spreads. A Fund, for hedging purposes, may enter into straddles and spreads. In “spread” transactions, the Fund buys and writes a put or buys and writes a call on the same underlying instrument with the options having different exercise prices, expiration dates, or both. In “straddles,” the Fund purchases a put option and a call option or writes a put option and a call option on the same instrument with the same expiration date and typically the same exercise price. When a Fund engages in spread and straddle transactions, it seeks to profit from differences in the option premiums paid and received and in the market prices of the related options positions when they are closed out or sold. Because these transactions require a Fund to buy and/or write more than one option simultaneously, the Fund’s ability to enter into such transactions and to liquidate its positions when necessary or deemed advisable may be more limited than if the Fund were to buy or sell a single option. Similarly, costs incurred by a Fund in connection with these transactions will in many cases be greater than if the Fund were to buy or sell a single option.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts. A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including the determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect a Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. A Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
A Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that a Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
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A Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, a Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities. The Funds may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Funds’ restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements. A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of a Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. A Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, a Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Funds will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Funds’ gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Funds may cover their current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
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▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that a Fund will be committed to pay.
▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to a Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
As with a traditional investment in a debt security, a Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. A Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
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▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the breakeven inflation rate) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by a Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Funds than if they had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Funds’ gains or losses, causing them to make or lose substantially more than they invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities a Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices. The Funds’ ability to hedge their securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities a Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, a Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
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Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Funds. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Funds against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Funds’ foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Funds’ investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity. Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, a Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, a Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Funds intend to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, a Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, a Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
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Management Risk. Successful use of derivatives by the Funds is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Funds may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if a Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if a Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk. At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if a Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin. Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to a Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, a Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. A Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage. The Funds’ use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Funds will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Funds do not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches that value, the Funds may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation. The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Funds by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Funds trade. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Funds’ use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Funds’ ability to achieve their investment objectives. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
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Illiquid Investments. Illiquid investments are investments that the Funds reasonably expect cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Because of their illiquid nature, illiquid investments must be priced at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures approved by the Board. Despite such good faith efforts to determine fair value prices, a Fund’s illiquid investments are subject to the risk that the investments fair value price may differ from the actual price which the Fund may ultimately realize upon its sale or disposition. Difficulty in selling illiquid investments may result in a loss or may be costly to a Fund. Under the supervision of the Board, the Adviser determines the liquidity of a Fund’s investments. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets.
Securities Lending. Each Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of a Fund (including the loan collateral). A Fund will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of a Fund.
A Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund’s securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, a Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects a Fund to market risk. A Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by the Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. Each Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. In such instances, the Adviser will vote the securities in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon a Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Restricted Securities. The Funds may purchase restricted securities. Restricted securities are securities that may not be sold freely to the public absent registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”) or an exemption from registration. Institutional markets for restricted securities have developed as a result of the promulgation of Rule 144A under the 1933 Act, which provides a “safe harbor” from 1933 Act registration requirements for qualifying sales to institutional investors. When Rule 144A restricted securities present an attractive investment opportunity and meet other selection criteria, a Fund may make such investments whether or not such securities are “illiquid” depending on the market that exists for the particular security. The Board has delegated the responsibility for determining the liquidity of Rule 144A restricted securities that the Funds may invest in to the Adviser.
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Short Sales Against the Box. A Fund may make short sales of common stocks if, at all times when a short position is open, the Fund owns the stock or owns preferred stocks or debt securities convertible or exchangeable, without payment of further consideration, into the shares of common stock sold short. Short sales of this kind are referred to as short sales “against the box.” The broker/dealer that executes a short sale generally invests cash proceeds of the sale until they are paid to a Fund. Arrangements may be made with the broker/dealer to obtain a portion of the interest earned by the broker on the investment of short sale proceeds. A Fund will segregate the common stock or convertible or exchangeable preferred stock or debt securities in a special account with the custodian. A short sale against the box is a taxable transaction to a Fund with respect to the securities that are sold short. A Fund will incur transaction costs in connection with short sales against the box.
When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward-Delivery Transactions. A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which has not been issued. In a forward-delivery transaction, a Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities a Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. A Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
A Fund may use when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward-delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When a Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, the Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-delivery basis, a Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because a Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to the risks associated with its other investments.
The Funds will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions. The Funds will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of the commitments.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks. As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Funds, and their service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Funds and their service providers use to service the Funds’ operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Funds and their service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Funds or the Adviser, the Funds’ distributor, custodian, or any other of the Funds’ intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Funds and their shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Funds’ ability to calculate their NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Funds to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Funds may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Funds may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Funds’ investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Funds, the Funds’ service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Funds invest will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
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INVESTMENT LIMITATIONS
Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that a Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of a Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
Each Fund may not:
1. | Purchase the securities of issuers conducting their principal business activity in the same industry if, immediately after the purchase and as a result thereof, the value of the Fund’s investments in that industry would equal or exceed 25% of the current value of the Fund’s total assets, provided that this restriction does not limit the Fund’s investments in securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities, repurchase agreements involving such securities, securities of other investment companies, or municipal securities. |
2. | With respect to 75% of its assets: (i) purchase the securities of any issuer (except securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer; or (ii) acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. |
3. | Borrow money, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, including the rules, regulations and any orders obtained thereunder. |
4. | Issue senior securities, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, including the rules, regulations and any orders obtained thereunder. |
5. | Make loans to other parties if, as a result, the aggregate value of such loans would exceed one-third of the Fund’s total assets. For the purposes of this limitation, entering into repurchase agreements, lending securities and acquiring any debt securities are not deemed to be the making of loans. |
6. | Underwrite securities of other issuers, except to the extent that the purchase of permitted investments directly from the issuer thereof or from an underwriter for an issuer and the later disposition of such securities in accordance with the Fund’s investment program may be deemed to be an underwriting. |
7. | Purchase or sell real estate unless acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments (but this shall not prevent the Fund from investing in securities or other instruments backed by real estate or securities of companies engaged in the real estate business). |
8. | Purchase or sell commodities, provided that (i) currency will not be deemed to be a commodity for purposes of this restriction, (ii) this restriction does not limit the purchase or sale of futures contracts, forward contracts or options, and (iii) this restriction does not limit the purchase or sale of securities or other instruments backed by commodities or the purchase or sale of commodities acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments. |
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Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objective of each Fund, the following limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
1. | Each Fund may lend securities from its portfolio to approved brokers, dealers and financial institutions, to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, including the rules, regulations and exemptions thereunder, which currently limit such activities to one-third of the value of the Fund’s total assets (including the value of the collateral received). Any such loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized based on values that are marked-to-market daily. |
2. | Each Fund may not make investments for the purpose of exercising control or management, provided that this restriction does not limit the Fund’s investments in securities of other investment companies or investments in entities created under the laws of foreign countries to facilitate investment in securities of that country. |
3. | Each Fund may not purchase securities on margin (except for short-term credits necessary for the clearance of transactions). |
4. | Each Fund may not sell securities short, unless it owns or has the right to obtain securities equivalent in kind and amount to the securities sold short (short sales “against the box”), and provided that transactions in futures contracts and options are not deemed to constitute selling securities short. |
5. | The CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of mid-capitalization companies. This non-fundamental policy may be changed by the Board upon at least 60 days’ written notice to Fund shareholders. |
6. | The CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in income producing securities. This non-fundamental policy may be changed by the Board upon at least 60 days’ written notice to Fund shareholders. |
7. | The CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities and other instruments that have economic characteristics similar to equity securities. This non-fundamental policy may be changed by the Board upon at least 60 days’ written notice to Fund shareholders. |
Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. Under normal circumstances, if such a change in values or assets causes a Fund to not adhere to a percentage restriction, the Fund will only make investments that will bring it toward meeting such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances causes a Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitation within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets. Transactions that are fully collateralized in a manner that does not involve the prohibited issuance of a “senior security” within the meaning of Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act, shall not be regarded as borrowings for the purposes of a Fund’s investment restriction. Section 18(f) of the 1940 Act permits an investment company to borrow only from banks.
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Concentration . The 1940 Act requires that every investment company have a fundamental policy regarding concentration. The SEC has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s total assets in any particular industry or group of industries, with certain exceptions such as with respect to investments in obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies and instrumentalities, or tax-exempt obligations of state or municipal governments and their political subdivisions. For purposes of the Funds’ concentration policy, each Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
Diversification . Under the 1940 Act and the rules, regulations and interpretations thereunder, a “diversified company,” as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. government or its agencies, or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer’s voting securities would be held by a fund.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, an investment company may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain derivatives, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves an investment company purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Real Estate and Commodities . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in real estate or commodities, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
General. CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc., located at One South Wacker Drive, Suite 3500, Chicago, Illinois 60606, has been providing investment advisory services since 1932, and is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”), a Canadian financial services company. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $16.6 billion in assets under management.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”). Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as the investment adviser and makes investment decisions for each of the Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of each of the Funds, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Trustees.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of each Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or, with respect to any Fund, by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of that Fund, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser, or, by the Adviser, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
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Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services to the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at the following rates based on the average daily net assets of the Fund:
For its services to the CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund, CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at the following rates based on the average daily net assets of each Fund:
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund | 0.75% |
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund | 0.60% |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund | 0.82% |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund | 0.80% |
The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce fees and/or reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding 12b-1 fees, shareholder servicing fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding the amounts listed in the table below, as a percentage of average daily net assets of each Fund, until February 28, 2020:
CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund | 0.80% |
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund | 1.00% |
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund | 0.85% |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund | 1.10% |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund | 1.10% |
In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its (or, with respect to the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Fund, Geneva's) prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee reduction and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020; or (ii) by the Board, for any reason at any time. The Board has no current intention to terminate the Agreement prior to February 28, 2020.
Prior to February 29, 2016, the Adviser had contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses of the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund in order to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) from exceeding 0.79% of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following investment advisory fees to the Adviser:
Fund | Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived by the Adviser |
Total Fees Paid to the Adviser
(After Waivers) 1 |
||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund | $4,667,954 | $5,584,276 | $6,391,671 | $2,693 | $0 | $0 | $4,729,517 | $5,632,535 | $6,391,671 |
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund | $2,167,179 | $3,348,732 | $4,382,498 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $2,167,179 | $3,348,732 | $4,382,498 |
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund | $1,241,961 | $1,727,444 | $2,007,772 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $1,241,961 | $1,727,444 | $2,007,772 |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | $246,238 3 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | $0 3 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | $301,841 3 |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | $153,592 3 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | $0 3 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | $192,030 3 |
1 | During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016 and 2017, the Adviser recovered previously waived and reimbursed fees of $64,256 and $48,259, respectively, for the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund. During the period from September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018, the Adviser recovered previously waived and reimbursed fees of $55,603 for the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and $38,438 for the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund. |
2 | Information for periods preceding the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization is provided below. |
3 | Represents the period from September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. In addition to these fees, for the period from the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization on February 12, 2018 to August 31, 2018, the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund paid investment advisory fees of $755,581 and $485,960, respectively, to the Adviser. |
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For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016 and 2017 and the fiscal period from September 1, 2017 to the All Cap Growth Fund Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization, the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund and Equity Income Predecessor Fund paid the following investment advisory fees to Geneva:
Fund | Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived | Total Fees Paid (After Waivers) | ||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 1 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 1 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 1 | |
All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund | $1,623,172 | $1,512,194 | $736,882 | $410,399 | $365,787 | $153,740 | $1,212,773 | $1,146,407 | $583,142 |
Equity Income Predecessor Fund | $2,016,084 | $1,150,013 | $541,949 | $561,552 | $348,307 | $141,392 | $1,454,532 | $801,706 | $400,557 |
1 | Represents the period from September 1, 2017 to the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization. |
This section includes information about the Funds’ portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
Compensation. The Adviser seeks to maintain a compensation program that is competitively positioned to attract and retain high-caliber investment professionals. Portfolio managers receive a base salary, an incentive bonus opportunity and an equity compensation opportunity. Portfolio manager compensation is reviewed and may be modified each year as appropriate to reflect changes in the market, as well as to adjust the factors used to determine bonuses to promote competitive Fund performance. The Adviser evaluates competitive market compensation by reviewing compensation survey results conducted by an independent third party of investment industry compensation. Each portfolio manager’s compensation consists of the following three elements:
Base Salary . Each portfolio manager is paid a base salary. In setting the base salary, the Adviser’s intention is to be competitive in light of the particular portfolio manager’s experience and responsibilities.
Annual Bonus. The portfolio managers are eligible, along with other employees of the Adviser, to participate in a discretionary year-end bonus pool. The Adviser reviews and approves the bonus pool metrics to be used each year. The Adviser considers investment performance and financial results in its review. Each portfolio manager is eligible to receive an annual cash bonus which is based on quantitative (i.e. investment performance) and non-quantitative factors (which may include, but are not limited to, individual performance, risk management and teamwork).
Each portfolio manager’s compensation is linked to the pre-tax investment performance of the Funds/accounts managed by the portfolio manager.
High investment performance (against applicable peer group and/or benchmarks) would deliver compensation generally associated with top pay in the industry (determined by reference to the third party provided compensation survey information) and poor investment performance (versus applicable peer group) would result in low bonus compared to the applicable peer group or no bonus at all. These decisions are reviewed and approved collectively by senior leadership which has responsibility for executing the compensation approach across the organization.
Equity-Based Compensation . Portfolio managers may be granted an annual deferral award of CIBC restricted stock units.
Portfolio managers also participate in benefit plans and programs available generally to all employees.
Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
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Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Patricia Bannan | $100,001-$500,000 (CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund) |
Brant Houston |
$100,001-$500,000 (CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund) $100,001-$500,000 (CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund) |
Jay Pearlstein | None |
Gary Pzegeo | None |
Frederick L. Weiss |
$500,001-$1,000,000 (CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund) Over $1,000,000 (CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund) |
Robert C. Bridges | $100,001-$150,000 (CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund) |
John P. Huber |
$500,001-$1,000,000 (CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund) $500,001-$1,000,000 (CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund) |
Gordon C. Scott, CFA | $10,001-$50,000 (CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund) |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Funds, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Name |
Registered Investment Companies |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of Accounts | Total Assets (in Millions) | |
Patricia Bannan | 1 | $1,006.40 | 0 | $0 | 2,602 | $6,378.12 |
Brant Houston | 2 | $1,336.10 | 0 | $0 | 2,621 | $6,421.96 |
Jay Pearlstein | 1 | $607.30 | 1 | $31.67 | 654 | $1,235.49 |
Gary Pzegeo | 1 | $329.80 | 0 | $0 | 19 | $43.84 |
Frederick L. Weiss | 1 | $607.30 | 1 | $31.67 | 654 | $1,235.49 |
Robert C. Bridges | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 56 | $148.43 |
John P. Huber | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 76 | $472.83 |
Gordon C. Scott, CFA | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 |
Conflicts of Interest. Actual or apparent conflicts of interest may arise when a portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities with respect to more than one Fund or other account. More specifically, portfolio managers who manage multiple Funds and/or other accounts may be presented with one or more of the following potential conflicts:
• | The management of multiple Funds and/or other accounts may result in a portfolio manager devoting unequal time and attention to the management of each Fund and/or other account. The Adviser seeks to manage such competing interests for the time and attention of portfolio managers by having portfolio managers focus on a particular investment discipline. Most other accounts managed by a portfolio manager are managed using the same investment models that are used in connection with the management of the Funds. |
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• | If a portfolio manager identifies a limited investment opportunity which may be suitable for more than one Fund or other account, a Fund may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity due to an allocation of filled purchase or sale orders across the Funds and other account(s). To deal with these situations, the Adviser has adopted procedures for allocating portfolio transactions across multiple accounts. |
• | The Adviser determines which broker to use to execute each order for securities transactions for the Funds, consistent with its duty to seek best execution of the transaction. However, for certain other accounts (such as mutual funds for which the Adviser or an affiliate acts as sub-adviser, other pooled investment vehicles that are not registered mutual funds, and other accounts managed for organizations and individuals), the Adviser may be limited by the client with respect to the selection of brokers or may be instructed to direct trades through a particular broker. In these cases, trades for a Fund in a particular security may be placed separately from, rather than aggregated with, such other accounts. Having separate transactions with respect to a security may temporarily affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the possible detriment of the Fund or other account(s) involved. |
• | Finally, the appearance of a conflict of interest may arise where the Adviser has an incentive, such as a performance-based management fee, which relates to the management of one Fund or account but not all Funds and accounts for which a portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities. |
The Adviser has adopted certain compliance procedures which are designed to address these types of conflicts. However, there is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation in which a conflict arises.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, subject to certain minimums.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following amounts for these services:
1 | Information for periods preceding the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization is provided below. |
2 | Represents the period from the September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. For the fiscal period from the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization on February 12, 2018 to August 31, 2018, the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund paid administration fees of $51,801 and $34,165, respectively, to the Administrator. |
For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016 and 2017 and the fiscal period from September 1, 2017 to the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization, the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund and Equity Income Predecessor Fund paid the following administration fees to their administrator:
Fund | Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 1 | |
All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund | $152,547 | $141,253 | $94,672 |
Equity Income Predecessor Fund | $185,187 | $115,120 | $78,643 |
1 | Represents the period from September 1, 2017 to the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization. |
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”). The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
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PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Distribution Plan. The Trust has adopted a Distribution Plan with respect to the Investor Class Shares (the “Plan”) in accordance with the provisions of Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, which regulates circumstances under which an investment company may directly or indirectly bear expenses relating to the distribution of its shares. Continuance of the Plan must be approved annually by a majority of the Trustees and by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan (“Qualified Trustees”). The Plan requires that quarterly written reports of amounts spent under the Plan and the purposes of such expenditures be furnished to and reviewed by the Trustees. The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the amount that may be spent thereunder without approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of the affected Fund(s). All material amendments of the Plan will require approval by a majority of the Trustees and of the Qualified Trustees.
The Plan provides a method of paying for distribution and shareholder services, which may help the Funds grow or maintain asset levels to provide operational efficiencies and economies of scale, provided by the Distributor or other financial intermediaries that enter into agreements with the Distributor. The Funds may make payments to financial intermediaries, such as banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, investment counselors, broker-dealers, mutual fund “supermarkets” and the Distributor’s affiliates and subsidiaries, as compensation for services, reimbursement of expenses incurred in connection with distribution assistance or provision of shareholder services. The Distributor may, at its discretion, retain a portion of such payments to compensate itself for distribution services and distribution related expenses such as the costs of preparation, printing, mailing or otherwise disseminating sales literature, advertising, and prospectuses (other than those furnished to current shareholders of a Fund), promotional and incentive programs, and such other marketing expenses that the Distributor may incur.
Under the Plan, the Distributor or financial intermediaries may receive up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Investor Class Shares as compensation for distribution and shareholder services. The Plan is characterized as a compensation plan since the distribution fee will be paid to the Distributor without regard to the distribution or shareholder service expenses incurred by the Distributor or the amount of payments made to financial intermediaries. The Trust intends to operate the Plan in accordance with its terms and with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules concerning sales charges.
As of the date of this SAI, no payments have been made to the Distributor under the Plan.
For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016 and 2017 and the fiscal period from September 1, 2017 to the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization, the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund and Equity Income Predecessor Fund paid their distributor the following distribution fees:
Fund | 12b-1 Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 1 | |
All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund | $49,160 | $9,787 | $3,949 |
Equity Income Predecessor Fund | $12,629 | $4,213 | $1,417 |
1 | Represents the period from September 1, 2017 to the All Cap Growth Reorganization and Equity Income Reorganization. |
Shareholder Servicing Plan. The Funds have adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which a shareholder servicing fee of up to 0.15% of average daily net assets of Investor Class Shares of the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund and CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund and 0.10% of Investor Class Shares of the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund will be paid to financial intermediaries. Under the plan, financial intermediaries may perform, or may compensate other financial intermediaries for performing, certain shareholder and/or administrative services or similar non-distribution services, including: (i) maintaining shareholder accounts; (ii) arranging for bank wires; (iii) responding to shareholder inquiries relating to the services performed by the financial intermediaries; (iv) responding to inquiries from shareholders concerning their investment in the Funds; (v) assisting shareholders in changing dividend options, account designations and addresses; (vi) providing information periodically to shareholders showing their position in the Funds; (vii) forwarding shareholder communications from the Funds such as proxies, shareholder reports, annual reports, and dividend and capital gain distribution and tax notices to shareholders; (viii) processing purchase, exchange and redemption requests from shareholders and placing orders with the Funds or their service providers; (ix) providing sub-accounting services; (x) processing dividend and capital gain payments from the Funds on behalf of shareholders; (xi) preparing tax reports; and (xii) providing such other similar non-distribution services as the Funds may reasonably request to the extent that the financial intermediary is permitted to do so under applicable laws or regulations.
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Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Funds and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Funds, the Distributor or shareholders of the Funds through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Funds in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Funds; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Funds by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 West 11 th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Funds’ transfer agent.
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104 (the “Custodian”), acts as custodian of the Funds. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Funds as required by the 1940 Act.
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INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Funds did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Funds described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, Distributor and Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of each Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with an adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
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The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
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Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year
of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018) |
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager - Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
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Name and Year
of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. |
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President - Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
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Name and Year
of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Funds as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of each of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
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1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Funds are the only funds in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Funds’ most recently completed fiscal year.
1 |
All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Funds are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Funds in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which the disposal or valuation of a Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Funds for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Funds adhere to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities. Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over-the-counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Funds’ pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of each Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
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Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Funds will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Funds will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Funds calculate NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which each Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value a Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Funds are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Funds are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Funds calculate NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Funds and their shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Funds or their shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
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The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to regulated investment companies (“RICs”), such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. Each Fund intends to qualify and elect to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, each Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. A Fund that qualifies as a RIC will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that the Fund timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, each Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of each Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of each Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of each Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of each Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of each Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that a Fund controls and that are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and may distribute their capital gains for any taxable year, the Funds will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. Each Fund is treated as a separate corporation for federal income tax purposes. A Fund therefore is considered to be a separate entity in determining its treatment under the rules for RICs described herein. Losses in one Fund do not offset gains in another and the requirements (other than certain organizational requirements) for qualifying RIC status are determined at the Fund level rather than at the Trust level.
If a Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, such Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If a Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, such Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, a Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC.
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A Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Funds is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If a Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. A Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. A Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if a Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires a Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), a Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which a Fund paid no federal income tax). The Funds intend to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Funds may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Funds to satisfy the requirement for qualification as RICs.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Funds receive income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of a Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by a Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Funds are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Funds receive qualified dividend income on the securities they hold and the Funds report the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from each Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend, (ii) each Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in a Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Funds receive from an ETF or an underlying fund taxable as a RIC or a REIT will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such ETF, underlying fund or REIT. The CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund’s investment strategies may limit its ability to make distributions eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income.
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Distributions by the Funds of their net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of a Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in such Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, Fund distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by such Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation. The CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund’s investment strategies may limit its ability to make distributions eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
To the extent that a Fund makes a distribution of income received by such Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If a Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in a Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Funds (or their administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Funds may report and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Funds.
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Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales, Exchanges or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange, or redemption of shares of a Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged, or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Funds (or their administrative agent) are also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, each Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Funds will use the average basis method as their default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholders (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Funds may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Funds’ ability to qualify as RICs, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Funds are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Funds and/or defer the Funds’ ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Funds to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of their foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Funds.
Certain derivative investments by the Funds, such as exchange-traded products and over-the-counter derivatives, may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test described above, which must be met in order for a Fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code. In addition, the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of such derivative investments are often unclear for purposes of the Asset Test described above. The Funds intend to carefully monitor such investments to ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to ensure that they are adequately diversified under the Asset Test. The Funds, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying income from these investments and there are no assurances that the IRS will agree with the Funds’ determination of the Asset Test with respect to such derivatives.
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Each Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from futures and options contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. A Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, options contracts and swaps to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require the Funds to mark-to-market certain types of positions in their portfolios (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause a Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Accordingly, in order to avoid certain income and excise taxes, a Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so.
With respect to investments in STRIPS, treasury receipts, and other zero coupon securities which are sold at original issue discount and thus do not make periodic cash interest payments, a Fund will be required to include as part of its current income the imputed interest on such obligations even though the Fund has not received any interest payments on such obligations during that period. Because each Fund intends to distribute all of its net investment income to its shareholders, a Fund may have to sell Fund securities to distribute such imputed income which may occur at a time when the Adviser would not have chosen to sell such securities and which may result in taxable gain or loss.
Any market discount recognized on a bond is taxable as ordinary income. A market discount bond is a bond acquired in the secondary market at a price below redemption value or adjusted issue price if issued with original issue discount. Absent an election by a Fund to include the market discount in income as it accrues, gain on the Fund’s disposition of such an obligation will be treated as ordinary income rather than capital gain to the extent of the accrued market discount.
The CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund may invest in MLPs. In general, for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test described above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership that would be qualifying income if realized directly by the Fund. However, 100% of the net income derived from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (generally, a partnership (i) interests in which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof, (ii) that derives at least 90% of its income from the passive income sources specified in Code section 7704(d), and (iii) that derives less than 90% of its income from the same sources as described in the Qualifying Income Test) will be treated as qualifying income. In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to RICs, such rules do apply to a RIC with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.
The CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund may invest in certain MLPs which may be treated as “qualified publicly traded partnerships.” Income from qualified publicly traded partnerships is qualifying income for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test, but the Fund’s investment in one or more of such qualified publicly traded partnerships is limited under the Asset Test to no more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s assets. The Fund will monitor its investments in such qualified publicly traded partnerships in order to ensure compliance with the Qualifying Income and Asset Tests.
MLPs and other partnerships that the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund may invest in will deliver Form K-1s to the Fund to report its share of income, gains, losses, deductions and credits of the MLP or other partnership. These Form K-1s may be delayed and may not be received until after the time that the Fund issues its tax reporting statements. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues you your Form 1099 tax reporting statement and, accordingly, send you a corrected Form 1099.
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The Tax Act treats “qualified publicly traded partnership income” within the meaning of Section 199A(e)(5) of the Code as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. Qualified publicly traded partnership income is generally income of a “publicly traded partnership” that is not treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is effectively connected with such entity’s trade or business, but does not include certain investment income. A “publicly traded partnership” for purposes of this deduction is not necessarily the same as a “qualified publicly traded partnership” as defined for the purpose of the immediately preceding paragraphs. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). The Tax Act does not contain a provision permitting a RIC, such as the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, to pass the special character of this income through to its shareholders. Currently, direct investors in entities that generate “qualified publicly traded partnership income” will enjoy the lower rate, but investors in RICs that invest in such entities will not. It is uncertain whether future technical corrections or administrative guidance will address this issue to enable the Fund to pass through the special character of “qualified publicly traded partnership income” to shareholders.
The CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund may invest in REITs. Investments in REIT equity securities may require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. The Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to the Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to the Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund may rely, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
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If a Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs”, the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund was able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event, would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. Each Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues. A Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require a Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Funds intend to monitor their transactions, intend to make the appropriate tax elections, and intend to make the appropriate entries in their books and records when they acquire any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of a Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by a Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of a Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, such Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If a Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If a Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by such Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by a Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if a Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in a Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by a Fund.
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Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block UBTI from being realized by their tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in a Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
The Funds’ shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from a Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from its retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
Backup Withholding. A Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a rate of 24% and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Funds may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Funds. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. A Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of a Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from a Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described in this paragraph. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Funds are required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends they pay to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by a Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Funds or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in a Fund will need to provide such Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Funds should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as a Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that a Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by a Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in a Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Funds will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Funds execute transactions in the over-the-counter market, they will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including a Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or a Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on Fund transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | |||
Fund | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund | $126,447 | $135,071 | $0 |
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund | $117,474 | $152,620 | $72,689 |
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund | $82,043 | $88,022 | $33,522 |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $8,235 2 |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | $6,569 2 |
1 | Information for periods preceding the Reorganization is provided below. Information for the period from the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization on February 12, 2018 to August 31, 2018 is included in the table below. |
2 | Represents the period from September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. |
For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund and the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund and Equity Income Predecessor Fund paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on fund transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | |||
Fund | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund | $74,441 1 | $64,233 1 | $59,564 3 |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund | $215,255 2 | $36,469 2 | $42,978 4 |
1 | Represents payments made by the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund. |
2 | Represents payments made by the Equity Income Predecessor Fund. |
3 | Represents aggregate payments made by the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund. |
4 | Represents aggregate payments made by the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund and Equity Income Predecessor Fund. |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Funds to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Funds.
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To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used by the Adviser in connection with the Funds or any other specific client accounts that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to, and not in lieu of, the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Funds, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. FINRA has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser:
Fund |
Total Dollar Amount of
for Research Services |
Total Dollar Amount of
for Research Services |
CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund | $119,761 | $316,408,778 |
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund | $69,129 | $155,724,603 |
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund | $82,319 | $85,376,147 |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund | $8,624 1 | $25,019,665 1 |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund | $6,568 1 | $9,493,464 1 |
1 | Represents the period from September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. For the period from the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization on February 12, 2018 to August 31, 2018, the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund paid $39,886 and $17,398, respectively, on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser. The total dollar amounts of transactions involving brokerage commissions for research services for the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund were $106,283,875 and $35,033,409, respectively. |
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For the fiscal period from September 1, 2017 to the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization, the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund and the Equity Income Predecessor Fund paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser:
Fund |
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund | $16,924 | $55,399,170 |
Equity Income Predecessor Fund | $24,480 | $34,121,245 |
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Funds may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Funds or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Funds for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
For the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016 and 2017 and the fiscal period from September 1, 2017 to the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization, the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund and Equity Income Predecessor Fund and the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Funds are required to identify any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that each Fund held during their most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds and the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund and Equity Income Predecessor Fund did not hold any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers.”
During the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016 and 2017 and the fiscal period from September 1, 2017 to the All Cap Growth Reorganization and the Equity Income Reorganization, the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund and Equity Income Predecessor Fund and the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund did not hold any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers.”
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which a Fund may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one year. A Fund may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the portfolio turnover rates for the Funds were as follows:
Fund | Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 | |
CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund | 17% | 19% |
CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund | 17% | 9% |
CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund | 17% | 25% |
CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund | 36% 1 | 4% 3 |
CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund | 17% 2 | 3% 4 |
1 | Represents the portfolio turnover rate of the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2017. |
2 | Represents the portfolio turnover rate of the Equity Income Predecessor Fund for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2017. |
3 | Represents the period from September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. The total portfolio turnover rate of the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and the All Cap Growth Predecessor Fund for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2018 was 50%. |
4 | Represents the period from September 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018. The total portfolio turnover rate of the CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund and the Equity Income Predecessor Fund for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2018 was 30%. |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Funds’ portfolio securities is in the best interests of the Funds’ shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds, the Adviser, or the principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer to authorize the release of the Funds’ portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, either directly or through reports by the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Funds are required to disclose their complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). Each Fund will disclose a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s NAV (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to the Fund’s shareholders. Each Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters will be available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters will be available in shareholder reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to the Funds’ shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should a Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-855-328-3863.
In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the Custodian, the Administrator or the Transfer Agent, in connection with their services to the Funds. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Funds. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of a Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics. The lag time for such disclosures will vary. The Funds believe that these third parties have legitimate objectives in requesting such portfolio holdings information.
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The Funds’ policies and procedures provide that the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of the Funds’ shareholders and that to the extent conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders and those of the Funds’ Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds exist, such conflicts are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The disclosures will not be made sooner than three days after the date of the information. The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, the Funds require any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank the Funds, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
The Funds’ policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Funds, the Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Funds’ portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of a Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of a Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of a Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund, each of which represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any additional funds and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Funds’ shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
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LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Funds to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Funds’ complete proxy voting records during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-855-328-3863; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board on behalf of the Trust has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Administrator and the Distributor have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by Access Persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Funds, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain Access Persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of any class of the shares of the Funds. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of a Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling a Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund | ||
Name and Address | Class of Shares | % of Class |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 4 JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995 |
Institutional | 11.53% |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105-1905 |
Institutional | 79.89% |
TD AMERITRADE INC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CLIENTS PO BOX 2226 OMAHA, NE 68103-2226 |
Institutional | 5.61% |
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
A- 1
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
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VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
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A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
*Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories.
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
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A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
A- 5
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
A- 6
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
A- 7
APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
B- 1
Proxy Policy
Handbook
Department Owners: | Compliance/Boston Operations | |
Last Update: | February 18, 2014 | |
Last Review: | June 25, 2018 | |
Next Review Date: | January 31, 2019 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Proxy Voting Policies & Procedures | 2 |
1.1 Fiduciary Obligations & Government Regulation | 3 |
1.2 Proxy Committee | 3 |
1.3 Procedures for Proxy Voting | 4 |
1.4 Recordkeeping | 5 |
1.5 Conflicts of Interest | 5 |
1.6 Social Responsibility Issues | 5 |
1.7 Client Directed Votes/Overrides | 6 |
2 Proxy Voting Guidelines | 6 |
2.1 ISS Proxy Voting Guidelines | 6 |
2.2 Corporate Governance and Organizational Matters | 7 |
2.3 Capital Structure and Transactions | 7 |
2.4 Stockholder Proposals | 8 |
2.5 International Investing | 8 |
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1 Proxy Voting Policies & Procedures
1.1 Fiduciary Obligations & Government Regulation
The outcome of a proxy vote can have a significant impact on the value of a company. As fiduciaries of client or fund assets that include equities, CIBC National Trust Company, CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc., and CIBC Delaware Trust Company (collectively, “CIBC Private Wealth” or the “Companies”) are responsible for voting proxies in a prudent manner with the objective of maximizing shareholder value. Each of the Companies may serve in a fiduciary capacity to its investment clients and is committed to placing clients’ interests first. CIBC Private Wealth acquires and holds a company’s stock with the expectation that it will prove to be a good investment. Accordingly, consideration of proxy proposals is primarily focused on the investment implications of each proposal. In certain cases, such as international investing, practical considerations may make it impossible or disadvantageous to vote proxies in every instance.
The Companies, in their capacity as fiduciaries and to meet regulatory requirements, must document how client proxies are voted. The Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) has promulgated rules that require registered investment advisers and registered investment companies to develop policies and procedures for proxy voting and to disclose such policies to their clients and shareholders. The SEC also requires these registered entities to maintain proxy voting records and make them available to clients and shareholders upon request.
This Proxy Policy Handbook (“Handbook”) contains group-wide proxy-voting policies and procedures for CIBC Private Wealth. This Handbook will be reviewed and approved periodically by each of the Companies’ boards (collectively, the “Boards”). Amendments may be made by the Investment Policy Committee (“IPC”) of CIBC Private Wealth as ratified by the Boards.
1.2 Proxy Committee
The proxy committee (the “Committee”) is a sub-committee of the IPC. It is primarily responsible for implementing the proxy voting policies and procedures and oversight of the proxy voting process for the Companies. The Committee generally consists of members from the investment management team, at least one of whom is a member of the Leadership Council, and other groups as appropriate. In all cases, members of the Committee are officers or employees of the Companies. In addition to the Committee’s evaluations and knowledge of the portfolio companies, the Committee may use independent research and input provided by third parties.
Proxy Administrator
The Committee has appointed a Proxy Administrator who is responsible for administering and monitoring the proxy voting process and coordinating as appropriate, between the Committee and ISS to ensure that all proxies are voted and recorded in an accurate and timely manner. As is discussed below, ISS has been engaged by the Companies to provide various services to assist the Companies in connection with the voting of proxies.
The Proxy Administrator is also responsible for ensuring that shareholder requests for proxy voting records are responded to within the SEC’s prescribed time limits.
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1.3 Procedures for Proxy Voting
Proxies generally will be voted in accordance with the guidelines contained in this handbook (the “Guidelines”) unless an issue warrants special consideration by the Committee or an issue falls outside the scope of the Guidelines. In addition to the use of a Proxy Administrator, the Companies may retain third parties to assist with the administrative and ministerial aspects of proxy voting including, but not limited to, proxy voting, recordkeeping and the handling of client or shareholder requests and have engaged ISS in this regard. A description of the specific operations and procedures for each of the Companies is set forth below:
CIBC National Trust Company
CIBC National Trust Company uses the Committee to oversee the voting of proxies for securities held in its client accounts. Proxies are generally voted in accordance with the Guidelines. Issues that are not covered by the Guidelines are referred to the Committee, which has authority to decide how the proxies shall be voted. In deciding how to vote proxies, the Committee may consult with the portfolio manager(s) of the accounts that hold the securities to be voted. CIBC National Trust Company retains required documentation regarding the voting of proxies by it.
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (the “Advisor”) handles proxy voting in several ways. The Advisor provides investment management services in connection with certain trust accounts of affiliated and unaffiliated trust companies. Certain of these trust accounts hold their assets in custody at external custodians and have delegated proxy voting to the external custodian, which votes proxies for securities held in these accounts in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures.
Other clients may delegate this responsibility to the Advisor either orally or in writing. In cases where the Advisor has been delegated proxy voting authority, it votes proxies in accordance with the Guidelines or, in certain cases, as directed by the Committee. Issues that are not covered by the Guidelines are referred to the Committee, which has authority to decide how the proxies shall be voted on these issues. In deciding how to vote proxies, the Committee may consult with the portfolio manager(s) of the funds or accounts that hold the securities to be voted. The Proxy Administrator shall be responsible for notifying ISS how to vote on these issues.
Sub-Advisers
From time to time, CIBC Private Wealth may use sub-advisers to perform investment advisory services for certain clients. It is the position of CIBC Private Wealth that a sub-adviser generally is in the best position to vote proxies and therefore typically will arrange for the sub-advisers to assume responsibility for proxy voting in the sub-advisory agreement. Proxies will be voted in accordance with the proxy voting policies and procedures of the sub-adviser. Copies of sub-advisers proxy voting policies will be made available to each board for their review.
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1.4 Recordkeeping
SEC-regulated entities must maintain proxy voting policies and voting records in an easily accessible place for five (5) years (the first two of which must be in the office). In view of the fact that all of the Companies are government-regulated entities, each Company maintains proxy-related materials for this length of time, including the following records:
• | Copies of the Handbook, client disclosures and any amendments thereto; |
• | A copy of each proxy statement that is received (or have arrangements in place with a third party to retain a copy and provide promptly upon request); |
• | A record of each vote cast on behalf of a client. (Or, have arrangements in place with a third party to record votes cast and provide a copy of such record promptly upon request.); |
• | Any other documentation that was used in the decision-making process or that memorializes the basis for the decision; |
• | A copy of each written client request for information on how proxies are voted and any responses to client requests. (Oral client requests for information should be recorded in a log.) |
1.5 Conflicts of Interest
In most cases, proxies are voted in accordance with the specific provisions articulated in the Guidelines; the conflicts of interest generally do not arise. However conflicts, either perceived or actual, may occur.
For example, a portfolio company may retain one of the Companies to provide investment management or other services to its 401(k) plan or pension plan. If a conflict of interest situation arises, including the voting of CIBC (CM) stock, the Committee will evaluate the proxy proposal to determine what is in the best interest of the client or shareholders and vote accordingly. If the Committee determines that it would be inappropriate for it to vote the proxy, the Committee will consult with the board of the conflicted Company to determine how to proceed, which may include engaging an independent third party to vote the proxy or employing other means of addressing the conflict.
Clients who are insiders of a particular company or are in some way connected to the senior management of a particular company, and whose shares are held at CIBC Private Wealth, often wish to want to vote their shares with management. It is the policy of CIBC Private Wealth that when accounts are set up for these clients, the Relationship Manager must flag the stock in question such that the proxy for that company will be sent directly to his or her attention, bypassing the automated proxy voting system entirely. In this way, the Relationship Manager can be sure that the client’s shares have been voted in accordance with the client’s wishes.
Any conflict presented regarding the voting of proxies will be reviewed on a quarterly basis.
1.6 Social Responsibility Issues
Under our standard proxy policy, CIBC Private Wealth votes proxies with a primary focus on the investment implications of each issue. Accordingly, social issues generally are considered within the context of our clients’ financial interests. However, for those clients who prefer to incorporate social responsibility into their proxy voting and support shareholder initiatives calling for greater corporate transparency and accountability (with less emphasis on the financial implications of these initiatives), we offer a socially responsible proxy option. At present, this policy is administered by ISS.
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1.7 Client Directed Votes/Overrides
CIBC Private Wealth serves a diverse group of clients, some of whom possess concentrated holdings in public companies or have expressed interest in a particular company. On occasion, CIBC Private Wealth’s proxy voting policies may contradict a client’s views on a particular issue and the client will seek to vote his or her own position of shares. In these instances, the CIBC Private Wealth will, if operationally feasible, take direction from the individual client and override the vote with respect to that client’s shares. (Due to the amount of time required to remove an individual client’s securities from the CIBC Private Wealth’s electronic voting file, it may be impossible to separately vote the proxy for an individual client’s securities on a pending proposal.) These voting exceptions will be documented by the Proxy Administrator and kept in a log. It will be the responsibility of the Relationship Manager to make sure that all subsequent proxies for the company in question are forwarded directly to the client for him or her to vote.
2 Proxy Voting Guidelines
As part of the investment process, CIBC Private Wealth evaluates the management of all portfolio companies. The ability and judgment of management is, in our opinion, one of the most critical factors in determining the investment merits of any portfolio company. CIBC Private Wealth generally will not hold securities of companies whose management it questions, and accordingly, gives substantial weight to management opinions. CIBC Private Wealth generally casts most of its proxy votes, particularly on routine matters, in accordance with management recommendations. However, when the Committee believes that the position of management may not be in the best interests of shareholders, the Committee may vote against management recommendations. As a general rule, CIBC Private Wealth votes against any proposals that would reduce the rights of shareholders, reduce shareholder influence over the board of directors and management, adversely affect the alignment of interests between management and shareholders, or reduce the value of an investment. In addition, absent specific prior authorization from the Proxy Committee, CIBC Private Wealth generally does not :
▪ | Announce its voting intentions and the reasons therefore. |
▪ | Participate in a proxy solicitation or otherwise seek proxy-voting authority from any other portfolio company shareholder. |
▪ | Act in concert with other portfolio company shareholders in connection with any proxy issue or other activity involving the control or management of a portfolio company including those shareholders who are under “common control” with the CIBC Private Wealth. |
2.1 ISS Proxy Voting Guidelines
CIBC Private Wealth has engaged ISS to provide vote research and ballot casting services. ISS is a leading provider of proxy vote and research services and performs a thorough review of its guidelines at the beginning of each year. The Committee believes that ISS’s policies reflect current best practices in the proxy industry and have therefore adopted ISS’ Proxy Voting Guidelines for CIBC Private Wealth for the current year. The Committee will review the updated ISS Proxy Voting Guidelines at the beginning of each to ensure that they still reflect our client’s best interest and our consistent with our own philosophy and thinking in this area. The Committee believes that the ISS Proxy Voting Guidelines are consistent with its philosophy on corporate governance and shareholder issues and provide a level of detail and research capability that the Committee would be unable to provide on its own.
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2.2 Corporate Governance and Organizational Matters
Proposals that could allow management to disregard the opinions of shareholders regarding major corporate changes generally will be opposed. These include various anti-takeover provisions such as requiring board approval of any tender offer, “poison pills”, and staggered boards. Anti-takeover provisions could prevent shareholders from maximizing the return on their investment in situations where management objects to a sale of the company and will generally be opposed.
In the majority of cases, management’s slate of nominees to a board of directors is unopposed and generally will be approved, unless specific information reveals that a particular candidate is unfit to serve. Management proposals to indemnify directors also generally will be approved, unless otherwise inappropriate. A majority of the board should be outside directors to encourage objective oversight and to make a variety of experience and opinions available to management. No inside directors should serve on the audit committee of the board of directors and a majority of the compensation committee should be outside directors. Proposals at variance to these positions will generally be opposed.
Management proposals to amend a corporate charter to change the scope of business description or fiscal year of a corporation generally will be approved. Proposals to appoint independent auditors also generally will be approved. However, proposals to change the state of incorporation generally will be opposed, unless there is a compelling reason to do otherwise. Proposals to limit special meetings and proposals to alter by-laws to require supermajority for stockholder approvals also generally will be opposed.
2.3 Capital Structure and Transactions
When evaluating proposed changes to capital structure, changes that could dilute the interests of the shareholders will be carefully examined and generally opposed. Proposals giving a board unlimited authority to issue “blank check preferred” stock will be opposed. Such authority could be used to issue preferred stock for little or no consideration and such stock could have voting, liquidation, and dividend rights superior to the common shares. The board could also use the threat to issue blank check preferred as an anti-takeover device.
Proposals to increase the number of authorized shares outstanding will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis in light of the reasons stated in the proxy. Proposals to increase authorized shares to accommodate stock dividends, splits or other clearly defined needs generally will be approved. However, proposals to increase authorized stock without appropriate management explanation and for purposes other than the benefit of shareholders generally will be opposed. Management proposals to eliminate preemptive rights generally will be approved, except in closely held companies. Approval to repurchase shares will ordinarily be given as share repurchase programs tend to support the price of the stock and shares are generally only repurchased when management cannot find an appropriate use for excess corporate funds.
In the case of competing tender offers, the highest offer generally will be approved in the absence of contrary overriding circumstances. The payment of “greenmail” to convince a potential acquirer to drop its bid would usually be an improper use of corporate assets and accordingly, will be opposed.
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In the case of competing tender offers, the highest offer generally will be approved in the absence of contrary overriding circumstances. The payment of “greenmail” to convince a potential acquirer to drop its bid would usually be an improper use of corporate assets and accordingly, will be opposed.
2.4 Stockholder Proposals
In voting stockholder proposals, CIBC Private Wealth generally supports those dealing with:
▪ | Expanded financial information; |
▪ | Annual election of all board members; |
▪ | Majority rights; |
▪ | Anti-greenmail charter provisions; |
▪ | Equal access to proxy process; |
▪ | Right of shareholders to act by written consent; |
▪ | Right of shareholders to vote on a Poison Pill; |
▪ | Confidential voting; and |
▪ | Requiring a majority of the Audit and Compensation committees to be comprised of outside directors. |
In voting on stockholder proposals, CIBC Private Wealth generally opposes those dealing with:
▪ | Specific boycotts or restrictions based on political, special interest or international trade considerations that would impair the company’s ability to do business; such as restrictions on political contributions; |
▪ | Requiring directors to own stock; |
▪ | Cumulative voting; |
▪ | By-law amendments by shareholder vote |
2.5 International Investing
Laws governing non-U.S. issuers may vary significantly from U.S. law and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. For example, many non-U.S. jurisdictions impose the following material burdens on voting proxies:
▪ | Share-blocking. Shares must be frozen for certain periods of time to vote via proxy. |
▪ | Share re-registration. Shares must be re-registered out of the name of the local custodian or nominee into the name of the client for the meeting and, in many cases, then re-registered back. Shares are normally blocked during this period. |
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▪ | Powers of attorney. Detailed documentation from a client must be given to the local sub-custodian. In many cases the investment adviser is not authorized to deliver this information or sign the relevant documents. |
Before making a decision, the IPC will weigh the advantages and disadvantages to voting in these jurisdictions. Where the IPC believes it is in the best interest of the client to vote, it will do so in accordance with the Guidelines, where applicable.
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Institutional Shares
Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund
Ticker Symbol: CACTX
Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund
Ticker Symbol: CAGLX
Prospectus
March 1, 2019
INVESTMENT ADVISER:
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS, INC.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus
This prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about each Fund, please see:
Page |
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The Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund (the “Core Plus Bond Fund” or “Fund”) seeks total return, consisting of current income and capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional Shares |
||
Management Fee 1 |
|
0.28% |
Other Expenses |
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0.22% |
Shareholder Servicing Fee |
0.05% |
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Remaining Other Expenses |
0.17% |
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Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
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0.50% |
1 |
The fee shown is the total management fee payable by the Fund to the Adviser and the sub-advisers based on the current advisory and sub-advisory fees and the allocation of Fund assets among the sub-advisers during the prior fiscal year. Each sub-adviser receives a fee from the Fund based on the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to such sub-adviser. Asset allocations and fees payable to the sub-advisers may vary and, consequently, the total management fee actually payable by the Fund will fluctuate and may be higher or lower than that shown above. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year, and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$51 |
$160 |
$280 |
$628 |
Core Plus Bond Fund 1
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 149% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by allocating its assets among one or more investment strategies directly through the use of one or more sub-advisers and/or indirectly through investments in affiliated and unaffiliated open-end funds, closed-end funds, unregistered funds (principally hedge funds) and exchange-traded funds (“Underlying Funds”). The Fund invests in Underlying Funds and/or uses one or more sub-advisers to invest its assets in the following two primary investment categories: (i) U.S. fixed income securities and (ii) global fixed income securities. The Fund may, from time to time, pursue its investment objective by investing substantially all of its assets in Underlying Funds, typically referred to as a “fund of funds” strategy.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in bonds (the “80% Investment Policy”). The 80% Investment Policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of the 80% Investment Policy, bonds include fixed income securities, derivatives and other instruments with economic characteristics similar to fixed income securities, and/or Underlying Funds which primarily invest in fixed income securities. Fixed income securities include securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities; obligations of foreign governments, foreign government agencies or supranational organizations; municipal bonds; corporate obligations; residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities; convertible securities; inflation-protected securities; bank loans (through both assignments and participations); private placements and structured notes.
The Fund may invest in securities of any maturity, duration or credit quality, including those that are rated below investment grade (“high yield” or “junk” bonds), and may invest in securities of developed and emerging market issuers denominated in any currency. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments, principally options, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, forward contracts and swap agreements, to gain or hedge exposure to securities, markets, currencies or other instruments, to equitize cash positions in the Fund’s portfolio, or to enhance the Fund’s return,
2 Core Plus Bond Fund
which is also known as speculation. The Fund may also invest in cash, money market instruments and other short-term obligations to achieve its investment objective.
The Fund uses a multi-manager and/or multi-fund approach, relying on one or more sub-advisers and/or Underlying Funds with differing investment philosophies to manage portions of the Fund’s portfolio under the general supervision of the Fund’s primary investment adviser, Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. (the “Adviser”). The Fund allocates its assets among strategies and sub-advisers and/or Underlying Funds according to an allocation schedule determined by the Adviser. The Adviser expects to rebalance allocation weightings for each strategy, sub-adviser or Underlying Fund on an annual basis, but may do so more frequently based on market conditions, the performance of a strategy, sub-adviser or Underlying Fund, or other factors. The Adviser may change an allocation schedule based on, among other factors, the Adviser’s analysis of the Fund’s investment strategies, the potential for each strategy to perform independently of the other, historical performance, and market conditions.
The Fund may buy and sell securities frequently in seeking to achieve its objective.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Because an Underlying Fund’s use of an investment strategy or investment in an asset class, security or other investment is subject to the same or similar risks as the Fund’s use of such strategy or investment in such asset class, security or other investment, the term “the Fund” in the paragraphs below collectively refers to both the Fund and each Underlying Fund.
Allocation Risk — The Adviser’s judgment about, and allocations among, Underlying Funds, sub-advisers, asset classes and investment strategies may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Asset-Backed Securities Risk — Payment of principal and interest on asset-backed securities is dependent largely on the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities, and asset-backed securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets.
Bank Loans Risk — Investments in bank loans (through both assignments and participations) are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. There may be limited public information available regarding bank loans and bank loans
Core Plus Bond Fund 3
may be difficult to value. If the Fund holds a bank loan through another financial institution, or relies on a financial institution to administer the loan, its receipt of principal and interest on the loan may be subject to the credit risk of that financial institution. It is possible that any collateral securing a loan may be insufficient or unavailable to the Fund, and that the Fund’s rights to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or insolvency laws. In addition, the secondary market for bank loans may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads, and extended trade settlement periods, which may cause the Fund to be unable to realize the full value of its investment in a bank loan. The proceeds from the sale of a bank loan would also not be available to the Fund for making additional investments or meeting its redemption obligations during an extended trade settlement period.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as the Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
Convertible Securities Risk — Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value). An issuer of a convertible security may fail to pay interest or dividends and principal in a timely manner.
Negative perceptions of the issuer’s ability to make such payments will cause the price of that security to decline. Companies that issue convertible securities are often small to mid-size, and they often have low credit ratings, including below investment grade ratings. In addition, the credit rating of a company’s convertible securities is generally lower than that of its nonconvertible debt securities. Convertibles are normally considered “junior” securities that is, the company usually must pay interest on its nonconvertible debt before it can make payments on its convertible securities. If an issuer stops making interest or principal payments, these securities may become worthless and the Fund could lose its entire investment.
Corporate Fixed Income Securities Risk — Corporate fixed income securities respond to economic developments, especially changes in interest rates, as well as perceptions of the creditworthiness and business prospects of individual issuers.
Credit Risk — The risk that the issuer of a security or the counterparty to a contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation.
Currency Risk — As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund is subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar or, in the case of hedging positions, that the U.S. dollar will decline in value relative to the currency hedged. In either event, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
4 Core Plus Bond Fund
Derivatives Risk — The Fund’s use of futures contracts, options, forward contracts and swaps for all purposes, including speculative purposes, is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk and liquidity risk. In addition, the Fund’s use of derivatives for hedging purposes is subject to hedging risk. Leverage risk, liquidity risk and hedging risk are described below. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. The Fund’s use of forward contracts and swaps is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is described above and valuation risk is described below. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Fixed Income Market Risk — The prices of the Fund’s fixed income securities respond to economic developments, particularly interest rate changes, as well as to perceptions about the creditworthiness of individual issuers, including governments and their agencies. In the case of foreign securities, price fluctuations will reflect international economic and political events, as well as changes in currency values relative to the U.S. dollar.
Foreign Investment/Emerging Markets Risk — The risk that non-U.S. securities may be subject to additional risks due to, among other things, political, social and economic developments abroad, currency movements and different legal, regulatory and tax environments. These additional risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
Foreign Government Agencies Risk — Bonds issued by government agencies, subdivisions or instrumentalities of foreign governments are generally backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the entity issuing the bonds and may not be backed by the full faith and credit of the foreign government. Moreover, a foreign government that explicitly provides its full faith and credit to a particular entity may be, due to changed circumstances, unable or unwilling to provide that support. A foreign government agency’s operations and financial condition are influenced by the foreign government’s economic and other policies.
Hedging Risk — The Fund may use derivative instruments for hedging purposes. Hedging through the use of these instruments does not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. While entering into these instruments tends to reduce the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged asset, such instruments also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the asset. There can be no assurance that any hedging strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time.
Core Plus Bond Fund 5
High Yield Bond Risk — High yield, or “junk,” bonds are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less creditworthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. Compared with investment-grade bonds, high yield bonds are considered to carry a greater degree of risk and are considered to be less likely to make payments of interest and principal. In particular, lower-quality high yield bonds (rated CCC, CC, C, or unrated securities judged to be of comparable quality) are subject to a greater degree of credit risk than higher-quality high yield bonds and may be near default. High yield bonds rated D are in default. Market developments and the financial and business conditions of the issuers of these securities generally influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities.
Inflation-Protected Securities Risk — The value of inflation-protected securities generally fluctuates in response to changes in real interest rates, which are in turn tied to the relationship between nominal (or stated) interest rates and the rate of inflation. In general, the price of an inflation-protected debt security can decrease when real interest rates increase, and can increase when real interest rates decrease. Interest payments on inflation-protected debt securities will fluctuate as the principal and/or interest is adjusted for inflation and can be unpredictable. The market for inflation-protected securities may be less developed or liquid, and more volatile, than certain other securities markets.
Interest Rate Risk — The risk that the value of fixed income securities, including U.S. Government securities, will fall due to rising interest rates. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
Investment Company Risk — To the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies, such as open-end funds, closed-end funds and ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities held by such other investment companies. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund relies on that investment company to achieve its investment objective. If the investment company fails to achieve its objective, the value of the Fund’s investment could decline, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance. By investing in another investment company, Fund shareholders indirectly bear the Fund’s proportionate share of the fees and expenses of the other investment company, in addition to the fees and expenses that Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with the Fund’s own operations.
Because ETFs and certain closed-end funds are listed on national stock exchanges and are traded like stocks listed on an exchange, their shares potentially may trade at a discount or premium. Investments in ETFs and certain closed-end funds are also subject to brokerage and other trading costs, which could result in greater expenses to the Fund. In addition, because the value of ETF and certain closed-end fund shares depends on the demand in the market, the Adviser may not be able to
6 Core Plus Bond Fund
liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect Fund performance.
Leverage Risk — The use of leverage can amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations.
Liquidity Risk — The risk that certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
Money Market Instruments Risk — The value of money market instruments may be affected by changing interest rates and by changes in the credit ratings of the investments. An investment in a money market fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by any bank, the FDIC or any other government agency. A money market fund’s sponsor has no legal obligation to provide financial support to the fund, and there should be no expectation that the sponsor will provide financial support to the fund at any time. Certain money market funds float their net asset value while others seek to preserve the value of investments at a stable net asset value (typically, $1.00 per share). An investment in a money market fund, even an investment in a fund seeking to maintain a stable net asset value per share, is not guaranteed and it is possible for the Fund to lose money by investing in these and other types of money market funds. If the liquidity of a money market fund’s portfolio deteriorates below certain levels, the money market fund may suspend redemptions (i.e., impose a redemption gate) and thereby prevent the Fund from selling its investment in the money market fund or impose a fee of up to 2% on amounts the Fund redeems from the money market fund (i.e., impose a liquidity fee). These measures may result in an investment loss or prohibit the Fund from redeeming shares when the Adviser would otherwise redeem shares. Money market funds and the securities they invest in are subject to comprehensive regulations. The enactment of new legislation or regulations, as well as changes in interpretation and enforcement of current laws, may affect the manner of operation, performance and/or yield of money market funds.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk — Mortgage-backed securities are affected by, among other things, interest rate changes and the possibility of prepayment of the underlying mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities are also subject to the risk that underlying borrowers will be unable to meet their obligations.
Multi-Manager Risk — The Adviser may be unable to identify and retain sub-advisers who achieve superior investment records relative to other similar investments or effectively allocate the Fund’s assets among sub-advisers to enhance the return and reduce the volatility that would typically be expected of any one management style. While the Adviser monitors the investments of each sub-adviser and monitors the
Core Plus Bond Fund 7
overall management of the Fund, each sub-adviser makes investment decisions for the assets it manages independently from one another. It is possible that the investment styles used by a sub-adviser will not always be complementary to those used by others, which could adversely affect the performance of the Fund. A multi-manager fund may, under certain circumstances, incur trading costs that might not occur in a fund that is served by a single adviser.
Municipal Bonds Risk — The Fund could be impacted by events in the municipal securities market. Negative events, such as severe fiscal difficulties, bankruptcy, an economic downturn, unfavorable legislation, court rulings or political developments could adversely affect the ability of municipal issuers to repay principal and to make interest payments.
Portfolio Turnover Risk — Due to its investment strategies, the Fund may buy and sell securities frequently. This may result in higher transaction costs and additional capital gains tax liabilities.
Prepayment and Extension Risk — When interest rates fall, issuers of high interest debt obligations may pay off the debts earlier than expected (prepayment risk), and the Fund may have to reinvest the proceeds at lower yields. When interest rates rise, issuers of lower interest debt obligations may pay off the debts later than expected (extension risk), thus keeping the Fund’s assets tied up in lower interest debt obligations.
Private Placements Risk — Investment in privately placed securities may be less liquid than investments in publicly traded securities. Although these securities may be resold in privately negotiated transactions, the prices realized from these sales could be less than those originally paid by the Fund or less than what may be considered the fair value of such securities. Further, companies whose securities are not publicly traded may not be subject to the disclosure and other investor protection requirements that might be applicable if their securities were publicly traded.
Sovereign Debt Risk — The Fund’s investments in foreign sovereign debt securities are subject to the risks that: (i) the governmental entity that controls the repayment of sovereign debt may not be willing or able to repay the principal and/or interest when it becomes due, due to factors such as debt service burden, political constraints, cash flow problems and other national economic factors; (ii) governments may default on their debt securities, which may require holders of such securities to participate in debt rescheduling or additional lending to defaulting governments; and (iii) there is no bankruptcy proceeding by which defaulted sovereign debt may be collected in whole or in part.
Structured Notes Risk — Structured notes are specially-designed derivative debt instruments in which the terms may be structured by the purchaser and the issuer of the note. The Fund bears the risk that the issuer of the structured note will default. The Fund also bears the risk of loss of its principal investment and periodic payments
8 Core Plus Bond Fund
expected to be received for the duration of its investment. In addition, a liquid market may not exist for the structured notes. The lack of a liquid market may make it difficult to sell the structured notes at an acceptable price or to accurately value them.
Supranational Entities Risk — Government members, or “stockholders,” usually make initial capital contributions to a supranational entity and in many cases are committed to make additional capital contributions if the supranational entity is unable to repay its borrowings. There is no guarantee, however, that one or more stockholders of the supranational entity will continue to make any necessary additional capital contributions. If such contributions are not made, the entity may be unable to pay interest or repay principal on its debt securities, and the Fund may lose money on such investments.
Unregistered Fund Risk — Investments in unregistered funds are subject to additional risks beyond those associated with investments in registered investment companies, because investments in unregistered funds do not have the benefit of the protections afforded by the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), to investors in registered investment companies. In addition, investments in unregistered funds are often illiquid and difficult to value, their marketability may be restricted and the realization of investments from them may take considerable time and/or be costly, in particular because they may have restrictions that allow redemptions only at specific infrequent dates with considerable notice periods and apply lock-ups and/or redemption fees.
U.S. Government Securities Risk — U.S. Government securities are not guaranteed against price movements due to changing interest rates. Obligations issued by some U.S. Government agencies are backed by the U.S. Treasury, while others are backed solely by the ability of the agency to borrow from the U.S. Treasury or by the agency’s own resources.
Valuation Risk — The risk that a security may be difficult to value. The Fund may value certain securities at a price higher than the price at which they can be sold. This risk may be especially pronounced for investments that are illiquid or may become illiquid.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling 1-888-762-1442.
Core Plus Bond Fund 9
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
1.95% |
(1.01)% |
(03/31/2017) |
(06/30/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the period ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Core Plus Bond Fund |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Return Before Taxes |
0.01% |
1.07% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(1.20)% |
(0.20)% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
0.00% |
0.22% |
Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
0.01% |
0.18% |
Investment Adviser and Portfolio Managers
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.
Evan Wirkkala, Managing Director, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2016.
David Freudenberg, CAIA, Managing Director and Principal, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2016.
Steve Kleyn, CFA, CIPM, Managing Director, has managed the Fund since 2019.
10 Core Plus Bond Fund
Investment Sub-Advisers and Portfolio Managers
Franklin Advisers, Inc.
Michael Hasenstab, Ph.D., Executive Vice President, Portfolio Manager and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Franklin Advisers, Inc. (“Franklin Advisers”) since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Christine Zhu, Portfolio Manager, Vice President and Director of Portfolio Construction and Quantitative Analysis, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Franklin Advisers since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.
Peter W. Palfrey, CFA, Vice President, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Loomis, Sayles, & Company, L.P. (“Loomis Sayles”) since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Richard G. Raczkowski, Vice President, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Loomis Sayles since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC
Tad Rivelle, Group Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer–Fixed Income and Generalist Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC (“MetWest”) since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Laird Landmann, President and Generalist Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to MetWest since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Stephen Kane, CFA, Group Managing Director and Generalist Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to MetWest since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Bryan Whalen, CFA, Group Managing Director and Generalist Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to MetWest since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Prime Advisors, Inc.
Marc W. Tollefson, Senior Vice President and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Prime Advisors, Inc. (“Prime”) since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Victor Harned, CFA, CMT, Senior Portfolio Strategist, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Prime since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Core Plus Bond Fund 11
Mindy Berg, Senior Portfolio Strategist, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Prime since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
Steven Sims, Senior Portfolio Strategist, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Prime since the Fund’s inception in 2016.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes, and Broker-Dealer and Other Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 26 of the prospectus.
12 Core Plus Bond Fund
The Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund (the “Global Public Equity Fund” or “Fund”) seeks capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional Shares |
||
Management Fee 1 |
|
0.64% |
Other Expenses |
|
0.24% |
Shareholder Servicing Fee |
0.05% |
|
Remaining Other Expenses |
0.19% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
|
0.88% |
1 |
The fee shown is the total management fee payable by the Fund to the Adviser and the sub-advisers based on the current advisory and sub-advisory fees and the allocation of Fund assets among the sub-advisers during the prior fiscal year. Each sub-adviser receives a fee from the Fund based on the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to such sub-adviser. Asset allocations and fees payable to the sub-advisers may vary and, consequently, the total management fee actually payable by the Fund will fluctuate and may be higher or lower than that shown above. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year, and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$90 |
$281 |
$488 |
$1,084 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate
Global Public Equity Fund 13
higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 56% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by allocating its assets among one or more investment strategies directly through the use of one or more sub-advisers and/or indirectly through investments in affiliated and unaffiliated open-end funds, closed-end funds, unregistered funds (including hedge funds) and exchange-traded funds (“Underlying Funds”). The Fund will invest in Underlying Funds and/or use one or more sub-advisers to invest its assets in global, publicly-traded equity securities as part of one of the following primary investment strategies: (i) Structured Global Strategy, (ii) Global Opportunistic Strategy and (iii) Style Specialist Strategy. The Structured Global Strategy is a broadly-diversified equity investment process designed to efficiently capture the long-term returns of global equity markets – developed and emerging. The Global Opportunistic Strategy, which may use “value” and “growth” styles of investing, seeks to be opportunistic in pursuing companies that meet its investment criteria regardless of geographic location and, therefore, at certain times, the Strategy could have a sizable position in either developed countries or emerging markets. In the Style Specialist Strategy, an Underlying Fund or one or more sub-advisers use value and growth styles of investing to select securities in specific parts of the global, publicly-traded equity market, such as emerging markets, U.S. small-, mid-, or micro-cap companies, or non-U.S. small-, mid- or micro-cap companies. The Fund may, from time to time, pursue its investment objective by investing substantially all of its assets in Underlying Funds, typically known as a “fund of funds” strategy. The Fund may also use quantitative methods to make investment decisions by ranking securities based on fundamental measures of value and indicators of near-term appreciation potential.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in publicly-traded equity investments, derivatives with economic characteristics similar to publicly-traded equity investments, and/or shares of Underlying Funds that primarily invest in publicly traded equity investments (the “80% Investment Policy”). The 80% Investment Policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund may invest in securities of companies of any market capitalization and expects, under normal market conditions, to invest at least 40% of its assets in non-U.S. companies. Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. (the “Adviser”) will consider a company a “non-U.S.” company if (i) 50% of the company’s assets are located outside of the United States; (ii) 50% of the company’s revenues are generated outside of the United States; or (iii) the company is domiciled outside of the United States. From
14 Global Public Equity Fund
time to time, the Fund may also focus its investments in a particular geographic region, such as Europe, Asia and North America.
The Fund uses a multi-manager and/or multi-fund approach, relying on one or more sub-advisers and/or Underlying Funds with differing investment philosophies to manage portions of the Fund’s portfolio under the general supervision of the Adviser. The Fund allocates its assets among strategies and sub-advisers and/or Underlying Funds according to an allocation schedule, determined by the Adviser. The Adviser expects to rebalance allocation weightings for each strategy, sub-adviser or Underlying Fund on an annual basis, but may do so more frequently based on market conditions, the performance of a strategy, sub-adviser or Underlying Fund, or other factors. The Adviser may change an allocation schedule based on, among other factors, the Adviser’s analysis of the Fund’s investment strategies, the potential for each strategy to perform independently of the other, historical performance, and market conditions.
Subject to the 80% Investment Policy, the Fund’s assets may be invested in a range of asset classes, securities and other investments to implement the three primary investment strategies. The Fund may invest in equity securities of all types and capitalization ranges, principally U.S., foreign and emerging markets common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible securities and warrants. The Fund may invest directly in foreign and emerging markets equity securities or through depositary receipts. In addition, the Fund may also invest in exchange-traded funds. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments, principally options, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, forward contracts and swap agreements. The Fund may engage in such derivatives transactions to gain exposure to, for example, certain securities, markets or asset classes, to hedge the Fund’s positions in or exposure to securities, currencies or other instruments, to equitize cash positions in the Fund’s portfolio, or to enhance the Fund’s return, which is also known as speculation. The Fund may also invest in cash, money market instruments and other short-term obligations to achieve its investment objective.
The Fund may buy and sell securities frequently in seeking to achieve its objective.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Because an Underlying Fund’s use of an investment strategy or investment in an asset class, security or other investment is subject to the same or similar risks as the Fund’s use of such strategy or investment in such asset class, security or other
Global Public Equity Fund 15
investment, the term “the Fund” in the paragraphs below collectively refers to both the Fund and each Underlying Fund.
Allocation Risk — The Adviser’s judgment about, and allocations among, Underlying Funds, sub-advisers, asset classes and investment strategies may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Credit Risk — The risk that the issuer of a security or the counterparty to a contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation.
Currency Risk — As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund is subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar or, in the case of hedging positions, that the U.S. dollar will decline in value relative to the currency hedged. In either event, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Derivatives Risk — The Fund’s use of futures contracts, options, forward contracts and swaps for all purposes, including speculative purposes, is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk and liquidity risk. In addition, the Fund’s use of derivatives for hedging purposes is subject to hedging risk. Leverage risk, liquidity risk and hedging risk are described below. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. The Fund’s use of forward contracts and swaps is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is described above and valuation risk is described below. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Equity Market Risk — The risk that stock prices and prices of other equity securities will fall over short or extended periods of time.
Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”) Risk — The risks of owning shares of an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the underlying securities the ETF is designed to track, although lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in its value being more volatile than the underlying portfolio securities.
Foreign Investment/Emerging Markets Risk — The risk that non-U.S. securities may be subject to additional risks due to, among other things, political, social and economic developments abroad, currency movements and different legal, regulatory and tax environments. These additional risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
Geographic Risk — The Fund’s investments may be focused in particular countries or geographic regions and, therefore, the Fund will be more susceptible to adverse
16 Global Public Equity Fund
market, political, regulatory, and geographic events affecting those regions than a fund that does not focus its investments in a particular region.
Growth Investment Style Risk — An investment in growth stocks may be susceptible to rapid price swings, especially during periods of economic uncertainty. Growth stocks typically have little or no dividend income to cushion the effect of adverse market conditions. In addition, growth stocks may be particularly volatile in the event of earnings disappointments or other financial difficulties experienced by the issuer.
Hedging Risk — The Fund may use derivative instruments for hedging purposes. Hedging through the use of these instruments does not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. While entering into these instruments tends to reduce the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged asset, such instruments also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the asset. There can be no assurance that any hedging strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time.
Investment Company Risk — To the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies, such as open-end funds, closed-end funds and ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities held by such other investment companies. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund relies on that investment company to achieve its investment objective. If the investment company fails to achieve its objective, the value of the Fund’s investment could decline, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance. By investing in another investment company, Fund shareholders indirectly bear the Fund’s proportionate share of the fees and expenses of the other investment company, in addition to the fees and expenses that Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with the Fund’s own operations.
Because ETFs and certain closed-end funds are listed on national stock exchanges and are traded like stocks listed on an exchange, their shares potentially may trade at a discount or premium. Investments in ETFs and certain closed-end funds are also subject to brokerage and other trading costs, which could result in greater expenses to the Fund. In addition, because the value of ETF and certain closed-end fund shares depends on the demand in the market, the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect Fund performance.
Leverage Risk — The use of leverage can amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations.
Liquidity Risk — The risk that certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower
Global Public Equity Fund 17
price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
Micro-Capitalization Company Risk — Micro-capitalization companies may be newly-formed or in the early stages of development with limited product lines, markets or financial resources. In addition, there may be less public information available about these companies. Micro-cap stock prices may be more volatile than small-, mid- and large-capitalization companies and such stocks may be more thinly-traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market.
Multi-Manager Risk — The Adviser may be unable to identify and retain sub-advisers who achieve superior investment records relative to other similar investments or effectively allocate the Fund’s assets among sub-advisers to enhance the return and reduce the volatility that would typically be expected of any one management style. While the Adviser monitors the investments of each sub-adviser and monitors the overall management of the Fund, each sub-adviser makes investment decisions for the assets it manages independently from one another. It is possible that the investment styles used by a sub-adviser will not always be complementary to those used by others, which could adversely affect the performance of the Fund. A multi-manager fund may, under certain circumstances, incur trading costs that might not occur in a fund that is served by a single adviser.
Portfolio Turnover Risk — Due to its investment strategies, the Fund may buy and sell securities frequently. This may result in higher transaction costs and additional capital gains tax liabilities.
Quantitative Model Risk — Funds that are managed according to a quantitative model can perform differently from the market as a whole based on the factors used in the model, the weight placed on each factor and changes from the factors’ historical trends. Due to the significant role technology plays in a quantitative model, use of a quantitative model carries the risk of potential issues with the design, coding, implementation or maintenance of the computer programs, data and/or other technology used in the quantitative model. These issues could negatively impact investment returns. Such risks should be viewed as an inherent element of investing in an investment strategy that relies heavily upon a quantitative model.
Sector Focus Risk — Because the Fund’s investments may, from time to time, be more heavily invested in particular sectors, the value of its shares may be especially sensitive to factors and economic risks that specifically affect those sectors. As a result, the Fund’s share price may fluctuate more widely than the value of shares of a mutual fund that invests in a broader range of sectors. The specific risks for each of
18 Global Public Equity Fund
the sectors in which the Fund may focus its investments include the additional risks described below:
● |
Financial Services. Companies in the financial services sector are subject to extensive governmental regulation which may limit both the amounts and types of loans and other financial commitments they can make, the interest rates and fees they can charge, the scope of their activities, the prices they can charge and the amount of capital they must maintain. |
● |
Information Technology. Companies in the information technology sector are subject to rapid changes in technology product cycles, rapid product obsolescence, government regulation and competition, both domestically and internationally, including competition from foreign competitors with lower production costs. |
● |
Consumer Discretionary. Companies in the consumer discretionary sector are subject to the performance of the overall international economy, interest rates, competition and consumer confidence. Success depends heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending. |
Small and Medium Capitalization Companies Risk — The smaller and medium capitalization companies in which the Fund invests may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, small and medium capitalization companies may have limited product lines, markets and financial resources and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small and medium capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. Small and medium capitalization stocks may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Value Investment Style Risk — An investment in value stocks presents the risk that the stocks may never reach what the Adviser or a sub-adviser believes are their full market values, either because the market fails to recognize what the Adviser or a sub-adviser considers to be the companies’ true business values or because the Adviser or sub-adviser misjudged those values. In addition, value stocks may fall out of favor with investors and underperform growth stocks during given periods.
Valuation Risk — The risk that a security may be difficult to value. The Fund may value certain securities at a price higher than the price at which they can be sold. This risk may be especially pronounced for investments that are illiquid or may become illiquid.
Underlying Fund Risk — The Fund’s performance is subject to the risks associated with the securities and other investments held by the Underlying Funds in which the Fund may invest. The ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective may depend upon the ability of the Underlying Funds to achieve their investment objectives. When the Fund invests in an underlying fund, in addition to directly
Global Public Equity Fund 19
bearing the expenses associated with its own operations, it will bear a pro rata portion of the underlying fund’s expenses.
Unregistered Fund Risk — Investments in unregistered funds are subject to additional risks beyond those associated with investments in registered investment companies, because investments in unregistered funds do not have the benefit of the protections afforded by the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), to investors in registered investment companies. In addition, investments in unregistered funds are often illiquid and difficult to value, their marketability may be restricted and the realization of investments from them may take considerable time and/or be costly, in particular because they may have restrictions that allow redemptions only at specific infrequent dates with considerable notice periods and apply lock-ups and/or redemption fees.
Warrants Risk — Warrants are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling 1-888-762-1442.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
9.14% |
(13.53)% |
(09/30/2013) |
(12/31/2018) |
20 Global Public Equity Fund
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the period ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Global Public Equity Fund |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Return Before Taxes |
(12.42)% |
4.03% |
8.18% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(14.04)% |
2.42% |
6.49% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(6.09)% |
2.98% |
6.34% |
MSCI ACWI Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(9.42)% |
4.26% |
7.84% |
Investment Adviser and Portfolio Managers
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.
Paul W. Pedalino, CFA, Managing Director and Principal, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2012.
Katie Robinette, CFA, Managing Director and Principal, has managed the Fund since 2015.
Evan Wirkkala, Managing Director, has managed the Fund since 2015.
David Freudenberg, CAIA, Managing Director and Principal, has managed the Fund since 2015.
Steve Kleyn, CFA, CIPM, Managing Director, has managed the Fund since 2019.
Global Public Equity Fund 21
Investment Sub-Advisers and Portfolio Managers
Acadian Asset Management LLC
Brendan O. Bradley, Ph.D., Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Acadian Asset Management LLC (“Acadian”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Ryan Taliaferro, Ph.D., Senior Vice President and Director of Equity Strategies, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Acadian since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC
Robert S. Marren, Managing Director and Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC (“AllianzGI US”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
K. Mathew Axline, CFA, Director and Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to AllianzGI US since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Stephen W. Lyford, Director and Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to AllianzGI US since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
ClariVest Asset Management LLC
David R. Vaughn, CFA, Chief Investment Officer - Non-U.S. and Global Strategies and Lead Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to ClariVest Asset Management LLC (“ClariVest”) since 2014.
Alex Turner, CFA, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to ClariVest since 2014.
Priyanshu Mutreja, CFA, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to ClariVest since 2014.
Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC
Thad Pollock, Vice President, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC (“CRM”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Brittain Ezzes, Vice President, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to CRM since 2016.
Driehaus Capital Management LLC
Howard Schwab, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus Emerging Markets Growth Strategy and Driehaus Emerging Markets Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Driehaus Capital Management LLC (“Driehaus”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
22 Global Public Equity Fund
Chad Cleaver, CFA, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus Emerging Markets Growth Strategy and Driehaus Emerging Markets Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Driehaus since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Richard Thies, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus Emerging Markets Growth Strategy and Driehaus Emerging Markets Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Driehaus since 2014.
David Mouser, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus International Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Driehaus since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Dan Burr, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus International Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Driehaus since 2014.
Ryan Carpenter, Assistant Portfolio Manager, Driehaus International Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Driehaus since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Fairpointe Capital LLC
Thyra Zerhusen, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Fairpointe Capital LLC (“Fairpointe”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Marie Lorden, Co-Founder and Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Fairpointe since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Mary Pierson, Co-CEO and Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Fairpointe since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Harris Associates L.P.
David Herro, CFA, Deputy Chairman, Portfolio Manager and Chief Investment Officer of International Equity, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Harris Associates L.P. (“Harris”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
William Nygren, CFA, Vice President, Chief Investment Officer, U.S. Equities, Portfolio Manager and Analyst, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Harris since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Tony Coniaris, CFA, Co-Chairman, Portfolio Manager and Analyst, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Harris since 2017.
Eric Liu, CFA, Vice President, Portfolio Manager and Analyst, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Harris since 2017.
Global Public Equity Fund 23
LSV Asset Management
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer, Chief Investment Officer and Partner, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to LSV Asset Management (“LSV”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, Partner, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to LSV since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, Partner, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to LSV since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Greg Sleight, Partner, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to LSV since 2014.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, Partner, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to LSV since 2014.
Marsico Capital Management, LLC
Thomas F. Marsico, Chief Investment Officer, Chief Executive Officer and Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Marsico Capital Management, LLC (“Marsico”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Brandon A. Geisler, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of Fund’s assets allocated to Marsico since 2018.
Robert G. Susman, CFA, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Marsico since 2018.
Numeric Investors LLC
Tyler Hayes, Ph.D., Portfolio Manager and Researcher, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Numeric Investors LLC (“Numeric”) since 2017.
Robert Furdak, CFA, Co-Chief Investment Officer, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Numeric since 2016.
Jeremy Wee, CFA, Senior Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Numeric since 2014.
Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC
Thomas Seto, Head of Investment Management – Seattle Investment Center, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC (“Parametric”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Paul Bouchey, CFA, Chief Investment Officer – Seattle Investment Center, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Parametric since 2014.
24 Global Public Equity Fund
Phocas Financial Corporation
William Schaff, Chief Executive Officer and President, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Phocas Financial Corporation (“Phocas”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Steve Block, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Phocas since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated
Brian Beitner, CFA has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated (“Baird”) since 2014. Mr. Beitner is a Managing Director of Baird and Managing Partner of its Chautauqua Capital Management division.
Thornburg Investment Management, Inc.
Brian J. McMahon, Vice Chairman and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to Thornburg Investment Management, Inc. (“TIM”) since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
W. Vinson Walden, CFA, Portfolio Manager, Managing Director, has managed the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to TIM since the Fund’s inception in 2012.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes, and Broker-Dealer and Other Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 26 of the prospectus.
Global Public Equity Fund 25
Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes, and Broker-Dealer and Other Financial Intermediary Compensation
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase shares of each Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
Shares of each Fund are offered exclusively to certain advisory clients of the Adviser. Shares can normally be redeemed only by contacting your client service manager or calling 1-888-762-1442.
Tax Information
Each Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of a Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s web site for more information.
26 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
Investing in each Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that each Fund will achieve its goals. The Adviser and the sub-advisers’ judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job an investment manager does, you could lose money on your investment in a Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in a Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities a Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on a Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Allocation Risk (All Funds) — The Funds may invest in a wide range of investments ranging from stocks and corporate bonds issued by companies of all sizes in diverse industries, government bonds from developed and emerging countries, other investment companies such as exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), put and call options, and take substantial short positions, among other investments. Given the wide scope of the many investments it can make, the Adviser could be wrong in determining the combination of investments, Underlying Funds or sub-advisers that produce favorable returns in changing market conditions. The Funds could miss attractive investment opportunities by underweighting markets that subsequently experience significant returns and could lose value by overweighting markets that subsequently experience significant declines.
Asset-Backed Securities Risk (Core Plus Bond Fund only) — Asset-backed securities are securities backed by non-mortgage assets such as company receivables, truck and auto loans, leases and credit card receivables. Asset-backed securities may be issued as pass-through certificates, which represent undivided fractional ownership interests in the underlying pools of assets. Therefore, repayment depends largely on the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities. Asset-backed securities entail prepayment risk, which may vary depending on the type of asset, but is generally less than the prepayment risk associated with mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities present credit risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in collateral that is comparable in quality to mortgage assets. If the issuer of an asset-backed security defaults on its payment obligations, there is the possibility that, in some cases, a Fund will be unable to possess and sell the underlying collateral and that the Fund’s recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on the security. In
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 27
the event of a default, a Fund may suffer a loss if it cannot sell collateral quickly and receive the amount it is owed.
Bank Loans Risk (Core Plus Bond Fund only) — Bank loans are arranged through private negotiations between a company and one or more financial institutions (lenders). Investments in bank loans are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. This means bank loans are subject to greater credit risks than other investments, including a greater possibility that the borrower will be adversely affected by changes in market or economic conditions and may default or enter bankruptcy. Bank loans made in connection with highly leveraged transactions, including operating loans, leveraged buyout loans, leveraged capitalization loans and other types of acquisition financing, are subject to greater credit risks than other types of bank loans. In addition, it may be difficult to obtain reliable information about and value any bank loan.
The Fund may invest in bank loans in the form of participations in the loans (participations) and assignments of all or a portion of the loans from third parties (assignments). In connection with purchasing participations, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the loan, nor any rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not benefit directly from any collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation. As a result, the Fund will assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the lender that is selling the participation. When the Fund purchases assignments from lenders, the Fund will acquire direct rights against the borrower on the loan. The Fund may have difficulty disposing of bank loans because, in certain cases, the market for such instruments is not highly liquid. The lack of a highly liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the value of such instruments and on the Fund’s ability to dispose of the bank loan in response to a specific economic event, such as deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower. Furthermore, transactions in many loans settle on a delayed basis, and the Fund may not receive the proceeds from the sale of a loan for a substantial period of time after the sale. As a result, those proceeds will not be available to make additional investments or to meet the Fund’s redemption obligations.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as the Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
Derivatives Risk (All Funds) — Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify a Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect a Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends upon the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. A Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails
28 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
to correlate perfectly with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold. The lack of a liquid secondary market for a derivative may prevent a Fund from closing its derivative positions and could adversely impact its ability to achieve its investment objective or to realize profits or limit losses. Because derivative instruments may be purchased by a Fund for a fraction of the market value of the investments underlying such instruments, a relatively small price movement in the underlying investment may result in an immediate and substantial gain or loss to the Fund. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and a Fund may lose more in a derivative than it originally invested in it. Additionally, some derivative instruments are subject to counterparty risk, meaning that the party that issues the derivative may experience a significant credit event and may be unwilling or unable to make timely settlement payments or otherwise honor its obligations.
Futures Contracts. Futures contracts provide for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified amount of a specific security or asset at a specified future time and at a specified price. Because futures require only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they involve a high degree of leverage. Accordingly, the fluctuation of the value of futures in relation to the underlying assets upon which they are based is magnified. Thus, a Fund may experience losses that exceed losses experienced by funds that do not use futures contracts. There may be imperfect correlation, or even no correlation, between price movements of a futures contract and price movements of investments for which futures are used as a substitute, or which futures are intended to hedge. Such lack of correlation may be due to factors unrelated to the value of the investments being substituted or hedged, such as speculative or other pressures on the markets in which these instruments are traded.
While futures contracts are generally liquid instruments, under certain market conditions they may become illiquid. For example, futures exchanges may impose daily or intra-day price change limits and/or limit the volume of trading. Additionally, government regulation may further reduce liquidity through similar trading restrictions. As a result, a Fund may be unable to close out its futures contracts at a time that is advantageous.
Forward Contracts. A forward contract involves a negotiated obligation to purchase or sell a specific security or asset at a future date (with or without delivery required), which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. Forward contracts are not traded on exchanges; rather, a bank or dealer will act as agent or as principal in order to make or take future delivery of a specified lot of a particular security or asset for a Fund’s account. Risks associated with forwards may include: (i) an imperfect or no correlation between the movement in prices of forward contracts and the securities or assets underlying them; (ii) an illiquid market for forwards; (iii) difficulty in obtaining an accurate value for
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 29
the forwards; and (iv) the risk that the counterparty to the forward contract will default or otherwise fail to honor its obligation. Because forwards require only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they also involve a high degree of leverage.
Options. Options involve the payment or receipt of a premium by the investor and the corresponding right or obligation, as the case may be, to either purchase or sell the underlying instrument for a specific price at a certain time or during a certain period. Purchasing options involves the risk that the underlying instrument will not change price in the manner expected, so that the investor loses its premium. Selling options involves potentially greater risk because the investor is exposed to the extent of the actual price movement in the underlying instrument rather than only the premium payment received (which could result in a potentially unlimited loss). Over-the-counter options also involve counterparty risk.
Swaps. In a swap transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns, differentials in rates of return or some other amount earned or realized on the “notional amount” of predetermined investments or instruments, which may be adjusted for an interest factor. Swaps can involve greater risks than direct investment in securities, because swaps may be leveraged and are subject to counterparty risk and valuation risk. Swaps may also be considered illiquid, and it may not be possible for a Fund to liquidate a swap position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.
Emerging Market Securities Risk (All Funds) — Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in non-U.S. securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity, significant price volatility, restrictions on foreign investment, and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Equity Risk (All Funds) — Since they purchase equity securities, the Funds are subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of a Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a
30 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in a Fund.
Equity securities include public and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock and convertible securities, shares of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) and American Depository Receipts (“ADRs”), as well as shares of mutual funds and ETFs that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of such securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Fixed Income Risk (Core Plus Bond Fund only) — The market values of fixed income investments change in response to interest rate changes and other factors. During periods of rising interest rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities generally decrease. Moreover, while securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields, the prices of longer maturity securities are also subject to greater market value fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. During periods of falling interest rates, certain debt obligations with high interest rates may be prepaid (or “called”) by the issuer prior to maturity. Current market conditions may pose heightened risks for the Funds. While interest rates in the U.S. are near historic lows, changes in government policy, including the Federal Reserve ending its quantitative easing program and beginning to raise the federal funds rate, have increased the risk that interest rates will continue to rise in the near future. A rise in interest rates may, in turn, increase volatility and reduce liquidity in the fixed income markets, and result in a decline in the value of the fixed income investments held by the Funds. In addition, reductions in dealer market-making capacity as a result of structural or regulatory changes could further decrease liquidity and/or increase volatility in the fixed income markets. As a result of these conditions, a Fund’s value may fluctuate and/or a Fund may experience increased redemptions from shareholders, which may impact a Fund’s liquidity or force a Fund to sell securities into a declining or illiquid market.
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 31
In addition to these risks, fixed income securities may be subject to credit risk, which is the possibility that an issuer will be unable or unwilling to make timely payments of either principal or interest.
Foreign Company Risk (All Funds) — Investments in securities of foreign companies (including through ADRs) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers. Financial statements of foreign issuers are also governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial standards than U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio.
European Economic Risk. The Economic and Monetary Union (the “EMU”) of the European Union (the “EU”) requires compliance with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, interest rates and debt levels, as well as fiscal and monetary controls, each of which may significantly affect every country in Europe. Decreasing imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro (the common currency of certain EU countries), the default or threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt and/or an economic recession in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect on the economies of EU member countries and their trading partners. The European financial markets have historically experienced volatility and adverse trends due to concerns about economic downturns or rising government debt levels in several European countries, including, but not limited to, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ukraine. These events have adversely affected the exchange rate of the euro and may continue to significantly affect European countries.
Responses to financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not produce the desired
32 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
results, may result in social unrest, may limit future growth and economic recovery or may have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and other entities of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world. In addition, one or more countries may abandon the euro and/or withdraw from the EU. In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom resolved to leave the EU. The referendum may introduce significant uncertainties and instability in the financial markets as the United Kingdom negotiates its exit from the EU. Secessionist movements, such as the Catalan movement in Spain, may also create instability and uncertainty in the region.
The occurrence of terrorist incidents throughout Europe also could impact financial markets. The impact of these events is not clear but could be significant and far-reaching and adversely affect the value of the Funds.
Asian Economic Risk. Many Asian economies have experienced rapid growth and industrialization in recent years, but there is no assurance that this growth rate will be maintained. Other Asian economies, however, have experienced high inflation, high unemployment, currency devaluations and restrictions, and over-extension of credit. Economic events in any one Asian country may have a significant economic effect on the entire Asian region, as well as on major trading partners outside Asia. Many Asian countries are subject to political risk, including political instability, corruption and regional conflict with neighboring countries. In addition, many Asian countries are subject to social and labor risks associated with demands for improved political, economic and social conditions. These risks, among others, may adversely affect the value of a Fund’s investments.
Foreign Currency Risk (All Funds) — Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the value of a Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by a Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk (Core Plus Bond Fund only) — Mortgage-backed securities are fixed income securities representing an interest in a pool of underlying mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities are sensitive to changes in interest rates, but may respond to these changes differently from other fixed income securities due to the possibility of prepayment of the underlying mortgage loans. As a result, it may not be possible to determine in advance the actual maturity date or average life of a mortgage-backed security. Rising interest rates tend to discourage re-financings, with the result that the average life and volatility of the security will
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 33
increase, exacerbating its decrease in market price. When interest rates fall, however, mortgage-backed securities may not gain as much in market value because of the expectation of additional mortgage prepayments, which must be reinvested at lower interest rates.
Municipal Bonds Risk (Core Plus Bond Fund only) — Municipal bonds are fixed income securities issued by state or local governments or their agencies to finance capital expenditures and operations. The obligation to pay principal and interest on municipal bonds may be a general obligation of the state or local government or may be supported only by an agency or a particular source of revenues. Therefore, municipal bonds vary in credit quality. Municipal bonds, like other fixed income securities, rise and fall in value in response to economic and market factors, primarily changes in interest rates, and actual or perceived credit quality. State and local governments rely on taxes and, to some extent, revenues from private projects financed by municipal bonds, to pay interest and principal on municipal bonds. Poor statewide or local economic results or changing political sentiments may reduce tax revenues and increase the expenses of municipal issuers, making it more difficult for them to meet their obligations. Also, there may be economic or political changes that impact the ability of issuers of municipal bonds to repay principal and to make interest payments. Any changes in the financial condition of municipal issuers may also adversely affect the value of the Fund’s securities.
More Information about Fund Investments
The investment objective of the Core Plus Bond Fund is to seek total return, consisting of current income and capital appreciation. The investment objective of the Global Public Equity Fund is to seek capital appreciation. The investment objectives of the Funds are non-fundamental and may be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this prospectus are those that the Funds use under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, each Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objectives. If a Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Funds will only do so if a sub-adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for capital appreciation or current income.
This prospectus describes the Funds’ principal investment strategies, and the Funds will normally invest in the types of securities and other investments described in this prospectus. In addition to the securities and other investments and strategies described in this prospectus, each Fund also may invest to a lesser extent in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this prospectus, are described in detail in the Statement
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of Additional Information (“SAI”) (for information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI see the back cover of this prospectus). Of course, there is no guarantee that a Fund will achieve its investment goals.
Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Funds’ policy and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Funds disclose their portfolio securities is available in the SAI. Within ten (10) days of the end of each month end, each Fund will post its top ten portfolio holdings on the internet at http://www.aicfundholdings.com/cornerstone. The Funds provide information about their complete portfolio holdings, updated as of the most recent calendar month, on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/cornerstone. This information is provided with a lag of at least thirty (30) days and is publicly available to shareholders. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Funds’ portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Funds.
Investment Adviser and Portfolio Managers
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. (“Cornerstone” or the “Adviser”), a Washington corporation formed in 1983, serves as the overall investment adviser to the Funds. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 225 108th Avenue NE, Suite 400, Bellevue, Washington 98004-5782. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $3.5 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser is responsible, subject to the general supervision of the Board of Trustees of the Funds (the “Board”), for establishing and/or rebalancing allocation of the Funds’ assets among strategies, sub-advisers and/or Underlying Funds. The Adviser is also responsible for monitoring both the overall performance of each Fund and the individual performance of each sub-adviser within those Funds served by one or more sub-advisers. Each of the Funds is authorized to operate on a “multi-manager” basis. This means that a single Fund may be managed by one or more sub-advisers. The Adviser may, from time to time, reallocate the assets of a multi-manager Fund among the sub-advisers that provide portfolio management services to that Fund when it believes that such action would be appropriate to achieve the overall objectives of the particular Fund. The Adviser may also, from time to time, reallocate assets of a multi-manager Fund to other sub-advisers. The Adviser is an integral part of the sub-adviser selection process and instrumental in the supervision of the sub-advisers. For its services, the Adviser receives an annual fee of 0.01% of each Fund’s average daily net assets. The Adviser has the ultimate responsibility, subject to oversight by the Board, to oversee the sub-advisers and recommend their hiring, termination and/or replacement.
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 35
Paul W. Pedalino, CFA, is a Managing Director and a Principal of Cornerstone. He has been with the firm for over fifteen years with prior experience at Frank Russell Company, Russell/Mellon Analytical Services and T. Rowe Price. Mr. Pedalino is responsible for the firm’s Global Public Equity, Public Alternatives, Private Alternatives, Real Assets and Income Opportunities strategies. Additionally, Mr. Pedalino is a member of the firm’s Portfolio Management Team.
Katie Robinette, CFA, is a Managing Director and Principal of Cornerstone. She has been with the firm over six years. Prior to joining Cornerstone, Ms. Robinette worked for the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) for over a decade in a number of investment positions, including serving as the Director of Investments (Private Equity). Ms. Robinette leads Cornerstone’s Private Equity team and is a member of the firm’s Global Public Equity, Public Alternatives and Private Alternatives teams. Additionally, Ms. Robinette is a member of the firm’s Portfolio Management Team.
Evan Wirkkala is a Managing Director of Cornerstone. He has been with the firm over eight years. Prior to joining Cornerstone, Mr. Wirkkala worked for a Washington, D.C. based registered investment advisor as an Advisor Analyst. Mr. Wirkkala is a member of Cornerstone’s Fixed Income, Private Real Estate, Real Assets, Income Opportunities and Core Plus Bond investment teams. Additionally, Mr. Wirkkala is a member of the firm’s Portfolio Management Team.
David Freudenberg, CAIA, is a Managing Director and Principal of Cornerstone. He has been with the firm over twenty-two years. Mr. Freudenberg leads Cornerstone’s Private Real Estate and Fixed Income teams and is a member of the firm’s Real Assets, Income Opportunities and Core Plus Bond investment teams. Additionally, Mr. Freudenberg is a member of the firm’s Portfolio Management Team.
Steve Kleyn, CFA, CIPM, is a Managing Director at Cornerstone. Prior to joining Cornerstone in 2017, Mr. Kleyn worked for Parametric Portfolio Associates LLC for over a decade in a number of investment positions, including most recently as a Senior Portfolio Manager. Mr. Kleyn is a member of the firm’s Portfolio Management Team.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Funds’ investment advisory agreement and investment sub-advisory agreements is available in either the Funds’ Annual Report dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018, or will be available in the Funds’ Semi-Annual Report dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
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Investment Sub-Advisers and Portfolio Managers
Cornerstone acts as the manager of managers of the Funds and is responsible for the investment performance of the Funds since it allocates each Fund’s assets to one or more sub-advisers and recommends their hiring, termination and/or replacement to the Board.
In accordance with the terms of separate investment sub-advisory agreements relating to the respective Funds, and subject to the general supervision of the Board, each sub-adviser makes investment decisions for the assets it manages and continuously reviews, supervises and administers its investment program. Cornerstone oversees each sub-adviser to ensure compliance with the Funds’ investment policies and guidelines and monitors each sub-adviser’s adherence to its investment style. The Board supervises Cornerstone and each sub-adviser, establishes policies that they must follow in their management activities and oversees the sub-adviser hirings, terminations and/or replacements recommended by Cornerstone.
Multi-Manager Exemptive Order. The Funds and the Adviser obtained an exemptive order from the SEC that permits the Adviser, subject to certain conditions, to select new unaffiliated sub-advisers with the approval of the Board but without obtaining shareholder approval. Any changes to a sub-advisory agreement that would result in an increase in the total management and advisory fees payable by the Fund is required to be approved by the shareholders of that Fund. The order also permits the Adviser to materially change the terms of agreements with the sub-advisers or to continue the employment of a sub-adviser after an event that would otherwise cause the automatic termination of a sub-advisory agreement. The order also permits the Funds to disclose sub-advisers’ fees only in the aggregate in their registration statement. This arrangement has been approved by the Board and each Fund’s initial shareholder. Within 90 days of the retention of a new sub-adviser for a Fund, shareholders of the Fund will receive notification of the change.
Information on Sub-Advisory Fees and Total Management Fee. The total management fee shown in each Fund’s Fee Table (in the summary section of this prospectus) is the fee payable by the Fund to the Adviser and the sub-advisers based on the current advisory and sub-advisory fees and the allocation of Fund assets among the sub-advisers during the prior fiscal year. Each sub-adviser receives a fee from the Fund based on the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to such sub-adviser. Asset allocations and fees payable to each Fund’s sub-advisers may vary and, consequently, the total management fee payable will fluctuate and may be higher or lower than that shown in each Fund’s Fee Table.
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For their services, the Sub-Advisers received the following fees as percentages of each Fund’s average daily net assets for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018:
Fund |
Fee |
Core Plus Bond Fund |
0.28% |
Global Public Equity Fund |
0.64% |
The following are currently the sub-advisers and their respective portfolio managers responsible for management of each Fund’s assets:
Core Plus Bond Fund
Franklin Advisers, Inc. (“Franklin Advisers”), One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Core Plus Bond Fund. Franklin Advisers, a California corporation, was founded in 1985 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc. (“Franklin Resources”), a publicly owned company engaged in the financial services industry through its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018, Franklin Resources and its affiliates had approximately $649.9 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Michael Hasenstab, Ph.D., Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer for Templeton Global Macro, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to Franklin Advisers since the Fund’s inception. Dr. Hasenstab initially joined Franklin Templeton Investments in July 1995. After a leave of absence to obtain his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree, he rejoined the company in April 2001. Dr. Hasenstab holds a Ph.D. in economics from the Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management at Australian National University, a master’s degree in economics of development from the Australian National University, and a B.A. in international relations/political economy from Carleton College in the United States.
Christine Zhu, Portfolio Manager, Vice President and Director of Portfolio Construction and Quantitative Analysis for Templeton Global Macro, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to Franklin Advisers since the Fund’s inception. Ms. Zhu joined Franklin Templeton in 2007. Ms. Zhu holds an M.B.A. with investment focus from the University of California at Berkeley, and earned her M.S. in computer science and engineering from the University of Notre Dame.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. (“Loomis Sayles”), One Financial Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Core Plus Bond Fund. Loomis Sayles, a Delaware limited partnership, was formed in 1926 and is a subsidiary of Natixis LP, which is part of Natixis Investment Managers.
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As of December 31, 2018, Loomis Sayles had approximately $249.7 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Peter W. Palfrey, CFA, Vice President, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to Loomis Sayles since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Palfrey began his investment career in 1983 and joined Loomis Sayles in 2001. Prior to joining Loomis Sayles, he worked for Back Bay Advisors as Senior Vice President and Portfolio Manager, and for MONY Capital Management as Investment Vice President and Portfolio Manager. Mr. Palfrey holds the designation of Chartered Financial Analyst. He received his B.A. from Colgate University.
Richard G. Raczkowski, Vice President, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to Loomis Sayles since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Raczkowski began his investment career in 1985 and joined Loomis Sayles in 2001. Prior to Loomis Sayles, he served as Vice President for Back Bay Advisors and was a Senior Consultant at both Hagler Bailly Consulting and EDS Management Consulting/A.T. Kearney. Mr. Raczkowski also worked as an economist and industry analyst for DRI McGraw-Hill. He received a B.A. from the University of Massachusetts and an M.B.A. from Northeastern University.
Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC (“MetWest”), 865 S. Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Core Plus Bond Fund. MetWest, a California limited liability company founded in 1996, is a wholly owned subsidiary of The TCW Group, Inc. (“TCW Group”). TCW Group, including MetWest and TCW Group’s other subsidiaries, had approximately $190.7 billion in assets under management or committed to management, including $158.6 billion of U.S. fixed income investments, as of December 31, 2018.
Portfolio Managers:
Tad Rivelle, Group Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer–Fixed Income and Generalist Portfolio Manager in the U.S. Fixed Income Group, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to MetWest since the Fund’s inception. Prior to founding MetWest in 1996, Mr. Rivelle was the Co-Director of Fixed Income at Hotchkis & Wiley and a Portfolio Manager at Pacific Investment Management Company LLC (“PIMCO”).
Laird R. Landmann, President and Generalist Portfolio Manager in the U.S. Fixed Income Group, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to MetWest since the Fund’s inception. Prior to founding MetWest in 1996, Mr. Landmann was a Principal and the Co-Director of Fixed Income at
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 39
Hotchkis & Wiley. He also served as a Portfolio Manager and Vice President at PIMCO.
Stephen M. Kane, CFA, Group Managing Director and Generalist Portfolio Manager in the U.S. Fixed Income Group, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to MetWest since the Fund’s inception. Prior to founding MetWest, Mr. Kane was a Fixed Income Portfolio Manager at Hotchkis & Wiley. He also served as a Vice President at PIMCO.
Bryan T. Whalen, CFA, Group Managing Director and Generalist Portfolio Manager in the U.S. Fixed Income Group, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to MetWest since the Fund’s inception. Prior to joining MetWest in 2009, he was a Director in the Fixed Income Department at Credit Suisse First Boston in New York. He also served as a Vice President at Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette.
Prime Advisors, Inc. (“Prime”), 22635 NE Marketplace Drive, Redmond, Washington 98053, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Core Plus Bond Fund. Prime, a Washington corporation founded in 1988, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun Life Financial. As of December 31, 2018, Prime had approximately $17.6 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Marc W. Tollefson, Senior Vice President and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to Prime since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Tollefson joined Prime in 2004. Prior to joining Prime, he was a Manager of Long Municipal Portfolios for Quellos Fixed Income Advisors. Mr. Tollefson received a B.A. in Business Administration from the University of Puget Sound.
Victor Harned, CFA, CMT, Senior Portfolio Strategist, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to Prime since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Harned joined Prime in 2006. He is a Chartered Financial Analyst charterholder and a Chartered Market Technician. Mr. Harned received a B.A. in Economics from University of New Hampshire and M.B.A. from Suffolk University.
Mindy Berg, Senior Portfolio Strategist, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to Prime since the Fund’s inception. Ms. Berg joined Prime in 2000. She is a Registered Investment Advisor Representative. Ms. Berg received a B.A. in Business Administration with concentrations in Finance and Marketing from Gonzaga University.
Steven Sims, Senior Portfolio Strategist, has managed the portion of the Core Plus Bond Fund’s assets allocated to Prime since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Sims joined Prime in 2006. He has over 28 years of investment experience in the fixed
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income marketplace. Mr. Sims received his undergraduate degree from the University of Washington and an M.B.A. from Seattle University.
Global Public Equity Fund
Acadian Asset Management LLC (“Acadian”), 260 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Acadian, a Delaware limited liability company, was founded in 1986 and is a subsidiary of BrightSphere Affiliate Holdings LLC, which is an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of BrightSphere Investment Group plc (“BSIG”) a publicly listed company on the NYSE. As of December 31, 2018, Acadian had approximately $86 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Brendan O. Bradley, Ph.D., Executive Vice President, Chief Investment Officer, joined Acadian in 2004 and has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Acadian since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Bradley has served as the firm’s director of portfolio management, overseeing portfolio management policy, and was also previously the director of Acadian’s Managed Volatility strategies. He is a member of the Acadian Executive Committee.
Ryan Taliaferro, Ph.D., Senior Vice President, Director, of Equity Strategies, joined Acadian in 2011 and has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Acadian since the Fund’s inception. Previously, he was the lead portfolio manager for Acadian’s Managed Volatility strategies.
Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC (“AllianzGI US”), 1633 Broadway New York, New York 10019, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. AllianzGI US, a Delaware limited liability company, was founded in 2009 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Allianz Asset Management of America LP. Allianz SE, a public company, indirectly holds a controlling interest in Allianz Asset Management of America LP. As of December 31, 2018, AllianzGI US had approximately $113.2 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Robert S. Marren, Managing Director and Portfolio Manager, joined AllianzGI US in 2007 and has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to AllianzGI US since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Marren has more than 29 years of investment-industry experience and was previously the director of research and a portfolio manager of micro-cap growth equities for Duncan-Hurst Capital Management. Before that, he was an assistant manager of corporate finance for Hughes Aircraft Company, focusing on debt financing and mergers and acquisitions. Mr. Marren has a B.A. from the University of California, San Diego, and a M.B.A. from Duke University, Fuqua School of Business.
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 41
K. Mathew Axline, CFA, Director and Portfolio Manager, joined AllianzGI US in 2004 and has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to AllianzGI US since the Fund’s inception. He has portfolio-management and research responsibilities for the US Small Cap Growth team. Mr. Axline has more than 20 years of investment-industry experience. He was previously an associate with Pescadero Ventures, LLC, a business development manager for Icarian, Inc. and a wealth-management advisor with Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith. Mr. Axline has a B.S. from The Ohio State University and an M.B.A. from Indiana University’s Kelley School of Business. He is a CFA charterholder.
Stephen W. Lyford, Director and Portfolio Manager, joined AllianzGI US in 2005 and has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to AllianzGI US since 2012. He has portfolio-management and research responsibilities for the US Small Cap Growth team. Mr. Lyford has 18 years of investment-industry experience. He was previously a co-analyst for small- and micro-cap portfolios with Duncan-Hurst Capital Management; before that, he worked with Trammel Crow. Mr. Lyford has a B.B.A. and a B.S. from Southern Methodist University, and an M.B.A. from the UCLA Anderson School of Management.
ClariVest Asset Management LLC (“ClariVest”), 3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92130, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. ClariVest, a Delaware limited liability company established in 2006, is majority owned by its employees. Eagle Asset Management holds a 45% interest in ClariVest and may be deemed to control ClariVest. As of December 31, 2018, ClariVest had approximately $6.74 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
David R. Vaughn, CFA, Chief Investment Officer - Non-U.S. and Global Strategies and Lead Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to ClariVest since 2014. Mr. Vaughn is a founder of ClariVest. Prior to forming ClariVest in March 2006, Mr. Vaughn worked as the portfolio manager for all international and global Systematic strategies at Nicholas-Applegate and was a member of the Systematic investment team that managed over $5 billion in assets at the firm. Previously, Mr. Vaughn worked as a research analyst at Barclays Global Investors and as a research associate at First Quadrant. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Economics from California Institute of Technology and a Master’s in Computational Finance from Carnegie Mellon University.
Alex Turner, CFA, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to ClariVest since 2014. Prior to joining ClariVest
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in 2008, Mr. Turner was a Quantitative Analytic Specialist at FactSet Research System. Mr. Turner’s work experience includes roles as a FactSet consultant, an assistant actuary and a technical writer for a technology company. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with an emphasis in Finance from University of California, Berkeley.
Priyanshu Mutreja, CFA, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to ClariVest since 2014. Prior to joining ClariVest in 2009, Mr. Mutreja was an Associate Intern with Citigroup Global Capital Markets Inc. Previously, he worked as a Financial Engineering Intern at Wolverine Trading. Mr. Mutreja earned a Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering from Valparaiso University and a Masters of Financial Engineering from the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley.
Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC (“CRM”), 520 Madison Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10022, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. CRM, a Delaware limited liability company, was established in 1973. WT Investments, Inc., a subsidiary of Wilmington Trust Corporation, owns 89.6% (79.13% on a fully diluted basis) of CRM. Wilmington Trust Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank Corporation. As of December 31, 2018, CRM had approximately $4.24 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Thad Pollock, Vice President, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to CRM since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Pollock joined the firm in 2003. Prior to CRM, he spent three years as an analyst in Corporate Finance at Lehman Brothers. He received a B.S. from Yale University.
Brittain Ezzes, Vice President, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to CRM since 2016. Ms. Ezzes joined the firm in 2010. Prior to CRM, she was an analyst and Managing Director with MissionPoint Capital Partners and Iridian Asset Management, respectively. Ms. Ezzes received a B.A. from Brown University.
Driehaus Capital Management LLC (“Driehaus”), 25 East Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Driehaus, a Delaware limited liability company established in 1982, is controlled by Richard H. Driehaus. The principal nature of Driehaus’ business is investment advisory services. As of December 31, 2018, Driehaus had approximately $6.5 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Howard Schwab, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus Emerging Markets Growth Strategy and Driehaus Emerging Markets Small Cap Growth Strategy, has
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 43
managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Driehaus since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Schwab joined Driehaus Capital Management in 2001. During his tenure with Driehaus, Mr. Schwab was also the co-portfolio manager for the Driehaus Global Growth strategy from 2008 through 2010, and co-portfolio manager for the Driehaus International Small Cap Growth strategy from 2002 through 2014. He received his B.A. in economics from Denison University in 2001.
Chad Cleaver, CFA, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus Emerging Markets Growth Strategy and Driehaus Emerging Markets Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Driehaus since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Cleaver began his career with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and joined Driehaus in 2004. He received his A.B. in economics from Wabash College in 2000 and his M.B.A. from the Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2004. Mr. Cleaver is a CFA charterholder.
Richard Thies, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus Emerging Markets Growth Strategy and Driehaus Emerging Markets Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Driehaus since April 30, 2014. Mr. Thies began his career at the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group as a consultant for the gender entrepreneurship markets group in 2005. In 2008, Mr. Thies worked for Opportunity International as a proposal writer. He then worked as an associate international economist for The Northern Trust in 2009. He joined Driehaus as a macro analyst in 2011. He received his Bachelor of Arts in international studies from Emory University in 2005 and his Master of Arts degree focused in international political economy from the University of Chicago in 2007.
David Mouser, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus International Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Driehaus since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Mouser joined Driehaus in 1999 as a global research associate and domestic research assistant. Prior to assuming portfolio management responsibilities, he was an analyst on the Micro Cap Growth strategy and the long-short strategy. He received his B.S. in finance from the University of Dayton in 1999.
Dan Burr, Portfolio Manager, Driehaus International Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Driehaus since April 30, 2014. Mr. Burr began his career at First Manhattan Consulting Group as an analyst from 2000 to 2001. Prior to joining Driehaus in 2013, Mr. Burr worked at Oberweis Asset Management Inc. from 2008 to 2013 and left with the title of senior international equity analyst. He received his B.S. in applied economics and business management from Cornell University in 2000
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and completed his MBA in 2006 with concentrations in finance and accounting from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Ryan Carpenter, Assistant Portfolio Manager, Driehaus International Small Cap Growth Strategy, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Driehaus since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Carpenter began his career at Driehaus as a research intern in 2005. He received his B.A. in finance from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 2007.
Fairpointe Capital LLC (“Fairpointe”), One N. Franklin Street, Suite 3300, Chicago, Illinois 60606, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Fairpointe, a Delaware limited liability company founded in 2011, is 100% employee owned. The firm provides investment advisory services to institutions and individuals. As of December 31, 2018, Fairpointe had approximately $2.9 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Thyra Zerhusen, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, is the principal founder of Fairpointe and has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Fairpointe since the Fund’s inception. Prior to founding Fairpointe, Ms. Zerhusen was the Chief Investment Officer for Mid-Cap Equities at a predecessor firm beginning in October of 2003. Ms. Zerhusen also spent four years at Talon Asset Management as Senior Vice President and Portfolio Manager, where she began managing the AMG Managers/Fairpointe Mid Cap Fund. Previously, she was employed by The Burridge Group as principal and portfolio manager for a tax-sensitive mid-cap product, and eleven years as Senior Investment Analyst at Sears Investment Management Company. Ms. Zerhusen started her career as an Investment Research Officer at Harris Trust & Savings Bank in Chicago and was responsible for in-depth financial analysis of company fundamentals and industry trends. Ms. Zerhusen received an M.S. from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology with concentrations in life sciences, biotechnology, and economics. She has an M.A. in Economics from the University of Illinois.
Marie Lorden, Co-Founder and Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Fairpointe since the Fund’s inception. Prior to co-founding Fairpointe, Ms. Lorden served as a member of the Mid-Cap Investment Team for eight years. She co-managed the AMG Managers/Fairpointe Mid Cap Fund, the Parvest Equity USA Mid Cap Fund and institutional and private client accounts, as well as provided research and analysis of existing and potential mid-cap equity holdings. Ms. Lorden held positions specializing in equity product analysis with Zurich Insurance Group, Driehaus Capital Management, and The Burridge Group, where she was responsible for mid-cap equity maintenance research and institutional client
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 45
service relationships. Previously, she was a Project Manager at Radio Free Europe in Prague, where she was responsible for analysis of registration options for the Radio’s international bureau locations. Ms. Lorden received a B.S. from Elmhurst College and an M.B.A. from the Keller Graduate School of Management.
Mary Pierson, Co-CEO and Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Fairpointe since the Fund’s inception. Prior to co-founding Fairpointe, Ms. Pierson served as a member of the Mid-Cap Investment Team for seven years. She co-managed the AMG Managers/Fairpointe Mid Cap Fund, the Parvest Equity USA Mid Cap Fund and separately managed institutional accounts, as well as provided research and analysis of existing and potential mid-cap equity holdings. Ms. Pierson’s prior experience includes fifteen years with Harris Bancorp and Harris Futures Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Harris Bancorp. While serving as General Manager at Harris Futures Corporation, she was responsible for managing all aspects of the institution, which operated as a financial futures broker. In prior positions at Harris, Ms. Pierson conducted in-depth international economic research and analysis of foreign exchange exposure issues, along with currency trends and foreign political conditions related to investments. Ms. Pierson received a B.A. in Economics from DePauw University, an M.A. in Economics from Northwestern University, and an M.B.A. in Finance from the University of Chicago.
Harris Associates L.P. (“Harris”), 111 S. Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, Illinois 60606, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Harris, a Delaware limited partnership, is managed by its general partner, Harris Associates, Inc. (“HAI”). Harris and HAI are wholly owned subsidiaries of Natixis Investment Managers, L.P., an indirect subsidiary of Natixis Investment Managers, an international asset management group based in Paris, France. Natixis Investment Managers is owned by Natixis, a French investment banking and financial services firm that is principally owned by Groupe BPCE, France’s second largest banking group. As of December 31, 2018, Harris had approximately $108 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
David Herro, CFA, Deputy Chairman, Portfolio Manager and Chief Investment Officer of International Equity, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Harris since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Herro joined Harris in 1992 as a portfolio manager and analyst. Previously, he was an international portfolio manager for the State of Wisconsin Investment Board and The Principal Financial Group. Mr. Herro holds an M.A. in Economics from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (1985) and a B.S. in Business and Economics from the University of Wisconsin-Platteville (1983).
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William Nygren, CFA, Vice President, Chief Investment Officer, U.S. Equities, Portfolio Manager and Analyst, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Harris since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Nygren joined Harris as an analyst in 1983 and was Harris’ Director of Research from September 1990 to March 1998. Previously, he was an analyst with Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. Mr. Nygren holds an M.S. in Finance from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1981) and a B.S. in Accounting from the University of Minnesota (1980).
Tony Coniaris, CFA, Co-Chairman, Portfolio Manager and Analyst, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Harris since 2017. Mr. Coniaris joined Harris as a research associate in 1999. Mr. Coniaris holds an MBA from Northwestern University (2005) and a B.A. in Business/Economics from Wheaton College (1999).
Eric Liu, CFA, Vice President, Portfolio Manager and Analyst, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Harris since 2017. Mr. Liu joined Harris as an analyst in 2009. Previously, he was a research associate at Dodge & Cox and an investment banking analyst at Jefferies & Company. Mr. Liu holds an MBA from the University of Chicago (2009) and a B.A. from the University of California - Los Angeles (2001).
LSV Asset Management (“LSV”), 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, Illinois 60606, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. LSV is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. LSV was established in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership to provide active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. LSV’s general partners include officers and employees of LSV who collectively own a majority of LSV, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, LSV had approximately $106 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer, Chief Investment Officer and Partner, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to LSV since the Fund’s inception. Dr. Lakonishok joined LSV in 1994 and has more than 41 years of investment and research experience. Dr. Lakonishok received a B.A. in Economics and Statistics (1970) and an M.B.A. (1972) from Tel Aviv University. He earned an M.S. in Business Administration (1974) and a Ph.D. in Business Administration (1976) from Cornell University.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, Partner, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to LSV since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Vermeulen joined LSV in 1994 and has more than 27 years of investment
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 47
experience. Mr. Vermeulen holds a master’s degree in Econometrics from Erasmus University at Rotterdam.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, Partner, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to LSV since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Mansharamani joined LSV in 2000 and has more than 20 years of investment experience. Mr. Mansharamani earned a B.S. in Engineering from Delhi University, Delhi College of Engineering and an M.S. in Engineering at Case Western Reserve University, Case School of Engineering.
Greg Sleight, Partner, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to LSV since 2014. Mr. Sleight joined LSV in 2006 and has more than 12 years of investment experience. Mr. Sleight earned a B.S. in Material Science & Engineering from the University of Illinois and an M.B.A in Econometrics, Economics & Analytic Finance from the University of Chicago.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, Partner, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to LSV since 2014. Mr. Lakonishok joined LSV in 2009 and has more than 18 years of investment experience. Mr. Lakonishok earned a B.S. in Applied Science with a Major in Electrical Engineering from Washington University in St. Louis, and an M.B.A with a dual-concentration in Analytical Finance and Accounting from the University of Chicago.
Marsico Capital Management, LLC (“Marsico”), 1200 17th Street, Suite 1600, Denver, Colorado 80202, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Marsico is a Delaware limited liability company established in 1997 and provides investment management services to mutual funds and private accounts. Marsico Group, LLC (“Marsico Group”), a company controlled by employees of Marsico and their family interests, holds 100% of the voting rights and approximately 38% of all common equity interests in another company, Marsico Holdings, LLC (“Marsico Holdings”), which in turn indirectly owns 100% of all common equity interests in Marsico. Marsico Group retains complete voting control over matters pertaining to the ongoing management and day-to-day operations of Marsico through its control of the managing member of Marsico Holdings. As of December 31, 2018, Marsico had approximately $2.74 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Thomas F. Marsico, Chief Investment Officer, Chief Executive Officer and Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to Marsico since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Marsico founded Marsico in 1997. He has over 39 years’ experience in money management, including 12 years at the Janus Capital Group. Mr. Marsico is a graduate of the University of Colorado and holds an M.B.A. from the University of Denver.
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Brandon A. Geisler, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to Marsico since 2018. Mr. Geisler joined Marsico in 2006 and has over 15 years of experience in the financial services industry. Mr. Geisler spent four years with Goldman, Sachs & Co., where he was a Vice President in Equity Research covering the restaurant and other consumer-related industry groups. At Marsico, Mr. Geisler has remained actively involved in those areas, while broadening his research responsibilities to include many other industries. Mr. Geisler received his M.B.A. degree and Honours B.S. degree from McMaster University in Ontario.
Robert G. Susman, CFA, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to Marsico since 2018. Mr. Susman joined Marsico Capital in 2013, and has over 15 years of experience in the financial services industry. He began his career at Morgan Stanley, where he was an associate in the equity research department before joining the firm’s Corporate Strategy and Execution Team. Mr. Susman later transitioned to the buy-side where he was an analyst for Baron Capital, Inc. He earned an A.B. in Economics from Harvard College and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. He was awarded the designation of Chartered Financial Analyst in 2005.
Numeric Investors LLC (“Numeric”), 200 Pier 4 Boulevard, 5th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Numeric is a Delaware limited liability company founded in 1989. Numeric is a wholly owned subsidiary of Numeric Midco LLC, which is wholly-owned by Numeric Holdings LLC, both Delaware limited liability companies. Numeric Holdings LLC is a majority-owned indirect subsidiary of Man Group plc. As of September 30, 2018, Numeric had approximately $33.5 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Tyler Hayes, Ph.D., Portfolio Manager and Researcher, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Numeric since 2017. Mr. Hayes joined Numeric in 2017 as a member of the Portfolio Management team. Prior to joining Numeric, he was a Portfolio Manager and Researcher at BlackRock within Scientific Active Equity (“SAE”) on the North American team with a focus on Canadian strategies. Mr. Hayes also contributed to SAE’s Mid Horizon strategies from 2011 to 2017. He began his career with the Quantitative Strategies Research Group at TD Securities in 2007. Mr. Hayes received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Geophysics, and his doctorate degree in Geophysics with Scientific Computing, at The University of Western Ontario.
Robert Furdak, CFA, Co-Chief Investment Officer, has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Numeric since 2016. Mr. Furdak was named chief investment officer of Numeric in 2007 and serves
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 49
as chairman of the Investment Committee. He is also a member of the Man Group Executive Committee. Mr. Furdak joined Numeric in 1997 as director of international strategies and has designed and launched Numeric’s Japanese, European and World strategies. In addition to his CIO role, Mr. Furdak is the head of the U.S./Global Group. Prior to joining Numeric, he was a principal in the Active International Group at State Street Global Advisors. During his eight years there, Mr. Furdak performed quantitative research on country, currency and stock-selection strategies in the international markets and was the principal architect of State Street’s active emerging markets investment process. Mr. Furdak received a B.B.A. in finance from the University of Michigan and earned an M.B.A. in finance at the University of Chicago. Mr. Furdak is a CFA ® charterholder.
Jeremy Wee, CFA, Senior Portfolio Manager, has co-managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Numeric since 2014. Mr. Wee joined Numeric in 2014 and is a member of the Portfolio Management team. Before coming to Numeric, he was a portfolio manager at Batterymarch Financial Management for the Emerging Markets and Global Managed Volatility strategies from 2012 to 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Wee held portfolio management and quantitative research roles at Blackstone from 2006 to 2011 and Citigroup Asset Management from 2001 to 2006. He received a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering from the University of Michigan and an M.B.A. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management. Mr. Wee is a CFA ® charterholder.
Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC (“Parametric”), 1918 Eighth Avenue, Suite 3100, Seattle, Washington 98101 , serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Parametric is a Seattle, Washington based investment manager that has been providing investment advisory services since its formation in 1987. Parametric serves its clients through Investment Centers located in Seattle, WA, Minneapolis, MN and Westport, CT. In addition, in order to meet the needs of its clients, Parametric has offices in Boston, MA and Sydney, Australia. Parametric is a majority-owned indirect subsidiary of Eaton Vance Corp. (“EVC”), a publicly held company that is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol EV. As of December 31, 2018, Parametric’s assets under management totaled approximately $216.69 billion.
Portfolio Managers:
Thomas Seto, Head of Investment Management – Seattle Investment Center, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to Parametric since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Seto is responsible for all portfolio management and trading at the Seattle Investment Center, and is a member of the Enterprise Management Committee. Prior to joining Parametric in 1998, Thomas served as the Head of U.S. Equity Index Investments at Barclay’s Global Investors. He holds an M.B.A. in Finance from the University of Chicago Booth
50 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
School of Business, and a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Washington.
Paul Bouchey, CFA, Chief Investment Officer – Seattle Investment Center, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to Parametric since 2014. Mr. Bouchey leads Parametric’s Investment, Research and Strategy activities. He is responsible for setting the overall research agenda and new product development. Prior to joining Parametric, Paul was a senior researcher at Russell Investment Group, where he focused on simulation, optimization, and quantitative decision models for institutional and private clients. He holds a patent on cross-sectional volatility indexing and has authored more than 10 academic and practitioner articles in journals such as The Journal of Portfolio Management, The Journal of Wealth Management, and The Journal of Index Investing. Paul graduated with a B.A. in mathematics and physics from Whitman College and earned an M.S. in Computational Finance and Risk Management from the University of Washington. He holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation.
Phocas Financial Corporation (“Phocas”), 980 Atlantic Avenue, Suite 106, Alameda, California 94501, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Phocas, a California corporation established in 2005, is employee-owned. As of December 31, 2018, Phocas had approximately $1 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
William Schaff, Chief Executive Officer and President, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to Phocas since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Schaff joined Phocas in 2005. Prior to joining Phocas, Mr. Schaff was President of Bay Isle, Portfolio Manager at Janus Capital Management and Lead Portfolio Manager at the Undiscovered Managers organization. He earned an M.S. in Engineering from the University of California, Davis. He also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation, and is a member of the Security Analysts of San Francisco.
Steve Block, Portfolio Manager, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to Phocas since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Block joined Phocas in 2005. Prior to joining Phocas, he worked with Bay Isle, where he held several positions. Prior to joining Bay Isle, Mr. Block served as Senior Financial Analyst for two years at M&T Bank. In addition, he spent three years as an employee benefit plan Actuarial Consultant for Howard Johnson & Company. Mr. Block received his M.B.A. from the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business in Accounting and Finance. He received his B.A. in Quantitative Economic Decision Science from University of California, San Diego. Mr. Block
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holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation, and is a member of the Security Analysts of San Francisco.
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated (“Baird”), 777 East Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Established in 1919, Baird provides discretionary asset management and other investment advisory services to institutional and individual clients and serves as investment adviser or sub-adviser to equity and fixed income mutual funds. Baird is owned indirectly by its employees through Baird Financial Group, Inc. (“BFG”), the ultimate parent company of Baird. As of December 31, 2018, Baird had approximately $105.2 billion in assets under discretionary management.
Portfolio Manager:
Brian Beitner, CFA has managed the portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund allocated to Baird since 2014. Mr. Beitner is a Managing Director of Baird and Managing Partner of its Chautauqua Capital Management division. Prior to joining Baird in 2016, Mr. Beitner was the principal owner and managing partner of Chautauqua Capital Management, LLC.
Thornburg Investment Management, Inc. (“TIM”), 2300 North Ridgetop Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87506, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. TIM was incorporated in Delaware in 1982 and is an independent, privately-held, employee-owned organization. As of December 31, 2018, thirty-five of the firm’s professionals share in the ownership of the firm, twenty of whom are investment professionals. TIM has both voting and non-voting shares. Garrett Thornburg owns 100% of the voting shares and Thornburg family members, including family member revocable trusts, beneficially own 29.64%. Thornburg irrevocable family trusts beneficially own 44.10%. Other TIM employees, in aggregate beneficially own 26.26%. As of December 31, 2018, TIM had approximately $41.8 billion in assets under management.
Portfolio Managers:
Brian J. McMahon, Vice Chairman and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to TIM since the Fund’s inception. Mr. McMahon joined TIM in 1984 as Chief Investment Officer and was named President of TIM in 1997 and CEO in 2008. In 2016, Mr. McMahon was promoted to Vice Chairman. Prior to his time at TIM, he worked at Norwest Bank. He holds an M.B.A. from Dartmouth College’s Tuck School of Business and a B.A. in Economics and Russian Studies from the University of Virginia.
W. Vinson Walden, CFA, Portfolio Manager, Managing Director, has managed the portion of the Global Public Equity Fund’s assets allocated to TIM since the Fund’s inception. Mr. Walden joined TIM as an Associate Portfolio Manager in 2002. He
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was named Managing Director in 2005 and was promoted to Portfolio Manager in 2006. Prior to joining TIM, Mr. Walden served as an Associate for Lehman Brothers in New York City. Mr. Walden holds a B.S. from Boston University and an M.B.A. from Columbia University. He is a CFA charterholder.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
Purchasing and Selling Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase and sell (sometimes called “redeem”) Institutional Shares of the Funds.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Funds, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Purchase Fund Shares
Shares of the Funds are offered exclusively to certain advisory clients of the Adviser.
The Funds reserve the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Funds are not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Funds’ policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Funds do not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Funds subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Funds for more information.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days that either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. Each Fund’s price per share will be the NAV per share next determined after the Fund or authorized institution receives your purchase order in proper form. Proper form means that the Funds were provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number, tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
Each Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, a Fund or authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Funds reserve the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Funds will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any
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other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of the Funds’ assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from a Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Funds prior to the time the Funds calculate their NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Funds on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution (defined below), orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Funds after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Funds with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on a Fund’s behalf. A Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at a Fund’s NAV next computed after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of a Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow their procedures for transacting with the Funds. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Funds Calculate NAV
The NAV of each Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding. In calculating NAV, each Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or a
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Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Funds’ Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Funds’ Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. A Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
The respective prospectuses for the Underlying Funds in which the Funds invest explain the circumstances in which the Underlying Funds will use fair value pricing and the effect of fair value pricing.
There may be limited circumstances in which the Funds would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Funds calculated their NAV.
With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Funds, the Funds may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Funds may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Funds price their shares, the value the Funds assign to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Funds may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, or securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of more than 60 days, the Funds may use the value of the security provided by pricing services. The values provided by a pricing service may be based upon market quotations for the same security if a quotation is readily available, or may be based upon the values of securities expected to trade in a similar manner or a pricing matrix. When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less, the Funds use the security’s amortized cost. Amortized cost and the use of a pricing matrix in valuing fixed income securities are forms of fair value pricing.
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Redeemable securities issued by open-end investment companies are valued at the investment company’s applicable NAV.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available or reasonably believed to be unreliable will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Funds, an investor may purchase shares of a Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Funds reserve the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Minimum Purchases
You can open an account with the Funds with a minimum initial investment of $2,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments. Each Fund reserves the right to waive or reduce the minimum initial investment amount in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Funds to purchase Institutional Shares of a Fund, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Core Plus Bond Fund |
CACTX |
0075W0 445 |
6534 |
Global Public Equity Fund |
CAGLX |
00769G 634 |
6530 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
Shares can only be redeemed by contacting your client service manager or calling 1-888-762-1442.
The sale price will be the NAV next determined after the Funds receive your request.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Funds will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after they receive your redemption request. The Funds, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds.
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A Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, a Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In Kind
The Funds generally pay sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Funds’ remaining shareholders, the Funds might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in kind until they are sold.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Funds may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing and selling Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Funds have certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Funds are not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions they reasonably believe to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Funds over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Funds and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Funds and/or their shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information, please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
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Shareholder Servicing Plan
The Funds have adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.05% based on the average daily net assets of the Funds. The services for which financial intermediaries are compensated may include record-keeping, transaction processing for shareholders’ accounts and other shareholder services.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Funds. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Funds. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Funds available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Funds with “shelf space,” placing them on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Funds in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of a Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Funds,
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or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Funds are intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourage shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Funds may present risks to the Funds’ long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Funds’ investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Funds to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Funds may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time a Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by a Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of their Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair value. Although the Funds have procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating their NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
In addition, because the Funds may invest in micro-, small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, these Funds may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Funds’ shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Funds’ service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Funds’ policies and procedures described in this prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Funds’ service providers may consider the trading history of
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accounts under common ownership or control. The Funds’ policies and procedures include:
● | Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips” into or out of any Fund over any rolling 12 month period. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Funds and/or their service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. The Funds define a “round trip” as a purchase into a Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● | Each Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Funds and/or their service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Funds’ long-term shareholders. The Funds do not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Funds will occur.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Funds for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Funds have entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Funds to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Funds. If the Funds or their service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Funds, the Funds or their service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Funds or their service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Funds, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Funds by that customer. If the Funds are not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Funds may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Funds’ shares is requested by the Funds and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Funds have an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Funds, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Funds on behalf of other persons.
60 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
The Funds and their service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Funds. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Funds to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Funds will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Funds to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Funds are required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Funds are required to collect documents to fulfill their legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (meaning that it is complete and contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.), or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application, your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV per share.
The Funds reserve the right to close or liquidate your account at the NAV next-determined and remit proceeds to you via check if they are unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds. Further, the Funds reserve the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Funds’ overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Funds have adopted an anti-money
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 61
laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Funds from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities and has appointed an anti-money laundering officer to monitor the Funds’ compliance with the program. In this regard, the Funds reserve the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Funds or in cases when the Funds are requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Funds are required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the applicable Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Funds (if shares are held directly with the Funds) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Funds).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-762-1442.
The Global Public Equity Fund will distribute its net investment income and make distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. The Core Plus Bond Fund will distribute its net investment income quarterly and make distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on a Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
62 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Funds in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Funds receive your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Funds written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax issues that affect the Funds and their shareholders. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Funds.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to regulated investment companies, such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
Each Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of a Fund, may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains, but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Distributions reported by a Fund as long-term capital gains distributions and as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). It is currently not anticipated that distributions by the Core Plus Bond Fund will be eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. Once a year, the Funds (or their administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
Corporate shareholders may be entitled to a dividends-received deduction for the portion of dividends they receive that are attributable to dividends received by the
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 63
Funds from U.S. corporations, subject to certain limitations. Certain of the Funds’ investment strategies may limit their ability to distribute dividends eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or a long term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
Distributions paid in January but declared by the Funds in October, November or December of the previous year will be taxable to you in the previous year.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for purchases of Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, a Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, a Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average cost basis method. In the absence of an election, a Fund will use the average cost basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
64 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
Because the Funds may invest in foreign securities they may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest that a Fund receives from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of a Fund consists of foreign securities, such Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. A Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 65
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Funds’ investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Funds. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Funds that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Funds. The Funds may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Funds and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
66 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
The tables that follow present performance information about the Funds. The information is intended to help you understand the Funds’ financial performance for the period of the Funds’ operations. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rates that you would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Funds, assuming you reinvested all of your dividends and distributions. The information provided below has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. The financial statements and the report of Deloitte & Touche LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Funds, which is available upon request by calling 1-888-762-1442.
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 67
For the year or period ended October 31,
For a share outstanding throughout the period
|
Net Asset
|
Net
|
Net Realized
|
Total from
|
Dividends
|
Distributions
|
Distributions
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
Global Public Equity Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 |
$ | 14.39 | $ | 0.18 | $ | (0.81 | ) | $ | (0.63 | ) | $ | (0.17 | ) | $ | (0.65 | ) | $ | — | ||||||||||
2017 |
$ | 11.58 | $ | 0.14 | $ | 2.79 | $ | 2.93 | $ | (0.12 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||
2016 |
$ | 12.25 | $ | 0.13 | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.25 | $ | (0.16 | ) | $ | (0.76 | ) | $ | — | ||||||||||||
2015 |
$ | 13.16 | $ | 0.12 | $ | 0.06 | $ | 0.18 | $ | (0.14 | ) | $ | (0.95 | ) | $ | — | ||||||||||||
2014 |
$ | 12.85 | $ | 0.13 | $ | 0.85 | $ | 0.98 | $ | (0.14 | ) | $ | (0.53 | ) | $ | — | ||||||||||||
Core Plus Bond Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 |
$ | 10.01 | $ | 0.29 | $ | (0.44 | ) | $ | (0.15 | ) | $ | (0.32 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||
2017 |
$ | 9.96 | $ | 0.25 | $ | — | * * | $ | 0.25 | $ | (0.20 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||
2016 # |
$ | 10.00 | $ | 0.03 | $ | (0.04 | ) | $ | (0.01 | ) | $ | (0.03 | ) | $ | — | $ | — |
# |
The Fund commenced operations on August 30, 2016. All ratios for the period have been annualized. |
* |
Per share data calculated using average shares. |
* * |
Amount represents less than $0.01 |
Amounts designated as (“—”) are $0.00 or have been rounded to $0.00.
68 Cornerstone Advisors Funds
Total
|
Net Asset
|
Total
|
Net Assets
|
Ratio of
|
Ratio of
|
Ratio of Net
|
Portfolio
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
$ | (0.82 | ) | $ | 12.94 | (4.75 | )% | $ | 1,093,849 | 0.87 | % | 0.88 | % | 1.28 | % | 56 | % | ||||||||||||||
$ | (0.12 | ) | $ | 14.39 | 25.56 | % | $ | 1,104,013 | 0.87 | % | 0.87 | % | 1.10 | % | 52 | % | ||||||||||||||
$ | (0.92 | ) | $ | 11.58 | 2.40 | % | $ | 885,020 | 0.91 | % | 0.91 | % | 1.90 | % | 49 | % | ||||||||||||||
$ | (1.09 | ) | $ | 12.25 | 1.39 | % | $ | 853,142 | 0.93 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.93 | % | 74 | % | ||||||||||||||
$ | (0.67 | ) | $ | 13.16 | 7.96 | % | $ | 802,723 | 0.94 | % | 0.95 | % | 0.97 | % | 75 | % | ||||||||||||||
$ | (0.32 | ) | $ | 9.54 | (1.49 | )% | $ | 407,586 | 0.50 | % | 0.50 | % | 2.99 | % | 149 | % | ||||||||||||||
$ | (0.20 | ) | $ | 10.01 | 2.57 | % | $ | 438,370 | 0.52 | % | 0.52 | % | 2.53 | % | 179 | % | ||||||||||||||
$ | (0.03 | ) | $ | 9.96 | (0.10 | )% | $ | 395,710 | 0.60 | % | 0.60 | % | 1.94 | % | 72 | % |
† |
Total return and portfolio turnover rates are for the period indicated and have not been annualized. |
(1) |
Ratio does not include expenses associated with underlying funds. |
Cornerstone Advisors Funds 69
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
CORNERSTONE
ADVISORS
FUNDS
Investment Adviser
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.
225 108th Avenue NE, Suite 400
Bellevue, Washington 98004-5782
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
More information about the Funds is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about the Funds and The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund. The SAI is on file with the SEC and is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Funds’ holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on the Funds’ performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Funds.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-888-762-1442 |
By Mail: |
Cornerstone Funds
|
By Internet: |
The Funds do not have a website, but you can obtain the SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report by mail or telephone. |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports for the Funds, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS CORE PLUS BOND FUND
(Ticker Symbol: CACTX)
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS GLOBAL PUBLIC EQUITY FUND
(Ticker Symbol: CAGLX)
each, a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
INSTITUTIONAL SHARES
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS, INC.
Investment Sub-Advisers:
Acadian Asset Management LLC
Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC
ClariVest Asset Management LLC
Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC
Driehaus Capital Management LLC
Fairpointe Capital LLC
Franklin Advisers, Inc.
Harris Associates L.P.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.
LSV Asset Management
Marsico Capital Management, LLC
Metropolitan West Asset Management, LLC
Numeric Investors LLC
Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC
Phocas Financial Corporation
Prime Advisors, Inc.
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated
Thornburg Investment Management, Inc.
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund (“Core Plus Bond Fund”) and Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund (“Global Public Equity Fund”) (each a “Fund” and together, the “Funds”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Funds’ prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Funds, which includes the Funds’ audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Funds at Cornerstone Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., PO Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009, or calling the Funds at 1-888-762-1442.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019
General. Each Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. Each Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of trustees under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the trustees have the power to liquidate each Fund without shareholder approval. While the trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if a Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Board”).
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
Each Fund’s investment objectives and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. Each Fund is classified as a "diversified" investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"). The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus. The following are descriptions of the permitted investments and investment practices of the Funds. A Fund may purchase any of these instruments and/or engage in any of these investment practices if, in the opinion of Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. (“Cornerstone” or the “Adviser”) or a sub-adviser, such investments or investment practices will be advantageous to the Fund. A Fund is free to reduce or eliminate its activity in any of these areas. The Adviser or a sub-adviser, as applicable, may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by a Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
S- 1
Equity Securities
Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company or partnership and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock and investments in master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a Fund invests will cause the net asset value (“NAV”) of the Fund to fluctuate. The Funds may purchase equity securities traded in the United States on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
Common Stock. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock.
Preferred Stock. Preferred stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer that pays dividends at a specified rate and that has precedence over common stock in the payment of dividends. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take precedence over the claims of those who own preferred and common stock.
Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETF”). An ETF is a fund whose shares are bought and sold on a securities exchange as if it were a single security. An ETF holds a portfolio of securities designed to track a particular market segment or index. Some examples of ETFs are SPDRs ® , DIAMONDS SM , NASDAQ 100 Index Tracking Stock SM (“QQQs SM ”), and iShares ® . A Fund could purchase an ETF to temporarily gain exposure to a portion of the U.S. or foreign market while awaiting an opportunity to purchase securities directly. The risks of owning an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the securities comprising the index which an index ETF is designed to track or the other holdings of an active or index ETF, although lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in it being more volatile than the tracked index or underlying holdings, and ETFs have management fees that increase their costs versus the costs of owning the underlying holdings directly. See “Securities of Other Investment Companies” below.
Exchange-Traded Notes (“ETN”). An ETN is a type of unsecured, unsubordinated debt security that differs from other types of bonds and notes because ETN returns are based upon the performance of a market index minus applicable fees. No period coupon payments are distributed, and no principal protection exists. ETNs were designed to create a type of security that combines both the aspects of bonds and ETFs. Similar to ETFs, ETNs are traded on a major exchange, such as the NYSE during normal trading hours. However, investors can also hold the debt security until maturity. At that time the issuer will give the investor a cash amount that would be equal to the principal amount.
One factor that affects the ETN’s value is the credit rating of the issuer. The value of the ETN may drop despite no change in the underlying index. This might occur, for instance, due to a downgrade in the issuer’s credit rating.
Warrants. Warrants are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments.
Micro, Small and Medium Capitalization Issuers. Investing in equity securities of micro, small and medium capitalization companies often involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in larger capitalization companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of smaller size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of depth of management. The securities of micro and smaller companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and even if listed on a national securities exchange may not be traded in volumes typical for that exchange. Consequently, the securities of micro and smaller companies are less likely to be liquid, may have limited market stability, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than securities of larger, more established growth companies or the market averages in general.
Master Limited Partnerships. MLPs are limited partnerships or limited liability companies, whose partnership units or limited liability interests are listed and traded on a U.S. securities exchange, and are treated as publicly traded partnerships for federal income tax purposes. To qualify to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes, an MLP must receive at least 90% of its income from qualifying sources as set forth in Section 7704(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). These qualifying sources include activities such as the exploration, development, mining, production, processing, refining, transportation, storage and marketing of mineral or natural resources. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are concentrated in a particular industry or sector, such as the energy sector, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry or sector. MLPs that are formed as limited partnerships generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners, while MLPs that are formed as limited liability companies generally have two analogous classes of owners, the managing member and the members. For purposes of this section, references to general partners also apply to managing members and references to limited partners also apply to members.
S- 2
The general partner is typically owned by a major energy company, an investment fund, the direct management of the MLP or is an entity owned by one or more of such parties. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an equity interest of as much as 2% in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. A holder of general partner interests can be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of the holder’s investment in the general partner interest. General partner interests are not publicly traded and generally cannot be converted into common units. The general partner interest can be redeemed by the MLP if the MLP unitholders choose to remove the general partner, typically with a supermajority vote by limited partner unitholders.
Limited partners own the remainder of the MLP through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the MLP’s operations and management. Common units are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges, with their value fluctuating predominantly based on prevailing market conditions and the success of the MLP. Unlike owners of common stock of a corporation, owners of common units have limited voting rights and have no ability annually to elect directors. In the event of liquidation, common units have preference over subordinated units, but not over debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP.
MLPs are typically structured such that common units and general partner interests have first priority to receive quarterly cash distributions up to an established minimum amount (“minimum quarterly distributions” or “MQD”). Common and general partner interests also accrue arrearages in distributions to the extent the MQD is not paid. Once common and general partner interests have been paid, subordinated units receive distributions of up to the MQD; however, subordinated units do not accrue arrearages. Distributable cash in excess of the MQD paid to both common and subordinated units is distributed to both common and subordinated units generally on a pro rata basis. The general partner is also eligible to receive incentive distributions if the general partner operates the business in a manner which results in distributions paid per common unit surpassing specified target levels. As the general partner increases cash distributions to the limited partners, the general partner receives an increasingly higher percentage of the incremental cash distributions. A common arrangement provides that the general partner can reach a tier where it receives 50% of every incremental dollar paid to common and subordinated unit holders. These incentive distributions encourage the general partner to streamline costs, increase capital expenditures and acquire assets in order to increase the partnership’s cash flow and raise the quarterly cash distribution in order to reach higher tiers. Such results benefit all security holders of the MLP.
Debt Securities
Corporations and governments use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero-coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
U.S. Government Securities. Each Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”), the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
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Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Funds’ shares.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. Government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
• | U.S. Treasury Obligations. U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”). The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately. |
Municipal Securities. Municipal securities, including municipal bonds and municipal notes, consist of: (i) debt obligations issued by or on behalf of public authorities to obtain funds to be used for various public facilities, for refunding outstanding obligations, for general operating expenses and for lending such funds to other public institutions and facilities, and (ii) certain private activity and industrial development bonds issued by or on behalf of public authorities to obtain funds to provide for the construction, equipment, repair or improvement of privately operated facilities.
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Municipal bonds are debt obligations issued to obtain funds for various public purposes. Municipal bonds include general obligation bonds, revenue or special obligation bonds, private activity and industrial development bonds, moral obligation bonds and participation interests in municipal bonds. General obligation bonds are backed by the taxing power of the issuing municipality. Revenue or special obligation bonds are backed by the revenues of a project or facility, such as tolls from a toll bridge. Private activity or industrial development bonds are issued by or on behalf of public authorities to raise money to finance various privately-owned or -operated facilities for business and manufacturing, housing, sports and pollution control. These bonds are also used to finance public facilities such as airports, mass transit systems, ports, parking or sewage or solid waste disposal facilities and certain other facilities. The payment of the principal and interest on such bonds is dependent solely on the ability of the facility’s user to meet its financial obligations and the pledge, if any, of real and personal property financed as security for such payment. Moral obligation bonds are normally issued by special purpose authorities. Moral obligation bonds are not backed by the full faith and credit of the issuing municipality, but are generally backed by the agreement of the issuing authority to request appropriations from the municipality’s legislative body. Certificates of participation represent an interest in an underlying obligation or commitment, such as an obligation issued in connection with a leasing arrangement.
Municipal notes consist of general obligation notes, tax anticipation notes (notes sold to finance working capital needs of the issuer in anticipation of receiving taxes on a future date), revenue anticipation notes (notes sold to provide needed cash prior to receipt of expected non-tax revenues from a specific source), bond anticipation notes, tax and revenue anticipation notes, certificates of indebtedness, demand notes and construction loan notes. The maturities of the instruments at the time of issue will generally range from three months to one year.
Corporate Bonds. Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest, and repay the principal amount of the bond or note.
Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated.
Governmental entities, private insurers and the mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The Adviser will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets its investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers. Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities. Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are: 1) payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly) and 2) falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing a Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. In addition to risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. When prepayment occurs, a Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
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Other Asset-Backed Securities. These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to pre-payment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Funds may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
Bank Loans. Bank loans typically are arranged through private negotiations between a borrower and several financial institutions or a group of lenders which are represented by one or more lenders acting as agent. The agent is often a commercial bank that originates the loan and invites other parties to join the lending syndicate. The agent will be primarily responsible for negotiating the loan agreement and will have responsibility for the documentation and ongoing administration of the loan on behalf of the lenders after completion of the loan transaction. The Funds can invest in a bank loan either as a direct lender or through an assignment or participation.
When a Fund acts as a direct lender, it will have a direct contractual relationship with the borrower and may participate in structuring the loan, may enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement and may have voting, consent and set-off rights under the loan agreement.
Loan assignments are investments in all or a portion of certain bank loans purchased from the lenders or from other third parties. The purchaser of an assignment typically will acquire direct rights against the borrower under the loan. While the purchaser of an assignment typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations of the assigning lender under the loan agreement, because assignments are arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and assignors, or other third parties whose interests are being assigned, the rights and obligations acquired by a Fund may differ from and be more limited than those held by the assigning lender.
A holder of a loan participation typically has only a contractual right with the seller of the participation and not with the borrower or any other entities interpositioned between the seller of the participation and the borrower. As such, the purchaser of a loan participation assumes the credit risk of the seller of the participation, and any intermediary entities between the seller and the borrower, in addition to the credit risk of the borrower. When a Fund holds a loan participation, it will have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and fees to which it may be entitled only from the seller of the participation and only upon receipt of the seller of such payments from the borrower or from any intermediary parties between the seller and the borrower. Additionally, the Fund will generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement, will have no voting, consent or set-off rights under the loan agreement and may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the loan although lenders that sell participations generally are required to distribute liquidation proceeds received by them pro rata among the holders of such participations. In the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the borrower, a loan participation may be subject to certain defenses that can be asserted by the borrower as a result of improper conduct by the seller or intermediary. If the borrower fails to pay principal and interest when due, a Fund may be subject to greater delays, expenses and risks that those that would have been involved if the Fund had purchased a direct obligation of such borrower.
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Direct loans, assignments and loan participations may be considered liquid, as determined by the Adviser based on criteria approved by the Board.
The Adviser may from time to time have the opportunity to receive material, non-public information (“Confidential Information”) about the borrower, including financial information and related documentation regarding the borrower that is not publicly available. Pursuant to applicable policies and procedures, the Adviser may (but is not required to) seek to avoid receipt of Confidential Information from the borrower so as to avoid possible restrictions on its ability to purchase and sell investments on behalf of a Fund and other clients to which such Confidential Information relates (e.g., publicly traded securities issued by the borrower). In such circumstances, the Fund (and other clients of the Adviser) may be disadvantaged in comparison to other investors, including with respect to the price the Fund pays or receives when it buys or sells a bank loan. Further, the Adviser’s abilities to assess the desirability of proposed consents, waivers or amendments with respect to certain bank loans may be compromised if it is not privy to available Confidential Information. The Adviser may also determine to receive such Confidential Information in certain circumstances under its applicable policies and procedures. If the Adviser intentionally or unintentionally comes into possession of Confidential Information, it may be unable, potentially for a substantial period of time, to purchase or sell publicly traded securities to which such Confidential Information relates.
Inflation Protected Securities. The Funds may invest in inflation protected securities, which are fixed income securities whose value is periodically adjusted according to the rate of inflation. These securities may be issued by U.S. and foreign governments and corporations. Two structures are common. The U.S. Treasury and some other issuers utilize a structure that accrues inflation into the principal value of the bond. Most other issuers pay out the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) accruals as part of a semiannual coupon. Inflation protected securities issued by the U.S. Treasury have maturities of approximately five, ten or thirty years, although it is possible that securities with other maturities will be issued in the future. The U.S. Treasury securities pay interest on a semi-annual basis equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation adjusted principal amount. If the periodic adjustment rate measuring inflation falls, the principal value of inflation protected bonds will be adjusted downward, and consequently the interest payable on these securities (calculated with respect to a smaller principal amount) will be reduced. Repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) is guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury in the case of U.S. Treasury inflation indexed bonds, even during a period of deflation. However, the current market value of the bonds is not guaranteed and will fluctuate. A Fund may also invest in other U.S. and foreign inflation related bonds that may or may not provide a similar guarantee. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the bond to be repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal amount and, therefore, is subject to credit risk.
The value of inflation protected bonds is expected to change in response to changes in real interest rates. Real interest rates in turn are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if the rate of inflation rises at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation protected bonds. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation protected bonds. While these securities are expected to be protected from long-term inflationary trends, short-term increases in inflation may lead to a decline in value. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in currency exchange rates), investors in these securities may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the bond’s inflation measure. The periodic adjustment of U.S. inflation protected bonds is tied to the non-seasonally adjusted U.S. City Average All Items Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (“CPI-U”), published monthly by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation and energy. Inflation indexed bonds issued by a foreign government are generally adjusted to reflect a comparable inflation index calculated by that government.
There can be no assurance that the CPI-U or any foreign inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. Moreover, there can be no assurance that the rate of inflation in a foreign country will be correlated to the rate of inflation in the United States. Any increase in principal for an inflation protected security resulting from inflation adjustments is considered by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) to be taxable income in the year it occurs. A Fund’s distributions to shareholders include interest income and the income attributable to principal adjustments, both of which will be taxable to shareholders. The tax treatment of the income attributable to principal adjustments may result in the situation where a Fund needs to make its required annual distributions to shareholders in amounts that exceed the cash received. As a result, a Fund may need to liquidate certain investments when it is not advantageous to do so. Also, if the principal value of an inflation protected security is adjusted downward due to deflation, amounts previously distributed in the taxable year may be characterized in some circumstances as a return of capital.
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Short-Term Investments. To earn a return on uninvested assets, meet anticipated redemptions, or for temporary defensive purposes, a Fund may invest a portion of its assets in the short-term securities listed below, U.S. Government securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. Unless otherwise specified, a short-term debt security has a maturity of one year or less.
Bank Obligations. The Funds will only invest in a security issued by a commercial bank if the bank:
• | Has total assets of at least $1 billion, or the equivalent in other currencies (based on the most recent publicly available information about the bank); and |
• | Is a U.S. bank and a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; or is a foreign branch of a U.S. bank and the Adviser believes the security is of an investment quality comparable with other debt securities that the Funds may purchase. |
Bank obligations include the following:
• | Time Deposits. Time deposits are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds. Like a certificate of deposit, it earns a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. Time deposits with a withdrawal penalty or that mature in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid investments. |
• | Certificates of Deposit. Certificates of deposit are interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity. They are issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds and normally can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit with penalties for early withdrawal will be considered illiquid. |
• | Bankers’ Acceptances. Bankers’ acceptances are bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Corporations use bankers’ acceptances to finance the shipment and storage of goods and to furnish dollar exchange. Maturities are generally six months or less. |
Commercial Paper. Commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a maturity ranging from 1 to 270 days issued by banks, corporations and other borrowers. Such investments are unsecured and usually discounted. The Funds may invest in commercial paper rated A-1 or A-2 by Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) or Prime-1 or Prime-2 by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), or, if not rated, issued by a corporation having an outstanding unsecured debt issue rated A or better by Moody’s or by S&P. See “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” for a description of commercial paper ratings.
Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are derivative multiple-class mortgage-backed securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities usually have two classes that receive different proportions of interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. Typically, one class will receive some of the interest and most of the principal, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remaining principal. In extreme cases, one class will receive all of the interest (“interest only” or “IO” class) while the other class will receive the entire principal (“principal only” or “PO” class). The cash flow and yields on IOs and POs are extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities. A rapid rate of principal payments may adversely affect the yield to maturity of IOs and could cause the total loss of investment. Slower than anticipated prepayments of principal may adversely affect the yield to maturity of a PO. The yields and market risk of interest only and principal only stripped mortgage-backed securities, respectively, may be more volatile than those of other fixed income securities, including traditional mortgage-backed securities.
U.S. Small Business Administration Stripped Securities. The Funds may purchase Treasury Receipts (“TRs”) and other “stripped” securities that evidence ownership in either the future interest payments or the future principal payments on U.S. Government and other obligations. These participations, issued by the SBA, are issued at a discount to their “face value.” Stripped securities may exhibit greater price volatility than ordinary debt securities because of the manner in which their principal and interest are returned to investors, and they are often illiquid. A Fund accrues income on these securities prior to the receipt of cash payments. The Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their income to their shareholders to qualify for pass-through treatment under the tax laws and may, therefore, need to use their cash reserves to satisfy distribution requirements.
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Yankee Bonds. Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds issued inside the U.S. by foreign entities. Investment in these securities involves certain risks which are not typically associated with investing in domestic securities. See “Foreign Securities.”
Zero Coupon Bonds. These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. A Fund’s investments in pay-in-kind, delayed and zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
These securities may include treasury securities, such as STRIPS, that have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities (i.e., unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
Terms to Understand:
Maturity. Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (principal) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (call dates). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
Mutual funds that invest in debt securities have no real maturity. Instead, they calculate their weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the effective or anticipated maturity of each debt security held by the mutual fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the mutual fund it represents.
Duration. Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or of a mutual fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. Duration measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years — the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities. The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
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• | Interest Rates. The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates (i.e., if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa). |
• | Prepayment Risk. This risk affects mainly mortgage-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. A Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of a Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of a Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund. |
• | Extension Risk. The other side of prepayment risk occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause a Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This would increase the sensitivity of a Fund to rising rates and its potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of U.S. Government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates. |
• | Credit Rating. Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term Treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk-free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than Treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from comparable Treasury securities. |
Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” Since an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called investment-grade because its issuer is more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, the Adviser may determine that it is of investment-grade. The Adviser may retain securities that are downgraded, if it believes that keeping those securities is warranted. Securities rated BBB, while investment-grade, still possess speculative characteristics.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade (“junk bonds”) are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a junk bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, junk bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the junk bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of junk bonds and may cause the Funds to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value junk bonds accurately.
Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. The Funds currently use ratings compiled by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”). Credit ratings are only an agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk. The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
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The Adviser may use ratings produced by rating agencies as guidelines to determine the rating of a security at the time a Fund buys it. A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. The Adviser monitors the rating of the security and will take appropriate actions if a rating agency reduces the security’s rating. The Funds are not obligated to dispose of securities whose issuers subsequently are in default or which are downgraded. The Funds may invest in securities of any rating.
Convertible Securities
Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by a Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party.
Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain or loss than common stocks. Convertible securities generally provide yields higher than the underlying common stocks, but generally lower than comparable non-convertible securities. Because of this higher yield, convertible securities generally sell at a price above their “conversion value,” which is the current market value of the stock to be received upon conversion. The difference between this conversion value and the price of convertible securities will vary over time depending on changes in the value of the underlying common stocks and interest rates. When the underlying common stocks decline in value, convertible securities will tend not to decline to the same extent because of the interest or dividend payments and the repayment of principal at maturity for certain types of convertible securities. However, securities that are convertible other than at the option of the holder generally do not limit the potential for loss to the same extent as securities convertible at the option of the holder. When the underlying common stocks rise in value, the value of convertible securities may also be expected to increase. At the same time, however, the difference between the market value of convertible securities and their conversion value will narrow, which means that the value of convertible securities will generally not increase to the same extent as the value of the underlying common stocks. Because convertible securities may also be interest-rate sensitive, their value may increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
The Funds may also invest in zero coupon convertible securities. Zero coupon convertible securities are debt securities which are issued at a discount to their face amount and do not entitle the holder to any periodic payments of interest prior to maturity. Rather, interest earned on zero coupon convertible securities accretes at a stated yield until the security reaches its face amount at maturity. Zero coupon convertible securities are convertible into a specific number of shares of the issuer’s common stock. In addition, zero coupon convertible securities usually have put features that provide the holder with the opportunity to sell the securities back to the issuer at a stated price before maturity. Generally, the prices of zero coupon convertible securities may be more sensitive to market interest rate fluctuations then conventional convertible securities.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Funds may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Funds may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting themselves from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, a Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Funds to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Funds’ investment objectives and is legally permissible, the Funds may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by a Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when a Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund's exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
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Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), a Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Funds are not subject to registration or regulation as CPOs under the CEA. As a result, the Funds will be limited in their ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Funds’ investment strategies and may adversely affect the Funds’ performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily NAV, each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
A Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
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Options. An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When a Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). A Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that a Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. A Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When a Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when a Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
A Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive a Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. A Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
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The Funds are permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, a Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, a Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
• | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
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A Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. A Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
A Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, a Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Funds may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Funds may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which they could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which a Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if a Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Funds could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Funds may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, a Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, a Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
Straddles and Spreads. A Fund, for hedging purposes, may enter into straddles and spreads. In “spread” transactions, the Fund buys and writes a put or buys and writes a call on the same underlying instrument with the options having different exercise prices, expiration dates, or both. In “straddles,” the Fund purchases a put option and a call option or writes a put option and a call option on the same instrument with the same expiration date and typically the same exercise price. When a Fund engages in spread and straddle transactions, it seeks to profit from differences in the option premiums paid and received and in the market prices of the related options positions when they are closed out or sold. Because these transactions require a Fund to buy and/or write more than one option simultaneously, the Fund’s ability to enter into such transactions and to liquidate its positions when necessary or deemed advisable may be more limited than if the Fund were to buy or sell a single option. Similarly, costs incurred by a Fund in connection with these transactions will in many cases be greater than if the Fund were to buy or sell a single option.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts. A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
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▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect a Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. A Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
A Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that a Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
A Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, a Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities. The Funds may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Funds’ restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
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Swap Agreements. A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of a Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. A Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, a Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Funds will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Funds’ gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Funds may cover their current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that a Fund will be committed to pay.
▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to a Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
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As with a traditional investment in a debt security, a Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. A Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the breakeven inflation rate) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by a Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Funds than if they had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Funds’ gains or losses, causing them to make or lose substantially more than they invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities a Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
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Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices. The Funds’ ability to hedge their securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities a Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, a Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Funds. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Funds against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Funds’ foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Funds’ investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity. Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, a Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, a Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Funds intend to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, a Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, a Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
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Management Risk. Successful use of derivatives by the Funds is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Funds may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if a Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if a Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk. At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if a Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin. Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to a Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, a Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. A Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage. The Funds’ use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Funds will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Funds do not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches that value, the Funds may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation. The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Funds by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Funds trade. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Funds’ use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Funds’ ability to achieve their investment objectives. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
Foreign Securities
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities that are traded in markets outside of the U.S. The markets in which these securities are located can be developed or emerging. A Fund can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways:
▪ | A Fund can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency. |
▪ | A Fund can invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and other similar global instruments. |
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▪ | A Fund can invest in investment funds. |
American Depositary Receipts. ADRs as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including EDRs and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. EDRs are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
Investments in the securities of foreign issuers may subject a Fund to investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in securities of U.S. issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, possible imposition of withholding taxes on income, possible seizure, nationalization or expropriation of foreign deposits, possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source or greater fluctuation in value due to changes in exchange rates. Foreign issuers of securities often engage in business practices different from those of domestic issuers of similar securities, and there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers. In addition, foreign issuers are, generally speaking, subject to less government supervision and regulation and different accounting treatment than are those in the United States.
ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
Emerging Markets. An “emerging market country” is generally a country that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNP”) than more developed countries.
Sovereign Debt Obligations. Sovereign debt obligations are issued or guaranteed by foreign governments or their agencies. Sovereign debt may be in the form of conventional securities or other types of debt instruments such as loans or loan participations. Governmental entities responsible for repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal and pay interest when due, and may require renegotiation or reschedule of debt payments. In addition, prospects for repayment of principal and payment of interest may depend on political as well as economic factors. Although some sovereign debt, such as Brady Bonds, is collateralized by U.S. government securities, repayment of principal and payment of interest is not guaranteed by the U.S. government.
Foreign Agency Debt Obligations. The Funds may invest in uncollateralized bonds issued by agencies, subdivisions or instrumentalities of foreign governments. Bonds issued by these foreign government agencies, subdivisions or instrumentalities are generally backed only by the creditworthiness and reputation of the entities issuing the bonds and may not be backed by the full faith and credit of the foreign government. Moreover, a foreign government that explicitly provides its full faith and credit to a particular entity may be, due to changed circumstances, unable or unwilling to provide that support. A foreign agency’s operations and financial condition are influenced by the foreign government’s economic and other policies. Changes to the financial condition or credit rating of a foreign government may cause the value of debt issued by that particular foreign government’s agencies, subdivisions or instrumentalities to decline. During periods of economic uncertainty, the trading of foreign agency bonds may be less liquid while market prices may be more volatile than prices of other bonds. Additional risks associated with foreign agency investing include differences in accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards; adverse changes in investment or exchange control regulations; political instability; and potential restrictions on the flow of international capital.
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Obligations of Supranational Entities. Supranational entities are entities established through the joint participation of several governments, and include the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, African Development Bank, European Economic Community, European Investment Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank. The governmental members, or "stockholders," usually make initial capital contributions to the supranational entity and, in many cases, are committed to make additional capital contributions if the supranational entity is unable to repay its borrowings. There is no guarantee that one or more stockholders of a supranational entity will continue to make any necessary additional capital contributions. If such contributions are not made, the entity may be unable to pay interest or repay principal on its debt securities, and a Fund may lose money on such investments.
Investment Funds. Some emerging market countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging market countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds may be subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If a Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their NAV.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors. Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
• | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
• | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
• | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
• | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
• | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit a Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval or limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest. Other countries may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Funds’ investments.
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Information and Supervision. There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk. The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | have substantially less volume; |
▪ | trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | may have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards; |
▪ | adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis; |
▪ | in general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States; |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated; |
▪ | economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights; and |
▪ | restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk. While the Funds denominate their NAV in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
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▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes. Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for a Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets. Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Investment in the People’s Republic of China (“China”).
Investing in China is subject to the risks of investing in emerging markets and additional risks which are specific to the Chinese market.
The economy of China is in a state of transition from a planned economy to a more market oriented economy and investments may be sensitive to changes in law and regulation together with political, social or economic policy which includes possible government intervention.
Each Fund may incur losses due to limited investment capabilities, or may not be able to fully implement or pursue its investment objective or strategy, due to local investment restrictions, illiquidity of the Chinese domestic securities market, and/or delay or disruption in execution and settlement of trades.
Investments in China A Shares. The Funds may invest in A Shares of companies based in China through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect program or Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect program (collectively, “Stock Connect”) subject to any applicable regulatory limits. Stock Connect is a securities trading and clearing linked program developed by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (“HKEx”), the Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited (“HKSCC”), Shanghai Stock Exchange (“SSE”), Shenzhen Stock Exchange (“SZSE”) and China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation Limited (“ChinaClear”) with the aim of achieving mutual stock market access between China and Hong Kong. This program allows foreign investors to trade certain SSE-listed or SZSE-listed China A Shares through their Hong Kong based brokers. All Hong Kong and overseas investors in Stock Connect will trade and settle SSE or SZSE securities in the offshore Renminbi (“CNH”) only. The Funds will be exposed to any fluctuation in the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and CNH in respect of such investments.
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By seeking to invest in the domestic securities markets of China via Stock Connect a Fund is subject to the following additional risks:
• | General Risks. The relevant regulations are relatively untested and subject to change. There is no certainty as to how they will be applied, which could adversely affect the Fund. The program requires use of new information technology systems which may be subject to operational risk due to the program’s cross-border nature. If the relevant systems fail to function properly, trading in both Hong Kong and Chinese markets through the program could be disrupted. |
Stock Connect will only operate on days when both the Chinese and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banks in both markets are open on the corresponding settlement days. There may be occasions when it is a normal trading day for the Chinese market but Stock Connect is not trading. As a result, the Fund may be subject to the risk of price fluctuations in China A Shares when the Fund cannot carry out any China A Shares trading.
• | Foreign Shareholding Restrictions. The trading, acquisition, disposal and holding of securities under Stock Connect are subject at all times to applicable law, which imposes purchasing and holding limits. These limitations and restrictions may have the effect of restricting an investor’s ability to purchase, subscribe for or hold any China A Shares or to take up any entitlements in respect of such shares, or requiring an investor to reduce its holding in any securities, whether generally or at a particular point of time, and whether by way of forced sale or otherwise. As such, investors may incur loss arising from such limitations, restrictions and/or forced sale. |
• | Clearing and Settlement Risk. HKSCC and ChinaClear have established the clearing links and each will become a participant of each other to facilitate clearing and settlement of cross-boundary trades. For cross-boundary trades initiated in a market, the clearing house of that market will on one hand clear and settle with its own clearing participants and on the other hand undertake to fulfill the clearing and settlement obligations of its clearing participants with the counterparty clearing house. |
In the event ChinaClear defaults, HKSCC’s liabilities under its market contracts with clearing participants may be limited to assisting clearing participants with claims. It is anticipated that HKSCC will act in good faith to seek recovery of the outstanding stocks and monies from ChinaClear through available legal channels or the liquidation of ChinaClear. Regardless, the process of recovery could be delayed and the Fund may not fully recover its losses or its Stock Connect securities.
• | Legal/Beneficial Ownership. Where securities are held in custody on a cross-border basis there are specific legal and beneficial ownership risks linked to the compulsory requirements of the local central securities depositaries, HKSCC and ChinaClear. |
As in other emerging markets, the legislative framework is only beginning to develop the concept of legal/formal ownership and of beneficial ownership or interest in securities. In addition, HKSCC, as nominee holder, does not guarantee the title to Stock Connect securities held through it and is under no obligation to enforce title or other rights associated with ownership on behalf of beneficial owners. Consequently, the courts may consider that any nominee or custodian as registered holder of Stock Connect securities would have full ownership thereof, and that those Stock Connect securities would form part of the pool of assets of such entity available for distribution to creditors of such entities and/or that a beneficial owner may have no rights whatsoever in respect thereof. Consequently, neither the Fund nor its custodian can ensure that the Fund’s ownership of these securities or title thereto is assured.
To the extent that HKSCC is deemed to be performing safekeeping functions with respect to assets held through it, it should be noted that the Fund and its custodian will have no legal relationship with HKSCC and no direct legal recourse against HKSCC in the event that the Fund suffers losses resulting from the performance or insolvency of HKSCC.
• | Operational Risk. The HKSCC provides clearing, settlement, nominee functions and other related services in respect of trades executed by Hong Kong market participants. Chinese regulations which include certain restrictions on selling and buying will apply to all market participants. In the case of a sale, pre-delivery of shares to the broker is required, increasing counterparty risk. As a result, the Fund may not be able to purchase and/or dispose of holdings of China A Shares in a timely manner. |
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• | Day Trading Restrictions. Day (turnaround) trading is not permitted through Stock Connect. Investors buying A Shares on day T can only sell the shares on and after day T+1 subject to any Stock Connect rules. |
• | Quota Limitations. The Stock Connect program is subject to daily quota limitations which may restrict the Fund’s ability to invest in China A Shares through the program on a timely basis. |
• | Investor Compensation. The Fund will not benefit from Chinese local investor compensation schemes. |
Tax within China. Uncertainties in Chinese tax rules governing taxation of income and gains from investments in A Shares via Stock Connect could result in unexpected tax liabilities for a Fund. A Fund’s investments in securities, including A Shares, issued by Chinese companies may cause the Fund to become subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by China.
If a Fund were considered to be a tax resident of China, it would be subject to Chinese corporate income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide taxable income. If a Fund were considered to be a non-resident enterprise with a “permanent establishment” in China, it would be subject to Chinese corporate income tax of 25% on the profits attributable to the permanent establishment. The Adviser intends to operate each Fund in a manner that will prevent it from being treated as a tax resident of China and from having a permanent establishment in China. It is possible, however, that China could disagree with that conclusion, or that changes in Chinese tax law could affect the Chinese corporate income tax status of a Fund.
China generally imposes withholding income tax at a rate of 10% on dividends, premiums, interest and capital gains originating in China and paid to a company that is not a resident of China for tax purposes and that has no permanent establishment in China. The withholding is in general made by the relevant Chinese tax resident company making such payments. In the event the relevant Chinese tax resident company fails to withhold the relevant Chinese withholding income tax or otherwise fails to pay the relevant withholding income tax to Chinese tax authorities, the competent tax authorities may, at their sole discretion, impose tax obligations on a Fund.
The Ministry of Finance of China, the State Administration of Taxation of China and the China Securities Regulatory Commission issued Caishui [2014] No. 81 on October 31, 2014 (“Notice 81”) and Caishui [2016] No. 127 on November 5, 2016 ("Notice 127"), both of which state that the capital gain from disposal of China A Shares by foreign investors enterprises via Stock Connect will be temporarily exempt from withholding income tax. Notice 81 and Notice 127 also state that the dividends derived from A Shares by foreign investors enterprises is subject to a 10% withholding income tax.
There is no indication of how long the temporary exemption will remain in effect and a Fund may be subject to such withholding income tax in the future. If, in the future, China begins applying tax rules regarding the taxation of income from investments through Stock Connect and/or begins collecting capital gains taxes on such investments, a Fund could be subject to withholding income tax liability if the Fund determines that such liability cannot be reduced or eliminated by applicable tax treaties. The Chinese tax authorities may in the future issue further guidance in this regard and with potential retrospective effect. The negative impact of any such tax liability on a Fund’s return could be substantial.
In light of the uncertainty as to how gains or income that may be derived from a Fund’s investments in China will be taxed, the Fund reserves the right to provide for withholding tax on such gains or income and withhold tax for the account of the Fund. Withholding tax may already be withheld at a broker/custodian level.
Any tax provision, if made, will be reflected in the net asset value of a Fund at the time the provision is used to satisfy tax liabilities. If the actual applicable tax levied by the Chinese tax authorities is greater than that provided for by the Fund so that there is a shortfall in the tax provision amount, the net asset value of the Fund may suffer as the Fund will have to bear additional tax liabilities. In this case, then existing and new shareholders in the Fund will be disadvantaged. If the actual applicable tax levied by Chinese tax authorities is less than that provided for by the Fund so that there is an excess in the tax provision amount, shareholders who redeemed Fund shares before the Chinese tax authorities’ ruling, decision or guidance may have been disadvantaged as they would have borne any loss from the Fund’s overprovision. In this case, the then existing and new shareholders in the Fund may benefit if the difference between the tax provision and the actual taxation liability can be returned to the account of the Fund as assets thereof. Any excess in the tax provision amount shall be treated as property of the Fund, and shareholders who previously transferred or redeemed their Fund shares will not be entitled or have any right to claim any part of the amount representing the excess.
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Stamp duty under the Chinese laws generally applies to the execution and receipt of taxable documents, which include contracts for the sale of A Shares traded on Chinese stock exchanges. In the case of such contracts, the stamp duty is currently imposed on the seller but not on the purchaser, at the rate of 0.1%. The sale or other transfer by the Adviser of A Shares will accordingly be subject to Chinese stamp duty, but the Fund will not be subject to Chinese stamp duty when it acquires A Shares.
A Fund may also potentially be subject to Chinese value added tax at the rate of 6% on capital gains derived from trading of A Shares and interest income (if any). Existing guidance provides a temporary value added tax exemption for Hong Kong and overseas investors in respect of their gains derived from the trading of Chinese securities through Stock Connect. Because there is no indication how long the temporary exemption will remain in effect, a Fund may be subject to such value added tax in the future. In addition, urban maintenance and construction tax (currently at rates ranging from 1% to 7%), educational surcharge (currently at the rate of 3%) and local educational surcharge (currently at the rate of 2%) (collectively, the “surtaxes”) are imposed based on value added tax liabilities, so if the Fund were liable for value added tax it would also be required to pay the applicable surtaxes.
The Chinese rules for taxation of Stock Connect are evolving, and certain of the tax regulations to be issued by the State Administration of Taxation of China and/or Ministry of Finance of China to clarify the subject matter may apply retrospectively, even if such rules are adverse to a Fund and its shareholders. The imposition of taxes, particularly on a retrospective basis, could have a material adverse effect on a Fund’s returns. Before further guidance is issued and is well established in the administrative practice of the Chinese tax authorities, the practices of the Chinese tax authorities that collect Chinese taxes relevant to a Fund may differ from, or be applied in a manner inconsistent with, the practices with respect to the analogous investments described herein or any further guidance that may be issued. The value of a Fund’s investment in China and the amount of its income and gains could be adversely affected by an increase in tax rates or change in the taxation basis.
The above information is only a general summary of the potential Chinese tax consequences that may be imposed on a Fund and its shareholders either directly or indirectly and should not be taken as a definitive, authoritative or comprehensive statement of the relevant matter. Shareholders should seek their own tax advice on their tax position with regard to their investment in a Fund.
The Chinese government has implemented a number of tax reform policies in recent years. The current tax laws and regulations may be revised or amended in the future. Any revision or amendment in tax laws and regulations may affect the after-taxation profit of Chinese companies and foreign investors in such companies, such as a Fund.
Money Market Securities
Money market securities include short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by a nationally recognized statistical ratings organization (“NRSRO”), such as “S&P” or Moody’s, or determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described above. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” to this SAI.
Structured Notes
A Fund may invest in a broad category of instruments known as “structured notes.” These instruments are debt obligations issued by industrial corporations, financial institutions or governmental or international agencies. Traditional debt obligations typically obligate the issuer to repay the principal plus a specified rate of interest. Structured notes, by contrast, obligate the issuer to pay amounts of principal or interest that are determined by reference to changes in some external factor or factors, or the principal and interest rate may vary from the stated rate because of changes in these factors. For example, the issuer’s obligations could be determined by reference to changes in the value of a commodity (such as gold or oil) or commodity index, a foreign currency, an index of securities (such as the S&P 500 Index) or an interest rate (such as the U.S. Treasury bill rate). In some cases, the issuer’s obligations are determined by reference to changes over time in the difference (or “spread”) between two or more external factors (such as the U.S. prime lending rate and the total return of the stock market in a particular country, as measured by a stock index). In some cases, the issuer’s obligations may fluctuate inversely with changes in an external factor or factors (for example, if the U.S. prime lending rate goes up, the issuer’s interest payment obligations are reduced). In some cases, the issuer’s obligations may be determined by some multiple of the change in an external factor or factors (for example, three times the change in the U.S. Treasury bill rate). In some cases, the issuer’s obligations remain fixed (as with a traditional debt instrument) so long as an external factor or factors do not change by more than the specified amount (for example, if the value of a stock index does not exceed some specified maximum), but if the external factor or factors change by more than the specified amount, the issuer’s obligations may be sharply reduced.
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Structured notes can serve many different purposes in the management of a Fund. For example, they can be used to increase a Fund’s exposure to changes in the value of assets that the Fund would not ordinarily purchase directly (such as currencies traded in a market that is not open to U.S. investors). They can also be used to hedge the risks associated with other investments a Fund holds. For example, if a structured note has an interest rate that fluctuates inversely with general changes in a country’s stock market index, the value of the structured note would generally move in the opposite direction to the value of holdings of stocks in that market, thus moderating the effect of stock market movements on the value of a Fund’s portfolio as a whole.
Structured notes involve special risks. As with any debt obligation, structured notes involve the risk that the issuer will become insolvent or otherwise default on its payment obligations. This risk is in addition to the risk that the issuer's obligations (and thus the value of a Fund's investment) will be reduced because of adverse changes in the external factor or factors to which the obligations are linked. The value of structured notes will in many cases be more volatile (that is, will change more rapidly or severely) than the value of traditional debt instruments. Volatility will be especially high if the issuer's obligations are determined by reference to some multiple of the change in the external factor or factors. Many structured notes have limited or no liquidity, so that a Fund would be unable to dispose of the investment prior to maturity. As with all investments, successful use of structured notes depends in significant part on the accuracy of the Adviser's analysis of the issuer's creditworthiness and financial prospects, and of the Adviser's forecast as to changes in relevant economic and financial market conditions and factors. In instances where the issuer of a structured note is a foreign entity, the usual risks associated with investments in foreign securities (described above) apply. Structured notes may be considered derivative securities.
Real Estate Investment Trusts
A real estate investment trust (“REIT”) is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of the Code. The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs in which a Fund invests may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Fund invests may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent.
Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through a Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders.
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In addition to these risks, Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts, while Mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. Further, Equity and Mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally may not be diversified. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Equity and Mortgage REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act. The above factors may also adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
Repurchase Agreements
The Funds may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Funds follow certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by each Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by each Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, a Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, a Fund could suffer a loss. A Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of each Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by that Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Funds in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which a Fund sells portfolio securities to financial institutions, such as banks and broker-dealers, and agrees to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon date and price that is higher than the original sale price. Reverse repurchase agreements are similar to a fully collateralized borrowing by a Fund. At the time a Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will earmark on the books of the Fund or place in a segregated account cash or liquid securities having a value equal to the repurchase price (including accrued interest) and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve risks. Reverse repurchase agreements are a form of leverage, and the use of reverse repurchase agreements by a Fund may increase the Fund’s volatility. Reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to the risk that the other party to the reverse repurchase agreement will be unable or unwilling to complete the transaction as scheduled, which may result in losses to a Fund. Reverse repurchase agreements also involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by a Fund may decline below the price at which it is obligated to repurchase the securities. In addition, when a Fund invests the proceeds it receives in a reverse repurchase transaction, there is a risk that those investments may decline in value. In this circumstance, a Fund could be required to sell other investments in order to meet its obligations to repurchase the securities.
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Securities Lending
The Funds may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of a Fund (including the loan collateral). The Funds will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or their affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned by a Fund that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund.
A Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund’s securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, a Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. A Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon a Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Securities of Other Investment Companies
The Funds may invest in shares of other affiliated and unaffiliated investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Funds. A Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments. The Trust has obtained “fund of funds” exemptive relief from the SEC that permits the Funds to invest in affiliated and unaffiliated investment companies beyond these statutory limitations, subject to certain conditions. Many ETFs and other investment companies also have obtained exemptive relief from the SEC that permits the Funds to invest in their shares beyond these statutory limitations, subject to certain conditions. Neither the investment companies issued such SEC orders nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the Funds.
For hedging or other purposes, the Funds may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as exchange-traded funds, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange-Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
The Funds may invest in investment companies that are not registered with the SEC or in privately placed securities of investment companies (which may or may not be registered), such as hedge funds and offshore funds. Unregistered funds are largely exempt from the regulatory requirements that apply to registered investment companies. As a result, unregistered funds may have a greater ability to make investments, or use investment techniques, that offer a higher potential investment return (for example, leveraging), but which may carry high risk. Unregistered funds, while not regulated by the SEC like registered funds, may be indirectly supervised by the financial institutions (e.g., commercial and investment banks) that may provide them with loans or other sources of capital. Investments in unregistered funds may be difficult to sell, which could cause a Fund to lose money when selling an interest in an unregistered fund. For example, many hedge funds require their investors to hold their investments for at least one year.
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When Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward-Delivery Transactions
A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which has not been issued. In a forward-delivery transaction, a Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities a Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. A Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
A Fund uses when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward-delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When a Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, a Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed delivery, or forward-delivery basis, a Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because a Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to the risks associated with its other investments.
A Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-delivery transactions. A Fund will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of the commitments, such Fund’s liquidity and the ability of the Adviser to manage it might be affected in the event its commitments to purchase “when-issued” securities ever exceed 25% of the value of its total assets. Under normal market conditions, however, a Fund’s commitment to purchase “when-issued” or “delayed-delivery” securities will not exceed 25% of the value of its total assets.
Restricted and Illiquid Investments
Each Fund may purchase illiquid investments, including securities that are not readily marketable and securities that are not registered (“restricted securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. Illiquid investments are investments that a Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Because of their illiquid nature, illiquid investments must be priced at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures approved by the Board. Despite such good faith efforts to determine fair value prices, a Fund’s illiquid investments are subject to the risk that the investment’s fair value price may differ from the actual price which the Fund may ultimately realize upon their sale or disposition. Difficulty in selling illiquid investments may result in a loss or may be costly to a Fund. A Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. If the percentage of a Fund’s net assets held in illiquid investments exceeds 15% due to market activity, the Fund will take appropriate measures to reduce its holdings of illiquid investments. Illiquid investments may include a wide variety of investments, such as repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, OTC options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements), fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or do not provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits), participation interests in loans, commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act, and restricted, privately placed securities that, under the federal securities laws, generally may be resold only to qualified institutional buyers. If a substantial market develops for a restricted security (or other illiquid investment) held by a Fund, it may be treated as a liquid security, in accordance with procedures and guidelines approved by the Board. Under the supervision of the Board, the Adviser determines the liquidity of the Funds’ investments.
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Short Sales
As consistent with each Fund’s investment objectives, a Fund may engage in short sales that are either “uncovered” or “against the box.” A short sale is “against the box” if at all times during which the short position is open, a Fund owns at least an equal amount of the securities or securities convertible into, or exchangeable without further consideration for, securities of the same issue as the securities that are sold short. A short sale against the box is a taxable transaction to the Fund with respect to the securities that are sold short.
Uncovered short sales are transactions under which a Fund sells a security it does not own. To complete such a transaction, the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund then is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of the replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay the lender amounts equal to any dividends or interest that accrue during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The proceeds of the short sale will be retained by the broker, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Until a Fund closes its short position or replaces the borrowed security, the Fund may: (a) segregate cash or liquid securities at such a level that the amount segregated plus the amount deposited with the broker as collateral will equal the current value of the security sold short or (b) otherwise cover the Fund’s short position.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks
As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Funds, and their service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Funds and their service providers use to service the Funds’ operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Funds and their service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Funds, the Adviser or the Sub-Advisers, the Funds’ distributor, custodian, or any other of the Funds’ intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Funds and their shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact a Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Funds to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Funds may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Funds may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Funds’ investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Funds, the Funds’ service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Funds invest will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that a Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of a Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of a Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
1. | Each Fund may not concentrate its investments in a particular industry, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time, except that each Fund may invest without limitation in: (i) securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities; and (ii) tax-exempt obligations of state or municipal governments and their political subdivisions. |
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2. | Each Fund may borrow money, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | Each Fund may not issue senior securities, as such term is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom as amended or interpreted from time to time, except as permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Each Fund may make loans, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | Each Fund may purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | Each Fund may underwrite securities issued by other persons, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
7. | Each Fund may not purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objectives of each Fund, the following investment limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Trust’s Board without shareholder approval.
1. | Each Fund may not purchase any securities which would cause 25% or more of the net assets of the Fund to be invested in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry, provided that this limitation does not apply to investments in obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities. For purposes of this limitation, (i) utility companies will be classified according to their services, for example, gas distribution, gas transmission, electric and telephone will each be considered a separate industry; and (ii) financial service companies will be classified according to the end users of their services, for example, automobile finance, bank finance and diversified finance will each be considered a separate industry. |
2. | Each Fund may not borrow money from a bank in an amount exceeding 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), provided that investment strategies that either obligate a Fund to purchase securities or require a Fund to cover a position by segregating assets or entering into an offsetting position shall not be subject to this limitation. Asset coverage of at least 300% (including the amount borrowed) is required for all borrowing, except where a Fund has borrowed money, from any source, for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of its total assets. |
3. | Each Fund may not make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that a Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) engage in securities lending as described in the SAI. |
4. | Each Fund may not invest in unmarketable interests in real estate limited partnerships or invest directly in real estate except as permitted by the 1940 Act. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing policy does not prevent a Fund from, among other things, purchasing marketable securities of companies that deal in real estate or interests therein (including REITs). |
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5. | Each Fund may purchase or sell financial and physical commodities, commodity contracts based on (or relating to) physical commodities or financial commodities and securities and derivative instruments whose values are derived from (in whole or in part) physical commodities or financial commodities. |
In addition:
1. | The Global Public Equity Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in publicly-traded, equity investments, and derivatives with economic characteristics similar to publicly-traded, equity investments, and/or shares of Underlying Funds (as defined below) that primarily invest in publicly traded, equity investments, at the time of purchase. This policy may be changed with 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
2. | The Core Plus Bond Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in bonds. This policy may be changed with 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
“Underlying Funds” are affiliated and unaffiliated open-end funds, closed-end funds, unregistered funds and exchange- traded funds.
Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances cause a Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitations within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Diversification . Under the 1940 Act, a diversified investment management company, as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agents or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer's outstanding voting securities would be held by the fund.
Concentration . The SEC has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s total assets in an industry or group of industries, with certain exceptions. For purposes of a Fund's concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain derivatives, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, a fund may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
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Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter if, immediately thereafter, the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Real Estate . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in real estate, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
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Investment Adviser
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc., a Washington corporation formed in 1983, serves as the overall investment adviser to the Funds. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 225 108th Avenue NE, Suite 400, Bellevue, Washington 98004-5782. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $3.5 billion in assets under management.
Multi-Manager Structure. As noted in the Prospectus, each of the Funds is authorized to operate on a “multi-manager” basis. This means that a single Fund may be managed by one or more sub-advisers. The multi-manager structure is generally designed to combine multiple investment strategies. The Board is responsible for making decisions with respect to the engagement and/or termination of sub-advisers based on the recommendations of the Adviser. The Adviser is responsible for the oversight of sub-advisers and recommendations with respect to their hiring, termination and/or replacement.
The Adviser is responsible for determining the level of assets that will be allocated among the sub-advisers in these Funds. The Adviser is also responsible for determining the level of assets that will be allocated to Underlying Funds, to the extent the Adviser determines to pursue a Fund’s investment strategies through investment in other funds. The Adviser monitors the performance of both the overall Fund and of each sub-adviser and, from time to time, may make changes in the allocation of assets to the sub-advisers that serve a particular Fund, as described in the Prospectus.
Multi-Manager Exemptive Order. The Funds and the Adviser obtained an exemptive order from the SEC that permits the Adviser, subject to certain conditions, to select new unaffiliated sub-advisers with the approval of the Board but without obtaining shareholder approval. Any changes to a sub-advisory agreement that would result in an increase in the total management and advisory fees payable by the Fund is required to be approved by the shareholders of that Fund. The order also permits the Adviser to materially change the terms of agreements with the sub-advisers or to continue the employment of a sub-adviser after an event that would otherwise cause the automatic termination of a sub-advisory agreement. The order also permits the Funds to disclose sub-advisers’ fees only in the aggregate in their registration statement. This arrangement has been approved by the Board and each Fund’s initial shareholder. Within 90 days of the retention of a new sub-adviser for a Fund, shareholders of the Fund will receive notification of the change.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The services provided to the Trust by the Adviser are governed by an Advisory Agreement between the Trust and the Adviser dated June 22, 2012 (the “Advisory Agreement”).
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Funds; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” or of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees of the Trust or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Funds, or by the Adviser on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the Adviser the following advisory fees:
Advisory Fees Paid | |||
Fund | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
Core Plus Bond Fund | $6,480 1 | $41,790 | $42,631 |
Global Public Equity Fund | $84,324 | $100,847 | $117,507 |
1 | Represents the period from August 30, 2016 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2016. |
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Sub-Advisers
The Adviser has delegated the authority to manage assets of each Fund, as allocated by the Adviser, to the following sub-advisers (each a “Sub-Adviser” and collectively, the “Sub-Advisers”):
Fund | Sub-Adviser |
Core Plus Bond Fund |
Franklin Advisers, Inc. Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. Metropolitan West Asset Management, LLC Prime Advisors, Inc. |
Global Public Equity Fund |
Acadian Asset Management LLC Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC ClariVest Asset Management LLC Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC Driehaus Capital Management LLC Fairpointe Capital LLC Harris Associates L.P. LSV Asset Management Marsico Capital Management, LLC Numeric Investors LLC Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC Phocas Financial Corporation Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated Thornburg Investment Management, Inc. |
Sub-Advisory Agreements. The provision of investment advisory services by the various sub-advisers is governed by individual investment sub-advisory agreements between the relevant Sub-Adviser and the Adviser (“the Sub-Advisory Agreements”). Under each Sub-Advisory Agreement, each Sub-Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the assets for the Fund for which it is responsible, makes investment decisions for such Fund and administers the investment program of the assets of the Fund that it manages, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Adviser and the Board. After the initial two-year term, the continuance of each Sub-Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the shareholders of the Fund and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Sub-Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. A Sub-Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board.
Sub-Advisory Fees. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, each Fund paid the Sub-Advisers the following sub-advisory fees:
Contractual Sub-Advisory Fees |
Fees Voluntarily Waived by the
Sub-Advisers |
Total Fees Paid to the Sub-Advisers
(After Voluntary Waivers) |
|||||||
Fund | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
Core Plus Bond Fund | $174,543 1 | $1,127,943 | $1,149,438 | $0 1 | $0 | $0 | $174,543 1 | $1,127,943 | $1,149,438 |
Global Public Equity Fund | $5,638,828 | $6,404,453 | $7,458,667 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $5,638,828 | $6,404,453 | $7,458,667 |
1 | Represents the period from August 30, 2016 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2016. |
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This section includes information about the Funds’ portfolio managers, including information about the dollar range of Fund shares they own, other accounts they manage and how they are compensated.
Acadian Asset Management LLC
Acadian Asset Management LLC (“Acadian”), 260 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Acadian, a Delaware limited liability company, was founded in 1986 and is a subsidiary of OMAM Affiliate Holdings LLC, which is an indirectly wholly owned subsidiary of BrightSphere Investment Group plc, a publicly listed company on the NYSE. As of December 31, 2018, Acadian had approximately $86 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. Acadian receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Sub-Advisory Agreement between Acadian and the Adviser.
Compensation structure varies among professionals, although the basic package involves a generous base salary, strong bonus potential, profit sharing potential, various fringe benefits, and, among the majority of senior investment professionals and certain other key employees, equity ownership in Acadian as part of the Acadian Key Employee Limited Partnership (“KELP”).
Compensation is highly incentive-driven, with Acadian paying up to and sometimes in excess of 100% of base pay for performance bonuses. Bonuses are tied directly to the individual’s contribution and performance during the year, with members of the investment team evaluated on such factors as their contributions to the investment process, account retention, portfolio performance, asset growth, and overall firm performance. Since portfolio management is a team approach, investment team members’ compensation is not linked to the performance of specific accounts but rather to the individual’s overall contribution to the success of the team and Acadian’s profitability.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Brendan O. Bradley, Ph.D. | None |
Ryan Taliaferro, Ph.D. | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. For all equity products offered by Acadian, including the Global Public Equity Fund, Acadian manages a single process that is custom-tailored to the objectives of its clients. The investment professionals shown below function as part of an investment team of 27 portfolio managers, all of whom are responsible for working with the dedicated research team to develop and apply quantitative techniques to evaluate securities and markets and for final quality-control review of portfolios to ensure mandate compliance. The data shown for these managers reflect firm-level numbers of accounts and assets under management, segregated by investment vehicle type. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Brendan O. Bradley, Ph.D. | 17 | $ | 8,295 | 94 | $ | 26,988 | 193 | $ | 55,519 | |||||||||||||||
1 | * | $ | 1,657 | 15 | * | $ | 2,977 | 25 | * | $ | 8,033 | |||||||||||||
Ryan Taliaferro, Ph.D. | 17 | $ | 8,295 | 94 | $ | 26,988 | 193 | $ | 55,519 | |||||||||||||||
1 | * | $ | 1,657 | 15 | * | $ | 2,977 | 25 | * | $ | 8,033 |
* | These accounts, which are a subset of the accounts in the preceding row, are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
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Acadian has been appointed as adviser or sub-adviser to numerous public and private funds domiciled in the U.S. and abroad. Acadian is not an investment company and does not directly offer mutual funds. The asset data shown under “Registered Investment Companies” reflects Advisory and sub-advisory relationships with U.S. registered investment companies offering funds to retail investors. The asset data shown under “Other Pooled Investment Vehicles” reflects a combination of; 1) Delaware-based private funds where Acadian has been appointed adviser or sub-adviser and 2) Non-U.S.-based funds where Acadian has been appointed adviser or sub-adviser.
Conflicts of Interest. A conflict of interest may arise as a result of a portfolio manager being responsible for multiple accounts, including the Global Public Equity Fund, which may have similar investment guidelines and objectives. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, these accounts may include other mutual funds managed on an advisory or sub-advisory basis, separate accounts and collective trust accounts. An investment opportunity may be suitable for the Global Public Equity Fund as well as for any of the other managed accounts. However, the investment may not be available in sufficient quantity for all of the accounts to participate fully. In addition, there may be limited opportunity to sell an investment held by the Global Public Equity Fund and the other accounts. A portfolio manager may be responsible for accounts that have different advisory fee schedules, which may create the incentive for the portfolio manager to favor one account over another in terms of access to investment opportunities. A portfolio manager may also manage accounts whose investment objectives and policies differ from those of the Global Public Equity Fund, which may cause the portfolio manager to effect trading in one account that may have an adverse effect on the value of the holdings within another account, including the Global Public Equity Fund.
To address and manage these potential conflicts of interest, Acadian has adopted compliance policies and procedures to allocate investment opportunities and to ensure that each of its clients is treated on a fair and equitable basis. Such policies and procedures include, but are not limited to, trade allocation and trade aggregation policies and oversight by investment management and Acadian’s compliance team.
Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC
Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC (“AllianzGI US”), 1633 Broadway New York, New York 10019, formerly Allianz Global Investors Capital LLC, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. AllianzGI US, a Delaware limited liability company, was founded in 2009 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Allianz Asset Management of America LP. Allianz SE, a public company, indirectly holds a controlling interest in Allianz Asset Management of America LP. As of December 31, 2018, AllianzGI US had approximately $113.2 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. The compensation system of AllianzGI US is designed to support its corporate values and culture. While it acknowledges the importance of financial incentives and seeks to pay top quartile compensation for top quartile performance, it also believes that compensation is only one of a number of critically important elements that allow the emergence of a strong, winning culture that attracts, retains and motivates talented investors and teams.
The primary components of compensation are the base salary and an annual discretionary variable compensation payment. This variable compensation component typically comprises a cash bonus that pays out immediately as well as a deferred component, for members of staff whose variable compensation exceeds a certain threshold. The deferred component for most recipients would be a notional award of the Long Term Incentive Program (“LTIP”); for members of staff whose variable compensation exceeds an additional threshold, the deferred compensation is itself split 50%/50% between the LTIP and a Deferral into Funds program (“DIF”). Currently, the marginal rate of deferral of the variable compensation can reach 42% for those in the highest variable compensation bracket. Overall awards, splits and components are regularly reviewed to ensure they meet industry best practice and, where applicable, at a minimum comply with regulatory standards.
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Base salary typically reflects scope, responsibilities and experience required in a particular role, be it on the investment side or any other function in the company. Base compensation is regularly reviewed against peers with the help of compensation survey data. Base compensation is typically a greater percentage of total compensation for more junior positions, while for the most senior roles it will be a comparatively small component, often capped and only adjusted every few years.
Discretionary variable compensation is primarily designed to reflect the achievements of an individual against set goals, over a certain time period. For an investment professional these goals will typically be 70% quantitative and 30% qualitative. The former will reflect a weighted average of investment performance over a three-year rolling time period (one-year (25%) and three year (75%) results) and the latter reflects contributions to broader team goals, contributions made to client review meetings, product development or product refinement initiatives. Portfolio managers have their performance metric aligned with the benchmarks of the client portfolios they manage.
The LTIP element of the variable compensation cliff vests three years after each (typically annual) award. Its value is directly tied to the operating result of AllianzGI US over the three year period of the award.
The DIF element of the variable compensation cliff vests three years after each (typically annual) award and enables these members of staff to invest in a range of AllianzGI US funds (investment professionals are encouraged to invest into their own funds or funds where they may be influential from a research or product group relationship perspective). Again, the value of the DIF awards is determined by the growth of the fund(s) value over the three year period covering each award.
Assuming an annual deferral of 33% over a three year period, a typical member of staff will have roughly one year’s variable compensation (3x33%) as a deferred component ‘in the bank’. Three years after the first award, and for as long as deferred components were awarded without break, cash payments in each year will consist of the annual cash bonus for that current year’s performance as well as a payout from LTIP/DIF commensurate with the prior cumulative three-year performance.
There are a small number of revenue sharing arrangements that generate variable compensation for specialist investment teams, as well as commission payments for a limited number of members of staff in distribution. These payments are subject to the same deferral rules and deferred instruments as described above for the discretionary compensation element.
In addition to competitive compensation, the firm’s approach to retention includes providing a challenging career path for each professional, a supportive culture to ensure each employee’s progress and a full benefits package.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Robert S. Marren | None |
K. Mathew Axline, CFA | None |
Stephen W. Lyford | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
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Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Robert S. Marren | 2 | $ | 189.4 | 4 | $ | 643.5 | 5 | $ | 376.2 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 2 | * | $ | 161.4 | |||||||||||||||
K. Mathew Axline, CFA | 2 | $ | 189.4 | 4 | $ | 643.5 | 5 | $ | 376.2 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 2 | * | $ | 161.4 | |||||||||||||||
Stephen W. Lyford | 2 | $ | 189.4 | 4 | $ | 643.5 | 5 | $ | 376.2 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 2 | * | $ | 161.4 |
* | These accounts, which are a subset of the accounts in the preceding row, are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
Conflicts of Interest . Like other investment professionals with multiple clients, a portfolio manager may face certain potential conflicts of interest in connection with managing the Global Public Equity Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of other accounts, on the other hand. The paragraphs below describe some of these potential conflicts, which AllianzGI US believes are faced by investment professionals at most major financial firms.
AllianzGI US has adopted compliance policies and procedures that address certain of these potential conflicts. The management of accounts with different advisory fee rates and/or fee structures, including accounts that pay advisory fees based on account performance (“performance fee accounts”), may raise potential conflicts of interest by creating an incentive to favor higher-fee accounts. These potential conflicts may include, among others:
• The most attractive investments could be allocated to higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts.
• The trading of higher-fee accounts could be favored as to timing and/or execution price. For example, higher-fee accounts could be permitted to sell securities earlier than other accounts when a prompt sale is desirable or to buy securities at an earlier and more opportune time.
• The investment management team could focus their time and efforts primarily on higher-fee accounts due to a personal stake in compensation.
When AllianzGI US considers the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interest of the Fund and other accounts, the trading desk may, to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations, aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased. Aggregation of trades may create the potential for unfairness to the Fund or another account if one account is favored over another in allocating the securities purchased or sold, for example, by allocating a disproportionate amount of a security that is likely to increase in value to a favored account. AllianzGI US considers many factors when allocating securities among accounts, including the account’s investment style, applicable investment restrictions, availability of securities, available cash and other current holdings. AllianzGI US attempts to allocate investment opportunities among accounts in a fair and equitable manner. However, accounts are not assured of participating equally or at all in particular investment allocations due to such factors as noted above. “Cross trades,” in which one AllianzGI US account sells a particular security to another account (potentially saving transaction costs for both accounts) may also pose a potential conflict of interest when cross trades are effected in a manner perceived to favor one client over another. For example, AllianzGI US may cross a trade between performance fee account and a fixed fee account that results in a benefit to the performance fee account and a detriment to the fixed fee account. AllianzGI US has adopted compliance procedures that provide that all cross trades are to be made at an independent current market price, as required by law.
Another potential conflict of interest may arise from the different investment objectives and strategies of the Fund and other accounts. For example, another account may have a shorter-term investment horizon or different investment objectives, policies or restrictions than the Fund. Depending on another account’s objectives or other factors, a portfolio manager may give advice and make decisions that may differ from advice given, or the timing or nature of decisions made, with respect to the Fund. In addition, investment decisions are subject to suitability for the particular account involved. Thus, a particular security may not be bought or sold for certain accounts even though it was bought or sold for other accounts at the same time. More rarely, a particular security may be bought for one or more accounts managed by a portfolio manager when one or more other accounts are selling the security (including short sales). There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio securities for one or more accounts may have an adverse effect on other accounts. AllianzGI US maintains trading policies designed to provide portfolio managers an opportunity to minimize the effect that short sales in one portfolio may have on holdings in other portfolios.
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A portfolio manager who is responsible for managing multiple accounts may devote unequal time and attention to the management of those accounts. As a result, the portfolio manager may not be able to formulate as complete a strategy or identify equally attractive investment opportunities for each of those accounts as might be the case if he or she were to devote substantially more attention to the management of a single fund. The effects of this potential conflict may be more pronounced where funds and/or accounts overseen by a particular portfolio manager have different investment strategies.
The Fund’s portfolio managers may be able to select or influence the selection of the brokers/dealers that are used to execute securities transactions for that Fund. In addition to executing trades, some brokers and dealers provide AllianzGI US with brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), which may result in the payment of higher brokerage fees than might have otherwise be available. These services may be more beneficial to the Fund or certain accounts than to others. In order to be assured of continuing to receive services considered of value to its clients, AllianzGI US has adopted a brokerage allocation policy embodying the concepts of Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act. The payment of brokerage commissions is subject to the requirement that the portfolio manager determine in good faith that the commissions are reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided to the Fund.
The Fund’s portfolio managers may also face other potential conflicts of interest in managing the Fund, and the description above is not a complete description of every conflict that could be deemed to exist in managing both the Fund and other accounts. In addition, the Fund’s portfolio managers may also manage other accounts (including their personal assets or the assets of family members) in their personal capacity.
AllianzGI US investment personnel, including the Fund’s portfolio managers, are subject to restrictions on engaging in personal securities transactions pursuant to the Code of Ethics, which contains provisions and requirements designed to identify and address conflicts of interest between personal investment activities and the interests of the Global Public Equity Fund. The Code of Ethics is designed to ensure that the personal securities transactions, activities and interests of the employees of AllianzGI US will not interfere with: (i) making decisions in the best interest of advisory clients (including the Global Public Equity Fund); or (ii) implementing such decisions while at the same time allowing employees to invest for their own accounts.
ClariVest Asset Management LLC
ClariVest Asset Management LLC (“ClariVest”), 3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92130, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. ClariVest, a Delaware limited liability company established in 2006, is majority owned by its employees. Eagle Asset Management holds a 45% interest in ClariVest and may be deemed to control ClariVest. As of December 31, 2018, ClariVest had approximately $6.74 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. ClariVest receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between ClariVest and the Adviser.
Compensation paid by ClariVest to its portfolio managers has two primary components: (1) base salary and (2) variable compensation. The portfolio managers also receive certain retirement, insurance, and other benefits that are broadly available to all ClariVest employees. The intent of this compensation plan is to achieve a market competitive structure with a high degree of variable compensation through participation in a bonus pool and other distributions. Salaries and variable compensation are influenced by the operating performance of ClariVest.
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ClariVest seeks to compensate portfolio managers in a manner commensurate with their responsibilities, contributions and performance, and that is competitive with other firms within the investment management industry. Salaries, bonuses, and distributions are also influenced by the operating performance of ClariVest.
ClariVest seeks to compensate portfolio managers in a manner commensurate with their responsibilities, contributions and performance, and that is competitive with other firms within the investment management industry.
Bonuses are based on a variety of factors, including overall performance of the firm as well as individual contribution to the firm. Bonuses are not simply tied to individual product performance. ClariVest believes that payment of bonuses based on short term performance is counterproductive to the environment at ClariVest. All members of the investment team are expected to actively participate in ongoing research, some of which may not primarily benefit the product on which they are the named portfolio manager. Bonuses based on short term individual performance would not incentivize investment team members to do so.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
David R. Vaughn, CFA | None |
Alex Turner, CFA | None |
Priyanshu Mutreja, CFA | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
David R. Vaughn, CFA | 3 | $ | 850.36 | 9 | 1 | $ | 816.68 | 6 | $ | 199.90 | ||||||||||||||
Alex Turner, CFA | 3 | $ | 850.36 | 8 | 2 | $ | 803.09 | 7 | $ | 199.95 | ||||||||||||||
Priyanshu Mutreja, CFA | 3 | $ | 850.36 | 8 | 2 | $ | 803.09 | 5 | $ | 199.62 |
¹ | Includes 2 accounts managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $54.45 million in assets. |
2 | Includes 1 account managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $44.86 million in assets. |
Conflicts of Interest. Because portfolio managers may manage multiple accounts for multiple clients, conflicts of interest may arise in connection with a portfolio manager’s management of the Global Public Equity Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of other accounts or vehicles on the other hand. For example, a portfolio manager may have conflicts of interest in allocating management time, resources and investment opportunities among the Global Public Equity Fund and the other accounts or vehicles he or she manages. In addition, due to differences in the investment strategies or restrictions between the Global Public Equity and the other accounts or vehicles, a portfolio manager may take action with respect to another account or vehicle that differs from the action taken with respect to the Global Public Equity Fund. In some cases, another account managed by a portfolio manager may compensate the investment adviser based on the performance of the securities held by that account or otherwise provide more revenue to the investment adviser. While these factors may create conflicts of interest for a portfolio manager in the allocation of management time, resources and investment opportunities, the portfolio managers will endeavor to exercise their discretion in a manner that they believe is equitable to all interested persons.
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Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.
Compensation. Portfolio managers are compensated via base salary and bonus. The cash bonus incentive is currently a company-wide bonus opportunity tied to firm revenues and allocated as a percentage of annual base salary.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Funds are required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Funds as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Paul W. Pedalino, CFA |
$1 - $10,000 (Core Plus Bond Fund) $100,001 - $500,000 (Global Public Equity Fund) |
Katie Robinette, CFA |
$10,001 - $50,000 (Global Public Equity Fund) |
David Freudenberg, CAIA |
$10,001 - $50,000 (Core Plus Bond Fund) $500,001 - $1,000,000 (Global Public Equity Fund) |
Evan Wirkkala |
$1 - $10,000 (Core Plus Bond Fund) $10,001 - $50,000 (Global Public Equity Fund) |
Steve Kleyn, CFA, CIPM | $1 - $10,000 (Global Public Equity Fund) |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Core Plus Bond Fund and Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Paul W. Pedalino, CFA | 0 | $ | 0 | 1 | $ | 57 | 0 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||
Katie Robinette, CFA | 0 | $ | 0 | 17 | $ | 172 | 0 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||
David Freudenberg, CAIA | 0 | $ | 0 | 17 | $ | 141 | 0 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||
Evan Wirkkala | 0 | $ | 0 | 35 | $ | 370 | 900 | $ | 3,500 | |||||||||||||||
Steve Kleyn, CFA, CIPM | 0 | $ | 0 | 2 | $ | 1.49 | 0 | $ | 0 |
Conflicts of Interest. Cornerstone’s portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Funds’ investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts might have similar investment objectives as the Funds or hold, purchase or sell securities that are eligible to be held, purchased or sold by the Funds. While the portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to the following potential conflicts of interest, Cornerstone does not believe that the conflicts, if any, are material or, to the extent any such conflicts are material, Cornerstone believes that it has designed policies and procedures to manage those conflicts in an appropriate way.
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A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of Cornerstone’s portfolio managers’ day-to-day management of the Funds. Because of their positions with the Funds, the portfolio managers may know the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades. It is theoretically possible that the portfolio managers could use this information to the advantage of other accounts they manage and to the possible detriment of the Funds. However, Cornerstone has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to allocate investment opportunities on a fair and equitable basis over time.
Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC
Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC (“CRM”), 520 Madison Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10022, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. CRM, a Delaware limited liability company, was established in 1973. WT Investments, Inc., a subsidiary of Wilmington Trust Corporation, owns 89.6% (79.13% on a fully diluted basis) of CRM. Wilmington Trust Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of M&T Bank Corporation. As of December 31, 2018, CRM had approximately $4.24 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. CRM receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between CRM and the Adviser.
CRM’s portfolio managers are generally responsible for multiple accounts with similar investment strategies. For example, the managers of CRM’s mid cap value investment strategy are responsible for investment decisions for registered investment companies and separately-managed institutional accounts that pursue a mid cap value investment strategy. Portfolio managers are compensated on portfolio management of the aggregate group of similar accounts rather than for a specific account.
The compensation package for portfolio managers consists of several components: base pay, annual incentive and long-term incentive. The base pay program provides a level of base pay that is competitive with the marketplace and reflects a portfolio manager’s contribution to CRM’s success. The annual incentive plan provides cash bonuses dependent on portfolio performance and individual contributions. The most significant portion of the bonus is determined based on the aggregate portfolio pre-tax performance results over one, two and three year periods relative to peer groups and benchmarks, and the remaining portion is based on certain qualitative factors discussed below.
For purposes of determining a portfolio manager’s bonus, the appropriate strategy benchmark is used. The benchmark used to determine the bonuses of the portfolio managers of the Global Public Equity Fund is the Russell Midcap Value Index. Bonuses for portfolio managers vary depending on the scope of accountability and experience level of the individual portfolio manager. An individual’s bonus is based upon relative performance of his or her assigned portfolios compared to a peer group and benchmark and is generally geared to rewarding top quartile performance on a trailing three-year basis. Qualitative factors such as leadership, teamwork and overall contribution made during the year are also considered.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Thad Pollock | None |
Brittain Ezzes | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
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Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Thad Pollock | 2 | $ | 808.62 | 0 | $ | 0 | 44 | 1 | $ | 983.25 | ||||||||||||||
Brittain Ezzes | 2 | $ | 808.62 | 0 | $ | 0 | 44 | 1 | $ | 983.25 |
¹ | Includes 4 accounts managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $115.15 million in assets. |
Conflicts of Interest. CRM has established written policies and procedures relating to trade allocation and aggregation, which provide for equitable treatment of all clients when aggregating or “bunching” orders and allocating trades among client accounts, including across the long only and long/short products. According to these policies, allocations must never be based on account performance or on performance-based versus assets managed-based fees. A pre-trade allocation sheet is also developed. In instances where a manager for a long/short product decides to sell short a security that may be held in a long product and recognizing that such a situation could appear to be a conflict, CRM will take the following steps: (i) when a long/short manager submits a transaction to the trading desk in a security that is held in a long account, trading personnel shall immediately notify such manager that the security is held on behalf of client accounts; and (ii) the manager for long/short will communicate directly with the manager for the product(s) holding stock such that the long manager is aware of the action and that an investment basis exists that explains the divergence in the stock selection (e.g., time horizon). CRM’s portfolio managers and traders receive annual training regarding these procedures. The performance-based fee accounts and other client accounts are monitored for fair and equitable portfolio management and trading allocation on a regular basis, and are periodically tested for adherence to CRM’s procedures.
Driehaus Capital Management LLC
Driehaus Capital Management LLC (“Driehaus”), 25 East Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Driehaus, a Delaware limited liability company established in 1982, is controlled by Richard H. Driehaus. The principal nature of Driehaus’ business is investment advisory services. As of December 31, 2018, Driehaus had approximately $6.5 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. Driehaus receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Driehaus and the Adviser.
Driehaus compensates the Fund’s portfolio managers and assistant portfolio manager for their management of the Fund. The portfolio managers and assistant portfolio manager are paid a fixed salary plus a bonus. Bonuses are determined based on the terms of a Revenue Sharing Plan and include a base amount calculated as a percentage of management fees paid by the registered investment companies and other accounts managed, as applicable. In addition, if performance exceeds certain percentile benchmarks when compared to its peer group (primarily using Lipper rankings) and/or certain risk adjusted return formulas, the bonus pool increases as a percentage of the management fees paid by the registered investment companies and other accounts managed.
If Driehaus declares a profit sharing plan contribution, the portfolio managers and assistant portfolio manager also would receive such contribution. Effective January 1, 2018, the portfolio managers participate in a deferred compensation plan. Messrs. Schwab, Cleaver, Mouser and Burr are participants in a previous deferred compensation plan, under which their balances are fully vested.
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Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Howard Schwab | $100,001 - $500,000 |
Chad Cleaver, CFA | None |
Richard Thies | None |
David Mouser | None |
Dan Burr | None |
Ryan Carpenter | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Howard Schwab | 4 | $ | 1,652.4 | 2 | $ | 227.4 | 6 | $ | 995.3 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 1 | * | $ | 14.2 | |||||||||||||||
Chad Cleaver, CFA | 5 | $ | 1,668.3 | 2 | $ | 227.4 | 6 | $ | 995.3 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 1 | * | $ | 14.2 | |||||||||||||||
Richard Thies | 5 | $ | 1,668.3 | 2 | $ | 227.4 | 6 | $ | 995.3 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 1 | * | $ | 14.2 | |||||||||||||||
David Mouser | 1 | $ | 273.8 | 0 | $ | 0 | 7 | $ | 507.9 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
Dan Burr | 1 | $ | 273.8 | 0 | $ | 0 | 7 | $ | 507.9 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
Ryan Carpenter | 1 | $ | 273.8 | 0 | $ | 0 | 7 | $ | 475.2 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 |
* | This account, which is a subset of the accounts in the preceding row, is subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers may manage the assets of more than one registered investment company, other pooled investment vehicles and/or other accounts (collectively, the “Accounts”) for Driehaus. Both clients and affiliated persons of Driehaus, including the portfolio managers, may own interests in these Accounts. The same or related securities may be appropriate and desirable investments for both the Global Public Equity Fund and the other Accounts (including another fund) and they may compete in the marketplace for the same investment opportunities, which may be limited. In addition, transactions by Accounts in securities held by the Global Public Equity Fund or that the Global Public Equity Fund is seeking to buy or sell (or transactions in related securities) may have an adverse impact on the prices that the Global Public Equity Fund pays for those securities or can realize upon sale, or on the ability of Driehaus to buy or sell the desired amount of such securities for the Global Public Equity Fund at favorable prices. This is particularly true when an Account’s transactions occur at a point in time close to when trades in the same or related securities are effected for the Global Public Equity Fund. This presents a conflict between the interests of the Global Public Equity Fund and the interests of the other Accounts as well as the affiliates of Driehaus who invest in the other Accounts.
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Conflicts also may arise between the interests of the Global Public Equity Fund and the interests of Driehaus and its affiliates, including the portfolio managers. These conflicts can occur as one or more of the Accounts pay advisory fees to Driehaus, including performance-based compensation, at a higher rate than the rate of fees paid by the Global Public Equity Fund. In addition, Driehaus’ affiliates, including the Global Public Equity Fund’s portfolio managers, may personally own interests in the Accounts or have other financial incentives (including that a portfolio manager’s compensation is based, in part, on assets under management). For example, portfolio managers could favor an Account over the Global Public Equity Fund when dividing their time and attention between them or when presented with limited investment opportunities that would be desirable and suitable for both the Global Public Equity Fund and the Accounts or when making trading decisions.
Driehaus, through trade allocation and other policies and procedures, seeks to manage these conflicts of interest to reduce any adverse effects on either the Global Public Equity Fund or the Accounts. These policies and procedures include requirements that transactions by the Global Public Equity Fund and the Accounts in the same securities that occur on the same day are average priced when feasible and allocated on a fair and equitable basis. In addition, Driehaus conducts periodic reviews of transactions in and holdings of the same or related securities by the Global Public Equity Fund and the Accounts for compliance with Driehaus’ policies and procedures.
Fairpointe Capital LLC
Fairpointe Capital LLC (“Fairpointe”), One N. Franklin Street, Suite 3300, Chicago, Illinois 60606, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Fairpointe was founded in 2011 and is 100% employee owned. The firm provides investment advisory services to institutions and individuals. As of December 31, 2018, Fairpointe had approximately $2.9 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. Fairpointe receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Fairpointe and the Adviser.
Mses. Zerhusen, Lorden and Pierson are principals in the business of Fairpointe. Mses. Zerhusen, Lorden and Pierson each receive a fixed base salary from Fairpointe, and, as equity owners of Fairpointe, participate in the profits of Fairpointe in accordance with their respective ownership percentages.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Thyra Zerhusen | None |
Marie Lorden | None |
Mary Pierson | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
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Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Thyra Zerhusen | 3 | $ | 3,075 | 0 | $ | 0 | 10 | $ | 422 | |||||||||||||||
Marie Lorden | 3 | $ | 3,075 | 0 | $ | 0 | 10 | $ | 422 | |||||||||||||||
Mary Pierson | 3 | $ | 3,075 | 0 | $ | 0 | 10 | $ | 422 |
Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers manage multiple accounts, including the Global Public Equity Fund. The portfolio managers make investment decisions for each account based on the investment objectives, polices and other relevant investment considerations that the portfolio managers believe are applicable to each account. Such actions may be taken for one account and not another and may result in varying holding and performance among clients. Fairpointe has adopted policies and procedures that it believes are reasonably designed to address the conflicts associated with managing multiple accounts for multiple clients, although there can be no assurance that such policies and procedures will adequately address such conflicts.
Franklin Advisers, Inc.
Franklin Advisers, Inc. (“Franklin Advisers”), One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Core Plus Bond Fund. Franklin Advisers, a California corporation, was founded in 1985 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc. (“Franklin Resources”), a publicly owned company engaged in the financial services industry through its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018, Franklin Resources and its affiliates had approximately $649.9 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. Franklin Advisers receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Core Plus Bond Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Franklin Advisers and the Adviser.
Franklin Advisers seeks to maintain a compensation program that is competitively positioned to attract, retain and motivate top-quality investment professionals. Portfolio managers receive a base salary, a cash incentive bonus opportunity, an equity compensation opportunity, and a benefits package. Portfolio manager compensation is reviewed annually and the level of compensation is based on individual performance, the salary range for a portfolio manager’s level of responsibility and Franklin Templeton guidelines. Each portfolio manager’s compensation consists of the following three elements:
Base salary. Each portfolio manager is paid a base salary.
Annual bonus. Annual bonuses are structured to align the interests of the portfolio manager with those of the Fund’s shareholders. Each portfolio manager is eligible to receive an annual bonus. Bonuses generally are split between cash (50% to 65%) and restricted shares of Franklin Resources stock (17.5% to 25%) and mutual fund shares (17.5% to 25%). The deferred equity-based compensation is intended to build a vested interest of the portfolio manager in the financial performance of both Franklin Resources and mutual funds advised by the investment manager. The bonus plan is intended to provide a competitive level of annual bonus compensation that is tied to the portfolio manager achieving consistently strong investment performance, which aligns the financial incentives of the portfolio manager and Fund shareholders. The Chief Investment Officer of the investment manager and/or other officers of the investment manager, with responsibility for the Fund, have discretion in the granting of annual bonuses to portfolio managers in accordance with Franklin Templeton guidelines. The following factors are generally used in determining bonuses under the plan:
• | Investment performance . Primary consideration is given to the historic investment performance of all accounts managed by the portfolio manager over the 1, 3 and 5 preceding years measured against risk benchmarks developed by the fixed income management team. The pre-tax performance of each fund managed is measured relative to a relevant peer group and/or applicable benchmark as appropriate. |
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• | Non-investment performance . The more qualitative contributions of the portfolio manager to the investment manager’s business and the investment management team, including business knowledge, productivity, customer service, creativity, and contribution to team goals, are evaluated in determining the amount of any bonus award. |
• | Responsibilities . The characteristics and complexity of funds managed by the portfolio manager are factored in the investment manager’s appraisal. |
Additional long-term equity-based compensation. Portfolio managers may also be awarded restricted shares or units of Franklin Resources stock or restricted shares or units of one or more mutual funds. Awards of such deferred equity-based compensation typically vest over time, so as to create incentives to retain key talent.
Portfolio managers also participate in benefit plans and programs available generally to all employees of the investment manager.
Ownership of Fund Shares . The Core Plus Bond Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Michael Hasenstab, Ph.D. | None |
Christine Zhu | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Core Plus Bond Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Michael Hasenstab, Ph.D. | 18 | $ | 50.71 | 43 | $ | 61.01 | 14 | $ | 5.81 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 3 | * | $ | 6.77 | 3 | * | $ | 4.01 | ||||||||||||||
Christine Zhu | 8 | $ | 3.83 | 5 | $ | 9.20 | 8 | $ | 3.41 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 1 | * | $ | 6.39 | 1 | * | $ | 2.57 |
* | These accounts, which are a subset of the accounts in the preceding row, are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
Conflicts of Interest. The management of multiple funds, including the Fund, and accounts may also give rise to potential conflicts of interest if the funds and other accounts have different objectives, benchmarks, time horizons, and fees as the portfolio manager must allocate his or her time and investment ideas across multiple funds and accounts. The investment manager seeks to manage such competing interests for the time and attention of portfolio managers by having portfolio managers focus on a particular investment discipline. Most other accounts managed by a portfolio manager are managed using the same investment strategies that are used in connection with the management of the Fund. Accordingly, portfolio holdings, position sizes, and industry and sector exposures tend to be similar across similar portfolios, which may minimize the potential for conflicts of interest. As noted above, the separate management of the trade execution and valuation functions from the portfolio management process also helps to reduce potential conflicts of interest. However, securities selected for funds or accounts other than the Fund may outperform the securities selected for the Fund. Moreover, if a portfolio manager identifies a limited investment opportunity that may be suitable for more than one fund or other account, the Fund may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity due to an allocation of that opportunity across all eligible funds and other accounts. The investment manager seeks to manage such potential conflicts by using procedures intended to provide a fair allocation of buy and sell opportunities among funds and other accounts.
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The structure of a portfolio manager’s compensation may give rise to potential conflicts of interest. A portfolio manager’s base pay and bonus tend to increase with additional and more complex responsibilities that include increased assets under management. As such, there may be an indirect relationship between a portfolio manager’s marketing or sales efforts and his or her bonus.
Finally, the management of personal accounts by a portfolio manager may give rise to potential conflicts of interest. While Franklin Advisers has adopted a code of ethics which it believes contains provisions designed to prevent a wide range of prohibited activities by portfolio managers and others with respect to their personal trading activities, there can be no assurance that the code of ethics addresses all individual conduct that could result in conflicts of interest.
Franklin Advisers has adopted certain compliance procedures that are designed to address these, and other, types of conflicts. However, there is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation where a conflict arises.
Harris Associates L.P.
Harris Associates L.P. (“Harris”), 111 S. Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, Illinois, 60606, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Harris, a Delaware limited partnership, is managed by its general partner, Harris Associates, Inc. (“HAI”). Harris and HAI are wholly owned subsidiaries of Natixis Investment Managers, L.P., an indirect subsidiary of Natixis Investment Managers, an international asset management group based in Paris, France. Natixis Investment Managers is owned by Natixis, a French investment banking and financial services firm that is principally owned by Groupe BPCE, France’s second largest banking group. As of December 31, 2018, Harris had approximately $108 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. Harris receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Harris and the Adviser.
Each of the portfolio managers of the Global Public Equity Fund are compensated solely by Harris. Compensation for each of the portfolio managers is based on Harris’ assessment of the individual’s long-term contribution to the investment success of the firm. Each portfolio manager receives a base salary and participates in a discretionary bonus pool. In addition, most of the portfolio managers also participate in a long-term compensation plan that provides current compensation to certain key employees of Harris and deferred compensation to both current and former key employees. The compensation plan consists of bonus units awarded to participants that vest and are paid out over a period of time.
The determination of the amount of each portfolio manager’s base salary and discretionary bonus pool participation and, where applicable, participation in the long-term compensation plan is based on a variety of qualitative and quantitative factors. The factor given the most significant weight is the subjective assessment of the individual’s contribution to the overall investment results of Harris’ domestic or international investment group, whether as a portfolio manager, a research analyst, or both.
The quantitative factors considered in evaluating the contribution of a portfolio manager include the performance of the portfolios managed by that individual relative to benchmarks, peers and other portfolio managers, as well as the assets under management in the accounts managed by the portfolio manager. The portfolio managers’ compensation is not based solely on an evaluation of performance or the amount of assets under management. Performance is measured in a number of ways, including by accounts and by strategy, and is compared to one or more of the following benchmarks: S&P 500, Russell Mid-Cap Value, Russell 1000 Value, Lipper Balanced, 60/40 S&P/Barclays (60% S&P 500 and 40% Barclays Bond Index), MSCI World Index, MCSI World ex-U.S. Index, MSCI World ex-U.S. Small Cap Index and Harris’ approved lists of stocks, depending on whether the portfolio manager manages accounts in the particular strategy to which these benchmarks would be applicable. Performance is measured over shorter- and longer-term periods, including one year, three years, five years, ten years, since inception or since a portfolio manager has been managing the assets, as applicable. Performance is measured on a pre-tax and after-tax basis to the extent such information is available.
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If a portfolio manager also serves as a research analyst, then his or her compensation is also based on the contribution made to Harris in that role. The specific quantitative and qualitative factors considered in evaluating a research analyst’s contributions include, among other things, new investment ideas, the performance of investment ideas covered by the analyst during the current year as well as over longer-term periods, the portfolio impact of the analyst’s investment ideas, other contributions to the research process and an assessment of the quality of analytical work. If a portfolio manager also serves as a research analyst, then such manager may participate in a long-term compensation plan that may provide future compensation upon vesting after a multi-year period. The plan consists of an award, based on a quantitative evaluation of the performance of the investment ideas covered by the analyst over the same multi-year period. In addition, an individual’s other contributions to Harris, such as a role in investment through leadership and management of the firm, are taken into account in the overall compensation process.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
David Herro, CFA | None |
William Nygren, CFA | None |
Tony Coniaris, CFA | None |
Eric Liu, CFA | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
||||||||||||||||||
David Herro, CFA | 12 | $ | 50.38 | 31 | 1 | $ | 9.83 | 49 | 2 | $ | 14.41 | |||||||||||||
William Nygren, CFA | 6 | $ | 27.66 | 2 | $ | 0.05 | 3 | $ | 0.43 | |||||||||||||||
Tony Coniaris, CFA | 4 | $ | 10.53 | 39 | 1 | $ | 8.67 | 511 | 2 | $ | 13.69 | |||||||||||||
Eric Liu, CFA | 1 | $ | 2.36 | 4 | $ | 0.70 | 10 | $ | 1.76 |
1 | Includes 3 accounts managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $549 million in assets. |
2 | Includes 1 account managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $123 million in assets. |
Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts of interest may arise in the allocation of investment opportunities and the allocation of aggregated orders among the Global Public Equity Fund and the other accounts managed by the portfolio managers. A portfolio manager potentially could give favorable treatment to some accounts for a variety of reasons, including favoring larger accounts, accounts that have a different advisory fee arrangement (including any accounts that pay performance-based fees), accounts of affiliated companies, or accounts in which the portfolio manager has a personal investment. With respect to the allocation of investment opportunities, Harris makes decisions to recommend, purchase, sell or hold securities for all of its client accounts, including the Global Public Equity Fund, based on each account’s specific investment objectives, guidelines, restrictions and circumstances. It is Harris’ policy to allocate investment opportunities to each account, including the Global Public Equity Fund, over a period of time on a fair and equitable basis relative to its other accounts. With respect to the allocation of aggregated orders, each account that participates in an aggregated order will participate at the average share price, and where the order has not been completely filled, each institutional account, including the Global Public Equity Fund, will generally participate on a pro rata basis. Harris has compliance policies and procedures in place that it believes are reasonably designed to mitigate these conflicts. However, there is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation in which an actual or potential conflict may arise.
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Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. (“Loomis Sayles”), One Financial Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Core Plus Bond Fund. Loomis Sayles, a Delaware limited partnership, was formed in 1926 and is a subsidiary of Natixis LP, which is part of Natixis Investment Managers. As of December 31, 2018, Loomis Sayles had approximately $249.7 billion in assets under management.
Compensation . Loomis Sayles receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Core Plus Bond Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Loomis Sayles and the Adviser.
Loomis Sayles compensates the portfolio managers for their management of the Fund. Loomis Sayles believes that portfolio manager compensation should be driven primarily by the delivery of consistent and superior long-term performance for its clients. Portfolio manager compensation is made up of three main components: base salary, variable compensation and a long-term incentive program. Although portfolio manager compensation is not directly tied to assets under management, a portfolio manager’s base salary and/or variable compensation potential may reflect the amount of assets for which the manager is responsible relative to other portfolio managers. Loomis Sayles also offers a profit sharing plan. Base salary is a fixed amount based on a combination of factors, including industry experience, firm experience, job performance and market considerations. Variable compensation is an incentive-based component and generally represents a significant multiple of base salary. Variable compensation is based on four factors: investment performance, profit growth of the firm, profit growth of the manager’s business unit and personal conduct. Investment performance is the primary component of total variable compensation and generally represents at least 60% of the total for fixed income managers. The other three factors are used to determine the remainder of variable compensation, subject to the discretion of the Chief Investment Officer (“CIO”) and senior management. The CIO and senior management evaluate these other factors annually.
While mutual fund performance and asset size do not directly contribute to the compensation calculation, investment performance for fixed-income managers is measured by comparing the performance of Loomis Sayles’ institutional composite (pre-tax and net of fees) in the manager’s style to the performance of an external benchmark and a customized peer group.
The customized peer group is created by Loomis Sayles and is made up of institutional managers in the particular investment style. A manager’s relative performance for the past five years, or seven years for some products, is used to calculate the amount of variable compensation payable due to performance. To ensure consistency, Loomis Sayles analyzes the five or seven year performance on a rolling three year basis. If a manager is responsible for more than one product, the rankings of each product are weighted based on relative asset size of accounts represented in each product.
Loomis Sayles uses both an external benchmark and a customized peer group as a point of comparison for fixed-income manager performance because Loomis Sayles believes they represent an appropriate combination of the competitive fixed-income product universe and the investment styles offered by Loomis Sayles.
In addition to the compensation described above, portfolio managers may receive additional compensation based on the overall growth of their strategies.
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Most mutual funds do not directly contribute to a portfolio manager’s overall compensation because Loomis Sayles uses the performance of the portfolio manager’s institutional accounts compared to an institutional peer group. However, each fund managed by Loomis Sayles employs strategies endorsed by Loomis Sayles and fits into the product category for the relevant investment style. Loomis Sayles may adjust compensation if there is significant dispersion among the returns of the composite and accounts not included in the composite.
Loomis Sayles has developed and implemented two distinct long-term incentive plans to attract and retain investment talent. The plans supplement existing compensation. The first plan has several important components distinguishing it from traditional equity ownership plans:
• | the plan grants units that entitle participants to an annual payment based on a percentage of company earnings above an established threshold; |
• | upon retirement, a participant will receive a multi-year payout for his or her vested units; and |
• | participation is contingent upon signing an award agreement, which includes a non-compete covenant. |
The second plan is similarly constructed although the participants’ annual participation in company earnings is deferred for two years from the time of award and is only payable if the portfolio manager remains at Loomis Sayles. In this plan, there are no post-retirement payments or non-compete covenants.
Senior management expects that the variable compensation portion of overall compensation will continue to remain the largest source of income for those investment professionals included in the plan. The plan(s) was/were initially offered to portfolio managers and over time the scope of eligibility widened to include other key investment professionals. Management has full discretion on what units are issued and to whom.
Portfolio managers also participate in the Loomis Sayles profit sharing plan, in which Loomis Sayles makes a contribution to the retirement plan of each employee based on a percentage of base salary (up to a maximum amount). The portfolio managers may also participate in the Loomis Sayles defined benefit pension plan, which applies to all Loomis Sayles employees who joined the firm prior to May 3, 2003. The defined benefit is based on years of service and base compensation (up to a maximum amount).
Ownership of Fund Shares . The Core Plus Bond Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Peter W. Palfrey, CFA | None |
Richard G. Raczkowski | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts . In addition to the Core Plus Bond Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
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Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Peter W. Palfrey, CFA | 2 | $ | 7.77 | 7 | $ | 4.69 | 52 | $ | 11.72 | |||||||||||||||
Richard G. Raczkowski | 2 | $ | 7.77 | 15 | $ | 12.74 | 84 | $ | 19.03 |
Conflicts of Interest . Conflicts of interest may arise in the allocation of investment opportunities and the allocation of aggregated orders among the Fund and other accounts managed by the portfolio managers. A portfolio manager potentially could give favorable treatment to some accounts for a variety of reasons, including favoring larger accounts, accounts that pay higher fees, accounts that pay performance-based fees, accounts of affiliated companies and accounts in which the portfolio manager has an interest. Such favorable treatment could lead to more favorable investment opportunities or allocations for some accounts. Loomis Sayles makes investment decisions for all accounts (including institutional accounts, mutual funds, hedge funds and affiliated accounts) based on each account’s availability of other comparable investment opportunities and Loomis Sayles’ desire to treat all accounts fairly and equitably over time. Loomis Sayles maintains trade allocation and aggregation policies and procedures to address these potential conflicts. Conflicts of interest also arise to the extent a portfolio manager short sells a stock in one client account but holds that stock long in other accounts, including the Fund, or sells a stock for some accounts while buying the stock for others, and through the use of “soft dollar arrangements,” which are discussed in “Fund Transactions.”
LSV Asset Management
LSV Asset Management (“LSV”), 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, Illinois 60606, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. LSV is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. LSV was established in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership to provide active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. LSV’s general partners include officers and employees of LSV who collectively own a majority of LSV, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, LSV had approximately $106 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. LSV receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between LSV and the Adviser.
LSV compensates the portfolio managers for their management of the Global Public Equity Fund. The portfolio managers’ compensation consists of a salary and discretionary bonus. Each of the portfolio managers is a Partner of LSV and thereby receives a portion of the overall profit of the firm as part of his ownership interests. The bonus is based upon the profitability of the firm and individual performance. Individual performance is subjective and may be based on a number of factors, such as the individual’s leadership and contribution to the strategic planning and development of the investment group.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D. | None |
Menno Vermeulen, CFA | None |
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA | None |
Greg Sleight | None |
Guy Lakonishok, CFA | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
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Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D. | 38 | $ | 20.80 | 78 | 1 | $ | 28.35 | 457 | 2 | $ | 62.91 | |||||||||||||
Menno Vermeulen, CFA | 38 | $ | 20.80 | 78 | 1 | $ | 28.35 | 457 | 2 | $ | 62.91 | |||||||||||||
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA | 38 | $ | 20.80 | 78 | 1 | $ | 28.35 | 457 | 2 | $ | 62.91 | |||||||||||||
Greg Sleight | 38 | $ | 20.80 | 78 | 1 | $ | 28.35 | 457 | 2 | $ | 62.91 | |||||||||||||
Guy Lakonishok, CFA | 38 | $ | 20.80 | 78 | 1 | $ | 28.35 | 457 | 2 | $ | 62.91 |
¹ | Includes 38 accounts managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $1.28 billion in assets. |
² | Includes 48 accounts managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $11.28 billion in assets. |
Conflicts of Interest. The same team of portfolio managers is responsible for the day-to-day management of all of LSV’s accounts. LSV uses a proprietary quantitative investment model to manage all of LSV’s accounts. LSV relies extensively on its quantitative investment model regarding the advisability of investing in a particular company. Any investment decisions are generally made based on whether a buy or sell signal is received from the proprietary quantitative investment model. Accounts or funds with performance-based fees and accounts or funds in which employees may be invested could create an incentive to favor those accounts or funds over other accounts or funds in the allocation of investment opportunities. In addition, it is possible that a short position may be taken on a security that is held long in another portfolio. LSV seeks to make allocations of investment opportunities in a manner that it considers fair, reasonable and equitable without favoring or disfavoring, consistently or consciously, any particular client. LSV has procedures designed to ensure that all clients are treated fairly and to prevent these potential conflicts from influencing the allocation of investment opportunities among clients. On a quarterly basis, the Forensic Testing Committee, consisting of the Chief Compliance Officer, Compliance Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Compliance Analyst, reviews, among other things, allocations of investment opportunities among clients and allocation of partially-filled block trades to confirm consistency with LSV’s policies and procedures.
Marsico Capital Management, LLC
Marsico Capital Management, LLC (“Marsico”), 1200 17th Street, Suite 1600, Denver, Colorado 80202, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Marsico is a Delaware limited liability company established in 1997. Marsico Group, LLC (“Marsico Group”), a company controlled by employees of Marsico and their family interests, holds 100% of the voting rights and approximately 38% of all common equity interests in another company, Marsico Holdings, LLC (“Marsico Holdings”), which in turn indirectly owns 100% of all common equity interests in Marsico. Marsico Group retains complete voting control over matters pertaining to the ongoing management and day-to-day operations of Marsico through its control of the managing member of Marsico Holdings. As of December 31, 2018, Marsico had approximately $2.74 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. Marsico receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Marsico and the Adviser.
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The compensation package for portfolio managers of Marsico includes a base salary that is reevaluated periodically. Base salary is typically based on two primary factors: (1) Marsico’s overall profitability for the period, and (2) individual achievements and contributions benefitting Marsico’s clients and the firm. Compensation may be adjusted upward (or downward) based on similar factors, and also may include an occasional cash bonus. No other special employee incentive arrangements are currently in place or planned.
Portfolio manager compensation generally takes into account, among other factors, the overall performance of accounts for which the portfolio manager provides investment advisory services. Portfolio managers do not receive special consideration based solely on the performance of particular accounts, such as any account for which Marsico earns a share of a performance-based fee.
In addition to cash compensation, Marsico’s portfolio managers may participate in other Marsico benefits such as health insurance and retirement plans on the same basis as other Marsico employees. Marsico’s portfolio managers also may acquire equity interests in the firm’s parent company.
As a general matter, Marsico does not tie portfolio manager compensation to specific levels of performance relative to fixed benchmarks (e.g., S&P 500 Index). Although performance is a relevant consideration, comparisons with fixed benchmarks may not always be useful. Relevant benchmarks vary depending on specific investment styles and client guidelines or restrictions, and comparisons to benchmark performance may at times reveal more about market sentiment than about a portfolio manager’s performance or abilities. To encourage a long-term horizon for managing client assets and concurrently minimizing potential conflicts of interest and portfolios risks, Marsico may evaluate a portfolio manager’s performance over periods longer than the immediate compensation period, and may consider a variety of measures in determining compensation, such as the performance of unaffiliated mutual funds or other portfolios having similar strategies as well as other measurements. Other factors that may be significant in determining portfolio manager compensation include, without limitation, the effectiveness of the manager’s leadership within Marsico’s investment management team, contributions to Marsico’s overall performance, discrete securities analysis, idea generation, ability and willingness to support and train other analysts, and other considerations.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager's “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Brandon A. Geisler | None |
Thomas F. Marsico | None |
Robert G. Susman, CFA | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
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Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Brandon A. Geisler | 2 | $ | 497.56 | 2 | $ | 23.61 | 2 | $ | 168.92 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 1 | * | $ | 11.26 | 0 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||
Thomas F. Marsico | 6 | $ | 1,885.58 | 3 | $ | 172.50 | 23 | $ | 585.75 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 1 | * | $ | 11.26 | 0 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||
Robert G. Susman, CFA | 2 | $ | 305.16 | 2 | $ | 23.61 | 2 | $ | 168.92 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 1 | * | $ | 11.26 | 0 | $ | 0 |
* | This account, which is a subset of the accounts in the preceding row, is subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
Conflicts of Interest. A portfolio manager may manage accounts for other clients. These accounts may include registered investment companies, other types of pooled accounts (e.g., collective investment funds) and separate accounts (i.e., accounts managed on behalf of individuals or public or private institutions). Portfolio managers of Marsico make investment decisions for each account based on the investment objectives and policies and other relevant investment considerations applicable to that account. The management of multiple accounts may result in a portfolio manager devoting unequal time and attention to the management of each account. Although Marsico does not track the time a portfolio manager spends on a single portfolio, it does assess whether a portfolio manager has adequate time and resources to effectively manage all of the accounts for which he is responsible. Marsico seeks to manage competing demands for the time and attention of portfolio managers by having portfolio managers focus on a particular investment discipline or complementary investment disciplines. Accounts within a particular investment discipline may often be managed by using generally similar investment strategies, subject to factors including particular account restrictions and objectives, account opening dates, cash flows, and other considerations. Even where multiple accounts are managed by the same portfolio manager within the same investment discipline, however, the portfolio manager may take action with respect to one account that may differ from the timing or nature of action taken with respect to another account because of different investment platforms, account types, opening or funding dates, cash flows, client-specific objectives or restrictions, or for other reasons. Accordingly, the performance of each account managed by a portfolio manager will vary.
Side-by-side management of an account that may pay a performance fee with other accounts could in some circumstances create potential conflicts of interest. For example, an adviser that receives a performance fee for one account might potentially have an incentive to devote more attention to investment decisions for that account, allocate investment opportunities more favorably to that account, and/or take greater investment risks in that account.
In practice, however, Marsico seeks to avoid favoring any single account over others. Marsico’s compliance department periodically reviews and compares performance of client accounts managed under similar strategies to seek to ensure that any material dispersion is attributable to reasonable causes.
Potential conflicts of interest may also arise when allocating and/or aggregating trades. Marsico often aggregates into a single trade order several contemporaneous client trade orders in a single security. Under Marsico’s trade management policy and procedures, when trades are aggregated on behalf of more than one account, such transactions will be allocated to participating client accounts in a fair and equitable manner. With respect to initial public offerings and other syndicated or limited offerings, it is Marsico’s policy generally to seek to ensure that over the long term, accounts with the same or similar investment objectives or strategies will receive an equitable opportunity to participate occasionally in such offerings and will not be unfairly disadvantaged. Consistent with this approach, Marsico has adopted policies and procedures for allocating transactions fairly across multiple accounts over the long term. Marsico’s policies also seek to ensure that portfolio managers do not systematically allocate other types of trades in a manner that would be unfairly preferential over the long term to certain accounts. Marsico’s compliance department monitors transactions made on behalf of multiple clients to seek to ensure adherence to its policies.
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Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC
Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC (“MetWest”), 865 S. Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Core Plus Bond Fund. MetWest, a California limited liability company founded in 1996, is a wholly owned subsidiary of The TCW Group, Inc. (“TCW”). TCW, including MetWest and TCW’s other subsidiaries, had approximately $190.7 billion in assets under management or committed to management, including $158.6 billion of U.S. fixed income investments, as of December 31, 2018.
Compensation . The Adviser pays MetWest a fee based on the assets under management of the Core Plus Bond Fund as set forth in an investment sub-advisory agreement between MetWest and the Adviser.
MetWest compensates the portfolio managers for their management of the Fund. Since MetWest is a subsidiary of TCW, MetWest’s investment professionals are compensated under the TCW compensation structure as detailed below.
The overall objective of TCW’s compensation program for portfolio managers is to attract experienced and expert investment professionals and to retain them over the long-term. Compensation is comprised of several components which, in the aggregate, are designed to achieve these objectives and to reward the portfolio managers for their contributions to the successful performance of the accounts they manage. Portfolio managers are compensated through a combination of base salary, fee sharing based compensation (“fee sharing”), bonus and equity incentive participation in TCW’s parent company (“equity incentives”). Fee sharing and equity incentives generally represent most of the portfolio managers’ compensation. In some cases, portfolio managers are eligible for discretionary bonuses.
Salary. Salary is agreed to with portfolio managers at the time of employment and is reviewed from time to time. It does not change significantly and often does not constitute a significant part of a portfolio manager’s compensation.
Fee sharing. Fee sharing for investment professionals is based on revenues generated by accounts in the investment strategy area for which the investment professionals are responsible. In most cases, revenues are allocated to a pool and fee sharing compensation is allocated among members of the investment team after the deduction of certain expenses (including compensation over a threshold level) related to the strategy group. The allocations are based on the investment professionals’ contribution to TCW and its clients, including qualitative and quantitative contributions.
In general, the same fee sharing percentage is used to compensate a portfolio manager for investment services related to the Fund is generally the same as that used to compensate portfolio managers for other client accounts in the same strategy managed by TCW or an affiliate of TCW (collectively, the “TCW Group”). In some cases, the fee sharing pool includes revenues related to more than one product, in which case each participant in the pool is entitled to fee sharing derived from his or her contributions to all the included products.
Investment professionals are not directly compensated for generating performance fees. In some cases, the fee sharing pool is subject to fluctuation based on the relative pre-tax performance of the investment strategy composite returns, net of fees and expenses, to that of the benchmark. The measurement of performance relative to the benchmark can be based on single year or multiple year metrics, or a combination thereof. For the Fund’s portfolio managers, the benchmark used is the one associated with the Fund as disclosed in the Prospectus. Benchmarks vary from strategy to strategy but, within a given strategy, the same benchmark applies to all accounts, including the Fund.
Discretionary Bonus/Guaranteed Minimums. Discretionary bonuses may be paid out of an investment team’s fee sharing pool, as determined by the supervisor(s) in the department. In other cases where portfolio managers do not receive fee sharing or where it is determined that the combination of salary and fee sharing does not adequately compensate a portfolio manager, discretionary bonuses may be paid by the applicable TCW entity. Also, pursuant to contractual arrangements, some portfolio managers received minimum bonuses.
Equity Incentives. Management believes that equity ownership aligns the interests of portfolio managers with the interests of the firm and its clients. Accordingly, TCW Group’s key investment professionals participate in equity incentives through ownership or participation in restricted unit plans that vest over time or unit appreciation plans of TCW’s parent company. The plans include the Fixed Income Retention Plan, Restricted Unit Plan and 2013 Equity Unit Incentive Plan.
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Under the Fixed Income Retention Plan, certain portfolio managers in the fixed income area were awarded cash and/or partnership units in TCW’s parent company, either on a contractually-determined basis or on a discretionary basis. Awards under this plan were made in 2010 that vest over time.
Under the Restricted Unit Plan, certain portfolio managers in the fixed income and equity areas may be awarded partnership units in TCW’s parent company. Awards under this plan have vested over time, subject to satisfaction of performance criteria.
Under the 2013 Equity Unit Incentive Plan, certain portfolio managers in the fixed income and equity areas may be awarded options to acquire partnership units in TCW’s parent company with a strike price equal to the fair market value of the option at the date of grant. The options granted under this plan are subject to vesting and other conditions.
Other Plans and Compensation Vehicles. Portfolio managers may also elect to participate in the applicable TCW Group’s 401(k) plan, to which they may contribute a portion of their pre- and post-tax compensation to the plan for investment on a tax-deferred basis.
Ownership of Fund Shares . The Core Plus Bond Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Tad Rivelle | None |
Laird Landmann | None |
Steven Kane, CFA | None |
Bryan Whalen, CFA | None |
¹ | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts . As of October 31, 2018, in addition to the Core Plus Bond Fund, MetWest’s portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table:
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Tad Rivelle | 29 | $ | 103.84 | 44 | $ | 11.87 | 225 | $ | 39.03 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 23 | * | $ | 1.37 | 7 | * | $ | 3.86 | ||||||||||||||
Laird Landmann | 26 | $ | 97.83 | 20 | $ | 8.67 | 205 | $ | 32.59 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 3 | * | $ | 0.39 | 6 | * | $ | 3.69 | ||||||||||||||
Steven Kane, CFA | 32 | $ | 97.95 | 31 | $ | 11.88 | 210 | $ | 32.91 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 7 | * | $ | 1.57 | 6 | * | $ | 3.69 | ||||||||||||||
Bryan Whalen, CFA | 26 | $ | 103.81 | 44 | $ | 11.87 | 224 | $ | 38.95 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 23 | * | $ | 1.37 | 7 | * | $ | 3.86 |
* | These accounts, which are a subset of the accounts in the preceding row, are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
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Conflicts of Interest . TCW has policies and controls to avoid and/or mitigate conflicts of interest across its businesses. The policies and procedures in TCW’s Code of Ethics (the “TCW Code”) serve to address or mitigate both conflicts of interest and the appearance of any conflict of interest. The TCW Code contains several restrictions and procedures designed to eliminate conflicts of interest relating to personal investment transactions, including (i) reporting account openings, changes, or closings (including accounts in which an access person has a “beneficial interest”), (ii) pre-clearance of non-exempt personal investment transactions (make a personal trade request for securities) and (iii) the completion of timely required reporting (Initial Holdings Report, Quarterly Transactions Report, Annual Holdings Report and Annual Certificate of Compliance).
In addition, the TCW Code addresses potential conflicts of interest through its policies on insider trading, anti-corruption, an employee’s outside business activities, political activities and contributions, confidentiality and whistleblower provisions.
Conflicts of interest may also arise in the management of accounts and investment vehicles. These conflicts may raise questions that would allow TCW to allocate investment opportunities in a way that favors certain accounts or investment vehicles over other accounts or investment vehicles, or incentivize a TCW portfolio manager to receive greater compensation with regard to the management of certain account or investment vehicles. TCW may give advice or take action with certain accounts or investment vehicles that could differ from the advice given or action taken on other accounts or investment vehicles.
When an investment opportunity is suitable for more than one account or investment vehicle, such investments will be allocated in a manner that is fair and equitable under the circumstances to all TCW clients. As such, TCW has adopted compliance policies and procedures in its Portfolio Management Policy that helps to identify a conflict of interest and then specifies how a conflict of interest is managed. TCW’s Trading and Brokerage Policy also discusses the process of timing and method of allocations, and addresses how the firm handles affiliate transactions.
The respective Equity and Fixed Income Trading and Allocation Committees review trading activities on behalf of client accounts, including the allocation of investment opportunities and address any issues with regard to side-by-side management in order to ensure that all of TCW’s clients are treated on a fair and equitable basis. Further, the Portfolio Analytics Committee reviews TCW’s investment strategies, evaluates various analytics to facilitate risk assessment, changes to performance composites and benchmarks and monitors the implementation and maintenance of the Global Investment Performance Standards or GIPS® compliance.
TCW’s approach to handling conflicts of interest is multi-layered starting with its policies and procedures, reporting and pre-clearance processes and oversight by various committees.
Numeric Investors LLC
Numeric Investors LLC (“Numeric”), 200 Pier 4 Boulevard, 5th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Numeric is a Delaware limited liability company founded in 1989. Numeric is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Numeric Midco LLC, which is wholly-owned by Numeric Holdings LLC, both Delaware limited liability companies. Numeric Holdings LLC is a majority-owned indirect subsidiary of Man Group plc. As of September 30, 2018, Numeric had approximately $33.5 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. Numeric receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Numeric and the Adviser.
Numeric’s Compensation Committee (the “Compensation Committee”) reviews and decides on compensation issues for its investment professionals. Specifically for portfolio managers, the Compensation Committee evaluates quantitative and qualitative factors in determining compensation. For all investment professionals, Numeric believes that a blend between objective and subjective factors provides the best overall view of an investment professional’s contribution.
Compensation is based on the investment manager’s contribution to success at the individual, team and firm wide levels. The Compensation Committee reviews several long-term and short-term performance metrics (alpha versus benchmark, performance versus naive model portfolios and relative performance versus peers), focusing more heavily on longer term metrics (three and five years). Individual investment professionals are not compensated on the growth of assets in his/her specific strategy. The Compensation Committee also evaluates an individual’s contribution to the research process both in terms of creativity and productivity.
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Qualitative inputs are also important and include a portfolio manager’s contribution to the broader investment team, research ideas and ability to work well with others in the organization. These qualitative inputs are used for research analysts as well, along with their contribution to the success of their team and the firm.
Strategy performance is formally evaluated on a (rotating) monthly basis at the Investment Committee and more frequently as needed. Research projects are evaluated on an ad hoc basis as milestones and deadlines approach. Additionally, each year each employee receives a comprehensive review from his/her superior. This review evaluates the individual’s achievements over the previous year, highlighting areas of successes and areas for improvements.
Numeric’s compensation package has three major components: base salary, bonus and deferred compensation. The combination of these three is designed to be industry competitive and to provide a significant incentive to attract and retain top investment talent. Phantom stock and profit sharing (401K) are also a part of the compensation package. Numeric utilizes several industry surveys and other market knowledge to determine industry norms for each position. Numeric seeks to pay above median and often top quartile, total cash compensation.
Numeric’s compensation principles are designed to ensure that the performance of the firm is sustainable. Compensation is structured to support Numeric’s clients, talent development, and risk management. It is also designed to recognize the team-related nature of the firm’s investment process. Every role is assessed annually. Deferring of performance bonuses is a critical element in managing risk as it exposes the employee’s compensation to the same risks as those faced by our investors. To that end, a portion of variable pay for key personnel is mandatorily deferred into Man’s Deferred Share and/or Fund Product Plans. Deferrals in plans currently vest over a three year period. These schemes are designed to ensure that the interests of participants are aligned with those of Numeric’s clients and the company.
Numeric believes that the methodology used in this review process achieves the purpose of aligning the interests of its investment professionals with its clients to incentivize long-term investment performance.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year end. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Tyler Hayes, Ph.D. | None |
Robert Furdak, CFA | None |
Jeremy Wee, CFA | None |
¹ Valuation date is October 31, 2018.
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
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Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Tyler Hayes, Ph.D. | 0 | $ | 0 | 5 | $ | 994.27 | 48 | $ | 11,020.52 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 2 | * | $ | 550.69 | 9 | * | $ | 5,268.57 | ||||||||||||||
Robert Furdak, CFA | 0 | $ | 0 | 5 | $ | 994.27 | 48 | $ | 11,020.52 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 2 | * | $ | 550.69 | 9 | * | $ | 5,268.57 | ||||||||||||||
Jeremy Wee, CFA | 0 | $ | 0 | 5 | $ | 994.27 | 48 | $ | 11,020.52 | |||||||||||||||
0 | $ | 0 | 2 | * | $ | 550.69 | 9 | * | $ | 5,268.57 |
* | These accounts, which are a subset of the accounts in the preceding row, are subject to performance-based advisory fees. |
Conflicts of Interest. Numeric’s portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Global Public Equity Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts might have similar investment objectives as the Global Public Equity Fund or hold, purchase or sell securities that are eligible to be held, purchased or sold by the Global Public Equity Fund. While the portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to the following potential conflicts of interest, Numeric does not believe that the conflicts, if any, are material or, to the extent any such conflicts are material, Numeric believes that it has designed policies and procedures to manage those conflicts in an appropriate way.
A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of Numeric’s portfolio managers’ day-to-day management of the Global Public Equity Fund. Because of their positions with the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers know the size, timing and possible market impact of Global Public Equity Fund trades. It is theoretically possible that the portfolio managers could use this information to the advantage of other accounts they manage and to the possible detriment of the Global Public Equity Fund . However, Numeric has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to allocate investment opportunities on a fair and equitable basis over time.
A potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of Numeric’s portfolio managers’ management of the Global Public Equity Fund and other accounts, which, in theory, may allow them to allocate investment opportunities in a way that favors other accounts over the Global Public Equity Fund. This conflict of interest may be exacerbated to the extent that the portfolio managers receive, or expect to receive, greater compensation from their management of the other accounts than from the Global Public Equity Fund. Notwithstanding this theoretical conflict of interest, it is Numeric’s policy to manage each account based on its investment objectives and related restrictions and, as discussed above, Numeric has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to allocate investment opportunities on a fair and equitable basis over time and in a manner consistent with each account’s investment objectives and related restrictions. For example, while the portfolio managers may buy for other accounts securities that differ in identity or quantity from securities bought for the Global Public Equity Fund, such securities might not be suitable for the Global Public Equity Fund given their investment objectives and related restrictions.
Parametric Portfolio Associates® LLC
Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC (“Parametric”), 1918 Eighth Avenue, Suite 3100, Seattle, Washington 98101, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Parametric is a Seattle, Washington based investment manager that has been providing investment advisory services since its formation in 1987. Parametric serves its clients through Investment Centers located in Seattle, WA, Minneapolis, MN and Westport, CT. In addition, in order to meet the needs of its clients, Parametric has offices in Boston, MA and Sydney, Australia. Parametric is a majority-owned indirect subsidiary of Eaton Vance Corp. (“EVC”), a publicly held company that is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol EV. As of December 31, 2018, Parametric’s assets under management totaled approximately $216.69 billion.
Compensation. Parametric receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Parametric and the Adviser.
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Employee Compensation. Parametric believes that its compensation packages, which are described below, are adequate to attract and retain high-caliber professional employees. Compensation for investment professionals is not based directly on investment performance or assets managed, but rather on the overall performance of responsibilities. In this way, the interests of portfolio managers are aligned with the interests of investors without providing incentive to take undue or insufficient investment risk. It also removes a potential motivation for fraud.
Compensation of Parametric’s portfolio managers and other investment professionals has three primary components: (i) a base salary; (ii) an annual cash bonus; and (iii) annual equity-based compensation. Parametric’s investment professionals also receive certain retirement, insurance and other benefits that are broadly available to Parametric employees. Compensation of Parametric’s investment professionals is reviewed primarily on an annual basis. Stock-based compensation awards and adjustments in base salary and bonus are typically paid and/or put into effect at or shortly after Parametric’s October 31 fiscal year end.
Method to Determine Employee Compensation. Parametric seeks to compensate portfolio managers commensurate with their responsibilities and performance and remain competitive with other firms within the investment management industry. Salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation are also influenced by the operating performance of Parametric and its parent company, EVC. While the salaries of investment professionals are comparatively fixed, cash bonuses and stock-based compensation may fluctuate from year-to-year, based on changes in financial performance and other factors. Parametric also offers opportunities to move within the organization, as well as incentives to grow within the organization by promotion.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Thomas Seto | None |
Paul Bouchey, CFA | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Thomas Seto | 41 | $ | 26,263 | 12 | $ | 3,239 | 34,340 | $ | 97,980 | |||||||||||||||
Paul Bouchey, CFA | 15 | $ | 12,813 | 12 | $ | 3,239 | 34,340 | $ | 97,980 |
Conflicts of Interest. Parametric’s portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Global Public Equity Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts include other investment company accounts and separately managed accounts. The other accounts might have similar investment objectives as the Global Public Equity Fund or hold, purchase or sell securities that are eligible to be held, purchased or sold by the Global Public Equity Fund. While the portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest, Parametric does not believe that the conflicts, if any, are material or, to the extent any such conflicts are material, Parametric believes that it has designed policies and procedures to manage those conflicts in an appropriate way.
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Phocas Financial Corporation
Phocas Financial Corporation (“Phocas”), 980 Atlantic Avenue, Suite 106, Alameda, California 94501, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Phocas, a California corporation established in 2005, is employee-owned. As of December 31, 2018, Phocas had approximately $1 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. Phocas receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Phocas and the Adviser.
The Portfolio Managers are compensated with a salary and bonus package. Phocas’ bonus pool is determined by Phocas’ profits after bonuses paid to employees who are not principals of the Firm. This is derived linearly from the performance of the Fund and the asset size of the Fund. The Portfolio Managers do not participate in a company-sponsored retirement plan, but receive the standard benefits commensurate with the other employees of the firm. Portfolio Managers receive deferred compensation.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
William Schaff | None |
Steve Block | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
William Schaff | 3 | $ | 78.4 | 1 | $ | 49.6 | 41 | $ | 856.3 | |||||||||||||||
Steve Block | 2 | $ | 65.5 | 1 | $ | 49.6 | 162 | $ | 950.6 |
Conflicts of Interest. Phocas’ portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Global Public Equity Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts include other investment company accounts and separately managed accounts. The other accounts might have similar investment objectives as the Global Public Equity Fund or hold, purchase or sell securities that are eligible to be held, purchased or sold by the Global Public Equity Fund. While the portfolio managers’ management of other accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest, Phocas does not believe that the conflicts, if any, are material or, to the extent any such conflicts are material, Phocas believes that it has designed policies and procedures to manage those conflicts in an appropriate way.
Prime Advisors, Inc.
Prime Advisors, Inc. (“Prime”), 22635 NE Marketplace Drive, Redmond, Washington 98053, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Core Plus Bond Fund. Prime, a Washington corporation founded in 1988, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun Life Financial. As of December 31, 2018, Prime had approximately $17.6 billion in assets under management.
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Compensation. Prime receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Core Plus Bond Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Prime and the Adviser.
Prime compensates the portfolio managers for their management of the Fund. Prime’s portfolio managers are compensated with salary and annual bonus. Bonuses are determined by the firm’s Compensation Committee, and are a function of both firm profitability and the performance of each individual based on both subjective and objective factors.
Ownership of Fund Shares . The Core Plus Bond Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Marc W. Tollefson | None |
Victor Harned, CFA, CMT | None |
Mindy Berg | None |
Steven Sims | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Core Plus Bond Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Marc W. Tollefson | 0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 14 | $ | 4,718.25 | |||||||||||||||
Victor Harned, CFA, CMT | 0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 7 | $ | 684.83 | |||||||||||||||
Mindy Berg | 0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 6 | $ | 5,026.21 | |||||||||||||||
Steven Sims | 0 | $ | 0 | 0 | $ | 0 | 3 | $ | 131.58 |
Conflicts of Interest. A conflict of interest may arise as a result of a portfolio manager being responsible for multiple accounts, including the Fund, which may have different investment guidelines and objectives. In addition to the Fund, these accounts may include other mutual funds managed on an advisory or sub-advisory basis, separate accounts and collective trust accounts. An investment opportunity may be suitable for the Fund as well as for any of the other managed accounts. However, the investment may not be available in sufficient quantity for all of the accounts to participate fully. In addition, there may be limited opportunity to sell an investment held by the Fund and the other accounts. The other accounts may have similar investment objectives or strategies as the Fund, may track the same benchmarks or indices as the Fund tracks and may sell securities that are eligible to be held, sold or purchased by the Fund. A portfolio manager may be responsible for accounts that have different advisory fee schedules, which may create the incentive for the portfolio manager to favor one account over another in terms of access to investment opportunities. A portfolio manager may also manage accounts whose investment objectives and policies differ from those of the Fund, which may cause the portfolio manager to effect trading in one account that may have an adverse effect on the value of the holdings within another account, including the Fund. To address and manage these potential conflicts of interest, Prime has adopted compliance policies and procedures to allocate investment opportunities and to ensure that each of their clients is treated on a fair and equitable basis. Such policies and procedures include, but are not limited to, trade allocation and trade aggregation policies, portfolio manager assignment practices and oversight by the investment management and the compliance teams.
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Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated (“Baird”), 777 East Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. Established in 1919, Baird provides discretionary asset management and other investment advisory services to institutional and individual clients and serves as investment adviser or sub-adviser to equity and fixed income mutual funds. Baird is owned indirectly by its employees through Baird Financial Group, Inc. (“BFG”), the ultimate parent company of Baird. As of December 31, 2018, Baird had approximately $105.2 billion in assets under discretionary management.
Compensation. Baird receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between Baird and the Adviser.
Baird compensates portfolio managers with a base salary and an annual incentive bonus (including a minimum guaranteed bonus based on the base salary). A portfolio manager’s base salary is generally a fixed amount based on level of experience and responsibilities. A portfolio manager’s bonus is determined primarily by pre-tax investment performance of the accounts, including the Global Public Equity Fund, and the revenues and overall profitability of Baird and in certain cases, the revenues from and retention of accounts managed by a particular portfolio manager. The compensation of Brian Beitner, the portfolio manager for the Global Public Equity Fund, specifically consists of a base salary, a guaranteed bonus and additional bonus opportunities that are related to the revenues generated by Baird’s Chautauqua Capital Management division, including the fees paid to Baird for sub-advising the Global Public Equity Fund. Portfolio managers may own and may be offered an opportunity to purchase or sell common stock in BFG, Baird’s ultimate parent company. Portfolio managers may also own and may be offered an opportunity to purchase or sell shares in private equity offerings sponsored by Baird.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of the portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Brian Beitner, CFA | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio manager may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Brian Beitner, CFA | 3 | $ | 329.87 | 3 | $ | 62.03 | 1 | * | $ | 121.00 |
* | This account is subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
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Conflicts of Interest. Baird and its individual portfolio managers advise multiple accounts for numerous clients. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, these accounts may include separate accounts, mutual funds, private investment funds, collective trusts, and a portion of a state 529 education savings plan portfolio. Baird manages potential conflicts of interest between the Global Public Equity Fund and other types of accounts through trade allocation policies and oversight by Baird’s investment management departments and compliance department. Allocation policies are designed to address potential conflicts of interest in situations where two or more funds and/or other accounts participate in investment transactions involving the same securities.
Thornburg Investment Management, Inc.
Thornburg Investment Management, Inc. (“TIM”), 2300 North Ridgetop Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87506, serves as investment sub-adviser to a portion of the assets of the Global Public Equity Fund. TIM was incorporated in Delaware in 1982 and is an independent, privately-held, employee-owned organization. As of December 31, 2018, thirty-five of the firm’s professionals share in the ownership of the firm, twenty of whom are investment professionals. TIM has both voting and non-voting shares. Garrett Thornburg owns 100% of the voting shares and Thornburg family members, including family member revocable trusts, beneficially own 29.64%. Thornburg irrevocable family trusts beneficially own 44.10%. Other TIM employees, in aggregate beneficially own 26.26%. As of December 31, 2018, TIM had approximately $41.8 billion in assets under management.
Compensation. TIM receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Global Public Equity Fund as set forth in the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between TIM and the Adviser.
TIM compensates the portfolio managers for their management of the Global Public Equity Fund. The compensation for each portfolio manager includes an annual salary, annual bonus and company-wide profit sharing. The portfolio managers also own equity shares in TIM. Both the salary and bonus are reviewed approximately annually for comparability with salaries of other portfolio managers in the industry, using survey data obtained from compensation consultants. The annual bonus is subjective. Criteria that are considered in formulating the bonus include, but are not limited to, the following: revenues available to pay compensation of the portfolio manager and all other expenses related to supporting the accounts managed by the portfolio manager, including the Global Public Equity Fund; multiple year historical total return of accounts managed by the portfolio manager, including the Global Public Equity Fund, relative to market performance and similar investment companies; single year historical total return of accounts managed by the portfolio manager, including the Global Public Equity Fund, relative to market performance and similar investment companies; and the degree of sensitivity of the portfolio manager to potential tax liabilities created for account holders in generating returns, relative to overall return. There is no material difference in the method used to calculate the portfolio manager’s compensation with respect to the Global Public Equity Fund and other accounts managed by the portfolio manager, except that certain accounts managed by the portfolio manager may have no income or capital gains tax considerations. To the extent that the portfolio manager realizes benefits from capital appreciation and dividends paid to shareholders of TIM, such benefits accrue from the overall financial performance of TIM.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The Global Public Equity Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Brian J. McMahon | None |
W. Vinson Walden, CFA | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Global Public Equity Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to performance-based advisory fees. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
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Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
Number of
Accounts |
Total Assets (in Millions) |
||||||||||||||||||
Brian J. McMahon | 3 | $ | 16,031 | 5 | $ | 245 | 4 | $ | 579 | |||||||||||||||
W. Vinson Walden, CFA | 3 | $ | 1,850 | 5 | $ | 231 | 7 | $ | 639 |
Conflicts of Interest. Most investment advisors and their portfolio managers manage investments for multiple clients, including mutual funds, private accounts and retirement plans. In any case where a portfolio manager manages the investments of two or more accounts, there is a possibility that conflicts of interest could arise between the portfolio manager’s management of the Global Public Equity Fund’s investments and the portfolio manager’s management of other accounts. These conflicts could include: (i) allocating a favorable investment opportunity to one account but not another; (ii) directing one account to buy a security before purchases through other accounts increase the price of the security in the marketplace; (iii) giving substantially inconsistent investment directions at the same time to similar accounts, so as to benefit one account over another; and (iv) obtaining services from brokers conducting trades for one account, which are used to benefit another account. TIM has considered the likelihood that any material conflicts of interest could arise between a portfolio manager’s management of the Global Public Equity Fund’s investments and the portfolio manager’s management of other accounts. TIM has not identified any such conflicts that may arise and has concluded that it has implemented policies and procedures to identify and resolve any such conflict if it did arise.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of funds evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement, dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, subject to certain minimums.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following amounts for these services:
Administration Fees Paid | |||
Fund | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
Core Plus Bond Fund | $43,497 1 | $275,935 | $276,693 |
Global Public Equity Fund | $566,246 | $665,705 | $759,772 |
1 | Represents the period from August 30, 2016 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2016. |
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General. The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments, and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”), whereby the Distributor acts as principal underwriter for the Trust’s shares, including the shares of the Funds. The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Shareholder Servicing Plan. The Funds have adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which a shareholder servicing fee of up to 0.05% of average daily net assets of the Funds will be paid to financial intermediaries. Under the plan, financial intermediaries may perform, or may compensate other financial intermediaries for performing, certain shareholder and/or administrative services or similar non-distribution services, including: (i) maintaining shareholder accounts; (ii) arranging for bank wires; (iii) responding to shareholder inquiries relating to the services performed by the financial intermediaries; (iv) responding to inquiries from shareholders concerning their investment in the Funds; (v) assisting shareholders in changing dividend options, account designations and addresses; (vi) providing information periodically to shareholders showing their position in the Funds; (vii) forwarding shareholder communications from the Funds such as proxies, shareholder reports, annual reports, and dividend and capital gain distribution and tax notices to shareholders; (viii) processing purchase, exchange and redemption requests from shareholders and placing orders with the Funds or their service providers; (ix) providing sub-accounting services; (x) processing dividend and capital gain payments from the Funds on behalf of shareholders; (xi) preparing tax reports; and (xii) providing such other similar non-distribution services as the Funds may reasonably request to the extent that the financial intermediary is permitted to do so under applicable laws or regulations.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Funds and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Funds, the Distributor or shareholders of the Funds through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Funds in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Funds; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
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Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Funds by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 W. 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Funds’ transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 40 Water Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02109 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Funds. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Funds as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Deloitte & Touche LLP, 695 Town Center Drive Suite 1000, Costa Mesa, California 92626, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. The financial statements with respect to the Funds for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, including notes thereto and the report of Deloitte & Touche LLP thereon, as contained in the 2018 Annual Report to Shareholders, are herein incorporated by reference into and deemed to be part of this SAI.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
BNP Paribas, acting through its New York branch, serves as the securities lending agent (“Securities Lending Agent”) for the Global Public Equity Fund. The services provided to the Fund by the Securities Lending Agent include (i) entering into loans subject to guidelines or restrictions provided by the Fund; (ii) establishing and maintaining collateral accounts; (iii) monitoring daily the value of the loaned securities and collateral; (iv) seeking additional collateral as necessary from borrowers, and returning collateral to borrowers; (v) receiving and holding collateral from borrowers, and facilitating the investment and reinvestment of cash collateral; (vi) negotiating loan terms; (vii) selecting securities to be loaned subject to guidelines or restrictions provided by the Fund; (viii) recordkeeping and account servicing; (ix) monitoring dividend and proxy activity relating to loaned securities; and (x) arranging for return of loaned securities to the Fund at loan termination. Fees for all services provided to the Fund by the Securities Lending Agent are included in the revenue split.
The following table provides the income earned, and fees and/or compensation paid, by the Global Public Equity Fund in connection with securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
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Global Public Equity Fund | |
Gross income from securities lending activities (including income from cash collateral reinvestment) |
$267,567 |
Fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities and related services |
|
Fees paid to Securities Lending Agent from a revenue split |
$56,665 |
Fees paid for cash collateral management services (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) not included in the revenue split |
$0 |
Administrative fees not included in the revenue split | $0 |
Indemnification fees not included in the revenue split | $0 |
Rebates (paid to borrowers) | $0 |
Other fees not included in the revenue split | $0 |
Aggregate fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities | $56,665 |
Net income from securities lending activities | $210,902 |
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Funds described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of each Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
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The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
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Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. |
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President - Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Funds as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the Funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the Funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the Funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of each of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares
(All Funds in the Family of Investment
|
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Funds are the only funds in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Funds’ most recently completed fiscal year.
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Name |
Aggregate
Compensation from the Trust |
Pension or
Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated
Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation from the Trust
and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for the officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
Name and Year
of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of
Time Served |
Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie
(Born: 1965) |
President (since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors (Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
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Name and Year
of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of
Time Served |
Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Dianne M. Descoteaux (Born: 1977) |
Vice President and Secretary (since 2011) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2010. Associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, from 2006 to 2010. |
Russell Emery (Born: 1962) |
Chief Compliance Officer (since 2006) |
Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP from 2007 to 2013. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Matthew M. Maher (Born: 1975) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2018) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2018. Attorney, Blank Rome LLP, from 2015 to 2018. Assistant Counsel & Vice President, Bank of New York Mellon, from 2013 to 2014. Attorney, Dilworth Paxson LLP, from 2006 to 2013. |
Robert Morrow
(Born: 1968) |
Vice President (since 2017) |
Account Manager, SEI Investments, since 2007. |
Bridget E. Sudall (Born: 1980) |
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and Privacy Officer (since 2015) | Senior Associate and AML Officer, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2011 to 2015. Investor Services Team Lead, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2007 to 2011. |
PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Shares of the Funds are offered exclusively to certain advisory clients of the Adviser. Shares of the Funds are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Funds in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
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The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which the disposal or valuation of the Funds’ securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Funds for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Funds adhere to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities. Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Funds’ pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of each Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange-traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange-traded options on securities and indices written by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange-traded option, the Funds will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange-traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange-traded option, the Funds will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Funds calculate NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which each Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value a Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
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Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Funds are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Funds are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Funds calculate NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
Fair Valuation of Foreign Securities Based on U.S. Market Movements. A third party fair valuation vendor provides a fair value for foreign securities held by the Global Public Equity Fund based on certain factors and methodologies (involving, generally, tracking valuation correlations between the U.S. market and each foreign security) applied by the fair valuation vendor in the event that there are movements in the U.S. market that exceed a specific threshold that has been established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Fair Value Pricing Committee has also established a “confidence interval” that is used to determine the level of correlation between the value of a foreign security and movements in the U.S. market that is required for a particular security to be fair valued when the threshold is exceeded. In the event that the threshold established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee is exceeded on a specific day, the Fund values the foreign securities in its portfolio that exceed the applicable “confidence interval” based upon the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor. In such event, it is not necessary to hold a Fair Value Pricing Committee meeting. In the event that the Adviser believes that the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor are not reliable, the Adviser can contact the Administrator and request that a meeting of the Fair Value Pricing Committee be held.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Funds and their shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Funds or their shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Funds’ Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
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The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to regulated investment companies (“RICs”), such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. Each Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, each Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. A Fund that qualifies as a RIC will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that the Fund timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, each Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any, to its shareholders (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of each Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of each Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of each Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount that does not exceed 5% of the value of each Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership; and (B) not more than 25% of the value of each Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which a Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that a Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and may distribute their capital gains for any taxable year, the Funds will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. Each Fund is treated as a separate corporation for federal income tax purposes. A Fund therefore is considered to be a separate entity in determining its treatment under the rules for RICs described herein. Losses in one Fund do not offset gains in another and the requirements (other than certain organizational requirements) for qualifying RIC status are determined at the Fund level rather than at the Trust level.
If a Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, such Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If a Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, such Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, a Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
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A Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Funds is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If a Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if a Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires a Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), a Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which a Fund paid no federal income tax). The Funds intend to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Funds may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Funds to satisfy the requirement for qualification as RICs.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Funds receive income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of a Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by a Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares. It is currently not anticipated that any distributions by the Core Plus Bond Fund will be eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income.
Distributions by the Funds are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Funds receive qualified dividend income on the securities they hold and the Funds report the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from each Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend, (ii) each Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder), (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in a Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Funds receive from an ETF or an underlying fund taxable as a RIC or a REIT will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such ETF, underlying fund or REIT.
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Distributions by the Funds of their net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of a Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in such Fund. The Funds will report annually to their shareholders the federal tax status of all distributions made by the Funds.
In the case of corporate shareholders, Fund distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by such Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation. Certain of the Funds’ investment strategies may limit their ability to distribute dividends eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders.
To the extent that a Fund makes a distribution of income received by such Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If a Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in a Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Funds (or their administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Funds may report and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Funds.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or redemption of shares of a Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a long-term capital gain distribution are subsequently sold or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the long-term capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period.
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U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the IRS and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for purchase of Fund shares. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Funds are also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares the Funds will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Funds will use the average basis method as their default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Funds may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the ability of a Fund to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Funds are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Funds and/or defer the Funds’ ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Funds to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of their foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Funds. To the extent a Fund invests in an underlying fund that is taxable as a RIC, the following discussion regarding the tax treatment of complex securities will also apply to the underlying funds that also invest in such complex securities and investments.
Certain derivative investment by the Funds, such as exchange-traded products and over-the-counter derivatives may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the "Qualifying Income Test" described above, which must be met in order for a Fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code. In addition, the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of such derivative investments are often unclear for purposes of the “Asset Test” described above. The Funds intend to carefully monitor such investments to ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to ensure that they are adequately diversified under the Asset Test. The Funds, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying income from these investments and there are no assurances that the IRS will agree with the Funds’ determination of the “Asset Test” with respect to such derivatives.
Each Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from futures and options contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. A Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, options contracts and swaps to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require the Funds to mark-to-market certain types of positions in their portfolios (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause a Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Accordingly, in order to avoid certain income and excise taxes, a Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so.
With respect to investments in STRIPS, TRs, and other zero coupon securities which are sold at original issue discount and thus do not make periodic cash interest payments, a Fund will be required to include as part of its current income the imputed interest on such obligations even though the Fund has not received any interest payments on such obligations during that period. Because each Fund intends to distribute all of its net investment income to its shareholders, a Fund may have to sell Fund securities to distribute such imputed income which may occur at a time when the Adviser would not have chosen to sell such securities and which may result in taxable gain or loss.
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A Fund may invest in inflation-linked debt securities. Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-linked debt security will be original interest discount, which is taxable as ordinary income and is required to be distributed, even though the Fund will not receive the principal, including any increase thereto, until maturity. As noted above, if a Fund invests in such securities it may be required to liquidate other investments, including at times when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements and to eliminate any possible taxation at the Fund level.
Any market discount recognized on a bond is taxable as ordinary income. A market discount bond is a bond acquired in the secondary market at a price below redemption value or adjusted issue price if issued with original issue discount. Absent an election by a Fund to include the market discount in income as it accrues, gain on the Fund’s disposition of such an obligation will be treated as ordinary income rather than capital gain to the extent of the accrued market discount.
A Fund may invest in REITs. Investments in REIT equity securities may require a Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, a Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. A Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in a Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if a Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to such Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to a Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by a Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Funds may rely, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. A Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which a Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, a Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, a Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
If a Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies”, or “PFICs”, the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF”, the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. Each Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
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Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues. A Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require a Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Funds intend to monitor their transactions, intend to make the appropriate tax elections, and intend to make the appropriate entries in their books and records when they acquire any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of a Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
The U.S. Treasury Department has authority to issue regulations that would exclude foreign currency gains from the Qualifying Income Test described above if such gains are not directly related to a Fund’s business of investing in stock or securities (or options and futures with respect to stock or securities). Accordingly, regulations may be issued in the future that could treat some or all of a Fund’s non-U.S. currency gains as non-qualifying income, thereby potentially jeopardizing the Fund’s status as a RIC for all years to which the regulations are applicable.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by a Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of a Fund’s total assets at the close of their taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, such Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If a Fund makes the election, such Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to their shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If a Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by such Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by a Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if a Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in a Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by a Fund.
Foreign tax credits, if any, received by a Fund as a result of an investment in another RIC (including an ETF which is taxable as a RIC) will not be passed through to you unless the Fund qualifies as a “qualified fund-of-funds” under the Code. If a Fund is a “qualified fund-of-funds” it will be eligible to file an election with the IRS that will enable the Fund to pass along these foreign tax credits to its shareholders. A Fund will be treated as a “qualified fund-of-funds” under the Code if at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets (at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year) is represented by interests in other RICs.
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Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block UBTI from being realized by their tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in a Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
The Funds’ shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from a Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
Backup Withholding. A Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a rate of 24% and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Funds may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Funds. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. A Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of a Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from a Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Funds are required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends they pay to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by a Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Funds or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in a Fund will need to provide such Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Funds should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as a Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that a Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by a Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in a Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Funds will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Funds execute transactions in the over-the-counter market, they will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
In addition, the Adviser or a Sub-Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Funds, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Funds may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser and Sub-Advisers that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
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During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
|
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
Fund | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
Core Plus Bond Fund | $0 1 | $1,359 | $1,737 |
Global Public Equity Fund | $648,284 | $726,924 | $942,537 |
1 | Represents the period from August 30, 2016 (commencement of Fund operations) to October 31, 2016. |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Funds’ Adviser or Sub-Advisers may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser or Sub-Advisers. The Adviser or Sub-Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser and Sub-Advisers, under certain circumstances, to cause the Funds to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser and Sub-Advisers may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser and Sub-Advisers believe that access to independent investment research is beneficial to their investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Funds.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser and Sub-Advisers might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser and Sub-Advisers may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used by the Adviser or Sub-Adviser in connection with the Funds or any other specific client account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser and Sub-Advisers will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Funds’ Adviser and Sub-Advisers under the Advisory Agreement and Sub-Advisory Agreements. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser or Sub-Advisers are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser or Sub-Advisers may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser or Sub-Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser or Sub-Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser and Sub-Advisers face a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser and Sub-Advisers believe that their allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that they appropriately allocate the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
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From time to time, the Adviser or Sub-Advisers may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Funds, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser or a Sub-Adviser with research services. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds did not pay any commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser.
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Funds may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Funds, the Adviser or a Sub-Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Funds for exchange transactions not exceed “ usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds did not pay brokerage commissions to affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Funds are required to identify any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Funds held during their most recent fiscal period. During the most recent fiscal year, the Funds held the following securities of “regular brokers and dealers”:
Fund | Name of Issuer | Type of Security | Amount (000) |
Core Plus Bond Fund | Bank of America | Debt | $5,302 |
JP Morgan | Debt | $4,431 | |
Citigroup | Debt | $3,822 | |
Wells Fargo | Debt | $3,448 | |
Morgan Stanley | Debt | $3,097 | |
Goldman Sachs | Debt | $2,470 | |
Barclays | Debt | $713 | |
UBS | Debt | $535 | |
HSBC | Debt | $492 | |
Nomura | Debt | $397 | |
Macquarie | Debt | $224 | |
Global Public Equity Fund | Citigroup | Equity | $6,105 |
Bank of America | Equity | $3,069 | |
Credit Suisse | Equity | $2,843 | |
JP Morgan | Equity | $1,585 | |
Goldman Sachs | Equity | $969 | |
Wells Fargo | Equity | $967 | |
HSBC | Equity | $433 | |
Nomura | Equity | $364 | |
Royal Bank of Canada | Equity | $350 | |
Macquarie | Equity | $146 |
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Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which the Funds may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one-year. The Funds may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Funds’ portfolio turnover rates were as follows:
Portfolio Turnover Rates | ||
2017 | 2018 | |
Core Plus Bond Fund | 179% | 149% |
Global Public Equity Fund | 52% | 56% |
The Board has approved a policy and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Funds’ portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Funds’ Adviser, principal underwriter or any affiliated person of the Funds, the Adviser, or their principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (the “Authorized Person”) to authorize the release of the Funds’ portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Authorized Person reports at least quarterly to the Board regarding the implementation of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Funds are required to disclose their complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31). The Funds disclose a complete schedule of investments in Semi-Annual and Annual Reports to Fund shareholders following the second and fourth fiscal quarters and in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT following the first and third fiscal quarters. Semi-Annual and Annual Reports are distributed to Fund shareholders. Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders, but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Within 10 days of the end of each month end, each Fund will post its top ten portfolio holdings on the internet at http://www.aicfundholdings.com/cornerstone. The Funds provide information about their complete portfolio holdings, updated as of the most recent calendar month, on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/cornerstone. This information is provided with a lag of at least 30 days and is publicly available to shareholders. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Funds’ portfolio holdings from publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Funds.
The Funds’ policies and procedures provide that the Authorized Person, may authorize disclosure of portfolio holdings information to third parties at differing times and/or with different lag times then the information posted to the internet; provided that the recipient is, either by contractual agreement or otherwise by law, (i) required to maintain the confidentiality of the information and (ii) prohibited from using the information to facilitate or assist in any securities transactions or investment program. No compensation or other consideration is paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Funds, Adviser and its affiliates or recipient of the Funds’ portfolio holdings information. The Funds will review a third party’s request for portfolio holdings information to determine whether the third party has legitimate business objectives in requesting such information.
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In addition, the Funds’ service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator and Transfer Agent, may receive portfolio holdings information as frequently as daily in connection with their services to the Funds. In addition to any contractual provisions relating to confidentiality of information that may be included in the service providers contract with the Trust, these arrangements impose obligations on the Funds’ service providers that would prohibit them from disclosing or trading on the Funds’ non-public information. Financial printers and pricing information vendors may receive portfolio holdings information, as necessary, in connection with their services to the Funds.
The Adviser and/or a Sub-Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of a Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of a Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of a Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund, each of which represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees of the Trust may create additional series or class of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any additional funds and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Funds’ shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Funds to the Adviser. When voting shares of an underlying fund, the Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI. For assets that are managed directly by Sub-Advisers, the Adviser has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting to the Sub-Advisers. Each Sub-Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy policies and procedures, which are also included in Appendix B.
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The Trust is required to disclose annually the Funds’ complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-888-762-1442 and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Sub-Advisers, the Administrator and the Distributor have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by Access Persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to invest in securities, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. Certain Access Persons are prohibited from engaging in personal securities transactions in securities that are held by the Funds. In addition, certain Access Persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of the shares of the Funds. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of a Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling a Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
Name and Address | % of Fund |
Core Plus Bond Fund | |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY A/C FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94104-4151 |
99.26% |
Global Public Equity Fund | |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY A/C FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94104-4151 |
97.52% |
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APPENDIX A - DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
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APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global RatingS
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
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Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
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VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
• | The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation; |
• | The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and |
• | The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights. |
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
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BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
A- 5
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
• | Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and |
• | Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note. |
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
A- 6
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
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Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
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APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
APPENDIX B –PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES OF CORNERSTONE AND SUB-ADVISERS
Exhibit | Investment Adviser or Sub-Adviser | Fund |
A | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. | Global Public Equity Fund |
Core Plus Bond Fund | ||
B | Acadian Asset Management LLC | Global Public Equity Fund |
C | Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC | Global Public Equity Fund |
D | ClariVest Asset Management LLC | Global Public Equity Fund |
E | Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC | Global Public Equity Fund |
F | Driehaus Capital Management LLC | Global Public Equity Fund |
G | Fairpointe Capital LLC | Global Public Equity Fund |
H | Franklin Advisers, Inc. | Core Plus Bond Fund |
I | Harris Associates L.P. | Global Public Equity Fund |
J | Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. | Core Plus Bond Fund |
K | LSV Asset Management | Global Public Equity Fund |
L | Marsico Capital Management, LLC | Global Public Equity Fund |
M | Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC | Core Plus Bond Fund |
N | Numeric Investors LLC | Global Public Equity Fund |
O | Parametric Portfolio Associates LLC | Global Public Equity Fund |
P | Phocas Financial Corporation | Global Public Equity Fund |
Q | Prime Advisors, Inc. | Core Plus Bond Fund |
R | Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated | Global Public Equity Fund |
S | Thornburg Investment Management, Inc. | Global Public Equity Fund |
B- 1
Exhibit A
EXHIBIT A
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.
IA Policies and Procedures Manual
8/6/2012 to Current
Proxy Voting Policy
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc., as a matter of policy and as a fiduciary to our clients, has responsibility for voting proxies for portfolio securities consistent with the best economic interests of the clients. Our firm maintains written policies and procedures as to the handling, research, voting and reporting of proxy voting and makes appropriate disclosures about our firm’s proxy policies and practices. Our policy and practice includes the responsibility to monitor corporate actions, receive and vote client proxies and disclose any potential conflicts of interest as well as making information available to clients about the voting of proxies for their portfolio securities and maintaining relevant and required records.
Cornerstone utilizes an outside proxy voting service.
Background
Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders and reasonable care and diligence must be undertaken to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised.
Investment advisers registered with the SEC, and which exercise voting authority with respect to client securities, are required by Rule 206(4)-6 of the Advisers Act to (a) adopt and implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that client securities are voted in the best interests of clients, which must include how an adviser addresses material conflicts that may arise between an adviser’s interests and those of its clients; (b) to disclose to clients how they may obtain information from the adviser with respect to the voting of proxies for their securities; (c) to describe to clients a summary of its proxy voting policies and procedures and, upon request, furnish a copy to its clients; and (d) maintain certain records relating to the adviser’s proxy voting activities when the adviser does have proxy voting authority.
Responsibility
Cornerstone’s Chief Investment Officer, or designee(s), has the responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of our proxy voting policy, practices, disclosures and record keeping, including outlining our voting guidelines in our procedures.
Procedure
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. has adopted procedures to implement the firm’s policy and reviews to monitor and insure the firm’s policy is observed, implemented properly and amended or updated, as appropriate, which include the following:
B- 2
Voting Procedures
• | The Front Desk Coordinator will forward any proxy materials received on behalf of clients to the Chief Investment Officer, or designee |
• | Cornerstone’s CIO, or designee will determine which client accounts hold the security to which the proxy relates; |
• | Pursuant to its procedures, Cornerstone’s Proxy Policy Committee (consisting of its Chief Investment Officer, Chief Operations Officer, and Chief Compliance Officer) will resolve any apparent or potential conflicts of interest; |
• | Absent material conflicts, the Chief Investment Officer, or designee(s) will determine how Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. should vote the proxy in accordance with applicable voting guidelines, complete the proxy and vote the proxy in a timely and appropriate manner. |
Disclosure
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will provide conspicuously displayed information in its Disclosure Document summarizing this proxy voting policy and procedures, including a statement that clients may request information regarding how Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. voted a client’s proxies, and that clients may request a copy of these policies and procedures. |
Client Requests for Information
• | All client requests for information regarding proxy votes, or policies and procedures, received by any employee should be forwarded to the Chief Investment Officer. |
• | In response to any request, the Chief Investment Officer, or designee will prepare a written response to the client with the information requested, and as applicable will include the name of the issuer, the proposal voted upon, and how Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. voted the client’s proxy with respect to each proposal about which client inquired. |
Voting Guidelines
• | In the absence of specific voting guidelines from the client, Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will vote proxies in the best interests of each particular client. Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.’s policy is to vote all proxies from a specific issuer the same way for each client absent qualifying restrictions from a client. Clients are permitted to place reasonable restrictions on Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.’s voting authority in the same manner that they may place such restrictions on the actual selection of account securities. |
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will generally vote in favor of routine corporate housekeeping proposals such as the election of directors and selection of auditors absent conflicts of interest raised by an auditors non-audit services. |
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will generally vote against proposals that cause board members to become entrenched or cause unequal voting rights. |
• | In reviewing proposals, Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will further consider the opinion of management and the effect on management, and the effect on shareholder value and the issuer’s business practices. |
B- 3
Conflicts of Interest
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will identify any conflicts that exist between the interests of the adviser and the client by reviewing the relationship of Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. with the issuer of each security to determine if Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. or any of its employees has any financial, business or personal relationship with the issuer. |
• | If a material conflict of interest exists, the Proxy Policy Committee will determine whether it is appropriate to disclose the conflict to the affected clients, to give the clients an opportunity to vote the proxies themselves, or to address the voting issue through other objective means such as voting in a manner consistent with a predetermined voting policy or receiving an independent third party voting recommendation. |
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will maintain a record of the voting resolution of any conflict of interest. |
Recordkeeping
Cornerstone’s Chief Investment Officer, or designee, shall retain the following proxy records in accordance with the SEC’s five-year retention requirement.
• | These policies and procedures and any amendments; |
• | Each proxy statement that Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. receives; |
• | A record of each vote that Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. casts; |
• | Any document Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. created that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies, or that memorializes that decision including periodic reports to the Chief Investment Officer, if applicable. |
• | A copy of each written request from a client for information on how Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. voted such client’s proxies, and a copy of any written response. |
B- 4
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. - Policies Procedures Manual |
Exhibit A Proxy Voting |
Proxy Voting
Policy
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc., as a matter of policy and as a fiduciary to our clients, has responsibility for voting proxies for portfolio securities consistent with the best economic interests of the clients. Our firm maintains written policies and procedures as to the handling, research, voting and reporting of proxy voting and makes appropriate disclosures about our firm’s proxy policies and practices. Our policy and practice includes the responsibility to monitor corporate actions, receive and vote client proxies and disclose any potential conflicts of interest as well as making information available to clients about the voting of proxies for their portfolio securities and maintaining relevant and required records.
Cornerstone utilizes an outside proxy voting service.
Background
Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders and reasonable care and diligence must be undertaken to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised.
Investment advisers registered with the SEC, and which exercise voting authority with respect to client securities, are required by Rule 206(4)-6 of the Advisers Act to (a) adopt and implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that client securities are voted in the best interests of clients, which must include how an adviser addresses material conflicts that may arise between an adviser's interests and those of its clients; (b) to disclose to clients how they may obtain information from the adviser with respect to the voting of proxies for their securities; (c) to describe to clients a summary of its proxy voting policies and procedures and, upon request, furnish a copy to its clients; and (d) maintain certain records relating to the adviser's proxy voting activities when the adviser does have proxy voting authority.
Responsibility
Cornerstone's Chief Investment Officer, or designee(s), has the responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of our proxy voting policy, practices, disclosures and record keeping, including outlining our voting guidelines in our procedures.
Procedure
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. has adopted procedures to implement the firm’s policy and reviews to monitor and insure the firm’s policy is observed, implemented properly and amended or updated, as appropriate, which include the following:
Voting Procedures
• | The Front Desk Coordinator will forward any proxy materials received on behalf of clients to the Chief Investment Officer, or designee |
• | Cornerstone's CIO, or designee will determine which client accounts hold the security to which the proxy relates; |
• | Pursuant to its procedures, Cornerstone's Proxy Policy Committee (consisting of its Chief Investment Officer, Chief Operations Officer, and Chief Compliance Officer) will resolve any apparent or potential conflicts of interest; |
• | Absent material conflicts, the Chief Investment Officer, or designee(s) will determine how Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. should vote the proxy in accordance with applicable voting guidelines, complete the proxy and vote the proxy in a timely and appropriate manner. |
02/09/2018 09:16 AM | Page 1 of 2 |
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. - Policies Procedures Manual | Procedure |
Disclosure
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will provide conspicuously displayed information in its Disclosure Document summarizing this proxy voting policy and procedures, including a statement that clients may request information regarding how Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. voted a client’s proxies, and that clients may request a copy of these policies and procedures. |
Client Requests for Information
• | All client requests for information regarding proxy votes, or policies and procedures, received by any employee should be forwarded to the Chief Investment Officer. |
• | In response to any request, the Chief Investment Officer, or designee will prepare a written response to the client with the information requested, and as applicable will include the name of the issuer, the proposal voted upon, and how Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. voted the client’s proxy with respect to each proposal about which client inquired. |
Voting Guidelines
• | In the absence of specific voting guidelines from the client, Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will vote proxies in the best interests of each particular client. Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.'s policy is to vote all proxies from a specific issuer the same way for each client absent qualifying restrictions from a client. Clients are permitted to place reasonable restrictions on Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.'s voting authority in the same manner that they may place such restrictions on the actual selection of account securities. |
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will generally vote in favor of routine corporate housekeeping proposals such as the election of directors and selection of auditors absent conflicts of interest raised by an auditors nonaudit services. |
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will generally vote against proposals that cause board members to become entrenched or cause unequal voting rights. |
• | In reviewing proposals, Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will further consider the opinion of management and the effect on management, and the effect on shareholder value and the issuer’s business practices. |
Conflicts of Interest
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will identify any conflicts that exist between the interests of the adviser and the client by reviewing the relationship of Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. with the issuer of each security to determine if Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. or any of its employees has any financial, business or personal relationship with the issuer. |
• | If a material conflict of interest exists, the Proxy Policy Committee will determine whether it is appropriate to disclose the conflict to the affected clients, to give the clients an opportunity to vote the proxies themselves, or to address the voting issue through other objective means such as voting in a manner consistent with a predetermined voting policy or receiving an independent third party voting recommendation. |
• | Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. will maintain a record of the voting resolution of any conflict of interest. |
Recordkeeping
Cornerstone's Chief Investment Officer, or designee, shall retain the following proxy records in accordance with the SEC’s five-year retention requirement.
• | These policies and procedures and any amendments; |
• | Each proxy statement that Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. receives; |
• | A record of each vote that Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. casts; |
• | Any document Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. created that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies, or that memorializes that decision including periodic reports to the Chief Investment Officer, if applicable. |
• | A copy of each written request from a client for information on how Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. voted such client’s proxies, and a copy of any written response. |
02/09/2018 09:16 AM | Page 2 of 2 |
Exhibit B
ACADIAN ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC
Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
(as of September 2014)
Policy
Whether Acadian will have proxy voting responsibility on behalf of a separate account client is subject to negotiation as part of the overall investment management agreement executed with each client. Should a client desire that Acadian vote proxies on their behalf, Acadian will accept such authority and agree with the client whether votes should be cast in accordance with Acadian’s proxy voting policy or in accordance with a client specific proxy voting policy. Should the client wish to retain voting responsibility themselves, Acadian would have no further involvement in the voting process but would remain available to provide reasonable assistance to the client as needed.
Acadian has adopted a proxy voting policy reasonably designed to ensure that it votes proxies in the best interest of clients. Acadian utilizes the services of Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”), an unaffiliated proxy firm, to help manage the proxy voting process and to research and vote proxies on behalf of Acadian’s clients who have instructed Acadian to vote proxies on their behalf. Unless a client provides a client specific voting criteria to be followed when voting proxies on behalf of holdings in their portfolio, each vote is made according to predetermined guidelines agreed to between the proxy service firm and Acadian. Acadian believes that utilizing this proxy service firm helps Acadian vote in the best interest of clients and insulates Acadian’s voting decisions from any potential conflicts of interest.
When voting proxies on behalf of our clients, Acadian assumes a fiduciary responsibility to vote in our clients’ best interests. In addition, with respect to benefit plans under the Employee Retirement Income Securities Act (ERISA), Acadian acknowledges its responsibility as a fiduciary to vote proxies prudently and solely in the best interest of plan participants and beneficiaries. So that it may fulfill these fiduciary responsibilities to clients, Acadian has adopted and implemented these written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it votes proxies in the best interest of clients.
Procedures
Proxy Voting Guidelines
Acadian acknowledges it has a duty of care to its clients that requires it to monitor corporate events and vote client proxies when instructed by the client to do so. To assist in this effort, Acadian has retained ISS to research and vote its proxies. ISS provides proxy-voting analysis and votes proxies in accordance with predetermined guidelines. Relying on ISS to vote proxies is intended to help ensure that Acadian votes in the best interest of its clients and insulates Acadian’s voting decisions from any potential conflicts of interest. Acadian will also accept specific written proxy voting instructions from a client and communicate those instructions to ISS to implement when voting proxies involving that client’s portfolio.
In specific instances where ISS will not vote a proxy, will not provide a voting recommendation, or other instances where there is an unusual cost or requirement related to a proxy vote, Acadian’s Proxy Coordinator will conduct an analysis to determine whether the costs related to the vote outweigh the potential benefit to our client. If we determine, in our discretion, that it is in the best of interest of our client not to participate in the vote Acadian will not participate in the vote on behalf of our client. If we determine that a vote would be in the best interest of our client, the Proxy Coordinator will seek a voting recommendation from an authorized member of our investment team and ensure the vote is cast as they instruct.
Unless contrary instructions are received from a client, Acadian has instructed ISS to not vote proxies in so-called “share blocking” markets. Share-blocking markets are markets where proxy voters have their securities blocked from trading during the period of the annual meeting. The period of blocking typically lasts from a few days to two weeks. During the period, any portfolio holdings in these markets cannot be sold without a formal recall. The recall process can take time, and in some cases, cannot be accomplished at all. This makes a client’s portfolio vulnerable to a scenario where a stock is dropping in attractiveness but cannot be sold because it has been blocked. Shareholders who do not vote are not subject to the blocking procedure.
Acadian also reserves the right to override ISS vote recommendations under certain circumstances. Acadian will only do so if they believe that voting contrary to the ISS recommendation is in the best interest of clients. All overrides will be approved by an Officer of Acadian and will be documented with the reasons for voting against the ISS recommendation.
Conflicts of Interest
Occasions may arise during the voting process in which the best interest of clients conflicts with Acadian’s interests. In these situations ISS will continue to follow the same predetermined guidelines as formally agreed upon between Acadian and ISS before such conflict of interest existed. Conflicts of interest generally include (i) business relationships where Acadian has a substantial business relationship with, or is actively soliciting business from, a company soliciting proxies, or (ii) personal or family relationships whereby an employee of Acadian has a family member or other personal relationship that is affiliated with a company soliciting proxies, such as a spouse who serves as a director of a public company. A conflict could also exist if a substantial business relationship exists with a proponent or opponent of a particular initiative.
If Acadian learns that a conflict of interest exists, its Proxy Coordinator will prepare a report for review with a compliance officer, and senior management if needed, that identifies (i) the details of the conflict of interest, (ii) whether or not the conflict is material, and (iii) procedures to ensure that Acadian makes proxy voting decisions based on the best interests of clients. If Acadian determines that a material conflict exists, it will defer to ISS to vote the proxy in accordance with the predetermined voting policy.
Voting Policies
Acadian has adopted the proxy voting policies developed by ISS, summaries of which can be found at http://www.issgovernance.com/policy and which are deemed to be incorporated herein. The policies have been developed based on ISS’ independent, objective analysis of leading corporate governance practices and their support of long-term shareholder value. Acadian may change its proxy voting policy from time to time without providing notice of changes to clients.
Voting Process
Acadian has appointed the Head of Operations to act as Proxy Coordinator. The Proxy Coordinator acts as coordinator with ISS including ensuring proxies Acadian is responsible to vote are forwarded to ISS, overseeing that ISS is voting assigned client accounts and maintaining appropriate authorization and voting records.
After ISS is notified by the custodian of a proxy that requires voting and/or after ISS cross references their database with a routine download of Acadian holdings and determines a proxy requires voting, ISS will review the proxy and make a voting proposal based on the recommendations provided by their research group. Any electronic proxy votes will be communicated to the proxy solicitor by ISS Global Proxy Distribution Service and Broadridge’s Proxy Edge Distribution Service, while non-electronic ballots, or paper ballots, will be faxed, telephoned or sent via Internet. ISS assumes responsibility for the proxies to be transmitted for voting in a timely fashion and maintains a record of the vote, which is provided to Acadian on a monthly basis. Proxy voting records specific to a client’s account are available to each client upon request.
Proxy Voting Record
Acadian’s Proxy Coordinator will maintain a record containing the following information regarding the voting of proxies: (i) the name of the issuer, (ii) the exchange ticker symbol, (iii) the CUSIP number, (iv) the shareholder meeting date, (v) a brief description of the matter brought to vote; (vi) whether the proposal was submitted by management or a shareholder, (vii) how Acadian/ ISS voted the proxy (for, against, abstained) and (viii) whether the proxy was voted for or against management.
Obtaining a Voting Proxy Report
Clients may request a copy of these policies and procedures and/or a report on how their individual securities were voted by contacting Acadian at 617-850-3500 or by email at compliance-reporting@acadian-asset.com.
Exhibit C
|
2016 U.S. Summary Proxy Voting Guidelines |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVERAGE | 8 | ||
1. | ROUTINE/MISCELLANEOUS | 9 | |
Adjourn Meeting | 9 | ||
Amend Quorum Requirements | 9 | ||
Amend Minor Bylaws | 9 | ||
Change Company Name | 9 | ||
Change Date, Time, or Location of Annual Meeting | 9 | ||
Other Business | 9 | ||
AUDIT-RELATED | 9 | ||
Auditor Indemnification and Limitation of Liability | 9 | ||
Auditor Ratification | 10 | ||
Shareholder Proposals Limiting Non-Audit Services | 10 | ||
Shareholder Proposals on Audit Firm Rotation | 10 | ||
2. | BOARD OF DIRECTORS: | 11 | |
VOTING ON DIRECTOR NOMINEES IN UNCONTESTED ELECTIONS | 11 | ||
1. | Accountability | 11 | |
2. | Responsiveness | 15 | |
3. | Composition | 15 | |
4. | Independence | 16 | |
2016 ISS U.S. Categorization of Directors | 17 | ||
OTHER BOARD-RELATED PROPOSALS | 19 | ||
Age/Term Limits | 19 | ||
Board Size | 19 | ||
Classification/Declassification of the Board | 19 | ||
CEO Succession Planning | 19 | ||
Cumulative Voting | 19 | ||
Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection | 20 | ||
Establish/Amend Nominee Qualifications | 20 | ||
Establish Other Board Committee Proposals | 21 | ||
Filling Vacancies/Removal of Directors | 21 | ||
Independent Chair (Separate Chair/CEO) | 21 | ||
Majority of Independent Directors/Establishment of Independent Committees | 22 | ||
Majority Vote Standard for the Election of Directors | 22 | ||
Proxy Access | 22 | ||
Require More Nominees than Open Seats | 22 | ||
Shareholder Engagement Policy (Shareholder Advisory Committee) | 23 | ||
Proxy Contests/Proxy Access — Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections | 23 | ||
Vote-No Campaigns | 23 | ||
3. | SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS & DEFENSES | 24 | |
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations | 24 |
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Amend Bylaws without Shareholder Consent | 24 | |
Control Share Acquisition Provisions | 24 | |
Control Share Cash-Out Provisions | 24 | |
Disgorgement Provisions | 24 | |
Fair Price Provisions | 25 | |
Freeze-Out Provisions | 25 | |
Greenmail | 25 | |
Litigation Rights (including Exclusive Venue and Fee-Shifting Bylaw Provisions) | 25 | |
Net Operating Loss (NOL) Protective Amendments | 26 | |
POISON PILLS (SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS PLANS) | 26 | |
Shareholder Proposals to Put Pill to a Vote and/or Adopt a Pill Policy | 26 | |
Management Proposals to Ratify a Poison Pill | 26 | |
Management Proposals to Ratify a Pill to Preserve Net Operating Losses (NOLs) | 27 | |
Proxy Voting Disclosure, Confidentiality, and Tabulation | 27 | |
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses | 27 | |
Reincorporation Proposals | 28 | |
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent | 28 | |
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings | 28 | |
Stakeholder Provisions | 29 | |
State Antitakeover Statutes | 29 | |
Supermajority Vote Requirements | 29 | |
4. | CAPITAL/RESTRUCTURING | 30 |
CAPITAL | 30 | |
Adjustments to Par Value of Common Stock | 30 | |
Common Stock Authorization | 30 | |
Dual Class Structure | 31 | |
Issue Stock for Use with Rights Plan | 31 | |
Preemptive Rights | 31 | |
Preferred Stock Authorization | 31 | |
Recapitalization Plans | 32 | |
Reverse Stock Splits | 32 | |
Share Repurchase Programs | 32 | |
Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends | 32 | |
Tracking Stock | 32 | |
RESTRUCTURING | 33 | |
Appraisal Rights | 33 | |
Asset Purchases | 33 | |
Asset Sales | 33 | |
Bundled Proposals | 33 | |
Conversion of Securities | 33 | |
Corporate Reorganization/Debt Restructuring/Prepackaged Bankruptcy Plans/Reverse Leveraged |
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Buyouts/Wrap Plans | 33 | |
Formation of Holding Company | 34 | |
Going Private and Going Dark Transactions (LBOs and Minority Squeeze-outs) | 34 | |
Joint Ventures | 35 | |
Liquidations | 35 | |
Mergers and Acquisitions | 35 | |
Private Placements/Warrants/Convertible Debentures | 36 | |
Reorganization/Restructuring Plan (Bankruptcy) | 37 | |
Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs) | 37 | |
Spin-offs | 38 | |
Value Maximization Shareholder Proposals | 38 | |
5. | COMPENSATION | 39 |
EXECUTIVE PAY EVALUATION | 39 | |
Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation—Management Proposals (Management Say-on-Pay) | 39 | |
Pay-for-Performance Evaluation | 40 | |
Problematic Pay Practices | 40 | |
Compensation Committee Communications and Responsiveness | 42 | |
Frequency of Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation ("Say When on Pay") | 42 | |
Voting on Golden Parachutes in an Acquisition, Merger, Consolidation, or Proposed Sale | 42 | |
EQUITY-BASED AND OTHER INCENTIVE PLANS | 43 | |
Plan Cost | 43 | |
Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) | 44 | |
Grant Practices | 44 | |
Three-Year Burn Rate | 44 | |
2016 Burn Rate Benchmarks | 45 | |
Egregious Factors | 47 | |
Liberal Change in Control Definition | 47 | |
Repricing Provisions | 47 | |
Problematic Pay Practices or Significant Pay-for-Performance Disconnect | 47 | |
Specific Treatment of Certain Award Types in Equity Plan Evaluations | 47 | |
Dividend Equivalent Rights | 47 | |
Operating Partnership (OP) Units in Equity Plan Analysis of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) | 48 | |
OTHER COMPENSATION PLANS | 48 | |
401(k) Employee Benefit Plans | 48 | |
Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) | 48 | |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Qualified Plans | 48 | |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Non-Qualified Plans | 48 | |
Incentive Bonus Plans and Tax Deductibility Proposals (OBRA-Related Compensation Proposals) | 49 | |
Option Exchange Programs/Repricing Options | 49 | |
Stock Plans in Lieu of Cash | 50 | |
Transfer Stock Option (TSO) Programs | 50 | |
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION | 51 | |
Equity Plans for Non-Employee Directors | 51 |
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Non-Employee Director Retirement Plans | 51 | |
SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS ON COMPENSATION | 51 | |
Adopt Anti-Hedging/Pledging/Speculative Investments Policy | 51 | |
Bonus Banking/Bonus Banking “Plus” | 51 | |
Compensation Consultants—Disclosure of Board or Company’s Utilization | 52 | |
Disclosure/Setting Levels or Types of Compensation for Executives and Directors | 52 | |
Golden Coffins/Executive Death Benefits | 52 | |
Hold Equity Past Retirement or for a Significant Period of Time | 52 | |
Non-Deductible Compensation | 53 | |
Pay Disparity | 53 | |
Pay for Performance/Performance-Based Awards | 53 | |
Pay for Superior Performance | 53 | |
Pre-Arranged Trading Plans (10b5-1 Plans) | 54 | |
Prohibit CEOs from Serving on Compensation Committees | 54 | |
Recoupment of Incentive or Stock Compensation in Specified Circumstances | 54 | |
Severance Agreements for Executives/Golden Parachutes | 55 | |
Share Buyback Holding Periods | 55 | |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs) | 55 | |
Tax Gross-Up Proposals | 56 | |
Termination of Employment Prior to Severance Payment/Eliminating Accelerated Vesting of Unvested Equity56 | ||
6. | SOCIAL/ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES | 57 |
GLOBAL APPROACH | 57 | |
ENDORSEMENT OF PRINCIPLES | 57 | |
ANIMAL WELFARE | 57 | |
Animal Welfare Policies | 57 | |
Animal Testing | 57 | |
Animal Slaughter | 58 | |
CONSUMER ISSUES | 58 | |
Genetically Modified Ingredients | 58 | |
Reports on Potentially Controversial Business/Financial Practices | 58 | |
Pharmaceutical Pricing, Access to Medicines, and Prescription Drug Reimportation | 58 | |
Product Safety and Toxic/Hazardous Materials | 59 | |
Tobacco-Related Proposals | 59 | |
CLIMATE CHANGE | 60 | |
Climate Change/Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions | 60 | |
Energy Efficiency | 61 | |
Renewable Energy | 61 | |
DIVERSITY | 61 | |
Board Diversity | 61 | |
Equality of Opportunity | 61 | |
Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Domestic Partner Benefits | 62 | |
ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY | 62 |
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Facility and Workplace Safety | 62 | |
General Environmental Proposals and Community Impact Assessments | 62 | |
Hydraulic Fracturing | 63 | |
Operations in Protected Areas | 63 | |
Recycling | 63 | |
Sustainability Reporting | 63 | |
Water Issues | 63 | |
GENERAL CORPORATE ISSUES | 64 | |
Charitable Contributions | 64 | |
Data Security, Privacy, and Internet Issues | 64 | |
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Compensation-Related Proposals | 64 | |
HUMAN RIGHTS, LABOR ISSUES, AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS | 64 | |
Human Rights Proposals | 64 | |
Operations in High Risk Markets | 65 | |
Outsourcing/Offshoring | 65 | |
Weapons and Military Sales | 65 | |
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES | 66 | |
Lobbying | 66 | |
Political Contributions | 66 | |
Political Ties | 66 | |
7. | MUTUAL FUND PROXIES | 67 |
Election of Directors | 67 | |
Converting Closed-end Fund to Open-end Fund | 67 | |
Proxy Contests | 67 | |
Investment Advisory Agreements | 67 | |
Approving New Classes or Series of Shares | 67 | |
Preferred Stock Proposals | 67 | |
1940 Act Policies | 68 | |
Changing a Fundamental Restriction to a Nonfundamental Restriction | 68 | |
Change Fundamental Investment Objective to Nonfundamental | 68 | |
Name Change Proposals | 68 | |
Change in Fund's Subclassification | 68 | |
Business Development Companies—Authorization to Sell Shares of Common Stock at a Price below Net Asset Value | 68 | |
Disposition of Assets/Termination/Liquidation | 69 | |
Changes to the Charter Document | 69 | |
Changing the Domicile of a Fund | 69 | |
Authorizing the Board to Hire and Terminate Subadvisers Without Shareholder Approval | 69 | |
Distribution Agreements | 70 | |
Master-Feeder Structure | 70 | |
Mergers | 70 | |
SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS | 70 |
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Establish Director Ownership Requirement | 70 | |
Reimburse Shareholder for Expenses Incurred | 70 | |
Terminate the Investment Advisor | 70 |
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COVERAGE
The U.S. research team provides proxy analyses and voting recommendations for common shareholder meetings of publicly traded U.S. - incorporated companies that are held in our institutional investor clients' portfolios, and includes all S&P 1500 and Russell 3000 companies that are considered U.S. Domestic Issuers by the SEC. Coverage generally includes corporate actions for common equity holders, such as written consents and bankruptcies. ISS’ U.S. coverage includes investment companies (including open-end funds, closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds, and unit investment trusts), limited partnerships (“LPs”), master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), limited liability companies (“LLCs”), and business development companies. ISS reviews its universe of coverage on an annual basis, and the coverage is subject to change based on client need and industry trends.
The U.S. research team also produces, for subscribing clients, research and recommendations for fixed income meetings, and meetings of certain preferred securities, including Auction Rate Preferred Securities (“ARPS”) and Variable Rate Municipal Term Preferred securities (“VMTPs”).
Foreign-incorporated companies
In addition to U.S. incorporated companies, U.S. policies are applied to certain foreign- incorporated company analyses. Like the SEC, ISS distinguishes two types of companies that list but are not incorporated in the U.S.:
› | U.S. Domestic Issuers -- which have a majority of shareholders in the U.S. and meet other criteria, as determined by the SEC, and are subject to the same disclosure and listing standards as U.S. incorporated companies – are generally covered under standard U.S. policy guidelines. |
› | Foreign Private Issuers (FPIs) – which do not meet the Domestic Issuer criteria and are exempt from most disclosure requirements (e.g., they do not file 10-K or DEF14A reports) and listing standards (e.g., for required levels of board and committee independence) – are covered under a combination of policy guidelines: |
› | FPI Guidelines, which apply certain minimum independence and disclosure standards in the evaluation of key proxy ballot items, such as the election of directors and approval of financial reports, and |
› | For other issues, guidelines for the market that is responsible for, or most relevant to, the item on the ballot. |
In all cases – including with respect to other companies with cross-market features that may lead to ballot items related to multiple markets -- items that are on the ballot solely due to the requirements of another market (listing, incorporation, or national code) may be evaluated under the policy of the relevant market, regardless of the “assigned” market coverage.
Foreign Private Issuers in Tax Havens
A number of FPIs incorporate in “tax haven” markets, such as Bermuda, the Bahamas, Cayman Islands, and Marshall Islands. These companies may list in the U.S. and/or other markets such as Hong Kong or Singapore, in which case ISS assigns a primary coverage market and applies relevant policy as appropriate.
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General Recommendation : Vote against (or withhold from) non-independent director nominees at companies that fail to have the following: a majority-independent board; standing audit, compensation, and nominating committees, each composed entirely of independent directors. |
Where the design and disclosure of equity compensation plans are comparable to those seen at U.S. companies, U.S. compensation policy will be used to evaluate the compensation plan proposals. Otherwise, they, and all other voting items, will be evaluated using the relevant ISS regional or market proxy voting guidelines.
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1. ROUTINE/MISCELLANEOUS
Adjourn Meeting
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals to provide management with the authority to adjourn an annual or special meeting absent compelling reasons to support the proposal. |
Vote for proposals that relate specifically to soliciting votes for a merger or transaction if supporting that merger or transaction. Vote against proposals if the wording is too vague or if the proposal includes "other business."
Amend Quorum Requirements
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to reduce quorum requirements for shareholder meetings below a majority of the shares outstanding unless there are compelling reasons to support the proposal. |
Amend Minor Bylaws
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General Recommendation : Vote for bylaw or charter changes that are of a housekeeping nature (updates or corrections). |
Change Company Name
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to change the corporate name unless there is compelling evidence that the change would adversely impact shareholder value. |
Change Date, Time, or Location of Annual Meeting
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General Recommendation : Vote for management proposals to change the date, time, or location of the annual meeting unless the proposed change is unreasonable. |
Vote against shareholder proposals to change the date, time, or location of the annual meeting unless the current scheduling or location is unreasonable.
Other Business
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to approve other business when it appears as voting item. |
Audit-Related
Auditor Indemnification and Limitation of Liability
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the issue of auditor indemnification and limitation of liability. Factors to be assessed include, but are not limited to: |
› | The terms of the auditor agreement--the degree to which these agreements impact shareholders' rights; |
› | The motivation and rationale for establishing the agreements; |
› | The quality of the company’s disclosure; and |
› | The company’s historical practices in the audit area. |
Vote against or withhold from members of an audit committee in situations where there is persuasive evidence that the audit committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm.
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Auditor Ratification
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to ratify auditors unless any of the following apply: |
› | An auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent; |
› | There is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position; |
› | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a serious level of concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; and material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures; or |
› | Fees for non-audit services (“Other” fees) are excessive. |
Non-audit fees are excessive if:
› | Non-audit (“other”) fees > audit fees + audit-related fees + tax compliance/preparation fees |
Tax compliance and preparation include the preparation of original and amended tax returns and refund claims, and tax payment planning. All other services in the tax category, such as tax advice, planning, or consulting, should be added to “Other” fees. If the breakout of tax fees cannot be determined, add all tax fees to “Other” fees.
In circumstances where "Other" fees include fees related to significant one-time capital structure events (such as initial public offerings, bankruptcy emergence, and spin-offs) and the company makes public disclosure of the amount and nature of those fees that are an exception to the standard "non-audit fee" category, then such fees may be excluded from the non-audit fees considered in determining the ratio of non-audit to audit/audit-related fees/tax compliance and preparation for purposes of determining whether non-audit fees are excessive.
Shareholder Proposals Limiting Non-Audit Services
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking companies to prohibit or limit their auditors from engaging in non-audit services. |
Shareholder Proposals on Audit Firm Rotation
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking for audit firm rotation, taking into account: |
› | The tenure of the audit firm; |
› | The length of rotation specified in the proposal; |
› | Any significant audit-related issues at the company; |
› | The number of Audit Committee meetings held each year; |
› | The number of financial experts serving on the committee; and |
› | Whether the company has a periodic renewal process where the auditor is evaluated for both audit quality and competitive price. |
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2. BOARD OF DIRECTORS:
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Four fundamental principles apply when determining votes on director nominees:
1. | Accountability : Boards should be sufficiently accountable to shareholders, including through transparency of the company's governance practices and regular board elections, by the provision of sufficient information for shareholders to be able to assess directors and board composition, and through the ability of shareholders to remove directors. |
2. | Responsiveness : Directors should respond to investor input, such as that expressed through significant opposition to management proposals, significant support for shareholder proposals (whether binding or nonbinding), and tender offers where a majority of shares are tendered. |
3. | Composition : Companies should ensure that directors add value to the board through their specific skills and expertise and by having sufficient time and commitment to serve effectively. Boards should be of a size appropriate to accommodate diversity, expertise, and independence, while ensuring active and collaborative participation by all members. |
4. | Independence : Boards should be sufficiently independent from management (and significant shareholders) so as to ensure that they are able and motivated to effectively supervise management's performance for the benefit of all shareholders, including in setting and monitoring the execution of corporate strategy, with appropriate use of shareholder capital, and in setting and monitoring executive compensation programs that support that strategy. The chair of the board should ideally be an independent director, and all boards should have an independent leadership position or a similar role in order to help provide appropriate counterbalance to executive management, as well as having sufficiently independent committees that focus on key governance concerns such as audit, compensation, and nomination of directors. |
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for director nominees, except under the following circumstances: |
1. Accountability
Vote against 1 or withhold from the entire board of directors (except new nominees 2 , who should be considered caseby-case) for the following:
Problematic Takeover Defenses
Classified Board Structure:
1 | In general, companies with a plurality vote standard use “Withhold” as the contrary vote option in director elections; companies with a majority vote standard use “Against”. However, it will vary by company and the proxy must be checked to determine the valid contrary vote option for the particular company. |
2 | A “new nominee” is any current nominee who has not already been elected by shareholders and who joined the board after the problematic action in question transpired. If ISS cannot determine whether the nominee joined the board before or after the problematic action transpired, the nominee will be considered a “new nominee” if he or she joined the board within the 12 months prior to the upcoming shareholder meeting. |
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1.1. | The board is classified, and a continuing director responsible for a problematic governance issue at the board/committee level that would warrant a withhold/against vote recommendation is not up for election. |
All appropriate nominees (except new) may be held accountable.
Director Performance Evaluation:
1.2. | The board lacks accountability and oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers. Sustained poor performance is measured by one- and three-year total shareholder returns in the bottom half of a company’s four-digit GICS industry group (Russell 3000 companies only). Take into consideration the company’s five-year total shareholder return and operational metrics. Problematic provisions include but are not limited to: |
› | A classified board structure; |
› | A supermajority vote requirement; |
› | Either a plurality vote standard in uncontested director elections or a majority vote standard with no plurality carve-out for contested elections; |
› | The inability of shareholders to call special meetings; |
› | The inability of shareholders to act by written consent; |
› | A dual-class capital structure; and/or |
› | A non–shareholder-approved poison pill. |
Poison Pills:
1.3. | The company’s poison pill has a “dead-hand” or “modified dead-hand” feature. Vote against or withhold from nominees every year until this feature is removed; |
1.4. | The board adopts a poison pill with a term of more than 12 months (“long-term pill”), or renews any existing pill, including any “short-term” pill (12 months or less), without shareholder approval. A commitment or policy that puts a newly adopted pill to a binding shareholder vote may potentially offset an adverse vote recommendation. Review such companies with classified boards every year, and such companies with annually elected boards at least once every three years, and vote against or withhold votes from all nominees if the company still maintains a non-shareholder-approved poison pill; or |
1.5. | The board makes a material adverse change to an existing poison pill without shareholder approval. |
Vote case-by-case on all nominees if:
1.6. | The board adopts a poison pill with a term of 12 months or less (“short-term pill”) without shareholder approval, taking into account the following factors: |
› | The date of the pill‘s adoption relative to the date of the next meeting of shareholders—i.e. whether the company had time to put the pill on the ballot for shareholder ratification given the circumstances; |
› | The issuer’s rationale; |
› | The issuer’s governance structure and practices; and |
› | The issuer’s track record of accountability to shareholders. |
Problematic Audit-Related Practices
Generally vote against or withhold from the members of the Audit Committee if:
1.7. | The non-audit fees paid to the auditor are excessive (see discussion under “ Auditor Ratification ”); |
1.8. | The company receives an adverse opinion on the company’s financial statements from its auditor; or |
1.9. | There is persuasive evidence that the Audit Committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm. |
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Vote case-by-case on members of the Audit Committee and potentially the full board if:
1.10. | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a level of serious concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; and material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures. Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence, and duration, as well as the company’s efforts at remediation or corrective actions, in determining whether withhold/against votes are warranted. |
Problematic Compensation Practices/Pay for Performance Misalignment
In the absence of an Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation ballot item or in egregious situations, vote against or withhold from the members of the Compensation Committee and potentially the full board if:
1.11. | There is a significant misalignment between CEO pay and company performance ( pay for performance ); |
1.12. | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices ; |
1.13. 1.14. |
The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders; The company fails to submit one-time transfers of stock options to a shareholder vote; or |
1.15. | The company fails to fulfill the terms of a burn rate commitment made to shareholders. |
Vote case-by-case on Compensation Committee members (or, in exceptional cases, the full board) and the Management Say-on-Pay proposal if:
1.16. | The company’s previous say-on-pay received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast, taking into account: |
› | The company's response, including: |
› | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors regarding the issues that contributed to the low level of support; |
› | Specific actions taken to address the issues that contributed to the low level of support; |
› | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
› | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
› | The company's ownership structure; and |
› | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments
1.17. | Generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if the board amends the company's bylaws or charter without shareholder approval in a manner that materially diminishes shareholders' rights or that could adversely impact shareholders, considering the following factors: |
› | The board's rationale for adopting the bylaw/charter amendment without shareholder ratification; |
› | Disclosure by the company of any significant engagement with shareholders regarding the amendment; |
› | The level of impairment of shareholders' rights caused by the board's unilateral amendment to the bylaws/charter; |
› | The board's track record with regard to unilateral board action on bylaw/charter amendments or other entrenchment provisions; |
› | The company's ownership structure; |
› | The company's existing governance provisions; |
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› | The timing of the board's amendment to the bylaws/charter in connection with a significant business development; and |
› | Other factors, as deemed appropriate, that may be relevant to determine the impact of the amendment on shareholders. |
Unless the adverse amendment is reversed or submitted to a binding shareholder vote, in subsequent years vote case-by-case on director nominees. Generally vote against (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if the directors:
› | Classified the board; |
› | Adopted supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter; or |
› | Eliminated shareholders' ability to amend bylaws. |
1.18. | For newly public companies, generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if, prior to or in connection with the company's public offering, the company or its board adopted bylaw or charter provisions materially adverse to shareholder rights, considering the following factors: |
› › |
The level of impairment of shareholders' rights caused by the provision; The disclosed rationale for adopting the provision; |
› | The ability to change the governance structure in the future (e.g., limitations on shareholders’ right to amend the bylaws or charter, or supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter); |
› | The ability of shareholders to hold directors accountable through annual director elections, or whether the company has a classified board structure; and, |
› | A public commitment to put the provision to a shareholder vote within three years of the date of the initial public offering. |
Unless the adverse provision is reversed or submitted to a vote of public shareholders, vote case-by-case on director nominees in subsequent years.
Governance Failures
Under extraordinary circumstances, vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board, due to:
1.19. | Material failures of governance, stewardship, risk oversight 3 , or fiduciary responsibilities at the company; |
1.20. | Failure to replace management as appropriate; or |
1.21. | Egregious actions related to a director’s service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company. |
3 | Examples of failure of risk oversight include, but are not limited to: bribery; large or serial fines or sanctions from regulatory bodies; significant adverse legal judgments or settlements; hedging of company stock; or significant pledging of company stock. |
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2. Responsiveness
Vote case-by-case on individual directors, committee members, or the entire board of directors as appropriate if:
2.1. | The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares cast in the previous year. Factors that will be considered are: |
› | Disclosed outreach efforts by the board to shareholders in the wake of the vote; |
› | Rationale provided in the proxy statement for the level of implementation; |
› | The subject matter of the proposal; |
› | The level of support for and opposition to the resolution in past meetings; |
› | Actions taken by the board in response to the majority vote and its engagement with shareholders; |
› | The continuation of the underlying issue as a voting item on the ballot (as either shareholder or management proposals); and |
› | Other factors as appropriate. |
2.2. | The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of shares are tendered; |
2.3. | At the previous board election, any director received more than 50 percent withhold/against votes of the shares cast and the company has failed to address the issue(s) that caused the high withhold/against vote; |
2.4. | The board implements an advisory vote on executive compensation on a less frequent basis than the frequency that received the majority of votes cast at the most recent shareholder meeting at which shareholders voted on the say-on-pay frequency; or |
2.5. | The board implements an advisory vote on executive compensation on a less frequent basis than the frequency that received a plurality, but not a majority, of the votes cast at the most recent shareholder meeting at which shareholders voted on the say-on-pay frequency, taking into account: |
› | The board's rationale for selecting a frequency that is different from the frequency that received a plurality; |
› | The company's ownership structure and vote results; |
› | ISS' analysis of whether there are compensation concerns or a history of problematic compensation practices; and |
› | The previous year's support level on the company's say-on-pay proposal. |
3. Composition
Attendance at Board and Committee Meetings:
3.1. | Generally vote against or withhold from directors (except new nominees, who should be considered case-bycase 4 ) who attend less than 75 percent of the aggregate of their board and committee meetings for the period for which they served, unless an acceptable reason for absences is disclosed in the proxy or another SEC filing. Acceptable reasons for director absences are generally limited to the following: |
› | Medical issues/illness; |
› | Family emergencies; and |
› | Missing only one meeting (when the total of all meetings is three or fewer). |
4 | For new nominees only, schedule conflicts due to commitments made prior to their appointment to the board are considered if disclosed in the proxy or another SEC filing. |
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3.2. | If the proxy disclosure is unclear and insufficient to determine whether a director attended at least 75 percent of the aggregate of his/her board and committee meetings during his/her period of service, vote against or withhold from the director(s) in question. |
Overboarded Directors:
Vote against or withhold from individual directors who:
3.3. | Sit on more than six public company boards; with respect to annual meetings on or after Feb. 1, 2017 5 , sit on more than five public company boards; or |
3.4. | Are CEOs of public companies who sit on the boards of more than two public companies besides their own— withhold only at their outside boards 6 . |
4. Independence
Vote against or withhold from Inside Directors and Affiliated Outside Directors (per the Categorization of Directors ) when:
4.1. | The inside or affiliated outside director serves on any of the three key committees: audit, compensation, or nominating; |
4.2. | The company lacks an audit, compensation, or nominating committee so that the full board functions as that committee; |
4.3. | The company lacks a formal nominating committee, even if the board attests that the independent directors fulfill the functions of such a committee; or |
4.4. | Independent directors make up less than a majority of the directors. |
5 | This policy change includes a 1-year transition period to allow time for affected directors to address necessary changes if they wish. |
6 | Although all of a CEO’s subsidiary boards will be counted as separate boards, ISS will not recommend a withhold vote from the CEO of a parent company board or any of the controlled (>50 percent ownership) subsidiaries of that parent, but may do so at subsidiaries that are less than 50 percent controlled and boards outside the parent/subsidiary relationships. |
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2016 ISS U.S. Categorization of Directors
1. |
Inside Director (I) 1.1. Current employee or current officer [1] of the company or one of its affiliates [2] . 1.2. Beneficial owner of more than 50 percent of the company's voting power (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a group). 1.3. Director named in the Summary Compensation Table (excluding former interim officers).
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2. |
Affiliated Outside Director (AO)
Board Attestation 2.1. Board attestation that an outside director is not independent.
Former CEO/Interim Officer 2.2. Former CEO of the company. [3],[4] 2.3. Former CEO of an acquired company within the past five years [4] . 2.4. Former interim officer if the service was longer than 18 months. If the service was between 12 and 18 months an assessment of the interim officer’s employment agreement will be made. [5]
Non-CEO Executives 2.5. Former officer [1] of the company, an affiliate [2] or an acquired firm within the past five years. 2.6. Officer [1] of a former parent or predecessor firm at the time the company was sold or split off from the parent/predecessor within the past five years. 2.7. Officer [1] , former officer, or general or limited partner of a joint venture or partnership with the company.
Family Members 2.8. Immediate family member [6] of a current or former officer [1] of the company or its affiliates [2] within the last five years. 2.9. Immediate family member [6] of a current employee of company or its affiliates [2] where additional factors raise concern (which may include, but are not limited to, the following: a director related to numerous employees; the company or its affiliates employ relatives of numerous board members; or a non-Section 16 officer in a key strategic role).
Transactional, Professional, Financial, and Charitable Relationships 2.10. Currently provides (or an immediate family member [6] provides) professional services [7] to the company, to an affiliate [2] of the company or an individual officer of the company or one of its affiliates in excess of $10,000 per year. 2.11. Is (or an immediate family member [6] is) a partner in, or a controlling shareholder or an employee of, an organization which provides professional services [7] to the company, to an affiliate [2] of the company, or an individual officer of the company or one of its affiliates in excess of $10,000 per year. 2.12. Has (or an immediate family member [6] has) any material transactional relationship [8] with the company or its affiliates [2] (excluding investments in the company through a private placement). 2.13. Is (or an immediate family member [6] is) a partner in, or a controlling shareholder or an executive officer of, an organization which has any material transactional relationship [8] with the company or its affiliates [2] (excluding investments in the company through a private placement). 2.14. Is (or an immediate family member [6] is) a trustee, director, or employee of a charitable or non-profit organization that receives material grants or endowments [8] from the company or its affiliates [2] .
Other Relationships 2.15. Party to a voting agreement [9] to vote in line with management on proposals being brought to shareholder vote. 2.16. Has (or an immediate family member [6] has) an interlocking relationship as defined by the SEC involving members of the board of directors or its Compensation Committee [10] . 2.17. Founder [11] of the company but not currently an employee. 2.18. Any material [12] relationship with the company.
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3. |
Independent Outside Director (IO) 3.1. No material [12] connection to the company other than a board seat. |
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Footnotes:
[1] The definition of officer will generally follow that of a “Section 16 officer” (officers subject to Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934) and includes the chief executive, operating, financial, legal, technology, and accounting officers of a company (including the president, treasurer, secretary, controller, or any vice president in charge of a principal business unit, division, or policy function). Current interim officers are included in this category. For private companies, the equivalent positions are applicable. A non-employee director serving as an officer due to statutory requirements (e.g. corporate secretary) will be classified as an Affiliated Outsider under 2.18: “Any material relationship with the company.” However, if the company provides explicit disclosure that the director is not receiving additional compensation in excess of $10,000 per year for serving in that capacity, then the director will be classified as an Independent Outsider.
[2] “Affiliate” includes a subsidiary, sibling company, or parent company. ISS uses 50 percent control ownership by the parent company as the standard for applying its affiliate designation.
[3] Includes any former CEO of the company prior to the company’s initial public offering (IPO).
[4] When there is a former CEO of a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) serving on the board of an acquired company, ISS will generally classify such directors as independent unless determined otherwise taking into account the following factors: the applicable listing standards determination of such director’s independence; any operating ties to the firm; and the existence of any other conflicting relationships or related party transactions.
[5] ISS will look at the terms of the interim officer’s employment contract to determine if it contains severance pay, long-term health and pension benefits, or other such standard provisions typically contained in contracts of permanent, non-temporary CEOs. ISS will also consider if a formal search process was under way for a full-time officer at the time.
[6] “Immediate family member” follows the SEC’s definition of such and covers spouses, parents, children, step-parents, stepchildren, siblings, in-laws, and any person (other than a tenant or employee) sharing the household of any director, nominee for director, executive officer, or significant shareholder of the company.
[7] Professional services can be characterized as advisory in nature, generally involve access to sensitive company information or to strategic decision-making, and typically have a commission- or fee-based payment structure. Professional services generally include, but are not limited to the following: investment banking/financial advisory services; commercial banking (beyond deposit services); investment services; insurance services; accounting/audit services; consulting services; marketing services; legal services; property management services; realtor services; lobbying services; executive search services; and IT consulting services. The following would generally be considered transactional relationships and not professional services: deposit services; IT tech support services; educational services; and construction services. The case of participation in a banking syndicate by a non-lead bank should be considered a transactional (and hence subject to the associated materiality test) rather than a professional relationship. “Of Counsel” relationships are only considered immaterial if the individual does not receive any form of compensation (in excess of $10,000 per year) from, or is a retired partner of, the firm providing the professional service. The case of a company providing a professional service to one of its directors or to an entity with which one of its directors is affiliated, will be considered a transactional rather than a professional relationship. Insurance services and marketing services are assumed to be professional services unless the company explains why such services are not advisory.
[8] A material transactional relationship, including grants to non-profit organizations, exists if the company makes annual payments to, or receives annual payments from, another entity exceeding the greater of $200,000 or 5 percent of the recipient’s gross revenues, in the case of a company which follows NASDAQ listing standards; or the greater of $1,000,000 or 2 percent of the recipient’s gross revenues, in the case of a company which follows NYSE listing standards. In the case of a company which follows neither of the preceding standards, ISS will apply the NASDAQ-based materiality test. (The recipient is the party receiving the financial proceeds from the transaction).
[9] Dissident directors who are parties to a voting agreement pursuant to a settlement or similar arrangement may be classified as independent outsiders if an analysis of the following factors indicates that the voting agreement does not compromise their alignment with all shareholders’ interests: the terms of the agreement; the duration of the standstill provision in the agreement; the limitations and requirements of actions that are agreed upon; if the dissident director nominee(s) is subject to the standstill; and if there any conflicting relationships or related party transactions. |
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[10] Interlocks include: executive officers serving as directors on each other’s compensation or similar committees (or, in the absence of such a committee, on the board); or executive officers sitting on each other’s boards and at least one serves on the other’s compensation or similar committees (or, in the absence of such a committee, on the board).
[11] The operating involvement of the founder with the company will be considered; if the founder was never employed by the company, ISS may deem him or her an independent outsider.
[12] For purposes of ISS’s director independence classification, “material” will be defined as a standard of relationship (financial, personal or otherwise) that a reasonable person might conclude could potentially influence one’s objectivity in the boardroom in a manner that would have a meaningful impact on an individual's ability to satisfy requisite fiduciary standards on behalf of shareholders. |
Other Board-Related Proposals
Age/Term Limits
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General Recommendation : Vote against management and shareholder proposals to limit the tenure of outside directors through mandatory retirement ages. |
Vote against management proposals to limit the tenure of outside directors through term limits. However, scrutinize boards where the average tenure of all directors exceeds 15 years for independence from management and for sufficient turnover to ensure that new perspectives are being added to the board.
Board Size
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals seeking to fix the board size or designate a range for the board size. |
Vote against proposals that give management the ability to alter the size of the board outside of a specified range without shareholder approval.
Classification/Declassification of the Board
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to classify (stagger) the board. |
Vote for proposals to repeal classified boards and to elect all directors annually.
CEO Succession Planning
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking disclosure on a CEO succession planning policy, considering, at a minimum, the following factors: |
› | The reasonableness/scope of the request; and |
› | The company’s existing disclosure on its current CEO succession planning process. |
Cumulative Voting
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against management proposals to eliminate cumulate voting, and for shareholder proposals to restore or provide for cumulative voting, unless: |
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› | The company has proxy access 7 , thereby allowing shareholders to nominate directors to the company’s ballot; and |
› | The company has adopted a majority vote standard, with a carve-out for plurality voting in situations where there are more nominees than seats, and a director resignation policy to address failed elections. |
Vote for proposals for cumulative voting at controlled companies (insider voting power > 50%).
Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals on director and officer indemnification and liability protection. |
Vote against proposals that would:
› | Eliminate entirely directors' and officers' liability for monetary damages for violating the duty of care. |
› | Expand coverage beyond just legal expenses to liability for acts that are more serious violations of fiduciary obligation than mere carelessness. |
› | Expand the scope of indemnification to provide for mandatory indemnification of company officials in connection with acts that previously the company was permitted to provide indemnification for, at the discretion of the company's board ( i.e. , "permissive indemnification"), but that previously the company was not required to indemnify. |
Vote for only those proposals providing such expanded coverage in cases when a director’s or officer’s legal defense was unsuccessful if both of the following apply:
› | If the director was found to have acted in good faith and in a manner that s/he reasonably believed was in the best interests of the company; and |
› | If only the director’s legal expenses would be covered. |
Establish/Amend Nominee Qualifications
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals that establish or amend director qualifications. Votes should be based on the reasonableness of the criteria and the degree to which they may preclude dissident nominees from joining the board. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder resolutions seeking a director nominee who possesses a particular subject matter expertise, considering:
› | The company’s board committee structure, existing subject matter expertise, and board nomination provisions relative to that of its peers; |
› | The company’s existing board and management oversight mechanisms regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
› | The company’s disclosure and performance relating to the issue for which board oversight is sought and any significant related controversies; and |
› | The scope and structure of the proposal. |
7 | A proxy access right that meets the recommended guidelines . |
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Establish Other Board Committee Proposals
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against shareholder proposals to establish a new board committee, as such proposals seek a specific oversight mechanism/structure that potentially limits a company’s flexibility to determine an appropriate oversight mechanism for itself. However, the following factors will be considered: |
› | Existing oversight mechanisms (including current committee structure) regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
› | Level of disclosure regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
› | Company performance related to the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
› | Board committee structure compared to that of other companies in its industry sector; and |
› | The scope and structure of the proposal. |
Filling Vacancies/Removal of Directors
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals that provide that directors may be removed only for cause. |
Vote for proposals to restore shareholders’ ability to remove directors with or without cause.
Vote against proposals that provide that only continuing directors may elect replacements to fill board vacancies.
Vote for proposals that permit shareholders to elect directors to fill board vacancies.
Independent Chair (Separate Chair/CEO)
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by an independent director, taking into consideration the following: |
› | The scope of the proposal; |
› | The company's current board leadership structure; |
› | The company's governance structure and practices; |
› | Company performance; and |
› | Any other relevant factors that may be applicable. |
Regarding the scope of the proposal, consider whether the proposal is precatory or binding and whether the proposal is seeking an immediate change in the chairman role or the policy can be implemented at the next CEO transition.
Under the review of the company's board leadership structure, ISS may support the proposal under the following scenarios absent a compelling rationale: the presence of an executive or non-independent chair in addition to the CEO; a recent recombination of the role of CEO and chair; and/or departure from a structure with an independent chair. ISS will also consider any recent transitions in board leadership and the effect such transitions may have on independent board leadership as well as the designation of a lead director role.
When considering the governance structure, ISS will consider the overall independence of the board, the independence of key committees, the establishment of governance guidelines, board tenure and its relationship to CEO tenure, and any other factors that may be relevant. Any concerns about a company's governance structure will weigh in favor of support for the proposal.
The review of the company's governance practices may include, but is not limited to poor compensation practices, material failures of governance and risk oversight, related-party transactions or other issues putting director independence at risk, corporate or management scandals, and actions by management or the board with potential or realized negative impact on shareholders. Any such practices may suggest a need for more independent oversight at the company thus warranting support of the proposal.
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ISS' performance assessment will generally consider one-, three, and five-year TSR compared to the company's peers and the market as a whole. While poor performance will weigh in favor of the adoption of an independent chair policy, strong performance over the long-term will be considered a mitigating factor when determining whether the proposed leadership change warrants support.
Majority of Independent Directors/Establishment of Independent Committees
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General Recommendation : Vote for shareholder proposals asking that a majority or more of directors be independent unless the board composition already meets the proposed threshold by ISS’ definition of independent outsider. (See Categorization of Directors .) |
Vote for shareholder proposals asking that board audit, compensation, and/or nominating committees be composed exclusively of independent directors unless they currently meet that standard.
Majority Vote Standard for the Election of Directors
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for management proposals to adopt a majority of votes cast standard for directors in uncontested elections. Vote against if no carve-out for a plurality vote standard in contested elections is included. |
Generally vote for precatory and binding shareholder resolutions requesting that the board change the company’s bylaws to stipulate that directors need to be elected with an affirmative majority of votes cast, provided it does not conflict with the state law where the company is incorporated. Binding resolutions need to allow for a carve-out for a plurality vote standard when there are more nominees than board seats.
Companies are strongly encouraged to also adopt a post-election policy (also known as a director resignation policy) that will provide guidelines so that the company will promptly address the situation of a holdover director.
Proxy Access
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for management and shareholder proposals for proxy access with the following provisions: |
› | Ownership threshold: maximum requirement not more than three percent (3%) of the voting power; |
› | Ownership duration: maximum requirement not longer than three (3) years of continuous ownership for each member of the nominating group; |
› | Aggregation: minimal or no limits on the number of shareholders permitted to form a nominating group; |
› | Cap: cap on nominees of generally twenty-five percent (25%) of the board. |
Review for reasonableness any other restrictions on the right of proxy access.
Generally vote against proposals that are more restrictive than these guidelines.
Require More Nominees than Open Seats
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General Recommendation : Vote against shareholder proposals that would require a company to nominate more candidates than the number of open board seats. |
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Shareholder Engagement Policy (Shareholder Advisory Committee)
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting that the board establish an internal mechanism/process, which may include a committee, in order to improve communications between directors and shareholders, unless the company has the following features, as appropriate: |
› | Established a communication structure that goes beyond the exchange requirements to facilitate the exchange of information between shareholders and members of the board; |
› | Effectively disclosed information with respect to this structure to its shareholders; |
› | Company has not ignored majority-supported shareholder proposals or a majority withhold vote on a director nominee; and |
› | The company has an independent chairman or a lead director, according to ISS’ definition. This individual must be made available for periodic consultation and direct communication with major shareholders. |
Proxy Contests/Proxy Access — Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the election of directors in contested elections, considering the following factors: |
› | Long-term financial performance of the company relative to its industry; |
› | Management’s track record; |
› | Background to the contested election; |
› | Nominee qualifications and any compensatory arrangements; |
› | Strategic plan of dissident slate and quality of the critique against management; |
› | Likelihood that the proposed goals and objectives can be achieved (both slates); and |
› | Stock ownership positions. |
In the case of candidates nominated pursuant to proxy access, vote case-by-case considering any applicable factors listed above or additional factors which may be relevant, including those that are specific to the company, to the nominee(s) and/or to the nature of the election (such as whether or not there are more candidates than board seats).
Vote-No Campaigns
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General Recommendation : In cases where companies are targeted in connection with public “vote-no” campaigns, evaluate director nominees under the existing governance policies for voting on director nominees in uncontested elections. Take into consideration the arguments submitted by shareholders and other publicly available information. |
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3. SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS & DEFENSES
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on advance notice proposals, giving support to those proposals which allow shareholders to submit proposals/nominations as close to the meeting date as reasonably possible and within the broadest window possible, recognizing the need to allow sufficient notice for company, regulatory, and shareholder review. |
To be reasonable, the company’s deadline for shareholder notice of a proposal/ nominations must not be more than 60 days prior to the meeting, with a submittal window of at least 30 days prior to the deadline. The submittal window is the period under which a shareholder must file his proposal/nominations prior to the deadline.
In general, support additional efforts by companies to ensure full disclosure in regard to a proponent’s economic and voting position in the company so long as the informational requirements are reasonable and aimed at providing shareholders with the necessary information to review such proposals.
Amend Bylaws without Shareholder Consent
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals giving the board exclusive authority to amend the bylaws. |
Vote for proposals giving the board the ability to amend the bylaws in addition to shareholders.
Control Share Acquisition Provisions
Control share acquisition statutes function by denying shares their voting rights when they contribute to ownership in excess of certain thresholds. Voting rights for those shares exceeding ownership limits may only be restored by approval of either a majority or supermajority of disinterested shares. Thus, control share acquisition statutes effectively require a hostile bidder to put its offer to a shareholder vote or risk voting disenfranchisement if the bidder continues buying up a large block of shares.
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to opt out of control share acquisition statutes unless doing so would enable the completion of a takeover that would be detrimental to shareholders. |
Vote against proposals to amend the charter to include control share acquisition provisions.
Vote for proposals to restore voting rights to the control shares.
Control Share Cash-Out Provisions
Control share cash-out statutes give dissident shareholders the right to "cash-out" of their position in a company at the expense of the shareholder who has taken a control position. In other words, when an investor crosses a preset threshold level, remaining shareholders are given the right to sell their shares to the acquirer, who must buy them at the highest acquiring price.
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to opt out of control share cash-out statutes. |
Disgorgement Provisions
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Disgorgement provisions require an acquirer or potential acquirer of more than a certain percentage of a company's stock to disgorge, or pay back, to the company any profits realized from the sale of that company's stock purchased 24 months before achieving control status. All sales of company stock by the acquirer occurring within a certain period of time (between 18 months and 24 months) prior to the investor's gaining control status are subject to these recaptureof-profits provisions.
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to opt out of state disgorgement provisions. |
Fair Price Provisions
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to adopt fair price provisions (provisions that stipulate that an acquirer must pay the same price to acquire all shares as it paid to acquire the control shares), evaluating factors such as the vote required to approve the proposed acquisition, the vote required to repeal the fair price provision, and the mechanism for determining the fair price. |
Generally vote against fair price provisions with shareholder vote requirements greater than a majority of disinterested shares.
Freeze-Out Provisions
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to opt out of state freeze-out provisions. Freeze-out provisions force an investor who surpasses a certain ownership threshold in a company to wait a specified period of time before gaining control of the company. |
Greenmail
Greenmail payments are targeted share repurchases by management of company stock from individuals or groups seeking control of the company. Since only the hostile party receives payment, usually at a substantial premium over the market value of its shares, the practice discriminates against all other shareholders.
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to adopt anti-greenmail charter or bylaw amendments or otherwise restrict a company’s ability to make greenmail payments. |
Vote case-by-case on anti-greenmail proposals when they are bundled with other charter or bylaw amendments.
Litigation Rights (including Exclusive Venue and Fee-Shifting Bylaw Provisions)
Bylaw provisions impacting shareholders' ability to bring suit against the company may include exclusive venue provisions, which provide that the state of incorporation shall be the sole venue for certain types of litigation, and feeshifting provisions that require a shareholder who sues a company unsuccessfully to pay all litigation expenses of the defendant corporation.
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on bylaws which impact shareholders' litigation rights, taking into account factors such as: |
› | The company's stated rationale for adopting such a provision; |
› | Disclosure of past harm from shareholder lawsuits in which plaintiffs were unsuccessful or shareholder lawsuits outside the jurisdiction of incorporation; |
› | The breadth of application of the bylaw, including the types of lawsuits to which it would apply and the definition of key terms; and |
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› | Governance features such as shareholders' ability to repeal the provision at a later date (including the vote standard applied when shareholders attempt to amend the bylaws) and their ability to hold directors accountable through annual director elections and a majority vote standard in uncontested elections. |
Generally vote against bylaws that mandate fee-shifting whenever plaintiffs are not completely successful on the merits (i.e., in cases where the plaintiffs are partially successful).
Unilateral adoption by the board of bylaw provisions which affect shareholders' litigation rights will be evaluated under ISS' policy on Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments .
Net Operating Loss (NOL) Protective Amendments
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to adopt a protective amendment for the stated purpose of protecting a company's net operating losses (NOL) if the effective term of the protective amendment would exceed the shorter of three years and the exhaustion of the NOL. |
Vote case-by-case, considering the following factors, for management proposals to adopt an NOL protective amendment that would remain in effect for the shorter of three years (or less) and the exhaustion of the NOL:
› | The ownership threshold (NOL protective amendments generally prohibit stock ownership transfers that would result in a new 5-percent holder or increase the stock ownership percentage of an existing 5-percent holder); |
› | The value of the NOLs; |
› | Shareholder protection mechanisms (sunset provision or commitment to cause expiration of the protective amendment upon exhaustion or expiration of the NOL); |
› | The company's existing governance structure including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, track record of responsiveness to shareholders, and any other problematic governance concerns; and |
› | Any other factors that may be applicable. |
Poison Pills (Shareholder Rights Plans)
Shareholder Proposals to Put Pill to a Vote and/or Adopt a Pill Policy
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General Recommendation : Vote for shareholder proposals requesting that the company submit its poison pill to a shareholder vote or redeem it unless the company has: (1) A shareholder approved poison pill in place; or (2) The company has adopted a policy concerning the adoption of a pill in the future specifying that the board will only adopt a shareholder rights plan if either: |
› | Shareholders have approved the adoption of the plan; or |
› | The board, in its exercise of its fiduciary responsibilities, determines that it is in the best interest of shareholders under the circumstances to adopt a pill without the delay in adoption that would result from seeking stockholder approval ( i.e. , the “fiduciary out” provision). A poison pill adopted under this fiduciary out will be put to a shareholder ratification vote within 12 months of adoption or expire. If the pill is not approved by a majority of the votes cast on this issue, the plan will immediately terminate. |
If the shareholder proposal calls for a time period of less than 12 months for shareholder ratification after adoption, vote for the proposal, but add the caveat that a vote within 12 months would be considered sufficient implementation.
Management Proposals to Ratify a Poison Pill
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on management proposals on poison pill ratification, focusing on the features of the shareholder rights plan. Rights plans should contain the following attributes: |
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› | No lower than a 20% trigger, flip-in or flip-over; |
› | A term of no more than three years; |
› | No dead-hand, slow-hand, no-hand or similar feature that limits the ability of a future board to redeem the pill; |
› | Shareholder redemption feature (qualifying offer clause); if the board refuses to redeem the pill 90 days after a qualifying offer is announced, 10 percent of the shares may call a special meeting or seek a written consent to vote on rescinding the pill. |
In addition, the rationale for adopting the pill should be thoroughly explained by the company. In examining the request for the pill, take into consideration the company’s existing governance structure, including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, and any problematic governance concerns.
Management Proposals to Ratify a Pill to Preserve Net Operating Losses (NOLs)
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to adopt a poison pill for the stated purpose of protecting a company's net operating losses (NOL) if the term of the pill would exceed the shorter of three years and the exhaustion of the NOL. |
Vote case-by-case on management proposals for poison pill ratification, considering the following factors, if the term of the pill would be the shorter of three years (or less) and the exhaustion of the NOL:
› › |
The ownership threshold to transfer (NOL pills generally have a trigger slightly below 5 percent); The value of the NOLs; |
› | Shareholder protection mechanisms (sunset provision, or commitment to cause expiration of the pill upon exhaustion or expiration of NOLs); |
› | The company's existing governance structure including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, track record of responsiveness to shareholders, and any other problematic governance concerns; and |
› | Any other factors that may be applicable. |
Proxy Voting Disclosure, Confidentiality, and Tabulation
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding proxy voting mechanics, taking into consideration whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder rights. Specific issues covered under the policy include, but are not limited to, confidential voting of individual proxies and ballots, confidentiality of running vote tallies, and the treatment of abstentions and/or broker non-votes in the company's vote-counting methodology. |
› | While a variety of factors may be considered in each analysis, the guiding principles are: transparency, consistency, and fairness in the proxy voting process. The factors considered, as applicable to the proposal, may include: |
› | The scope and structure of the proposal; |
› | The company's stated confidential voting policy (or other relevant policies) and whether it ensures a "level playing field" by providing shareholder proponents with equal access to vote information prior to the annual meeting; |
› | The company's vote standard for management and shareholder proposals and whether it ensures consistency and fairness in the proxy voting process and maintains the integrity of vote results; |
› | Whether the company's disclosure regarding its vote counting method and other relevant voting policies with respect to management and shareholder proposals are consistent and clear; |
› | Any recent controversies or concerns related to the company's proxy voting mechanics; |
› | Any unintended consequences resulting from implementation of the proposal; and |
› | Any other factors that may be relevant. |
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. |
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When voting in conjunction with support of a dissident slate, vote for the reimbursement of all appropriate proxy solicitation expenses associated with the election.
Generally vote for shareholder proposals calling for the reimbursement of reasonable costs incurred in connection with nominating one or more candidates in a contested election where the following apply:
› | The election of fewer than 50% of the directors to be elected is contested in the election; |
› | One or more of the dissident’s candidates is elected; |
› | Shareholders are not permitted to cumulate their votes for directors; and |
› | The election occurred, and the expenses were incurred, after the adoption of this bylaw. |
Reincorporation Proposals
|
General Recommendation : Management or shareholder proposals to change a company's state of incorporation should be evaluated case-by-case, giving consideration to both financial and corporate governance concerns including the following: |
› | Reasons for reincorporation; |
› | Comparison of company's governance practices and provisions prior to and following the reincorporation; and |
› | Comparison of corporation laws of original state and destination state. |
Vote for reincorporation when the economic factors outweigh any neutral or negative governance changes.
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent
|
General Recommendation : Generally vote against management and shareholder proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders' ability to act by written consent. |
Generally vote for management and shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to act by written consent, taking into account the following factors:
› | Shareholders' current right to act by written consent; |
› | The consent threshold; |
› | The inclusion of exclusionary or prohibitive language; |
› | Investor ownership structure; and |
› | Shareholder support of, and management's response to, previous shareholder proposals. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals if, in addition to the considerations above, the company has the following governance and antitakeover provisions:
› | An unfettered 8 right for shareholders to call special meetings at a 10 percent threshold; |
› | A majority vote standard in uncontested director elections; |
› | No non-shareholder-approved pill; and |
› | An annually elected board. |
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings
8 | "Unfettered" means no restrictions on agenda items, no restrictions on the number of shareholders who can group together to reach the 10 percent threshold, and only reasonable limits on when a meeting can be called: no greater than 30 days after the last annual meeting and no greater than 90 prior to the next annual meeting. |
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General Recommendation : Vote against management or shareholder proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders’ ability to call special meetings. |
Generally vote for management or shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings taking into account the following factors:
› | Shareholders’ current right to call special meetings; |
› | Minimum ownership threshold necessary to call special meetings (10% preferred); |
› | The inclusion of exclusionary or prohibitive language; |
› | Investor ownership structure; and |
› | Shareholder support of, and management’s response to, previous shareholder proposals. |
Stakeholder Provisions
|
General Recommendation : Vote against proposals that ask the board to consider non-shareholder constituencies or other non-financial effects when evaluating a merger or business combination. |
State Antitakeover Statutes
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to opt in or out of state takeover statutes (including fair price provisions, stakeholder laws, poison pill endorsements, severance pay and labor contract provisions, and antigreenmail provisions). |
Supermajority Vote Requirements
|
General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote. |
Vote for management or shareholder proposals to reduce supermajority vote requirements. However, for companies with shareholder(s) who have significant ownership levels, vote case-by-case, taking into account:
› | Ownership structure; |
› | Quorum requirements; and |
› | Vote requirements. |
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4. CAPITAL/RESTRUCTURING
Capital |
Adjustments to Par Value of Common Stock
|
General Recommendation : Vote for management proposals to reduce the par value of common stock unless the action is being taken to facilitate an anti-takeover device or some other negative corporate governance action. |
Vote for management proposals to eliminate par value.
Common Stock Authorization
|
General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares where the primary purpose of the increase is to issue shares in connection with a transaction on the same ballot that warrants support. |
Vote against proposals at companies with more than one class of common stock to increase the number of authorized shares of the class of common stock that has superior voting rights.
Vote against proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares if a vote for a reverse stock split on the same ballot is warranted despite the fact that the authorized shares would not be reduced proportionally.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance. Take into account company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
› | Past Board Performance: |
› | The company's use of authorized shares during the last three years |
› | The Current Request: |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of the specific purposes of the proposed increase; |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific and severe risks to shareholders of not approving the request; and |
› | The dilutive impact of the request as determined relative to an allowable increase calculated by ISS (typically 100 percent of existing authorized shares) that reflects the company's need for shares and total shareholder returns. |
ISS will apply the relevant allowable increase below to requests to increase common stock that are for general corporate purposes (or to the general corporate purposes portion of a request that also includes a specific need):
A. | Most companies: 100 percent of existing authorized shares. |
B. | Companies with less than 50 percent of existing authorized shares either outstanding or reserved for issuance: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
C. | Companies with one- and three-year total shareholder returns (TSRs) in the bottom 10 percent of the U.S. market as of the end of the calendar quarter that is closest to their most recent fiscal year end: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
D. | Companies at which both conditions (B and C) above are both present: 25 percent of existing authorized shares. |
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If there is an acquisition, private placement, or similar transaction on the ballot (not including equity incentive plans) that ISS is recommending FOR, the allowable increase will be the greater of (i) twice the amount needed to support the transactions on the ballot, and (ii) the allowable increase as calculated above.
Dual Class Structure
|
General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals to create a new class of common stock unless: |
› | The company discloses a compelling rationale for the dual-class capital structure, such as: |
› | The company's auditor has concluded that there is substantial doubt about the company's ability to continue as a going concern; or |
› | The new class of shares will be transitory; |
› | The new class is intended for financing purposes with minimal or no dilution to current shareholders in both the short term and long term; and |
› | The new class is not designed to preserve or increase the voting power of an insider or significant shareholder. |
Issue Stock for Use with Rights Plan
|
General Recommendation : Vote against proposals that increase authorized common stock for the explicit purpose of implementing a non-shareholder- approved shareholder rights plan (poison pill). |
Preemptive Rights
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals that seek preemptive rights, taking into consideration: |
› | The size of the company; |
› | The shareholder base; and |
› | The liquidity of the stock. |
Preferred Stock Authorization
General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to increase the number of authorized preferred shares where the primary purpose of the increase is to issue shares in connection with a transaction on the same ballot that warrants support.
Vote against proposals at companies with more than one class or series of preferred stock to increase the number of authorized shares of the class or series of preferred stock that has superior voting rights.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to increase the number of shares of preferred stock authorized for issuance. Take into account company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
› | Past Board Performance: |
› | The company's use of authorized preferred shares during the last three years; |
› | The Current Request: |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of the specific purposes for the proposed increase; |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific and severe risks to shareholders of not approving the request; |
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› | In cases where the company has existing authorized preferred stock, the dilutive impact of the request as determined by an allowable increase calculated by ISS (typically 100 percent of existing authorized shares) that reflects the company's need for shares and total shareholder returns; and |
› | Whether the shares requested are blank check preferred shares that can be used for antitakeover purposes. |
Recapitalization Plans
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on recapitalizations (reclassifications of securities), taking into account the following: |
› | More simplified capital structure; |
› | Enhanced liquidity; |
› | Fairness of conversion terms; |
› | Impact on voting power and dividends; |
› | Reasons for the reclassification; |
› | Conflicts of interest; and |
› | Other alternatives considered. |
Reverse Stock Splits
|
General Recommendation : Vote for management proposals to implement a reverse stock split when the number of authorized shares will be proportionately reduced. |
Vote against proposals when there is not a proportionate reduction of authorized shares, unless:
› | A stock exchange has provided notice to the company of a potential delisting; or |
› | The effective increase in authorized shares is equal to or less than the allowable increase calculated in accordance with ISS' Common Stock Authorization policy. |
Share Repurchase Programs
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General Recommendation : Vote for management proposals to institute open-market share repurchase plans in which all shareholders may participate on equal terms. |
Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends
|
General Recommendation : Vote for management proposals to increase the common share authorization for a stock split or share dividend, provided that the increase in authorized shares equal to or less than the allowable increase calculated in accordance with ISS' Common Stock Authorization policy. |
Tracking Stock
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the creation of tracking stock, weighing the strategic value of the transaction against such factors as: |
› | Adverse governance changes; |
› | Excessive increases in authorized capital stock; |
› | Unfair method of distribution; |
› | Diminution of voting rights; |
› | Adverse conversion features; |
› | Negative impact on stock option plans; and |
› | Alternatives such as spin-off. |
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Restructuring
Appraisal Rights
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to restore or provide shareholders with rights of appraisal. |
Asset Purchases
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on asset purchase proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Purchase price; |
› | Fairness opinion; |
› | Financial and strategic benefits; |
› | How the deal was negotiated; |
› | Conflicts of interest; |
› | Other alternatives for the business; |
› | Non-completion risk. |
Asset Sales
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on asset sales, considering the following factors: |
› | Impact on the balance sheet/working capital; |
› | Potential elimination of diseconomies; |
› | Anticipated financial and operating benefits; |
› | Anticipated use of funds; |
› | Value received for the asset; |
› | Fairness opinion; |
› | How the deal was negotiated; |
› | Conflicts of interest. |
Bundled Proposals
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on bundled or “conditional” proxy proposals. In the case of items that are conditioned upon each other, examine the benefits and costs of the packaged items. In instances when the joint effect of the conditioned items is not in shareholders’ best interests, vote against the proposals. If the combined effect is positive, support such proposals. |
Conversion of Securities
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding conversion of securities. When evaluating these proposals the investor should review the dilution to existing shareholders, the conversion price relative to market value, financial issues, control issues, termination penalties, and conflicts of interest. |
Vote for the conversion if it is expected that the company will be subject to onerous penalties or will be forced to file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Corporate Reorganization/Debt Restructuring/Prepackaged Bankruptcy Plans/Reverse Leveraged Buyouts/Wrap Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to increase common and/or preferred shares and to issue shares as part of a debt restructuring plan, after evaluating: |
› | Dilution to existing shareholders' positions; |
› | Terms of the offer - discount/premium in purchase price to investor, including any fairness opinion; termination penalties; exit strategy; |
› | Financial issues - company's financial situation; degree of need for capital; use of proceeds; effect of the financing on the company's cost of capital; |
› | Management's efforts to pursue other alternatives; |
› | Control issues - change in management; change in control, guaranteed board and committee seats; standstill provisions; voting agreements; veto power over certain corporate actions; and |
› | Conflict of interest - arm's length transaction, managerial incentives. |
Vote for the debt restructuring if it is expected that the company will file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Formation of Holding Company
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding the formation of a holding company, taking into consideration the following: |
› | The reasons for the change; |
› | Any financial or tax benefits; |
› | Regulatory benefits; |
› | Increases in capital structure; and |
› | Changes to the articles of incorporation or bylaws of the company. |
Absent compelling financial reasons to recommend for the transaction, vote against the formation of a holding company if the transaction would include either of the following:
› | Increases in common or preferred stock in excess of the allowable maximum (see discussion under “Capital”); or |
› | Adverse changes in shareholder rights. |
Going Private and Going Dark Transactions (LBOs and Minority Squeeze-outs)
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on going private transactions, taking into account the following: |
› | Offer price/premium; |
› | Fairness opinion; |
› | How the deal was negotiated; |
› | Conflicts of interest; |
› | Other alternatives/offers considered; and |
› | Non-completion risk. |
Vote case-by-case on going dark transactions, determining whether the transaction enhances shareholder value by taking into consideration:
› | Whether the company has attained benefits from being publicly-traded (examination of trading volume, liquidity, and market research of the stock); |
› | Balanced interests of continuing vs. cashed-out shareholders, taking into account the following: |
› | Are all shareholders able to participate in the transaction? |
› | Will there be a liquid market for remaining shareholders following the transaction? |
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› | Does the company have strong corporate governance? |
› | Will insiders reap the gains of control following the proposed transaction? |
› | Does the state of incorporation have laws requiring continued reporting that may benefit shareholders? |
Joint Ventures
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to form joint ventures, taking into account the following: |
› | Percentage of assets/business contributed; |
› | Percentage ownership; |
› | Financial and strategic benefits; |
› | Governance structure; |
› | Conflicts of interest; |
› | Other alternatives; and |
› | Non-completion risk. |
Liquidations |
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on liquidations, taking into account the following: |
› | Management’s efforts to pursue other alternatives; |
› | Appraisal value of assets; and |
› | The compensation plan for executives managing the liquidation. |
Vote for the liquidation if the company will file for bankruptcy if the proposal is not approved.
Mergers and Acquisitions
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on mergers and acquisitions. Review and evaluate the merits and drawbacks of the proposed transaction, balancing various and sometimes countervailing factors including: |
› | Valuation - Is the value to be received by the target shareholders (or paid by the acquirer) reasonable? While the fairness opinion may provide an initial starting point for assessing valuation reasonableness, emphasis is placed on the offer premium, market reaction and strategic rationale. |
› | Market reaction - How has the market responded to the proposed deal? A negative market reaction should cause closer scrutiny of a deal. |
› | Strategic rationale - Does the deal make sense strategically? From where is the value derived? Cost and revenue synergies should not be overly aggressive or optimistic, but reasonably achievable. Management should also have a favorable track record of successful integration of historical acquisitions. |
› | Negotiations and process - Were the terms of the transaction negotiated at arm's-length? Was the process fair and equitable? A fair process helps to ensure the best price for shareholders. Significant negotiation "wins" can also signify the deal makers' competency. The comprehensiveness of the sales process ( e.g. , full auction, partial auction, no auction) can also affect shareholder value. |
› | Conflicts of interest - Are insiders benefiting from the transaction disproportionately and inappropriately as compared to non-insider shareholders? As the result of potential conflicts, the directors and officers of the company may be more likely to vote to approve a merger than if they did not hold these interests. Consider whether these interests may have influenced these directors and officers to support or recommend the merger. The CIC figure presented in the "ISS Transaction Summary" section of this report is an aggregate figure that can in certain cases be a misleading indicator of the true value transfer from shareholders to insiders. Where such figure appears to be excessive, analyze the underlying assumptions to determine whether a potential conflict exists. |
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› | Governance - Will the combined company have a better or worse governance profile than the current governance profiles of the respective parties to the transaction? If the governance profile is to change for the worse, the burden is on the company to prove that other issues (such as valuation) outweigh any deterioration in governance. |
Private Placements/Warrants/Convertible Debentures
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding private placements, warrants, and convertible debentures taking into consideration: |
› | Dilution to existing shareholders' position: The amount and timing of shareholder ownership dilution should be weighed against the needs and proposed shareholder benefits of the capital infusion. Although newly issued common stock, absent preemptive rights, is typically dilutive to existing shareholders, share price appreciation is often the necessary event to trigger the exercise of "out of the money" warrants and convertible debt. In these instances from a value standpoint, the negative impact of dilution is mitigated by the increase in the company's stock price that must occur to trigger the dilutive event. |
› | Terms of the offer (discount/premium in purchase price to investor, including any fairness opinion, conversion features, termination penalties, exit strategy): |
› | The terms of the offer should be weighed against the alternatives of the company and in light of company's financial condition. Ideally, the conversion price for convertible debt and the exercise price for warrants should be at a premium to the then prevailing stock price at the time of private placement. |
› | When evaluating the magnitude of a private placement discount or premium, consider factors that influence the discount or premium, such as, liquidity, due diligence costs, control and monitoring costs, capital scarcity, information asymmetry and anticipation of future performance. |
› | Financial issues: |
› | The company's financial condition; |
› | Degree of need for capital; |
› | Use of proceeds; |
› | Effect of the financing on the company's cost of capital; |
› | Current and proposed cash burn rate; |
› | Going concern viability and the state of the capital and credit markets. |
› | Management's efforts to pursue alternatives and whether the company engaged in a process to evaluate alternatives: A fair, unconstrained process helps to ensure the best price for shareholders. Financing alternatives can include joint ventures, partnership, merger or sale of part or all of the company. |
› | Control issues: |
› | Change in management; |
› | Change in control; |
› | Guaranteed board and committee seats; |
› | Standstill provisions; |
› | Voting agreements; |
› | Veto power over certain corporate actions; and |
› | Minority versus majority ownership and corresponding minority discount or majority control premium |
› | Conflicts of interest: |
› | Conflicts of interest should be viewed from the perspective of the company and the investor. |
› | Were the terms of the transaction negotiated at arm's length? Are managerial incentives aligned with shareholder interests? |
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› | Market reaction: |
› | The market's response to the proposed deal. A negative market reaction is a cause for concern. Market reaction may be addressed by analyzing the one day impact on the unaffected stock price. |
Vote for the private placement, or for the issuance of warrants and/or convertible debentures in a private placement, if it is expected that the company will file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Reorganization/Restructuring Plan (Bankruptcy)
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to common shareholders on bankruptcy plans of reorganization, considering the following factors including, but not limited to: |
› | Estimated value and financial prospects of the reorganized company; |
› | Percentage ownership of current shareholders in the reorganized company; |
› | Whether shareholders are adequately represented in the reorganization process (particularly through the existence of an Official Equity Committee); |
› | The cause(s) of the bankruptcy filing, and the extent to which the plan of reorganization addresses the cause(s); |
› › |
Existence of a superior alternative to the plan of reorganization; and Governance of the reorganized company. |
Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs)
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on SPAC mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following: |
› | Valuation—Is the value being paid by the SPAC reasonable? SPACs generally lack an independent fairness opinion and the financials on the target may be limited. Compare the conversion price with the intrinsic value of the target company provided in the fairness opinion. Also, evaluate the proportionate value of the combined entity attributable to the SPAC IPO shareholders versus the pre-merger value of SPAC. Additionally, a private company discount may be applied to the target, if it is a private entity. |
› | Market reaction—How has the market responded to the proposed deal? A negative market reaction may be a cause for concern. Market reaction may be addressed by analyzing the one-day impact on the unaffected stock price. |
› | Deal timing—A main driver for most transactions is that the SPAC charter typically requires the deal to be complete within 18 to 24 months, or the SPAC is to be liquidated. Evaluate the valuation, market reaction, and potential conflicts of interest for deals that are announced close to the liquidation date. |
› | Negotiations and process—What was the process undertaken to identify potential target companies within specified industry or location specified in charter? Consider the background of the sponsors. |
› | Conflicts of interest—How are sponsors benefiting from the transaction compared to IPO shareholders? Potential conflicts could arise if a fairness opinion is issued by the insiders to qualify the deal rather than a third party or if management is encouraged to pay a higher price for the target because of an 80% rule (the charter requires that the fair market value of the target is at least equal to 80% of net assets of the SPAC). Also, there may be sense of urgency by the management team of the SPAC to close the deal since its charter typically requires a transaction to be completed within the 18-24 month timeframe. |
› | Voting agreements—Are the sponsors entering into enter into any voting agreements/ tender offers with shareholders who are likely to vote against the proposed merger or exercise conversion rights? |
› | Governance—What is the impact of having the SPAC CEO or founder on key committees following the proposed merger? |
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Spin-offs
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on spin-offs, considering: |
› | Tax and regulatory advantages; |
› | Planned use of the sale proceeds; |
› | Valuation of spinoff; |
› | Fairness opinion; |
› | Benefits to the parent company; |
› | Conflicts of interest; |
› | Managerial incentives; |
› | Corporate governance changes; |
› | Changes in the capital structure. |
Value Maximization Shareholder Proposals
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals seeking to maximize shareholder value by: |
› | Hiring a financial advisor to explore strategic alternatives; |
› | Selling the company; or |
› | Liquidating the company and distributing the proceeds to shareholders. |
These proposals should be evaluated based on the following factors:
› | Prolonged poor performance with no turnaround in sight; |
› | Signs of entrenched board and management (such as the adoption of takeover defenses); |
› | Strategic plan in place for improving value; |
› | Likelihood of receiving reasonable value in a sale or dissolution; and |
› | The company actively exploring its strategic options, including retaining a financial advisor. |
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5. COMPENSATION
Executive Pay Evaluation
Underlying all evaluations are five global principles that most investors expect corporations to adhere to in designing and administering executive and director compensation programs:
1. | Maintain appropriate pay-for-performance alignment, with emphasis on long-term shareholder value: This principle encompasses overall executive pay practices, which must be designed to attract, retain, and appropriately motivate the key employees who drive shareholder value creation over the long term. It will take into consideration, among other factors, the link between pay and performance; the mix between fixed and variable pay; performance goals; and equity-based plan costs; |
2. | Avoid arrangements that risk “pay for failure”: This principle addresses the appropriateness of long or indefinite contracts, excessive severance packages, and guaranteed compensation; |
3. | Maintain an independent and effective compensation committee: This principle promotes oversight of executive pay programs by directors with appropriate skills, knowledge, experience, and a sound process for compensation decision-making ( e.g. , including access to independent expertise and advice when needed); |
4. | Provide shareholders with clear, comprehensive compensation disclosures: This principle underscores the importance of informative and timely disclosures that enable shareholders to evaluate executive pay practices fully and fairly; |
5. | Avoid inappropriate pay to non-executive directors: This principle recognizes the interests of shareholders in ensuring that compensation to outside directors does not compromise their independence and ability to make appropriate judgments in overseeing managers’ pay and performance. At the market level, it may incorporate a variety of generally accepted best practices. |
Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation—Management Proposals (Management Say-onPay)
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on ballot items related to executive pay and practices, as well as certain aspects of outside director compensation. |
Vote against Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation (Management Say-on-Pay—MSOP) if:
› | There is a significant misalignment between CEO pay and company performance ( pay for performance ); |
› | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices ; |
› | The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders. |
Vote against or withhold from the members of the Compensation Committee and potentially the full board if:
› | There is no MSOP on the ballot, and an against vote on an MSOP is warranted due to pay for performance misalignment, problematic pay practices, or the lack of adequate responsiveness on compensation issues raised previously, or a combination thereof; |
› | The board fails to respond adequately to a previous MSOP proposal that received less than 70 percent support of votes cast; |
› | The company has recently practiced or approved problematic pay practices, including option repricing or option backdating; or |
› | The situation is egregious. |
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Primary Evaluation Factors for Executive Pay
Pay-for-Performance Evaluation
ISS annually conducts a pay-for-performance analysis to identify strong or satisfactory alignment between pay and performance over a sustained period. With respect to companies in the Russell 3000 or Russell 3000E Indices 9 , this analysis considers the following:
1. | Peer Group 10 Alignment: |
› | The degree of alignment between the company's annualized TSR rank and the CEO's annualized total pay rank within a peer group, each measured over a three-year period. |
› | The multiple of the CEO's total pay relative to the peer group median. |
2. | Absolute Alignment 11 – the absolute alignment between the trend in CEO pay and company TSR over the prior five fiscal years – i.e., the difference between the trend in annual pay changes and the trend in annualized TSR during the period. |
If the above analysis demonstrates significant unsatisfactory long-term pay-for-performance alignment or, in the case of companies outside the Russell indices, misaligned pay and performance are otherwise suggested, our analysis may include any of the following qualitative factors, as relevant to evaluating how various pay elements may work to encourage or to undermine long-term value creation and alignment with shareholder interests:
› | The ratio of performance- to time-based equity awards; |
› | The overall ratio of performance-based compensation; |
› | The completeness of disclosure and rigor of performance goals; |
› | The company's peer group benchmarking practices; |
› | Actual results of financial/operational metrics, such as growth in revenue, profit, cash flow, etc., both absolute and relative to peers; |
› | Special circumstances related to, for example, a new CEO in the prior FY or anomalous equity grant practices (e.g., bi-annual awards); |
› | Realizable pay 12 compared to grant pay; and |
› | Any other factors deemed relevant. |
Problematic Pay Practices
The focus is on executive compensation practices that contravene the global pay principles, including:
› | Problematic practices related to non-performance-based compensation elements; |
› | Incentives that may motivate excessive risk-taking; and |
9 | The Russell 3000E Index includes approximately 4,000 of the largest U.S. equity securities. |
10 | The revised peer group is generally comprised of 14-24 companies that are selected using market cap, revenue (or assets for certain financial firms), GICS industry group, and company's selected peers' GICS industry group, with size constraints, via a process designed to select peers that are comparable to the subject company in terms of revenue/assets and industry, and also within a market cap bucket that is reflective of the company's. For Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels companies, market cap is the only size determinant. |
11 | Only Russell 3000 Index companies are subject to the Absolute Alignment analysis. |
12 | ISS research reports include realizable pay for S&P1500 companies. |
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› | Options Backdating. |
Problematic Pay Practices related to Non-Performance-Based Compensation Elements
Pay elements that are not directly based on performance are generally evaluated case-by-case considering the context of a company's overall pay program and demonstrated pay-for-performance philosophy. Please refer to ISS' Compensation FAQ document for detail on specific pay practices that have been identified as potentially problematic and may lead to negative recommendations if they are deemed to be inappropriate or unjustified relative to executive pay best practices. The list below highlights the problematic practices that carry significant weight in this overall consideration and may result in adverse vote recommendations:
› | Repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/SARS without prior shareholder approval (including cash buyouts and voluntary surrender of underwater options); |
› | Excessive perquisites or tax gross-ups, including any gross-up related to a secular trust or restricted stock vesting; |
› | New or extended agreements that provide for: |
› | CIC payments exceeding 3 times base salary and average/target/most recent bonus; |
› | CIC severance payments without involuntary job loss or substantial diminution of duties ("single" or "modified single" triggers); |
› | CIC payments with excise tax gross-ups (including "modified" gross-ups); |
› Insufficient executive compensation disclosure by externally- managed issuers (EMIs) such that a reasonable assessment of pay programs and practices applicable to the EMI's executives is not possible.
Incentives that may Motivate Excessive Risk-Taking
› | Multi-year guaranteed bonuses; |
› | A single or common performance metric used for short- and long-term plans; |
› | Lucrative severance packages; |
› | High pay opportunities relative to industry peers; |
› | Disproportionate supplemental pensions; or |
› | Mega annual equity grants that provide unlimited upside with no downside risk. |
Factors that potentially mitigate the impact of risky incentives include rigorous claw-back provisions and robust stock ownership/holding guidelines.
Options Backdating
The following factors should be examined case-by-case to allow for distinctions to be made between “sloppy” plan administration versus deliberate action or fraud:
› | Reason and motive for the options backdating issue, such as inadvertent vs. deliberate grant date changes; |
› | Duration of options backdating; |
› | Size of restatement due to options backdating; |
› | Corrective actions taken by the board or compensation committee, such as canceling or re-pricing backdated options, the recouping of option gains on backdated grants; and |
› | Adoption of a grant policy that prohibits backdating, and creates a fixed grant schedule or window period for equity grants in the future. |
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Compensation Committee Communications and Responsiveness
Consider the following factors case-by-case when evaluating ballot items related to executive pay on the board’s responsiveness to investor input and engagement on compensation issues:
› | Failure to respond to majority-supported shareholder proposals on executive pay topics; or |
› | Failure to adequately respond to the company's previous say-on-pay proposal that received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast, taking into account: |
› | The company's response, including: |
› | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors regarding the issues that contributed to the low level of support; |
› | Specific actions taken to address the issues that contributed to the low level of support; |
› | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
› | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
› | The company's ownership structure; and |
› | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
Frequency of Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation ("Say When on Pay")
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General Recommendation : Vote for annual advisory votes on compensation, which provide the most consistent and clear communication channel for shareholder concerns about companies' executive pay programs. |
Voting on Golden Parachutes in an Acquisition, Merger, Consolidation, or Proposed Sale
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on say on Golden Parachute proposals, including consideration of existing change-in-control arrangements maintained with named executive officers rather than focusing primarily on new or extended arrangements. |
Features that may result in an “against” recommendation include one or more of the following, depending on the number, magnitude, and/or timing of issue(s):
› | Single- or modified-single-trigger cash severance; |
› | Single-trigger acceleration of unvested equity awards; |
› | Excessive cash severance (>3x base salary and bonus); |
› | Excise tax gross-ups triggered and payable (as opposed to a provision to provide excise tax gross-ups); |
› | Excessive golden parachute payments (on an absolute basis or as a percentage of transaction equity value); or |
› | Recent amendments that incorporate any problematic features (such as those above) or recent actions (such as extraordinary equity grants) that may make packages so attractive as to influence merger agreements that may not be in the best interests of shareholders; or |
› | The company's assertion that a proposed transaction is conditioned on shareholder approval of the golden parachute advisory vote. |
Recent amendment(s) that incorporate problematic features will tend to carry more weight on the overall analysis. However, the presence of multiple legacy problematic features will also be closely scrutinized.
In cases where the golden parachute vote is incorporated into a company's advisory vote on compensation (management say-on-pay), ISS will evaluate the say-on-pay proposal in accordance with these guidelines, which may give higher weight to that component of the overall evaluation.
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Equity-Based and Other Incentive Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on certain equity-based compensation plans 13 depending on a combination of certain plan features and equity grant practices, where positive factors may counterbalance negative factors, and vice versa, as evaluated using an "equity plan scorecard" (EPSC) approach with three pillars: |
› | Plan Cost: The total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers, measured by the company's estimated Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) in relation to peers and considering both: |
› | SVT based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; and |
› | SVT based only on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants. |
› | Plan Features: |
› | Automatic single-triggered award vesting upon a change in control (CIC); |
› | Discretionary vesting authority; |
› | Liberal share recycling on various award types; |
› | Lack of minimum vesting period for grants made under the plan. |
› | Grant Practices: |
› | The company’s three year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers; |
› | Vesting requirements in most recent CEO equity grants (3-year look-back); |
› | The estimated duration of the plan (based on the sum of shares remaining available and the new shares requested, divided by the average annual shares granted in the prior three years); |
› | The proportion of the CEO's most recent equity grants/awards subject to performance conditions; |
› | Whether the company maintains a claw-back policy; |
› | Whether the company has established post exercise/vesting share-holding requirements. |
Generally vote against the plan proposal if the combination of above factors indicates that the plan is not, overall, in shareholders' interests, or if any of the following egregious factors apply:
› | Awards may vest in connection with a liberal change-of-control definition; |
› | The plan would permit repricing or cash buyout of underwater options without shareholder approval (either by expressly permitting it – for NYSE and Nasdaq listed companies -- or by not prohibiting it when the company has a history of repricing – for non-listed companies); |
› | The plan is a vehicle for problematic pay practices or a significant pay-for-performance disconnect under certain circumstances; or |
› | Any other plan features are determined to have a significant negative impact on shareholder interests. |
Plan Cost
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against equity plans if the cost is unreasonable. For non-employee director plans, vote for the plan if certain factors are met (see Director Compensation section). |
13 | Proposals evaluated under the EPSC policy generally include those to approve or amend (1) stock option plans for employees and/or employees and directors, (2) restricted stock plans for employees and/or employees and directors, and (3) omnibus stock incentive plans for employees and/or employees and directors. |
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Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT)
The cost of the equity plans is expressed as Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT), which is measured using a binomial option pricing model that assesses the amount of shareholders’ equity flowing out of the company to employees and directors. SVT is expressed as both a dollar amount and as a percentage of market value, and includes the new shares proposed, shares available under existing plans, and shares granted but unexercised (using two measures, in the case of plans subject to the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation, as noted above). All award types are valued. For omnibus plans, unless limitations are placed on the most expensive types of awards (for example, full value awards), the assumption is made that all awards to be granted will be the most expensive types. See discussion of specific types of awards.
Except for proposals subject to Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation, Shareholder Value Transfer is reasonable if it falls below a company-specific benchmark. The benchmark is determined as follows: The top quartile performers in each industry group (using the Global Industry Classification Standard: GICS) are identified. Benchmark SVT levels for each industry are established based on these top performers’ historic SVT. Regression analyses are run on each industry group to identify the variables most strongly correlated to SVT. The benchmark industry SVT level is then adjusted upwards or downwards for the specific company by plugging the company-specific performance measures, size and cash compensation into the industry cap equations to arrive at the company’s benchmark. 14
Grant Practices
Three-Year Burn Rate
Burn rate benchmarks (utilized in Equity Plan Scorecard evaluations) are calculated as the greater of: (1) the mean (μ) plus one standard deviation (σ) of the company's GICS group segmented by S&P 500, Russell 3000 index (less the S&P500) and non-Russell 3000 index; and (2) two percent of weighted common shares outstanding. In addition, yearover-year burn-rate benchmark changes will be limited to a maximum of two (2) percentage points plus or minus the prior year's burn-rate benchmark.
14 | For plans evaluated under the Equity Plan Scorecard policy, the company's SVT benchmark is considered along with other factors. |
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2016 Burn Rate Benchmarks
S&P500 | |||||
GICS | Description | Mean |
Standard
Deviation |
Industry
|
|
10 | Energy | 1.13% | 0.55% | 2.00% | * |
15 | Materials | 1.16% | 0.61% | 2.00% | * |
20 | Industrials | 1.36% | 0.68% | 2.04% | |
25 | Consumer Discretionary | 1.55% | 0.79% | 2.34% | |
30 | Consumer Staples | 1.37% | 0.65% | 2.03% | |
35 | Health Care | 1.98% | 0.84% | 2.82% | |
40 | Financials | 1.70% | 1.25% | 2.95% | |
45 | Information Technology | 3.35% | 1.56% | 4.91% | |
50 | Telecommunication Services | 0.85% | 0.18% | 2.00% | * |
55 | Utilities | 0.78% | 0.35% | 2.00% | * |
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Non-Russell 3000 | |||||
GICS | Description | Mean |
Standard
Deviation |
Industry
Benchmark* |
|
1010 | Energy | 2.55% | 3.31% | 5.86% | |
1510 | Materials | 2.78% | 3.35% | 6.13% | |
2010 | Capital Goods | 2.93% | 3.49% | 6.42% | |
2020 | Commercial & Professional Services | 3.17% | 3.45% | 6.62% | |
2030 | Transportation | 1.21% | 1.67% | 2.87% | |
2510 | Automobiles & Components | 2.99% | 3.29% | 6.21% | * |
2520 | Consumer Durables & Apparel | 2.76% | 2.58% | 5.34% | |
2530 | Consumer Services | 2.04% | 2.00% | 4.04% | |
2540 | Media | 3.52% | 2.60% | 6.11% | |
2550 | Retailing | 2.98% | 2.55% | 5.53% | |
3010, 3020, 3030 | Consumer Staples | 2.60% | 3.68% | 6.28% | |
3510 | Health Care Equipment & Services | 4.40% | 3.92% | 8.32% | |
3520 | Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology | 4.67% | 3.80% | 8.46% | |
4010 | Banks | 1.27% | 1.97% | 3.24% | |
4020 | Diversified Financials | 2.15% | 3.98% | 6.13% | |
4030 | Insurance | 1.33% | 2.50% | 3.83% | |
4040 | Real Estate | 1.36% | 2.42% | 3.78% | |
4510 | Software & Services | 4.59% | 3.62% | 8.22% | |
4520 | Technology Hardware & Equipment | 3.50% | 2.91% | 6.41% | |
4530 | Semiconductor Equipment | 4.08% | 3.29% | 7.37% | |
5010 | Telecommunication Services | 3.14% | 3.56% | 6.70% | |
5510 | Utilities | 1.63% | 3.20% | 4.83% |
* | The benchmark is generally the Mean + Standard Deviation, subject to minimum benchmark of 2%. In addition, year-over-year burn rate benchmark changes are limited to a maximum of two (2) percentage points plus or minus the prior year's burn rate benchmark. |
A premium (multiplier) is applied on full value awards for the past three fiscal years. The guideline for applying the premium is as follows:
Stock Price Volatility | Multiplier |
54.6% and higher | 1 full-value award will count as 1.5 option shares |
36.1% or higher and less than 54.6% | 1 full-value award will count as 2.0 option shares |
24.9% or higher and less than 36.1% | 1 full-value award will count as 2.5 option shares |
16.5% or higher and less than 24.9% | 1 full-value award will count as 3.0 option shares |
7.9% or higher and less than 16.5% | 1 full-value award will count as 3.5 option shares |
Less than 7.9% | 1 full-value award will count as 4.0 option shares |
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Egregious Factors
Liberal Change in Control Definition
Generally vote against equity plans if the plan has a liberal definition of change in control and the equity awards could vest upon such liberal definition of change-in-control, even though an actual change in control may not occur. Examples of such a definition include, but are not limited to, announcement or commencement of a tender offer, provisions for acceleration upon a “potential” takeover, shareholder approval of a merger or other transactions, or similar language.
Repricing Provisions
Vote against plans that expressly permit the repricing or exchange of underwater stock options/stock appreciate rights (SARs) without prior shareholder approval. "Repricing" includes the ability to do any of the following:
› | Amend the terms of outstanding options or SARs to reduce the exercise price of such outstanding options or SARs; |
› | Cancel outstanding options or SARs in exchange for options or SARs with an exercise price that is less than the exercise price of the original options or SARs. |
Also, vote against or withhold from members of the Compensation Committee who approved and/or implemented a repricing or an option/SAR exchange program, by buying out underwater options/SARs for stock, cash or other consideration or canceling underwater options/SARs and regranting options/SARs with a lower exercise price, without prior shareholder approval, even if such repricings are allowed in their equity plan.
Vote against plans if the company has a history of repricing without shareholder approval, and the applicable listing standards would not preclude them from doing so.
Problematic Pay Practices or Significant Pay-for-Performance Disconnect
If the equity plan on the ballot is a vehicle for problematic pay practices , vote against the plan.
If a significant portion of the CEO’s misaligned pay is attributed to non-performance-based equity awards, and there is an equity plan on the ballot with the CEO as one of the participants, ISS may recommend a vote against the equity plan. Considerations in voting against the equity plan may include, but are not limited to:
› | Magnitude of pay misalignment; |
› | Contribution of non–performance-based equity grants to overall pay; and |
› | The proportion of equity awards granted in the last three fiscal years concentrated at the named executive officer level. |
Specific Treatment of Certain Award Types in Equity Plan Evaluations
Dividend Equivalent Rights
Options that have Dividend Equivalent Rights (DERs) associated with them will have a higher calculated award value than those without DERs under the binomial model, based on the value of these dividend streams. The higher value will be applied to new shares, shares available under existing plans, and shares awarded but not exercised per the plan specifications. DERS transfer more shareholder equity to employees and non-employee directors and this cost should be captured.
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Operating Partnership (OP) Units in Equity Plan Analysis of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
For Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS), include the common shares issuable upon conversion of outstanding Operating Partnership (OP) units in the share count for the purposes of determining: (1) market capitalization in the Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) analysis and (2) shares outstanding in the burn rate analysis.
Other Compensation Plans
401(k) Employee Benefit Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to implement a 401(k) savings plan for employees. |
Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to implement an ESOP or increase authorized shares for existing ESOPs, unless the number of shares allocated to the ESOP is excessive (more than five percent of outstanding shares). |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Qualified Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on qualified employee stock purchase plans. Vote for employee stock purchase plans where all of the following apply: |
› | Purchase price is at least 85 percent of fair market value; |
› | Offering period is 27 months or less; and |
› | The number of shares allocated to the plan is 10 percent or less of the outstanding shares. |
Vote against qualified employee stock purchase plans where any of the following apply:
› | Purchase price is less than 85 percent of fair market value; or |
› | Offering period is greater than 27 months; or |
› | The number of shares allocated to the plan is more than ten percent of the outstanding shares. |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Non-Qualified Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on nonqualified employee stock purchase plans. Vote for nonqualified employee stock purchase plans with all the following features: |
› | Broad-based participation ( i.e. , all employees of the company with the exclusion of individuals with 5 percent or more of beneficial ownership of the company); |
› | Limits on employee contribution, which may be a fixed dollar amount or expressed as a percent of base salary; |
› | Company matching contribution up to 25 percent of employee’s contribution, which is effectively a discount of 20 percent from market value; and |
› | No discount on the stock price on the date of purchase since there is a company matching contribution. |
Vote against nonqualified employee stock purchase plans when the plan features do not meet all of the above criteria. If the company matching contribution exceeds 25 percent of employee’s contribution, evaluate the cost of the plan against its allowable cap.
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Incentive Bonus Plans and Tax Deductibility Proposals (OBRA-Related Compensation Proposals)
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals to approve or amend executive incentive plans if the proposal: |
› | Is only to address administrative features; |
› | Places a cap on the annual grants any one participant may receive to comply with the provisions of Section 162(m); |
› | Adds performance goals to existing compensation plans to comply with the provisions of Section 162(m) unless they are clearly inappropriate; or |
› | Covers cash or cash and stock plans that are submitted to shareholders for the purpose of exempting compensation from taxes under the provisions of Section 162(m) if no increase in shares is requested. |
Vote against such proposals if:
› | The compensation committee does not fully consist of independent outsiders, per ISS’ Categorization of Directors ; or |
› | The plan or proposal contains excessive problematic provisions. |
Vote case-by-case on such proposals if:
› | In addition to seeking 162(m) tax treatment, the amendment may cause the transfer of additional shareholder value to employees ( e.g ., by requesting additional shares, extending the option term, or expanding the pool of plan participants). Evaluate the Shareholder Value Transfer in comparison with the company’s allowable cap; or |
› | A company is presenting the plan to shareholders for Section 162(m) favorable tax treatment for the first time after the company’s initial public offering (IPO). Perform a full standard as applicable. |
Option Exchange Programs/Repricing Options
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on management proposals seeking approval to exchange/reprice options taking into consideration: |
› | Historic trading patterns--the stock price should not be so volatile that the options are likely to be back “in-the-money” over the near term; |
› | Rationale for the re-pricing--was the stock price decline beyond management's control?; |
› | Is this a value-for-value exchange?; |
› | Are surrendered stock options added back to the plan reserve?; |
› | Option vesting--does the new option vest immediately or is there a black-out period?; |
› | Term of the option--the term should remain the same as that of the replaced option; |
› | Exercise price--should be set at fair market or a premium to market; |
› | Participants--executive officers and directors should be excluded. |
If the surrendered options are added back to the equity plans for re-issuance, then also take into consideration the company’s total cost of equity plans and its three-year average burn rate.
In addition to the above considerations, evaluate the intent, rationale, and timing of the repricing proposal. The proposal should clearly articulate why the board is choosing to conduct an exchange program at this point in time. Repricing underwater options after a recent precipitous drop in the company’s stock price demonstrates poor timing. Repricing after a recent decline in stock price triggers additional scrutiny and a potential against vote on the proposal. At a minimum, the decline should not have happened within the past year. Also, consider the terms of the surrendered options, such as the grant date, exercise price and vesting schedule. Grant dates of surrendered options should be far enough back (two to three years) so as not to suggest that repricings are being done to take advantage of short-term downward price movements. Similarly, the exercise price of surrendered options should be above the 52-week high for the stock price.
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Vote for shareholder proposals to put option repricings to a shareholder vote.
Stock Plans in Lieu of Cash
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on plans that provide participants with the option of taking all or a portion of their cash compensation in the form of stock. |
Vote for non-employee director-only equity plans that provide a dollar-for-dollar cash-for-stock exchange.
Vote case-by-case on plans which do not provide a dollar-for-dollar cash for stock exchange. In cases where the exchange is not dollar-for-dollar, the request for new or additional shares for such equity program will be considered using the binomial option pricing model. In an effort to capture the total cost of total compensation, ISS will not make any adjustments to carve out the in-lieu-of cash compensation.
Transfer Stock Option (TSO) Programs
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General Recommendation : One-time Transfers: Vote against or withhold from compensation committee members if they fail to submit one-time transfers to shareholders for approval. |
Vote case-by-case on one-time transfers. Vote for if:
› | Executive officers and non-employee directors are excluded from participating; |
› | Stock options are purchased by third-party financial institutions at a discount to their fair value using option pricing models such as Black-Scholes or a Binomial Option Valuation or other appropriate financial models; and |
› | There is a two-year minimum holding period for sale proceeds (cash or stock) for all participants. |
Additionally, management should provide a clear explanation of why options are being transferred to a third-party institution and whether the events leading up to a decline in stock price were beyond management's control. A review of the company's historic stock price volatility should indicate if the options are likely to be back “in-the-money” over the near term.
Ongoing TSO program: Vote against equity plan proposals if the details of ongoing TSO programs are not provided to shareholders. Since TSOs will be one of the award types under a stock plan, the ongoing TSO program, structure and mechanics must be disclosed to shareholders. The specific criteria to be considered in evaluating these proposals include, but not limited, to the following:
› | Eligibility; |
› | Vesting; |
› | Bid-price; |
› | Term of options; |
› | Cost of the program and impact of the TSOs on company’s total option expense; and |
› | Option repricing policy. |
Amendments to existing plans that allow for introduction of transferability of stock options should make clear that only options granted post-amendment shall be transferable.
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Director Compensation
Equity Plans for Non-Employee Directors
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on compensation plans for non-employee directors, based on: |
› | The total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers, measured by the company’s estimated Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; |
› | The company’s three year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers; and |
› | Certain plan features. |
On occasion, director stock plans that set aside a relatively small number of shares will exceed the plan cost or burn rate benchmark when combined with employee or executive stock compensation plans. In such cases, vote for the plan if all of the following qualitative factors in the board’s compensation are met and disclosed in the proxy statement:
› | Director stock ownership guidelines with a minimum of three times the annual cash retainer; › Vesting schedule or mandatory holding/deferral period: |
› | A minimum vesting of three years for stock options or restricted stock; or |
› | Deferred stock payable at the end of a three-year deferral period. |
› | Mix between cash and equity: |
› | A balanced mix of cash and equity, for example 40% cash/60% equity or 50% cash/50% equity; or |
› | If the mix is heavier on the equity component, the vesting schedule or deferral period should be more stringent, with the lesser of five years or the term of directorship. |
› | No retirement benefits, or perquisites provided to non-employee directors; and |
› | Detailed disclosure provided on cash and equity compensation delivered to each non-employee director for the most recent fiscal year in a table. The column headers for the table may include the following: name of each nonemployee director, annual retainer, board meeting fees, committee retainer, committee-meeting fees, and equity grants. |
Non-Employee Director Retirement Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote against retirement plans for non-employee directors. |
Vote for shareholder proposals to eliminate retirement plans for non-employee directors.
Shareholder Proposals on Compensation
Adopt Anti-Hedging/Pledging/Speculative Investments Policy
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking a policy that prohibits named executive officers from engaging in derivative or speculative transactions involving company stock, including hedging, holding stock in a margin account, or pledging stock as collateral for a loan. However, the company’s existing policies regarding responsible use of company stock will be considered. |
Bonus Banking/Bonus Banking “Plus”
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals seeking deferral of a portion of annual bonus pay, with ultimate payout linked to sustained results for the performance metrics on which the bonus was earned (whether for the named executive officers or a wider group of employees), taking into account the following factors: |
› | The company’s past practices regarding equity and cash compensation; |
› | Whether the company has a holding period or stock ownership requirements in place, such as a meaningful retention ratio (at least 50 percent for full tenure); and |
› | Whether the company has a rigorous claw-back policy in place. |
Compensation Consultants—Disclosure of Board or Company’s Utilization
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals seeking disclosure regarding the Company, Board, or Compensation Committee’s use of compensation consultants, such as company name, business relationship(s), and fees paid. |
Disclosure/Setting Levels or Types of Compensation for Executives and Directors
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals seeking additional disclosure of executive and director pay information, provided the information requested is relevant to shareholders' needs, would not put the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its industry, and is not unduly burdensome to the company. |
Vote against shareholder proposals seeking to set absolute levels on compensation or otherwise dictate the amount or form of compensation.
Vote against shareholder proposals seeking to eliminate stock options or any other equity grants to employees or directors.
Vote against shareholder proposals requiring director fees be paid in stock only.
Generally vote against shareholder proposals that mandate a minimum amount of stock that directors must own in order to qualify as a director or to remain on the board.
Vote case-by-case on all other shareholder proposals regarding executive and director pay, taking into account relevant factors, including but not limited to: company performance, pay level and design versus peers, history of compensation concerns or pay-for-performance disconnect, and/or the scope and prescriptive nature of the proposal.
Golden Coffins/Executive Death Benefits
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals calling companies to adopt a policy of obtaining shareholder approval for any future agreements and corporate policies that could oblige the company to make payments or awards following the death of a senior executive in the form of unearned salary or bonuses, accelerated vesting or the continuation in force of unvested equity grants, perquisites and other payments or awards made in lieu of compensation. This would not apply to any benefit programs or equity plan proposals that the broad-based employee population is eligible. |
Hold Equity Past Retirement or for a Significant Period of Time
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking companies to adopt policies requiring senior executive officers to retain a portion of net shares acquired through compensation plans. The following factors will be taken into account: |
› | The percentage/ratio of net shares required to be retained; |
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› | The time period required to retain the shares; |
› | Whether the company has equity retention, holding period, and/or stock ownership requirements in place and the robustness of such requirements; |
› | Whether the company has any other policies aimed at mitigating risk taking by executives; |
› | Executives' actual stock ownership and the degree to which it meets or exceeds the proponent’s suggested holding period/retention ratio or the company’s existing requirements; and |
› | Problematic pay practices, current and past, which may demonstrate a short-term versus long-term focus. |
Non-Deductible Compensation
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking disclosure of the extent to which the company paid non-deductible compensation to senior executives due to Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m), while considering the company’s existing disclosure practices. |
Pay Disparity
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals calling for an analysis of the pay disparity between corporate executives and other non-executive employees. The following factors will be considered: |
› | The company’s current level of disclosure of its executive compensation setting process, including how the company considers pay disparity; |
› | If any problematic pay practices or pay-for-performance concerns have been identified at the company; and |
› | The level of shareholder support for the company's pay programs. |
Generally vote against proposals calling for the company to use the pay disparity analysis or pay ratio in a specific way to set or limit executive pay.
Pay for Performance/Performance-Based Awards
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals requesting that a significant amount of future long-term incentive compensation awarded to senior executives shall be performance-based and requesting that the board adopt and disclose challenging performance metrics to shareholders, based on the following analytical steps: |
› | First, vote for shareholder proposals advocating the use of performance-based equity awards, such as performance contingent options or restricted stock, indexed options or premium-priced options, unless the proposal is overly restrictive or if the company has demonstrated that it is using a “substantial” portion of performance-based awards for its top executives. Standard stock options and performance-accelerated awards do not meet the criteria to be considered as performance-based awards. Further, premium-priced options should have a premium of at least 25 percent and higher to be considered performance-based awards. |
› | Second, assess the rigor of the company’s performance-based equity program. If the bar set for the performancebased program is too low based on the company’s historical or peer group comparison, generally vote for the proposal. Furthermore, if target performance results in an above target payout, vote for the shareholder proposal due to program’s poor design. If the company does not disclose the performance metric of the performancebased equity program, vote for the shareholder proposal regardless of the outcome of the first step to the test. |
In general, vote for the shareholder proposal if the company does not meet both of the above two steps.
Pay for Superior Performance
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals that request the board establish a pay-forsuperior performance standard in the company's executive compensation plan for senior executives. These proposals generally include the following principles: |
› | Set compensation targets for the plan’s annual and long-term incentive pay components at or below the peer group median; |
› | Deliver a majority of the plan’s target long-term compensation through performance-vested, not simply timevested, equity awards; |
› | Provide the strategic rationale and relative weightings of the financial and non-financial performance metrics or criteria used in the annual and performance-vested long-term incentive components of the plan; |
› | Establish performance targets for each plan financial metric relative to the performance of the company’s peer companies; |
› | Limit payment under the annual and performance-vested long-term incentive components of the plan to when the company’s performance on its selected financial performance metrics exceeds peer group median performance. |
Consider the following factors in evaluating this proposal:
› | What aspects of the company’s annual and long-term equity incentive programs are performance driven? |
› | If the annual and long-term equity incentive programs are performance driven, are the performance criteria and hurdle rates disclosed to shareholders or are they benchmarked against a disclosed peer group? |
› | Can shareholders assess the correlation between pay and performance based on the current disclosure? |
› | What type of industry and stage of business cycle does the company belong to? |
Pre-Arranged Trading Plans (10b5-1 Plans)
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals calling for certain principles regarding the use of prearranged trading plans (10b5-1 plans) for executives. These principles include: |
› | Adoption, amendment, or termination of a 10b5-1 Plan must be disclosed within two business days in a Form 8-K; |
› | Amendment or early termination of a 10b5-1 Plan is allowed only under extraordinary circumstances, as determined by the board; |
› | Ninety days must elapse between adoption or amendment of a 10b5-1 Plan and initial trading under the plan; |
› | Reports on Form 4 must identify transactions made pursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan; |
› | An executive may not trade in company stock outside the 10b5-1 Plan. |
› | Trades under a 10b5-1 Plan must be handled by a broker who does not handle other securities transactions for the executive. |
Prohibit CEOs from Serving on Compensation Committees
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals seeking a policy to prohibit any outside CEO from serving on a company’s compensation committee, unless the company has demonstrated problematic pay practices that raise concerns about the performance and composition of the committee. |
Recoupment of Incentive or Stock Compensation in Specified Circumstances
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to recoup incentive cash or stock compensation made to senior executives if it is later determined that the figures upon which incentive compensation is earned turn out to have been in error, or if the senior executive has breached company policy or has engaged in misconduct that may be significantly detrimental to the company's financial position or reputation, or if the senior executive failed to manage or monitor risks that subsequently led to significant financial or reputational harm to the company. Many companies have adopted policies that permit recoupment in cases where an executive's fraud, misconduct, or negligence significantly contributed to a restatement of financial results that led to the awarding of unearned incentive compensation. However, such policies may be narrow given that not all misconduct or negligence may result in significant financial restatements. Misconduct, negligence or lack of sufficient oversight by senior executives may lead to significant financial loss or reputational damage that may have long-lasting impact. |
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In considering whether to support such shareholder proposals, ISS will take into consideration the following factors:
› | If the company has adopted a formal recoupment policy; |
› | The rigor of the recoupment policy focusing on how and under what circumstances the company may recoup incentive or stock compensation; |
› | Whether the company has chronic restatement history or material financial problems; |
› | Whether the company’s policy substantially addresses the concerns raised by the proponent; |
› | Disclosure of recoupment of incentive or stock compensation from senior executives or lack thereof; or |
› | Any other relevant factors. |
Severance Agreements for Executives/Golden Parachutes
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General Recommendation : Vote for shareholder proposals requiring that golden parachutes or executive severance agreements be submitted for shareholder ratification, unless the proposal requires shareholder approval prior to entering into employment contracts. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals to ratify or cancel golden parachutes. An acceptable parachute should include, but is not limited to, the following:
› | The triggering mechanism should be beyond the control of management; |
› | The amount should not exceed three times base amount (defined as the average annual taxable W-2 compensation during the five years prior to the year in which the change of control occurs); |
› | Change-in-control payments should be double-triggered, i.e. , (1) after a change in control has taken place, and (2) termination of the executive as a result of the change in control. Change in control is defined as a change in the company ownership structure. |
Share Buyback Holding Periods
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against shareholder proposals prohibiting executives from selling shares of company stock during periods in which the company has announced that it may or will be repurchasing shares of its stock. Vote for the proposal when there is a pattern of abuse by executives exercising options or selling shares during periods of share buybacks. |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs)
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting to put extraordinary benefits contained in SERP agreements to a shareholder vote unless the company’s executive pension plans do not contain excessive benefits beyond what is offered under employee-wide plans. |
Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting to limit the executive benefits provided under the company’s supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP) by limiting covered compensation to a senior executive’s annual salary and excluding of all incentive or bonus pay from the plan’s definition of covered compensation used to establish such benefits.
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Tax Gross-Up Proposals
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals calling for companies to adopt a policy of not providing tax gross-up payments to executives, except in situations where gross-ups are provided pursuant to a plan, policy, or arrangement applicable to management employees of the company, such as a relocation or expatriate tax equalization policy. |
Termination of Employment Prior to Severance Payment/Eliminating Accelerated Vesting of Unvested Equity
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals seeking a policy requiring termination of employment prior to severance payment and/or eliminating accelerated vesting of unvested equity. |
The following factors will be considered:
› | The company's current treatment of equity upon employment termination and/or in change-in-control situations (i.e. vesting is double triggered and/or pro rata, does it allow for the assumption of equity by acquiring company, the treatment of performance shares, etc.); |
› | Current employment agreements, including potential poor pay practices such as gross-ups embedded in those agreements. |
Generally vote for proposals seeking a policy that prohibits automatic acceleration of the vesting of equity awards to senior executives upon a voluntary termination of employment or in the event of a change in control (except for pro rata vesting considering the time elapsed and attainment of any related performance goals between the award date and the change in control).
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6. SOCIAL/ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Global Approach
Issues covered under the policy include a wide range of topics, including consumer and product safety, environment and energy, labor standards and human rights, workplace and board diversity, and corporate political issues. While a variety of factors goes into each analysis, the overall principle guiding all vote recommendations focuses on how the proposal may enhance or protect shareholder value in either the short or long term.
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General Recommendation : Generally vote case-by-case, taking into consideration whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder value, and in addition the following will also be considered: |
› | If the issues presented in the proposal are more appropriately or effectively dealt with through legislation or government regulation; |
› | If the company has already responded in an appropriate and sufficient manner to the issue(s) raised in the proposal; |
› | Whether the proposal's request is unduly burdensome (scope or timeframe) or overly prescriptive; |
› | The company's approach compared with any industry standard practices for addressing the issue(s) raised by the proposal; |
› | If the proposal requests increased disclosure or greater transparency, whether or not reasonable and sufficient information is currently available to shareholders from the company or from other publicly available sources; and |
› | If the proposal requests increased disclosure or greater transparency, whether or not implementation would reveal proprietary or confidential information that could place the company at a competitive disadvantage. |
Endorsement of Principles
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals seeking a company's endorsement of principles that support a particular public policy position. Endorsing a set of principles may require a company to take a stand on an issue that is beyond its own control and may limit its flexibility with respect to future developments. Management and the board should be afforded the flexibility to make decisions on specific public policy positions based on their own assessment of the most beneficial strategies for the company. |
Animal Welfare
Animal Welfare Policies
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking a report on a company’s animal welfare standards, or animal welfare-related risks, unless: |
› | The company has already published a set of animal welfare standards and monitors compliance; |
› | The company’s standards are comparable to industry peers; and |
› | There are no recent significant fines, litigation, or controversies related to the company’s and/or its suppliers' treatment of animals. |
Animal Testing
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals to phase out the use of animals in product testing, unless: |
› | The company is conducting animal testing programs that are unnecessary or not required by regulation; |
› | The company is conducting animal testing when suitable alternatives are commonly accepted and used by industry peers; or |
› | There are recent, significant fines or litigation related to the company’s treatment of animals. |
Animal Slaughter
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals requesting the implementation of Controlled Atmosphere Killing (CAK) methods at company and/or supplier operations unless such methods are required by legislation or generally accepted as the industry standard. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting a report on the feasibility of implementing CAK methods at company and/or supplier operations considering the availability of existing research conducted by the company or industry groups on this topic and any fines or litigation related to current animal processing procedures at the company.
Consumer Issues
Genetically Modified Ingredients
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals requesting that a company voluntarily label genetically engineered (GE) ingredients in its products. The labeling of products with GE ingredients is best left to the appropriate regulatory authorities. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals asking for a report on the feasibility of labeling products containing GE ingredients, taking into account:
› | The potential impact of such labeling on the company's business; |
› | The quality of the company’s disclosure on GE product labeling, related voluntary initiatives, and how this disclosure compares with industry peer disclosure; and |
› | Company’s current disclosure on the feasibility of GE product labeling. |
Generally vote against proposals seeking a report on the social, health, and environmental effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Studies of this sort are better undertaken by regulators and the scientific community.
Generally vote against proposals to eliminate GE ingredients from the company's products, or proposals asking for reports outlining the steps necessary to eliminate GE ingredients from the company’s products. Such decisions are more appropriately made by management with consideration of current regulations.
Reports on Potentially Controversial Business/Financial Practices
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on a company’s potentially controversial business or financial practices or products, taking into account: |
› | Whether the company has adequately disclosed mechanisms in place to prevent abuses; |
› | Whether the company has adequately disclosed the financial risks of the products/practices in question; |
› | Whether the company has been subject to violations of related laws or serious controversies; and |
› | Peer companies’ policies/practices in this area. |
Pharmaceutical Pricing, Access to Medicines, and Prescription Drug Reimportation
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals requesting that companies implement specific price restraints on pharmaceutical products unless the company fails to adhere to legislative guidelines or industry norms in its product pricing practices. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting that a company report on its product pricing or access to medicine policies, considering:
› | The potential for reputational, market, and regulatory risk exposure; |
› | Existing disclosure of relevant policies; |
› | Deviation from established industry norms; |
› | Relevant company initiatives to provide research and/or products to disadvantaged consumers; |
› | Whether the proposal focuses on specific products or geographic regions; |
› | The potential burden and scope of the requested report; |
› | Recent significant controversies, litigation, or fines at the company. |
Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on the financial and legal impact of its prescription drug reimportation policies unless such information is already publicly disclosed.
Generally vote against proposals requesting that companies adopt specific policies to encourage or constrain prescription drug reimportation. Such matters are more appropriately the province of legislative activity and may place the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its peers.
Product Safety and Toxic/Hazardous Materials
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its policies, initiatives/procedures, and oversight mechanisms related to toxic/hazardous materials or product safety in its supply chain, unless: |
› | The company already discloses similar information through existing reports such as a supplier code of conduct and/or a sustainability report; |
› | The company has formally committed to the implementation of a toxic/hazardous materials and/or product safety and supply chain reporting and monitoring program based on industry norms or similar standards within a specified time frame; and |
› | The company has not been recently involved in relevant significant controversies, fines, or litigation. |
Vote case-by-case on resolutions requesting that companies develop a feasibility assessment to phase-out of certain toxic/hazardous materials, or evaluate and disclose the potential financial and legal risks associated with utilizing certain materials, considering:
› | The company’s current level of disclosure regarding its product safety policies, initiatives and oversight mechanisms; |
› | Current regulations in the markets in which the company operates; and |
› | Recent significant controversies, litigation, or fines stemming from toxic/hazardous materials at the company. |
Generally vote against resolutions requiring that a company reformulate its products.
Tobacco-Related Proposals
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on resolutions regarding the advertisement of tobacco products, considering: |
› | Recent related fines, controversies, or significant litigation; |
› | Whether the company complies with relevant laws and regulations on the marketing of tobacco; |
› | Whether the company’s advertising restrictions deviate from those of industry peers; |
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› | Whether the company entered into the Master Settlement Agreement, which restricts marketing of tobacco to youth; and |
› | Whether restrictions on marketing to youth extend to foreign countries. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding second-hand smoke, considering;
› | Whether the company complies with all laws and regulations; |
› | The degree that voluntary restrictions beyond those mandated by law might hurt the company’s competitiveness; and |
› | The risk of any health-related liabilities. |
Generally vote against resolutions to cease production of tobacco-related products, to avoid selling products to tobacco companies, to spin-off tobacco-related businesses, or prohibit investment in tobacco equities. Such business decisions are better left to company management or portfolio managers.
Generally vote against proposals regarding tobacco product warnings. Such decisions are better left to public health authorities.
Climate Change
Climate Change/Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for resolutions requesting that a company disclose information on the risks related to climate change on its operations and investments, such as financial, physical, or regulatory risks, considering: |
› | Whether the company already provides current, publicly-available information on the impact that climate change may have on the company as well as associated company policies and procedures to address related risks and/or opportunities; |
› | The company’s level of disclosure is at least comparable to that of industry peers; and |
› | There are no significant controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company’s environmental performance. |
Generally vote for proposals requesting a report on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from company operations and/or products and operations, unless:
› | The company already discloses current, publicly-available information on the impacts that GHG emissions may have on the company as well as associated company policies and procedures to address related risks and/or opportunities; |
› | The company's level of disclosure is comparable to that of industry peers; and |
› | There are no significant, controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company's GHG emissions. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals that call for the adoption of GHG reduction goals from products and operations, taking into account:
› | Whether the company provides disclosure of year-over-year GHG emissions performance data; |
› | Whether company disclosure lags behind industry peers; |
› | The company's actual GHG emissions performance; |
› | The company's current GHG emission policies, oversight mechanisms, and related initiatives; and |
› | Whether the company has been the subject of recent, significant violations, fines, litigation, or controversy related to GHG emissions. |
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Energy Efficiency
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its energy efficiency policies, unless: |
› | The company complies with applicable energy efficiency regulations and laws, and discloses its participation in energy efficiency policies and programs, including disclosure of benchmark data, targets, and performance measures; or |
› | The proponent requests adoption of specific energy efficiency goals within specific timelines. |
Renewable Energy
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for requests for reports on the feasibility of developing renewable energy resources unless the report would be duplicative of existing disclosure or irrelevant to the company’s line of business. |
Generally vote against proposals requesting that the company invest in renewable energy resources. Such decisions are best left to management’s evaluation of the feasibility and financial impact that such programs may have on the company.
Generally vote against proposals that call for the adoption of renewable energy goals, taking into account:
› | The scope and structure of the proposal; |
› | The company's current level of disclosure on renewable energy use and GHG emissions; and |
› | The company's disclosure of policies, practices, and oversight implemented to manage GHG emissions and mitigate climate change risks. |
Diversity
Board Diversity
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for requests for reports on a company's efforts to diversify the board, unless: |
› | The gender and racial minority representation of the company’s board is reasonably inclusive in relation to companies of similar size and business; and |
› | The board already reports on its nominating procedures and gender and racial minority initiatives on the board and within the company. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals asking a company to increase the gender and racial minority representation on its board, taking into account:
› | The degree of existing gender and racial minority diversity on the company’s board and among its executive officers; |
› | The level of gender and racial minority representation that exists at the company’s industry peers; |
› | The company’s established process for addressing gender and racial minority board representation; |
› | Whether the proposal includes an overly prescriptive request to amend nominating committee charter language; |
› | The independence of the company’s nominating committee; |
› | Whether the company uses an outside search firm to identify potential director nominees; and |
› | Whether the company has had recent controversies, fines, or litigation regarding equal employment practices. |
Equality of Opportunity
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting a company disclose its diversity policies or initiatives, or proposals requesting disclosure of a company’s comprehensive workforce diversity data, including requests for EEO-1 data, unless: |
› | The company publicly discloses equal opportunity policies and initiatives in a comprehensive manner; |
› | The company already publicly discloses comprehensive workforce diversity data; and |
› | The company has no recent significant EEO-related violations or litigation. |
Generally vote against proposals seeking information on the diversity efforts of suppliers and service providers. Such requests may pose a significant burden on the company.
Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Domestic Partner Benefits
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking to amend a company’s EEO statement or diversity policies to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity, unless the change would be unduly burdensome. |
Generally vote against proposals to extend company benefits to, or eliminate benefits from domestic partners. Decisions regarding benefits should be left to the discretion of the company.
Environment and Sustainability
Facility and Workplace Safety
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on requests for workplace safety reports, including reports on accident risk reduction efforts, taking into account: |
› | The company’s current level of disclosure of its workplace health and safety performance data, health and safety management policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms; |
› | The nature of the company’s business, specifically regarding company and employee exposure to health and safety risks; |
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Recent significant controversies, fines, or violations related to workplace health and safety; and The company's workplace health and safety performance relative to industry peers. |
Vote case-by-case on resolutions requesting that a company report on safety and/or security risks associated with its operations and/or facilities, considering:
› | The company’s compliance with applicable regulations and guidelines; |
› | The company’s current level of disclosure regarding its security and safety policies, procedures, and compliance monitoring; and |
› | The existence of recent, significant violations, fines, or controversy regarding the safety and security of the company’s operations and/or facilities. |
General Environmental Proposals and Community Impact Assessments
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on policies and/or the potential (community) social and/or environmental impact of company operations, considering: |
› | Current disclosure of applicable policies and risk assessment report(s) and risk management procedures; |
› | The impact of regulatory non-compliance, litigation, remediation, or reputational loss that may be associated with failure to manage the company’s operations in question, including the management of relevant community and stakeholder relations; |
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› | The nature, purpose, and scope of the company’s operations in the specific region(s); |
› | The degree to which company policies and procedures are consistent with industry norms; and |
› | The scope of the resolution. |
Hydraulic Fracturing
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting greater disclosure of a company's (natural gas) hydraulic fracturing operations, including measures the company has taken to manage and mitigate the potential community and environmental impacts of those operations, considering: |
› | The company's current level of disclosure of relevant policies and oversight mechanisms; |
› | The company's current level of such disclosure relative to its industry peers; |
› | Potential relevant local, state, or national regulatory developments; and |
› | Controversies, fines, or litigation related to the company's hydraulic fracturing operations. |
Operations in Protected Areas
General Recommendation : Generally vote for requests for reports on potential environmental damage as a result of company operations in protected regions, unless:
› | Operations in the specified regions are not permitted by current laws or regulations; |
› | The company does not currently have operations or plans to develop operations in these protected regions; or |
› | The company’s disclosure of its operations and environmental policies in these regions is comparable to industry peers. |
Recycling |
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to report on an existing recycling program, or adopt a new recycling program, taking into account: |
› | The nature of the company’s business; |
› | The current level of disclosure of the company's existing related programs; |
› | The timetable and methods of program implementation prescribed by the proposal; |
› | The company’s ability to address the issues raised in the proposal; and |
› | How the company's recycling programs compare to similar programs of its industry peers. |
Sustainability Reporting
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms related to social, economic, and environmental sustainability, unless: |
› | The company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies such as an environment, health, and safety (EHS) report; a comprehensive code of corporate conduct; and/or a diversity report; or |
› | The company has formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines or a similar standard within a specified time frame. |
Water Issues
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting a company report on, or adopt a new policy on, water-related risks and concerns, taking into account: |
› | The company's current disclosure of relevant policies, initiatives, oversight mechanisms, and water usage metrics; |
› | Whether or not the company's existing water-related policies and practices are consistent with relevant internationally recognized standards and national/local regulations; |
› | The potential financial impact or risk to the company associated with water-related concerns or issues; and Recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding water use by the company and its suppliers. |
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General Corporate Issues
Charitable Contributions
General Recommendation : Vote against proposals restricting a company from making charitable contributions. Charitable contributions are generally useful for assisting worthwhile causes and for creating goodwill in the community. In the absence of bad faith, self-dealing, or gross negligence, management should determine which, and if, contributions are in the best interests of the company. |
Data Security, Privacy, and Internet Issues
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting the disclosure or implementation of data security, privacy, or information access and management policies and procedures, considering: |
› | The level of disclosure of company policies and procedures relating to data security, privacy, freedom of speech, information access and management, and Internet censorship; |
› | Engagement in dialogue with governments or relevant groups with respect to data security, privacy, or the free flow of information on the Internet; |
› | The scope of business involvement and of investment in countries whose governments censor or monitor the Internet and other telecommunications; |
› | Applicable market-specific laws or regulations that may be imposed on the company; and |
› | Controversies, fines, or litigation related to data security, privacy, freedom of speech, or Internet censorship. |
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Compensation-Related Proposals
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to link, or report on linking, executive compensation to sustainability (environmental and social) criteria, considering: |
› | The scope and prescriptive nature of the proposal; |
› | Whether the company has significant and/or persistent controversies or regulatory violations regarding social and/or environmental issues; |
› | Whether the company has management systems and oversight mechanisms in place regarding its social and environmental performance; |
› | The degree to which industry peers have incorporated similar non-financial performance criteria in their executive compensation practices; and |
› | The company's current level of disclosure regarding its environmental and social performance. |
Human Rights, Labor Issues, and International Operations
Human Rights Proposals
General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting a report on company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies unless such information is already publicly disclosed. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals to implement company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies, considering:
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› | The degree to which existing relevant policies and practices are disclosed; |
› | Whether or not existing relevant policies are consistent with internationally recognized standards; |
› | Whether company facilities and those of its suppliers are monitored and how; |
› | Company participation in fair labor organizations or other internationally recognized human rights initiatives; |
› | Scope and nature of business conducted in markets known to have higher risk of workplace labor/human rights abuse; |
› | Recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding human rights at the company or its suppliers; |
› | The scope of the request; and |
› | Deviation from industry sector peer company standards and practices. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting that a company conduct an assessment of the human rights risks in its operations or in its supply chain, or report on its human rights risk assessment process, considering:
› | The degree to which existing relevant policies and practices are disclosed, including information on the implementation of these policies and any related oversight mechanisms; |
› | The company’s industry and whether the company or its suppliers operate in countries or areas where there is a history of human rights concerns; |
› | Recent, significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding human rights involving the company or its suppliers, and whether the company has taken remedial steps; and |
› | Whether the proposal is unduly burdensome or overly prescriptive. |
Operations in High Risk Markets
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on requests for a report on a company’s potential financial and reputational risks associated with operations in “high-risk” markets, such as a terrorism-sponsoring state or politically/socially unstable region, taking into account: |
› | The nature, purpose, and scope of the operations and business involved that could be affected by social or political disruption; |
› | Current disclosure of applicable risk assessment(s) and risk management procedures; |
› | Compliance with U.S. sanctions and laws; |
› | Consideration of other international policies, standards, and laws; and |
› | Whether the company has been recently involved in recent, significant controversies, fines or litigation related to its operations in "high-risk" markets. |
Outsourcing/Offshoring |
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals calling for companies to report on the risks associated with outsourcing/plant closures, considering: |
› | Controversies surrounding operations in the relevant market(s); |
› | The value of the requested report to shareholders; |
› | The company’s current level of disclosure of relevant information on outsourcing and plant closure procedures; and |
› | The company’s existing human rights standards relative to industry peers. |
Weapons and Military Sales
|
General Recommendation : Vote against reports on foreign military sales or offsets. Such disclosures may involve sensitive and confidential information. Moreover, companies must comply with government controls and reporting on foreign military sales. |
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Generally vote against proposals asking a company to cease production or report on the risks associated with the use of depleted uranium munitions or nuclear weapons components and delivery systems, including disengaging from current and proposed contracts. Such contracts are monitored by government agencies, serve multiple military and non-military uses, and withdrawal from these contracts could have a negative impact on the company’s business.
Political Activities
Lobbying |
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting information on a company’s lobbying (including direct, indirect, and grassroots lobbying) activities, policies, or procedures, considering: |
› | The company’s current disclosure of relevant lobbying policies, and management and board oversight; |
› | The company’s disclosure regarding trade associations or other groups that it supports, or is a member of, that engage in lobbying activities; and |
› | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding the company’s lobbying-related activities. |
Political Contributions
|
General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting greater disclosure of a company's political contributions and trade association spending policies and activities, considering: |
› | The company's policies, and management and board oversight related to its direct political contributions and payments to trade associations or other groups that may be used for political purposes; |
› | The company's disclosure regarding its support of, and participation in, trade associations or other groups that may make political contributions; and |
› | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation related to the company's political contributions or political activities. |
Vote against proposals barring a company from making political contributions. Businesses are affected by legislation at the federal, state, and local level; barring political contributions can put the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Vote against proposals to publish in newspapers and other media a company's political contributions. Such publications could present significant cost to the company without providing commensurate value to shareholders.
Political Ties
|
General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals asking a company to affirm political nonpartisanship in the workplace, so long as: |
› | There are no recent, significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding the company’s political contributions or trade association spending; and |
› | The company has procedures in place to ensure that employee contributions to company-sponsored political action committees (PACs) are strictly voluntary and prohibit coercion. |
Vote against proposals asking for a list of company executives, directors, consultants, legal counsels, lobbyists, or investment bankers that have prior government service and whether such service had a bearing on the business of the company. Such a list would be burdensome to prepare without providing any meaningful information to shareholders.
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7. MUTUAL FUND PROXIES
Election of Directors
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the election of directors and trustees, following the same guidelines for uncontested directors for public company shareholder meetings. However, mutual fund boards do not usually have compensation committees, so do not withhold for the lack of this committee. |
Converting Closed-end Fund to Open-end Fund
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on conversion proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Past performance as a closed-end fund; |
› | Market in which the fund invests; |
› | Measures taken by the board to address the discount; and |
› | Past shareholder activism, board activity, and votes on related proposals. |
Proxy Contests
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proxy contests, considering the following factors: |
› | Past performance relative to its peers; |
› | Market in which fund invests; |
› | Measures taken by the board to address the issues; |
› | Past shareholder activism, board activity, and votes on related proposals; |
› | Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents; |
› | Independence of directors; |
› | Experience and skills of director candidates; |
› | Governance profile of the company; |
› | Evidence of management entrenchment. |
Investment Advisory Agreements
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on investment advisory agreements, considering the following factors: |
› | Proposed and current fee schedules; |
› | Fund category/investment objective; |
› | Performance benchmarks; |
› | Share price performance as compared with peers; |
› | Resulting fees relative to peers; |
› | Assignments (where the advisor undergoes a change of control). |
Approving New Classes or Series of Shares
|
General Recommendation : Vote for the establishment of new classes or series of shares. |
Preferred Stock Proposals
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the authorization for or increase in preferred shares, considering the following factors: |
› | Stated specific financing purpose; |
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› | Possible dilution for common shares; |
› | Whether the shares can be used for antitakeover purposes. |
1940 Act Policies
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on policies under the Investment Advisor Act of 1940, considering the following factors: |
› | Potential competitiveness; |
› | Regulatory developments; |
› | Current and potential returns; and |
› | Current and potential risk. |
Generally vote for these amendments as long as the proposed changes do not fundamentally alter the investment focus of the fund and do comply with the current SEC interpretation.
Changing a Fundamental Restriction to a Nonfundamental Restriction
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to change a fundamental restriction to a nonfundamental restriction, considering the following factors: |
› | The fund's target investments; |
› | The reasons given by the fund for the change; and |
› | The projected impact of the change on the portfolio. |
Change Fundamental Investment Objective to Nonfundamental
|
General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to change a fund’s fundamental investment objective to nonfundamental. |
Name Change Proposals
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on name change proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Political/economic changes in the target market; |
› | Consolidation in the target market; and |
› | Current asset composition. |
Change in Fund's Subclassification
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on changes in a fund's sub-classification, considering the following factors: |
› | Potential competitiveness; |
› | Current and potential returns; |
› | Risk of concentration; |
› | Consolidation in target industry. |
Business Development Companies—Authorization to Sell Shares of Common Stock at a Price below Net Asset Value
|
General Recommendation : Vote for proposals authorizing the board to issue shares below Net Asset Value (NAV) if: |
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› | The proposal to allow share issuances below NAV has an expiration date no more than one year from the date shareholders approve the underlying proposal, as required under the Investment Company Act of 1940; |
› | The sale is deemed to be in the best interests of shareholders by (1) a majority of the company's independent directors and (2) a majority of the company's directors who have no financial interest in the issuance; and |
› | The company has demonstrated responsible past use of share issuances by either: |
› | Outperforming peers in its 8-digit GICS group as measured by one- and three-year median TSRs; or |
› | Providing disclosure that its past share issuances were priced at levels that resulted in only small or moderate discounts to NAV and economic dilution to existing non-participating shareholders. |
Disposition of Assets/Termination/Liquidation
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to dispose of assets, to terminate or liquidate, considering the following factors: |
› | Strategies employed to salvage the company; |
› | The fund’s past performance; |
› | The terms of the liquidation. |
Changes to the Charter Document
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on changes to the charter document, considering the following factors: |
› | The degree of change implied by the proposal; |
› | The efficiencies that could result; |
› | The state of incorporation; |
› | Regulatory standards and implications. |
Vote against any of the following changes:
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to reorganize or terminate the trust or any of its series; |
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement for amendments to the new declaration of trust; |
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to amend the fund's management contract, allowing the contract to be modified by the investment manager and the trust management, as permitted by the 1940 Act; |
› | Allow the trustees to impose other fees in addition to sales charges on investment in a fund, such as deferred sales charges and redemption fees that may be imposed upon redemption of a fund's shares; |
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to engage in and terminate subadvisory arrangements; |
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to change the domicile of the fund. |
Changing the Domicile of a Fund
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on re-incorporations, considering the following factors: |
› | Regulations of both states; |
› | Required fundamental policies of both states; |
› | The increased flexibility available. |
Authorizing the Board to Hire and Terminate Subadvisers Without Shareholder Approval
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals authorizing the board to hire or terminate subadvisers without shareholder approval if the investment adviser currently employs only one subadviser. |
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Distribution Agreements
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on distribution agreement proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Fees charged to comparably sized funds with similar objectives; |
› | The proposed distributor’s reputation and past performance; |
› | The competitiveness of the fund in the industry; |
› | The terms of the agreement. |
Master-Feeder Structure
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General Recommendation : Vote for the establishment of a master-feeder structure. |
Mergers |
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on merger proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Resulting fee structure; |
› | Performance of both funds; |
› | Continuity of management personnel; |
› | Changes in corporate governance and their impact on shareholder rights. |
Shareholder Proposals for Mutual Funds
Establish Director Ownership Requirement
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against shareholder proposals that mandate a specific minimum amount of stock that directors must own in order to qualify as a director or to remain on the board. |
Reimburse Shareholder for Expenses Incurred
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. When supporting the dissidents, vote for the reimbursement of the proxy solicitation expenses. |
Terminate the Investment Advisor
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to terminate the investment advisor, considering the following factors: |
› | Performance of the fund’s Net Asset Value (NAV); |
› | The fund’s history of shareholder relations; |
› | The performance of other funds under the advisor’s management. |
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This document and all of the information contained in it, including without limitation all text, data, graphs, and charts (collectively, the "Information") is the property of Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (ISS), its subsidiaries, or, in some cases third party suppliers.
The Information has not been submitted to, nor received approval from, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory body. None of the Information constitutes an offer to sell (or a solicitation of an offer to buy), or a promotion or recommendation of, any security, financial product or other investment vehicle or any trading strategy, and ISS does not endorse, approve, or otherwise express any opinion regarding any issuer, securities, financial products or instruments or trading strategies.
The user of the Information assumes the entire risk of any use it may make or permit to be made of the Information.
ISS MAKES NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ORIGINALITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, NON-INFRINGEMENT, COMPLETENESS, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS for A PARTICULAR PURPOSE) WITH RESPECT TO ANY OF THE INFORMATION.
Without limiting any of the foregoing and to the maximum extent permitted by law, in no event shall ISS have any liability regarding any of the Information for any direct, indirect, special, punitive, consequential (including lost profits), or any other damages even if notified of the possibility of such damages. The foregoing shall not exclude or limit any liability that may not by applicable law be excluded or limited.
The Global Leader In Corporate Governance
www.issgovernance.com
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Exhibit D
Proxy Voting
Implementation Date: Q2 2017
Issue
Rule 206(4)-6 under the Advisers Act requires every investment adviser who exercises voting authority with respect to Client securities to adopt and implement written policies and procedures, reasonably designed to ensure that the adviser votes proxies in the best interest of its Clients. The procedures must address material conflicts that may arise in connection with proxy voting. The Rule further requires the adviser to provide a concise summary of the adviser’s proxy voting process and offer to provide copies of the complete proxy voting policy and procedures to Clients upon request. Lastly, the Rule requires that the adviser disclose to Clients how they may obtain information on how the adviser voted their proxies.
ClariVest votes proxies for its Clients unless requested otherwise, and therefore has adopted and implemented this Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures.
Potential Risks
In developing these policies and procedures, ClariVest considered numerous risks associated with its voting of client proxies. This analysis includes risks such as:
• | ClariVest does not maintain a written proxy voting policy as required by Rule 206(4)-6. |
• | Proxies are not voted in Clients’ best interests. |
• | Proxies are not identified and voted in a timely manner. |
• | Conflicts between ClariVest’s interests and the Client are not identified; therefore, proxies are not voted appropriately. |
• | The third-party proxy voting service utilized by ClariVest is not independent. |
• | Proxy voting records and Client requests to review proxy votes are not maintained. |
• | ClariVest does not conduct adequate ongoing oversight of the third-party proxy voting service to ensure that ClariVest, through the service, continues to vote proxies in the best interests of its clients. |
ClariVest has established the following guidelines to effectuate and monitor its proxy voting policy and procedures.
Policy
It is the policy of ClariVest to vote proxies in the interest of maximizing value for ClariVest’s Clients. Proxies are an asset of a Client, which should be treated by ClariVest with the same care, diligence, and loyalty as any asset belonging to a Client. To that end, ClariVest will vote in a way that it believes, consistent with its fiduciary duty, will cause the value of the issue to increase the most or decline the least. Consideration will be given to both the short and long term implications of the proposal to be voted on when considering the optimal vote.
Any general or specific proxy voting guidelines provided by an advisory Client or its designated agent in writing will supersede this policy. Clients may wish to have their proxies voted by an independent third party or other named fiduciary or agent, at the Client’s cost.
3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100 | San Diego, CA 92130 | tel: 858.480.2440 | fax: 858.480.2441 | e: info@clarivest.com
The staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission has issued interpretive guidance on investment advisers that use the recommendations of independent third parties to vote Client proxies in its letter to Egan-Jones Proxy Services (pub. Avail. May 27, 2004). The interpretive letter addresses what is meant by "independent third party." The letter states that a third party generally would be independent of an investment adviser if that person is free from influence or any incentive to recommend that the proxies should be voted in anyone's interest other than the adviser's Clients. ClariVest has retained Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”), and generally follows their recommendation when voting proxies. ClariVest determined that it is appropriate to follow the voting recommendations of ISS because ClariVest believes that ISS (a) has the capacity and competency to adequately analyze proxy issues, and (b) can make such recommendations in an impartial manner and in the best interests of ClariVest’s Clients.
The interpretive letter also discusses conflicts of interest that can arise from the proxy voting firm's relationships with issuers. When the proxy voting firm has a relationship with an issuer of voting securities (e.g., to provide advice on corporate governance issues), the adviser's proxy voting procedures should require a proxy voting firm to disclose to the adviser any relevant facts concerning the firm's relationship with the issuer, such as the amount of the compensation that the firm has received or will receive. That information will enable the investment adviser to determine whether the proxy voting firm can make voting recommendations in an impartial manner and in the best interests of the Clients, or whether the adviser needs to take other steps to vote the proxies.
The staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission also issued a Staff Legal Bulletin No. 20 (June 30, 2014) that addresses, among other things, the ongoing duties of an investment adviser with respect to a third party proxy advisory firm.
Procedures for Identification and Voting of Proxies
These proxy voting procedures are designed to enable ClariVest to resolve material conflicts of interests with Clients before voting their proxies.
1. ClariVest shall maintain a list of all Clients for which it votes proxies. The list will be maintained either in hard copy or electronically and updated by the Operations Manager who will obtain proxy voting information from Client agreements.
2. ClariVest shall work with the Client to ensure that ISS is the designated party to receive proxy voting materials from companies or intermediaries. To that end, new account forms (including a letter of authorization) of broker-dealers/custodians will state that ISS should receive this documentation. The Operations Department will follow-up with ISS after account launch to confirm that new accounts are properly established and proxy materials are being received by ISS for voting.
3. ClariVest subscribes to the ISS proxy voting service. This browser-based proxy voting system automates the physical paper handling and detailed recordkeeping needs of ClariVest’s proxy voting function. ISS also provides independent recommendations with respect to each proxy vote.
4. As a default, proxies are generally voted by ISS in accordance with ISS recommendations. However, ClariVest retains ultimate decision making authority with respect to the voting of Client proxies and reserves the right to override ISS recommendations.
5. For any Client who has provided specific voting instruction, the Operations Manager shall vote that Client’s proxy in accordance with the Client’s written instructions.
6. The Operations Manager will provide any proxy solicitation information and materials that he may receive to the appropriate personnel of ISS for their review and consideration.
3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100 | San Diego, CA 92130 | tel: 858.480.2440 | fax: 858.480.2441 | e: info@clarivest.com
7. As noted by the SEC in Release 2106, the fiduciary duty that ClariVest owes its Clients prohibits the adoption of a policy to enter default proxy votes in favor of management. Thus, ClariVest shall not by default vote proxies in favor of management, but shall vote per ISS’s recommendation as set forth in the general principles outlined above.
8. ClariVest’s investment personnel shall be responsible for making voting decisions with respect to all Client proxies, where a proxy is not voted in accordance with ISS recommendations. Such decisions shall then be provided to the Operations Manager who will then ensure that such proxy votes are submitted in a timely manner.
9. The Operations Manager may delegate the actual voting of Client proxies to any of ClariVest’s employees who are familiar with ISS’s service.
10. ClariVest is not required to vote every Client proxy and refraining from voting should not necessarily be construed as a violation of ClariVest’s fiduciary obligations. ClariVest shall at no time ignore or neglect its proxy voting responsibilities. However, there may be times when refraining from voting is in the Client’s best interest, such as when an adviser’s analysis of a particular Client proxy reveals that the cost of voting the proxy may exceed the expected benefit to the Client (i.e., casting a vote on a foreign security may require that the adviser engage a translator or travel to a foreign country to vote in person). Such position also complies with Interpretive Bulletin 94-2 of the DOL. ClariVest also does not vote proxies for securities that are loaned as part of the Client’s securities lending program (if the Client has elected to participate in a securities lending program).
11. The Operations Manager shall be responsible for conducting the proxy voting cost-benefit analysis in those certain situations in which ClariVest believe it may be in its Clients’ best interest for ClariVest not to vote a particular proxy. The Operations Manager shall maintain documentation of any cost-benefit analysis with respect to Client proxies that are not voted by ClariVest.
12. The Operations Manager will report any attempts by any of ClariVest personnel to influence the voting of Client proxies in a manner that is inconsistent with ClariVest’s Policy. Such report shall be made to the CCO, or if the CCO is the person attempting to influence the voting, then to the CEO.
13. Proxies received after the termination date of a Client relationship will not be voted. Such proxies should be delivered to the last known address of the Client or to the intermediary who distributed the proxy with a written or oral statement indicating that the advisory relationship has been terminated and that future proxies for the named Client should not be delivered to ClariVest.
14. The Operations Manager, with the assistance of the CCO, will reasonably try to assess any material conflicts between ClariVest’s interests and those of its Clients with respect to proxy voting (where a proxy is not voted in accordance with ISS recommendations) by considering the situations identified in the Conflicts of Interest section of this document.
15. The Compliance Department will annually review due diligence materials from ISS to confirm the ongoing adequacy of ISS’s program, including ensuring that ISS has policies and procedures in place designed to manage potential conflicts of interest.
Conflicts of Interest
1. General: As noted previously, ClariVest will vote its Clients’ proxies in the best interest of its Clients and not its own. In voting Client proxies, ClariVest shall avoid material conflicts of interest between the interests of ClariVest on the one hand and the interests of its Clients on the other.
3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100 | San Diego, CA 92130 | tel: 858.480.2440 | fax: 858.480.2441 | e: info@clarivest.com
2. Potential Material Conflicts of Interest: ClariVest is aware of the following potential material conflicts that could affect ClariVest’s proxy voting process in the future. It should be noted that these potential conflicts have been listed for informational purposes only and do not include all of the potential conflicts of interest that an adviser might face in voting Client proxies. ClariVest acknowledges that the existence of a relationship of the types discussed below, even in the absence of any active efforts to solicit or influence ClariVest, with respect to a proxy vote related to such relationship is sufficient for a material conflict to exist.
• | Example Conflict: ClariVest retains an institutional Client, or is in the process of retaining an institutional Client that is affiliated with an issuer that is held in ClariVest’s Client portfolios. For example, ClariVest may be retained to manage Company A’s pension fund. Company A is a public company and ClariVest Client accounts hold shares of Company A. This type of relationship may influence ClariVest to vote with management on proxies to gain favor with management. Such favor may influence Company A’s decision to continue its advisory relationship with ClariVest. |
• | Example Conflict: ClariVest retains a Client, or is in the process of retaining a Client that is an officer or director of an issuer that is held in ClariVest’s Client portfolios. The similar conflicts of interest exist in this relationship as discussed above. |
• | Example Conflict: ClariVest’s Employees maintain a personal and/or business relationship (not an advisory relationship) with issuers or individuals that serve as officers or directors of issuers. For example, the spouse of an Employee may be a high-level executive of an issuer that is held in ClariVest’s Client portfolios. The spouse could attempt to influence ClariVest to vote in favor of management. |
• | Example Conflict: ClariVest or an Employee(s) personally owns a significant number of an issuer’s securities that are also held in ClariVest’s Client portfolios. For any number of reasons, an Employee(s) may seek to vote proxies in a different direction for his/her personal holdings than would otherwise be warranted by the proxy voting policy. The Employee(s) could oppose voting the proxies according to the policy and successfully influence ClariVest to vote proxies in contradiction to the policy. |
• | Example Conflict: ClariVest or its affiliate has a financial interest in the outcome of a vote, such as when ClariVest receives distribution fees (i.e., Rule 12b-1 fees) from registered mutual funds that are maintained in Client accounts and the proxy relates to an increase in 12b-1 fees. |
3. Determining the Materiality of Conflicts of Interest: In general, ClariVest avoids the conflicts of interest described above by following ISS’s vote recommendations. Where ISS has a conflict or if ClariVest is looking to override the ISS recommendation, ClariVest will assess if there is a conflict of interest. Determinations as to whether a conflict of interest is material will be made after internal discussion among the CCO, the Portfolio Manager(s) for the affected Clients and the Operations Manager. Among the factors to be considered in determining the materiality of a conflict include whether the relevant Client relationship accounts for a significant percentage of ClariVest’s annual revenues, or the percentage of ClariVest’s assets that is invested with a particular issuer. Materiality determinations are fact based, and will depend on the details of a particular situation. Whether a particular conflict of interest is deemed material will be based on the likelihood that the conflict might cause a proxy to be voted in a manner that was not in the best interests of ClariVest’s Clients. All materiality deliberations will be memorialized in writing by the Operations Manager.
If the individuals mentioned above determine that the conflict in question is not material, ClariVest will vote the proxy in accordance with the policies stated herein. If a conflict is judged material, ClariVest will consider ISS’s recommendation or, at its expense, engage the services of legal counsel who will provide an independent recommendation on the direction in which ClariVest should vote on the proposal. The proxy voting service’s or consultant’s determination will be binding on ClariVest.
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Procedures for ClariVest’s Receipt of Class Actions
ClariVest recognizes that as a fiduciary it has a duty to act with the highest obligation of good faith, loyalty, fair dealing and due care. When a recovery is achieved in a class action, clients who owned shares in the company subject to the action have the option to either: (1) opt out of the class action and pursue their own remedy; or (2) participate in the recovery achieved via the class action. Collecting the recovery involves the completion of a Proof of Claim form which is submitted to the Claims Administrator. After the Claims Administrator receives all Proof of Claims, it dispenses the money from the settlement fund to those persons and entities with valid claims.
Unless otherwise agreed with a Client, if “Class Action” documents are received by ClariVest for its Clients, ClariVest will gather the materials it has and forward to the Client, to enable the Client to file the “Class Action” at the Client’s discretion. The decision of whether to participate in the recovery or opt-out may be a legal one that ClariVest may not be qualified to make for the Client. Therefore, unless otherwise agreed with a Client, ClariVest will not file “Class Actions” on behalf of a Client.
Recordkeeping
ClariVest will maintain the documentation described in the following section for a period of not less than five (5) years, the first two (2) years at its principal place of business. The Operations Manager will be responsible for the following procedures and for ensuring that the required documentation is retained.
Client request to review proxy votes:
• | Any request, whether written (including e-mail) or oral, received by any Employee of ClariVest, must be promptly reported to the Compliance Department and/or Operations Manager. All written requests must be retained in the permanent file. |
• | Furnish the information requested, free of charge, to the Client within a reasonable time period (typically within 10 business days). Maintain a copy of the written record provided in response to Client’s written (including email) or oral request. Unless maintained electronically, a copy of the written response should be attached and maintained with the Client’s written request, if applicable and maintained in the permanent file. |
• | Clients are permitted to request the proxy voting record for the 5 year period prior to their request. |
Proxy statements received regarding client securities:
• | Upon receipt of a proxy, ClariVest shall scan the materials and send to ISS for processing. |
Note: ClariVest is permitted to rely on proxy statements filed on the SEC’s EDGAR system instead of keeping its own copies.
Proxy voting records:
• | A record of how ClariVest voted client Proxies. |
• | Documents prepared or created by ClariVest that were material to making a decision on how to vote, or that memorialized the basis for the decision. |
3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100 | San Diego, CA 92130 | tel: 858.480.2440 | fax: 858.480.2441 | e: info@clarivest.com
• | Documentation or notes or any communications received from third parties, other industry analysts, third party service providers, company’s management discussions, etc. that were material in the basis for the decision. |
Disclosure
ClariVest will ensure that Part 2A of Form ADV is updated as necessary to reflect: (i) all material changes to the Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures; and (ii) information about how Clients may obtain information on how ClariVest voted their securities.
Proxy Solicitation
As a matter of practice, it is ClariVest’s policy to not reveal or disclose to any Client how ClariVest may have voted (or intends to vote) on a particular proxy until after such proxies have been counted at a shareholder’s meeting. ClariVest will never disclose such information to unrelated third parties.
At no time may any Employee accept any remuneration in the solicitation of proxies.
Responsibility
The Operations Manager is responsible for supervising the proxy voting process and maintaining the records, in each case as described above.
3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100 | San Diego, CA 92130 | tel: 858.480.2440 | fax: 858.480.2441 | e: info@clarivest.com
Exhibit E
These policies and procedures are effective as of May 2012 and may be changed without notice at any time.
These policies and procedures will be administered or not administered in the sole judgment and discretion of CRM and its Chief Compliance Officer.
CRAMER ROSENTHAL MCGLYNN LLC
Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures
In most cases, CRM clients have delegated to the Firm the authority to vote proxies relating to equity securities on their behalf. In exercising its voting obligations, CRM is guided by general fiduciary principles. It must act prudently, solely in the interest of clients, and for the purpose of providing benefits to such clients. The CRM Compliance Committee (the “Compliance Committee”) has determined that these Policies and Procedures for Proxy Voting (these "Policies") are reasonably designed to assure that CRM votes client proxies in the best interest of clients and to provide clients with information about how their proxies are voted. In addition, these Policies are designed to satisfy CRM’s obligations under Rule 206(4)-7 under the Advisers Act.
Proxy Voting Process
CRM’s policy seeks to monitor corporate actions, analyze proxy solicitation materials, and vote client proxies for stocks which are held in client accounts in a timely and appropriate manner. CRM will consider the factors that could affect the value of a Fund’s investment in its determination on a vote. CRM has identified certain significant contributors to shareholder value with respect to a number of common or routine matters that are often the subject of proxy solicitations for shareholder meetings. CRM’s proxy voting procedures address these considerations and establish a framework for its consideration of a vote that would be appropriate for a Fund. In particular, the proxy voting procedures outline principles and factors to be considered in the exercise of voting authority for proposals addressing many common or routine matters.
The Voting Process
Review of Proxy Solicitation Materials/Independent Recommendations
CRM receives proxy materials through an independent third party, Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”). ISS provides analyses and voting recommendations based on empirical research measuring the impact of proxy issues on shareholder value. ISS’s voting recommendations cover three categories: (i) voting recommendations for social and environmental shareholder proposals; (ii) voting recommendations for “Taft-Hartley” accounts that are in the best long-term economic interest of plan participants and beneficiaries conforming to AFL-CIO voting guidelines; 1 and (iii) voting recommendations intended to generally maximize shareholder value.
1 | CRM receives an analysis intended to protect plan assets as required by the U.S. Department of Labor and the Employees Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). |
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These policies and procedures are effective as of May 2012 and may be changed without notice at any time.
These policies and procedures will be administered or not administered in the sole judgment and discretion of CRM and its Chief Compliance Officer.
In determining how to vote on a proxy issue, CRM will consider ISS analysis and recommendations, as well as the portfolio manager’s own knowledge of the company (including its management, operations, industry and the particular proxy issue) in rendering a decision, with the exception of separately-managed Taft-Hartley or accounts where the client specifically directs CRM to vote in a “socially responsible” manner; in these cases CRM would generally follow the particular ISS recommendations for that category.
ISS Standard Proxy Voting Guidelines Summary
The following is a summary of the ISS Standard Proxy Voting Guidelines (the “Guidelines), which form the substantive basis of CRM’s Policy on Proxy Voting. 2 As described above, CRM may diverge from the Guidelines and a related ISS recommendation on any particular proxy vote or in connection with any individual investment decision.
Auditors
Vote for proposals to ratify auditors, unless any of the following apply:
• | An auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent. |
• | Fees for non-audit services are excessive, or |
• | There is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion which is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position. |
Board of Directors
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Votes on director nominees should be made on a case-by-case basis, examining: independence of the board and key board committees, attendance at board meetings, corporate governance provisions and takeover activity, long-term company performance, responsiveness to shareholder proposals, any egregious board actions, and any excessive non-audit fees or other potential auditor conflicts.
Classification/Declassification of the Board
Vote against proposals to classify the board. Vote for proposals to repeal classified boards and to elect all directors annually.
Independent Chairman (Separate Chairman/CEO)
Vote on a case-by-case basis shareholder proposals requiring that the positions of chairman and CEO be held separately. Because some companies have governance structures in place that counterbalance a combined position, certain factors should be considered in determining whether the proposal warrants support. These factors include the presence of a lead director, board and committee independence, governance guidelines, company performance, and annual review by outside directors of CRO pay.
2 | The full ISS recommendations are outlined in the ISS Proxy Guidelines, which are available to CRM clients upon request. |
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2
These policies and procedures are effective as of May 2012 and may be changed without notice at any time.
These policies and procedures will be administered or not administered in the sole judgment and discretion of CRM and its Chief Compliance Officer.
Majority of Independent Directors/Establishment of Committees
Vote for shareholder proposals asking that a majority or more of directors be independent unless the board composition already meets the proposed threshold by ISS’s definition of independence.
Vote for shareholder proposals asking that board audit, compensation, and/or nominating committees be composed exclusively of independent directors if they currently do not meet that standard.
Shareholder Rights
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent
Vote against proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholder ability to take action by written consent.
Vote for proposals to allow or make shareholder action by written consent.
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meeting
Vote against proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholder ability to call special meetings.
Vote for proposals that remove restrictions on the right of shareholder to act independently of management.
Supermajority Vote Requirements
Vote against proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote.
Vote for proposals to lower supermajority vote requirements.
Cumulative Voting
Vote for proposals to eliminate cumulative voting.
Vote against proposals that require cumulative voting.
Confidential Voting
Vote for shareholder proposals requesting that corporations adopt confidential voting, use independent vote tabulators and use independent inspector of election, as long as the proposal includes a provision for proxy contents as follows: IN the case of a contested election, management should be permitted to request that the dissident group honor its confidential voting policy. If the dissidents agree, the policy remains in place. If the dissidents will not agree, the confidential voting policy is waived.
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These policies and procedures are effective as of May 2012 and may be changed without notice at any time.
These policies and procedures will be administered or not administered in the sole judgment and discretion of CRM and its Chief Compliance Officer.
Vote for management proposals to adopt confidential voting.
Proxy Contests
Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Votes in a contested election of directors must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering the factors that include the long-term financial performance, management’s track record, qualification of director nominees (both slates), and an evaluation of what each side is offering shareholders.
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses
Vote case-by-case. Where ISS recommends in favor of the dissidents, ISS also recommends voting for reimbursing proxy solicitation expenses.
Poison Pills
Vote for shareholder proposals that ask a company to submit its poison pill for shareholder ratification. Review on a case-by-case basis shareholder proposals to redeem a company’s poison pill and management proposals to ratify a poison pill.
Mergers and Corporate Restructurings
Vote case-by-case on mergers and corporate restructurings based on such features as the fairness opinion, pricing, strategic rationale, and the negotiating process.
Reincorporation Proposals
Proposals to change a company’s state of incorporation should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, giving consideration to both financial and corporate governance concerns, including the reasons for reincorporating, a comparison of the governance provisions, and a comparison of the jurisdictional laws. Vote for reincorporation when the economic factors outweigh any neutral or negative governance changes.
Capital Structure
Common Stock Authorization
Votes on proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance are determined on a case-by-case basis using a model developed by ISS. Vote against proposals at companies with dual-class capital structures to increase the number of authorized shares of the class of stock that has superior voting rights. Vote for proposals to approve increases beyond the allowable increase when a company’s shares are in danger of being de-listed or if a company’s ability to continue to operate as a going concern is uncertain.
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These policies and procedures are effective as of May 2012 and may be changed without notice at any time.
These policies and procedures will be administered or not administered in the sole judgment and discretion of CRM and its Chief Compliance Officer.
Preferred Stock
Vote against proposals authorizing the creation of new classes of preferred stock with unspecified voting, conversion, dividend distribution and other rights (“blank check” preferred stock). Vote for proposals to create “declawed” blank check preferred stock (stock that cannot be used as a takeover defense).
Management Compensation
Director Compensation
Votes on compensation plans for directors are determined on a case-by-case basis, using a proprietary, quantitative model developed by ISS.
Employee, Stock Purchase Plans
Votes on employee stock purchase plans should be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Shareholder Proposals regarding Executive and Director Pay
Generally, vote for shareholder proposals seeking additional disclosure of executive and director pay information, provided the information requested is relevant to shareholders’ needs, and would not put the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its industry, and is not unduly burdensome to the company. Vote on a case-by-case basis for all other shareholder proposals regarding executive and director pay, taking into account company performance, pay level versus peers, pay level versus industry, and long term corporate outlook.
Advisory Vote on Say on Pay Frequency
Vote FOR annual advisory votes on compensation, which provide the most consistent and clear communication channel for shareholder concerns about companies' executive pay programs.
Management Proposals Seeking Approval to Re-price Options
Votes on management proposals seeking to re-price options are evaluated on a case-by-case basis giving consideration to: historic trading patterns rationale for re-pricing, value-for-value exchange, options vesting, term of the options, exercise price, and participation.
Employee Stock Purchase Plans
Updated May 2012
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These policies and procedures are effective as of May 2012 and may be changed without notice at any time.
These policies and procedures will be administered or not administered in the sole judgment and discretion of CRM and its Chief Compliance Officer.
Votes on employee stock purchase plans should be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Shareholder Proposals on Compensation
Vote on a case-by-case basis for all other shareholder proposals regarding executive and director pay, taking into account company performance, pay level versus peers, pay level versus industry, and long-term corporate outlook.
Social and Environmental Issues
These issues cover a wide range of topics, including consumer and public safety, environment and energy, general corporate issues, labor standards and human rights, military business and workplace diversity. In general, vote case-by-case. While a wide variety of factors are considered, the primary focus is on how the proposal will enhance the economic value of the company.
Securities on Loan
Securities over which CRM has voting authority in certain accounts are subject to being lent to other parties, including securities in private investment partnerships, registered mutual funds and certain other accounts. CRM has no role in the lending process; securities lending decisions are made by the custodian with the consent of and on behalf of the client. As a general matter, when a security is on “loan” as of the record date, CRM has no authority to vote, and shall not vote, a proxy for the security.
Clients Who Vote Their Own Proxies
CRM clients may retain the authority to vote their own proxies in their discretion.
Conflicts and Potential Conflicts of Interest
CRM’s proxy voting procedures establish a protocol for voting of proxies in cases in which it may have a potential conflict of interest arising from, among other things, a direct business relationship or financial interest in a company soliciting proxies. When a conflict or potential conflict has been identified, CRM will generally vote the proxy as recommended by ISS, subject to a review by the CRM Compliance Committee indicating the nature of the potential conflict of interest and how the determination of such vote was achieved.
Disclosure |
CRM, in its written brochure required under Rule 204-3 (the “Form ADV”) shall describe: (i) these Policies; (ii) how a client can obtain information from CRM on how it voted the client’s proxies; and (iii) how a client can obtain a copy of these Policies and/or the ISS Proxy Voting Guidelines.
Recordkeeping |
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These policies and procedures are effective as of May 2012 and may be changed without notice at any time.
These policies and procedures will be administered or not administered in the sole judgment and discretion of CRM and its Chief Compliance Officer.
CRM shall retain the following books and records in, as appropriate, electronic or hard copy form: (i) a copy of each proxy statement received regarding client securities (which may be kept by relying on obtaining copies through the EDGAR system maintained by the Securities and Exchange Commission), (ii) a record of each vote cast on behalf of clients, (iii) internal documents created that were material to the decision on how to vote any proxies or that memorialize the basis for such a decision, including any documentation relating to decisions to vote proxies other than in accordance with ISS recommendations, (iv) copies of written client requests for proxy voting records and of the Firm’s written responses to either a written or oral request for information on how the Firm voted proxies on behalf of the requesting client, and (v) with respect to votes cast for securities held in any registered investment company, records of CUSIP numbers.
Records for the CRM Mutual Fund Trust shall be recorded and maintained by the Trust.
The above records shall be retained in an easily accessible place for a period of at least five (5) years from the end for the fiscal year during which the last entry was made on such record, the first two years in an appropriate office of CRM
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Exhibit F
DRIEHAUS CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC
SUMMARY OF PROXY VOTING POLICY
For those clients for whom Driehaus Capital Management LLC (“DCM”) has undertaken to vote proxies, DCM retains the final authority and responsibility for such voting. On behalf of our valued clients, DCM (i) provides the client with this written summary of its proxy voting policy and the complete proxy voting policy upon request; (ii) discloses to the client how to obtain voting information; (iii) applies the proxy voting policy consistently; (iv) documents the reasons for voting; (v) maintains records of voting activities for clients and regulating authorities; and (vi) votes securities based on a pre-determined voting policy, based on the recommendations of an independent third-party to avoid conflicts of interest with DCM.
In order to facilitate this proxy voting process, DCM has retained Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (“ISS”) to provide in-depth proxy research, vote recommendations and execution, and the record keeping necessary for the appropriate management of a client account. ISS is an investment adviser that specializes in providing a variety of fiduciary-level services related to proxy voting. DCM has ascertained that ISS has the capacity and competency to analyze proxy issues, make vote recommendations in an impartial manner and in the best interests of DCM’s clients. The default choice used by DCM for ISS recommendations is the ISS U.S. Policy for its domestic client accounts and the applicable international policy for its international client accounts. Clients may choose another policy, such as the ISS Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) Policy, as appropriate. In addition to analyses, ISS delivers to DCM voting reports that reflect voting activities for DCM’s clients, enabling the clients to monitor voting activities performed by DCM.
DCM’s proxy voting policy sets forth the general voting guidelines that ISS follows on various types of issues when there are no company-specific reasons for voting to the contrary. In making the proxy voting decision, there are two overriding considerations: first, the economic impact of the proposal; and second, the best interest impact of a proposal if it were to pass or not pass, as the case may be. ISS performs company-by-company analysis, which means that all votes are reviewed on a case-by-case basis and no issues are considered routine. Each issue is considered in the context of the company under review. DCM generally follows ISS’s recommendations and does not use its discretion in the proxy voting decision. For this reason, client proxies are voted in the clients’ best interests, in accordance with a predetermined policy based upon recommendations of an independent third party, and are not affected by any potential or actual conflict of interest of DCM. In addition, DCM annually, and more frequently if necessary, reviews ISS’s policies and procedures regarding any potential conflicts of interest when making vote recommendations to determine if ISS is acting impartially.
Clients who are interested in obtaining information from DCM on how their securities were voted may contact the Relationship Management Department at 1-800-688-8819. In addition, the Relationship Management Department mails to each client an annual record of all proxies voted on behalf of that client. Clients may also contact the Relationship Management Department if they wish to receive a copy of DCM’s complete proxy voting policy.
Exhibit G
Proxy Voting Summary
Fairpointe Capital LLC (“Fairpointe”), as a matter of policy and as a fiduciary to our clients, has responsibility for voting proxies for portfolio securities consistent with the best economic interests of the clients. Our firm maintains written policies and procedures as to the handling, research, voting and reporting of proxy voting and makes appropriate disclosures about our firm’s proxy policies and practices. Our policy and practice includes the responsibility to monitor corporate actions, receive and vote client proxies and disclose any potential conflicts of interest as well as making information available to clients about the voting of proxies for their portfolio securities and maintaining relevant and required records. Clients may obtain information with respect to the voting of proxies for their securities by contacting their portfolio manager or the firm’s compliance officer.
Fairpointe has retained Risk Metric’s ISS (ISS) and Broadridge’s ProxyEdge service to assist in the proxy voting process. The Portfolio Managers review each proxy and will approve or override the recommendations of ISS according to the firm’s guidelines. The proxies are cast electronically using Broadridge’s ProxyEdge system, ISS, and www.proxyvote.com. Complete records of proxy votes are maintained through all voting systems.
As a matter of firm policy the following guidelines are intended to assist in the proxy voting process:
(a) | Fairpointe generally votes in favor of the following routine matters: name changes, election of directors within time limits, appointment of independent auditors, increase in the outstanding common stock or other equity classes within dilution limits, date and place of annual meeting, ratification of directors’ actions on routine matters, employee stock purchase or ownership plans within dilution limits, annual elections and confidential voting. |
(b) | Fairpointe generally votes in favor of mergers, acquisitions, restructurings, re-incorporations, changes in capitalization and employee and director compensation within reason and when pay and performance are aligned. However, other financial issues may need additional consideration and may involve issues such as hostile takeovers and mergers. |
(c) | Fairpointe will generally vote against any proposal that attempts to limit shareholder democracy, such as increased indemnification for directors and officers, certain supermajority rights, classified boards, cumulative voting, authorization of new securities that are unduly dilutive and amending state of corporation. Also, will generally vote against board members on the Compensation Committee who are responsible for compensation procedures which are not aligning with performance. |
(d) | Fairpointe intends to vote on a case-by-case basis on social issues. |
(e) | A client may have their own set of proxy voting guidelines which may conflict with Fairpointe or another client. If such situation arises, it is our intention to comply with client guidelines by voting proxies attributable to that client on a proportionate basis. |
Should a conflict of interest arise, Fairpointe will resolve the conflict with the view of the best interest of the client. If Fairpointe determines there is a material conflict of interest in connection with a proxy vote, Fairpointe will consider voting with the recommendations made by ISS, an independent third party. However, Fairpointe’s decision is ultimately based on what is in the best interest of the client.
Exhibit H
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE INVESTMENT MANAGER TO VOTE PROXIES
Franklin Advisers, Inc. (hereinafter the "Investment Manager") has delegated its administrative duties with respect to voting proxies for securities to the Proxy Group within Franklin Templeton Companies, LLC (the "Proxy Group"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc. Franklin Templeton Companies, LLC provides a variety of general corporate services to its affiliates, including, but not limited to, legal and compliance activities. Proxy duties consist of analyzing proxy statements of issuers whose stock is owned by any client (including both investment companies and any separate accounts managed by the Investment Manager) that has either delegated proxy voting administrative responsibility to the Investment Manager or has asked for information and/or recommendations on the issues to be voted.
The Proxy Group will process proxy votes on behalf of, and the Investment Manager votes proxies solely in the best interests of, separate account clients, the Investment Manager-managed investment company shareholders, or shareholders of funds that have appointed Franklin Templeton International Services S.à. r.l. (“FTIS S.à.r.l.”) as the Management Company, provided such funds or clients have properly delegated such responsibility in writing, or, where employee benefit plan assets subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, are involved (“ERISA accounts”), in the best interests of the plan participants and beneficiaries (collectively, "Advisory Clients"), unless (i) the power to vote has been specifically retained by the named fiduciary in the documents in which the named fiduciary appointed the Investment Manager or (ii) the documents otherwise expressly prohibit the Investment Manager from voting proxies. The Investment Manager recognizes that the exercise of voting rights on securities held by ERISA plans for which the Investment Manager has voting responsibility is a fiduciary duty that must be exercised with care, skill, prudence and diligence. The Investment Manager will inform Advisory Clients that have not delegated the voting responsibility but that have requested voting advice about the Investment Manager's views on such proxy votes. The Proxy Group also provides these services to other advisory affiliates of the Investment Manager.
The Investment Manager has adopted and implemented Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures (“Proxy Policies”) that it believes are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interest of Advisory Clients in accordance with its fiduciary duties and rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. To the extent that the Investment Manager has a subadvisory agreement with an affiliated investment manager (the “Affiliated Subadviser”) with respect to a particular Advisory Client, the Investment Manager may delegate proxy voting responsibility to the Affiliated Subadviser. The Investment Manager’s Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures are substantially similar to those of its affiliated investment managers. The Investment Manager may also delegate proxy voting responsibility to a Non-Affiliated Subadviser in certain limited situations as disclosed to fund shareholders (e.g., where an Investment Manager to a pooled investment vehicle has engaged an unaffiliated Subadviser to manage all or a portion of the assets).
HOW THE INVESTMENT MANAGER VOTES PROXIES
Fiduciary Considerations
All proxies received by the Proxy Group will be voted based upon the Investment Manager's instructions and/or policies. To assist it in analyzing proxies of equity securities, the Investment Manager subscribes to Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. ("ISS"), an unaffiliated third party corporate governance research service that provides in-depth analyses of shareholder meeting agendas and vote recommendations. In addition, the Investment Manager subscribes to ISS’s Proxy Voting Service and Vote Disclosure Service. These services include receipt of proxy ballots, custodian bank relations, account maintenance, vote execution, ballot reconciliation, vote record maintenance, comprehensive reporting capabilities, and vote disclosure services. Also, the Investment Manager subscribes to Glass, Lewis & Co., LLC ("Glass Lewis"), an unaffiliated third party analytical research firm, to receive analyses and vote recommendations on the shareholder meetings of publicly held U.S. companies, as well as a limited subscription to its international research. Also, the Investment Manager has a supplemental subscription to Egan-Jones Proxy Services (“Egan-Jones”), an unaffiliated third party proxy advisory firm, to receive analyses and vote recommendations. Although analyses provided by ISS, Glass Lewis, Egan-Jones, and/or another independent third party proxy service provider (each a “Proxy Service”) are thoroughly reviewed and considered in making a final voting decision, the Investment Manager does not consider recommendations from a Proxy Service or any third party to be determinative of the Investment Manager's ultimate decision. Rather, the Investment Manager exercises its independent judgment in making voting decisions ( except as discussed below in the section entitled “Circumstances Where the Investment Manager May Generally Rely on the Recommendations of a Proxy Service”). As a matter of policy, the officers, directors and employees of the Investment Manager and the Proxy Group will not be influenced by outside sources whose interests conflict with the interests of Advisory Clients.
* | Rule 38a-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“1940 Act”) and Rule 206(4)-7 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“Advisers Act”) (together the “Compliance Rule”) require registered investment companies and registered investment advisers to, among other things, adopt and implement written policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent violations of the federal securities laws (“Compliance Rule Policies and Procedures”). |
For ease of reference, the Proxy Policies often refer to all Advisory Clients. However, our processes and practices seek to ensure that proxy voting decisions are suitable for individual Advisory Clients. For most proxy proposals, the Investment Manager’s evaluation should result in the same position being taken for all Advisory Clients. In some cases, however, the evaluation may result in an individual Advisory Client voting differently, depending upon the nature and objective of the fund or account, the composition of its portfolio and other factors.
Circumstances Where the Investment Manager May Generally Rely on the Recommendations of a Proxy Service
The Franklin LibertyQ branded smart beta exchange traded funds and other passively managed exchange traded funds (collectively, “ETFs”), seek to track a particular securities index. As a result, each ETF may hold the securities of hundreds of issuers. Because the primary criteria for determining whether a security should be included (or continued to be included) in an ETF’s investment portfolio is whether such security is a representative component of the securities index that the ETF is seeking to track, the ETFs do not require the fundamental security research and analyst coverage that an actively-managed portfolio would require. Accordingly, in light of the high number of positions held by an ETF and the considerable time and effort that would be required to review proxy statements and ISS or Glass Lewis recommendations, the Investment Manager may review the ISS and Glass Lewis Proxy Voting Guidelines and determine to instruct the Proxy Group to generally vote proxies consistent with the recommendations of ISS or Glass Lewis rather than analyze each individual proxy vote. Permitting the Investment Manager of the ETFs to defer its judgment for voting on a proxy to the recommendations of ISS or Glass Lewis may result in a proxy related to the securities of a particular issuer held by an ETF being voted differently from the same proxy that is voted on by other funds managed by the Investment Manager.
The Investment Manager, however, will retain the ability to vote a proxy differently than ISS or Glass Lewis recommends if the Investment Manager determines that it would be in the best interests of an ETF and its shareholders.
For certain separate accounts and non-U.S. domiciled funds that follow a smart beta strategy, or are passively managed to track a particular securities index, the Investment Manager may review the ISS and Glass Lewis Proxy Voting Guidelines and determine to instruct the Proxy Group to generally vote proxies consistent with the recommendations of ISS or Glass Lewis rather than analyze each individual proxy vote due to the volume of securities held in such strategies.
Conflicts of Interest
All conflicts of interest will be resolved in the best interests of the Advisory Clients. The Investment Manager is an affiliate of a large, diverse financial services firm with many affiliates and makes its best efforts to avoid conflicts of interest. However, conflicts of interest can arise in situations where:
1. | The issuer is a client 1 of the Investment Manager or its affiliates; |
2. | The issuer is a vendor whose products or services are material or significant to the business of the Investment Manager or its affiliates; 2 |
1 |
For purposes of this section, a “client” does not include underlying investors in a collective investment trust, Canadian pooled fund, or other pooled investment vehicle managed by the Investment Manager or its affiliates. Sponsors of funds sub-advised by the Investment Manager or its affiliates will be considered a “client.” |
2 |
The top 50 vendors will be considered to present a potential conflict of interest. |
3. | The issuer is an entity participating to a material extent in the distribution of proprietary investment products advised, administered or sponsored by the Investment Manager or its affiliates (e.g., a broker, dealer or bank); 3 |
4. | The issuer is a significant executing broker dealer; 4 |
5. | An Access Person 5 of the Investment Manager or its affiliates also serves as a director or officer of the issuer; |
6. | A director or trustee of Franklin Resources, Inc. or any of its subsidiaries or of a Franklin Templeton investment product, or an immediate family member 6 of such director or trustee, also serves as an officer or director of the issuer; or |
7. | The issuer is Franklin Resources, Inc. or any of its proprietary investment products that are offered to the public as a direct investment. |
Nonetheless, even though a potential conflict of interest may exist: (1) the Investment Manager may vote in opposition to the recommendations of an issuer’s management even if contrary to the recommendations of a third party proxy voting research provider; (2) if management has made no recommendations, the Proxy Group may defer to the voting instructions of the Investment Manager; and (3) with respect to shares held by Franklin Resources, Inc. or its affiliates for their own corporate accounts, such shares may be voted without regard to these conflict procedures.
Material conflicts of interest are identified by the Proxy Group based upon analyses of client, distributor, broker dealer, and vendor lists, information periodically gathered from directors and officers, and information derived from other sources, including public filings. The Proxy Group gathers and analyzes this information on a best efforts basis, as much of this information is provided directly by individuals and groups other than the Proxy Group, and the Proxy Group relies on the accuracy of the information it receives from such parties.
In situations where a material conflict of interest is identified between the Investment Manager or one of its affiliates and an issuer, the Proxy Group may vote consistent with the voting recommendation of a Proxy Service or send the proxy directly to the relevant Advisory Clients with the Investment Manager’s recommendation regarding the vote for approval.
Where the Proxy Group refers a matter to an Advisory Client, it may rely upon the instructions of a representative of the Advisory Client, such as the board of directors or trustees, a committee of the board, or an appointed delegate in the case of a U. S. registered investment company, a conducting officer in the case of a fund that has appointed FTIS S.à.r.l as its Management Company, the Independent Review Committee for Canadian investment funds, or a plan administrator in the case of an employee benefit plan. The Proxy Group may determine to vote all shares held by Advisory Clients of the Investment Manager and affiliated Investment Managers in accordance with the instructions of one or more of the Advisory Clients.
The Investment Manager may also decide whether to vote proxies for securities deemed to present conflicts of interest that are sold following a record date, but before a shareholder meeting date. The Investment Manager may consider various factors in deciding whether to vote such proxies, including the Investment Manager’s long-term view of the issuer’s securities for investment, or it may defer the decision to vote to the applicable Advisory Client. The Investment Manager also may be unable to vote, or choose not to vote, a proxy for securities deemed to present a conflict of interest for any of the reasons outlined in the first paragraph of the section of these policies entitled “Proxy Procedures.”
Where a material conflict of interest has been identified, but the items on which the Investment Manager’s vote recommendations differ from a Proxy Service relate specifically to (1) shareholder proposals regarding social or environmental issues, (2) “Other Business” without describing the matters that might be considered, or (3) items the Investment Manager wishes to vote in opposition to the recommendations of an issuer’s management, the Proxy Group may defer to the vote recommendations of the Investment Manager rather than sending the proxy directly to the relevant Advisory Clients for approval.
3 |
The top 40 distributors (based on aggregate gross sales) will be considered to present a potential conflict of interest. In addition, any insurance company that has entered into a participation agreement with a Franklin Templeton entity to distribute the Franklin Templeton Variable Insurance Products Trust or other variable products will be considered to present a potential conflict of interest. |
4 |
The top 40 executing broker-dealers (based on gross brokerage commissions and client commissions) will be considered to present a potential conflict of interest. |
5 |
“Access Person” shall have the meaning provided under the current Code of Ethics of Franklin Resources, Inc. |
6 |
The term “immediate family member” means a person’s spouse; child residing in the person’s household (including step and adoptive children); and any dependent of the person, as defined in Section 152 of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. 152). |
To avoid certain potential conflicts of interest, the Investment Manager will employ echo voting or pass-through voting, if possible, in the following instances: (1) when a Franklin Templeton U.S. registered investment company invests in an underlying fund in reliance on any one of Sections 12(d)(1)(F), or (G) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, (“1940 Act”), the rules thereunder, or pursuant to a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) exemptive order thereunder; (2) when a Franklin Templeton U.S. registered investment company invests uninvested cash in affiliated money market funds pursuant to the rules under the 1940 Act or any exemptive orders thereunder (“cash sweep arrangement”); or (3) when required pursuant to the fund’s governing documents or applicable law. Echo voting means that the Investment Manager will vote the shares in the same proportion as the vote of all of the other holders of the fund’s shares. With respect to instances when a Franklin Templeton U.S. registered investment company invests in an underlying fund in reliance on any one of Sections 12(d)(1)(F) or (G) of the 1940 Act, the rules thereunder, or pursuant to an SEC exemptive order thereunder, and there are no other unaffiliated shareholders also invested in the underlying fund, the Investment Manager will vote in accordance with the recommendation of such investment company’s board of trustees or directors. In addition, to avoid certain potential conflicts of interest, and where required under a fund’s governing documents or applicable law, the Investment Manager will employ pass-through voting when a Franklin Templeton U.S. registered investment company invests in an underlying fund in reliance on Section 12(d)(1)(E) of the 1940 Act, the rules thereunder, or pursuant to an SEC exemptive order thereunder. In “pass-through voting,” a feeder fund will solicit voting instructions from its shareholders as to how to vote on the master fund’s proposals.
In addition, with respect to an open-ended collective investment scheme formed as a Société d'Investissement à Capital Variable (SICAV), in accordance with Luxembourg law, if one sub-fund (the “Acquirer”) has invested in another sub-fund of the SICAV (the “Target”), then the voting rights attached to the shares of the Target will be suspended for voting purposes as long as they are held by the Acquirer. Similarly, in accordance with Canadian law, Canadian mutual funds that are invested in another proprietary mutual fund are prohibited from voting the units of the underlying fund.
Weight Given Management Recommendations
One of the primary factors the Investment Manager considers when determining the desirability of investing in a particular company is the quality and depth of that company's management. Accordingly, the recommendation of management on any issue is a factor that the Investment Manager considers in determining how proxies should be voted. However, the Investment Manager does not consider recommendations from management to be determinative of the Investment Manager's ultimate decision. As a matter of practice, the votes with respect to most issues are cast in accordance with the position of the company's management. Each issue, however, is considered on its own merits, and the Investment Manager will not support the position of a company's management in any situation where it determines that the ratification of management's position would adversely affect the investment merits of owning that company's shares.
Engagement with Issuers
The Investment Manager believes that engagement with issuers is important to good corporate governance and to assist in making proxy voting decisions. The Investment Manager may engage with issuers to discuss specific ballot items to be voted on in advance of an annual or special meeting to obtain further information or clarification on the proposals. The Investment Manager may also engage with management on a range of environmental, social or corporate governance issues throughout the year.
THE PROXY GROUP
The Proxy Group is part of the Franklin Templeton Companies, LLC Legal Department and is overseen by legal counsel. Full-time staff members and support staff (which includes individuals that are employees of affiliates of Franklin Templeton Companies, LLC) are devoted to proxy voting administration and oversight and providing support and assistance where needed. On a daily basis, the Proxy Group will review each proxy upon receipt as well as any agendas, materials and recommendations that they receive from a Proxy Service or other sources. The Proxy Group maintains a log of all shareholder meetings that are scheduled for companies whose securities are held by the Investment Manager's managed funds and accounts. For each shareholder meeting, a member of the Proxy Group will consult with the research analyst that follows the security and provide the analyst with the agenda, analyses of one or more Proxy Services, recommendations and any other information provided to the Proxy Group. Except in (i) situations identified as presenting material conflicts of interest and (ii) the section entitled “Circumstances Where the Investment Manager May Generally Rely on the Recommendations of a Proxy Service,” the Investment Manager's research analyst and relevant portfolio manager(s) are responsible for making the final voting decision based on their review of the agenda, analyses of one or more Proxy Services, proxy statements, their knowledge of the company and any other information publicly available.
In situations where the Investment Manager has not responded with vote recommendations to the Proxy Group by the deadline date, the Proxy Group may vote consistent with the vote recommendations of a Proxy Service. Except in cases where the Proxy Group is voting consistent with the voting recommendation of a Proxy Service, the Proxy Group must obtain voting instructions from the Investment Manager's research analyst, relevant portfolio manager(s), legal counsel and/or the Advisory Client prior to submitting the vote. In the event that an account holds a security that the Investment Manager did not purchase on its behalf, and the Investment Manager does not normally consider the security as a potential investment for other accounts, the Proxy Group may vote consistent with the voting recommendations of a Proxy Service or take no action on the meeting.
GENERAL PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES
The Investment Manager has adopted general guidelines for voting proxies as summarized below. In keeping with its fiduciary obligations to its Advisory Clients, the Investment Manager reviews all proposals, even those that may be considered to be routine matters (except as noted above in the section entitled “Circumstances Where Investment Manager May Generally Rely on the Recommendations of a Proxy Service”). Although these guidelines are to be followed as a general policy, in all cases each proxy and proposal (including both management and shareholder proposals) will be considered based on the relevant facts and circumstances on a case-by-case basis. The Investment Manager may deviate from the general policies and procedures when it determines that the particular facts and circumstances warrant such deviation to protect the best interests of the Advisory Clients. These guidelines cannot provide an exhaustive list of all the issues that may arise nor can the Investment Manager anticipate all future situations. Corporate governance issues are diverse and continually evolving and the Investment Manager devotes significant time and resources to monitor these changes.
THE INVESTMENT MANAGER’S PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PRINCIPLES
The Investment Manager's proxy voting positions have been developed based on years of experience with proxy voting and corporate governance issues. These principles have been reviewed by various members of the Investment Manager's organization, including portfolio management, legal counsel, and the Investment Manager's officers. The Board of Directors of Franklin Templeton’s U.S.-registered investment companies will approve the proxy voting policies and procedures annually.
The following guidelines reflect what the Investment Manager believes to be good corporate governance and behavior:
Board of Directors: The election of directors and an independent board are key to good corporate governance. Directors are expected to be competent individuals and they should be accountable and responsive to shareholders. The Investment Manager supports an independent, diverse board of directors, and prefers that key committees such as audit, nominating, and compensation committees be comprised of independent directors. The Investment Manager supports boards with strong risk management oversight. The Investment Manager will generally vote against management efforts to classify a board and will generally support proposals to declassify the board of directors. The Investment Manager will consider withholding votes from directors who have attended less than 75% of meetings without a valid reason. While generally in favor of separating Chairman and CEO positions, the Investment Manager will review this issue on a case-by-case basis taking into consideration other factors including the company's corporate governance guidelines and performance. The Investment Manager evaluates proposals to restore or provide for cumulative voting on a case-by-case basis and considers such factors as corporate governance provisions as well as relative performance. The Investment Manager generally will support non-binding shareholder proposals to require a majority vote standard for the election of directors; however, if these proposals are binding, the Investment Manager will give careful review on a case-by-case basis of the potential ramifications of such implementation.
In the event of a contested election, the Investment Manager will review a number of factors in making a decision including management’s track record, the company’s financial performance, qualifications of candidates on both slates, and the strategic plan of the dissidents and/or shareholder nominees.
Ratification of Auditors: The Investment Manager will closely scrutinize the independence, role, and performance of auditors. On a case-by-case basis, The Investment Manager will examine proposals relating to non-audit relationships and non-audit fees. The Investment Manager will also consider, on a case-by-case basis, proposals to rotate auditors, and will vote against the ratification of auditors when there is clear and compelling evidence of a lack of independence, accounting irregularities or negligence attributable to the auditors. The Investment Manager may also consider whether the ratification of auditors has been approved by an appropriate audit committee that meets applicable composition and independence requirements.
Management & Director Compensation: A company's equity-based compensation plan should be in alignment with the shareholders' long-term interests. The Investment Manager believes that executive compensation should be directly linked to the performance of the company. The Investment Manager evaluates plans on a case-by-case basis by considering several factors to determine whether the plan is fair and reasonable. The Investment Manager reviews the ISS quantitative model utilized to assess such plans and/or the Glass Lewis evaluation of the plan. The Investment Manager will generally oppose plans that have the potential to be excessively dilutive, and will almost always oppose plans that are structured to allow the repricing of underwater options, or plans that have an automatic share replenishment "evergreen" feature. The Investment Manager will generally support employee stock option plans in which the purchase price is at least 85% of fair market value, and when potential dilution is 10% or less.
Severance compensation arrangements will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis, although the Investment Manager will generally oppose "golden parachutes" that are considered excessive. The Investment Manager will normally support proposals that require that a percentage of directors' compensation be in the form of common stock, as it aligns their interests with those of the shareholders.
The Investment Manager will review non-binding say-on-pay proposals on a case-by-case basis, and will generally vote in favor of such proposals unless compensation is misaligned with performance and/or shareholders’ interests, the company has not provided reasonably clear disclosure regarding its compensation practices, or there are concerns with the company’s remuneration practices.
Anti-Takeover Mechanisms and Related Issues: The Investment Manager generally opposes anti-takeover measures since they tend to reduce shareholder rights. However, as with all proxy issues, the Investment Manager conducts an independent review of each anti-takeover proposal. On occasion, the Investment Manager may vote with management when the research analyst has concluded that the proposal is not onerous and would not harm Advisory Clients' interests as stockholders. The Investment Manager generally supports proposals that require shareholder rights plans ("poison pills") to be subject to a shareholder vote. The Investment Manager will closely evaluate shareholder rights' plans on a case-by-case basis to determine whether or not they warrant support. The Investment Manager will generally vote against any proposal to issue stock that has unequal or subordinate voting rights. In addition, the Investment Manager generally opposes any supermajority voting requirements as well as the payment of "greenmail." The Investment Manager usually supports "fair price" provisions and confidential voting. The Investment Manager will review a company’s proposal to reincorporate to a different state or country on a case-by-case basis taking into consideration financial benefits such as tax treatment as well as comparing corporate governance provisions and general business laws that may result from the change in domicile.
Changes to Capital Structure: The Investment Manager realizes that a company's financing decisions have a significant impact on its shareholders, particularly when they involve the issuance of additional shares of common or preferred stock or the assumption of additional debt. The Investment Manager will carefully review, on a case-by-case basis, proposals by companies to increase authorized shares and the purpose for the increase. The Investment Manager will generally not vote in favor of dual-class capital structures to increase the number of authorized shares where that class of stock would have superior voting rights. The Investment Manager will generally vote in favor of the issuance of preferred stock in cases where the company specifies the voting, dividend, conversion and other rights of such stock and the terms of the preferred stock issuance are deemed reasonable. The Investment Manager will review proposals seeking preemptive rights on a case-by-case basis.
Mergers and Corporate Restructuring: Mergers and acquisitions will be subject to careful review by the research analyst to determine whether they would be beneficial to shareholders. The Investment Manager will analyze various economic and strategic factors in making the final decision on a merger or acquisition. Corporate restructuring proposals are also subject to a thorough examination on a case-by-case basis.
Environmental and Social Issues: The Investment Manager considers environmental and social issues alongside traditional financial measures to provide a more comprehensive view of the value, risk and return potential of an investment. Companies may face significant financial, legal and reputational risks resulting from poor environmental and social practices, or negligent oversight of environmental or social issues. Franklin Templeton’s “Responsible Investment Principles and Policies” describes the Investment Manager’s approach to consideration of environmental, social and governance issues within the Investment Manager’s processes and ownership practices.
In the Investment Manager’s experience, those companies that are managed well are often effective in dealing with the relevant environmental and social issues that pertain to their business. As such, the Investment Manager will generally give management discretion with regard to environmental and social issues. However, in cases where management and the board have not demonstrated adequate efforts to mitigate material environmental or social risks, have engaged in inappropriate or illegal conduct, or have failed to adequately address current or emergent risks that threaten shareholder value, the Investment Manager may choose to support well-crafted shareholder proposals that serve to promote or protect shareholder value. This may include seeking appropriate disclosure regarding material environmental and social issues. The Investment Manager will review shareholder proposals on a case-by-case basis and may support those that serve to enhance value or mitigate risk, are drafted appropriately, and do not disrupt the course of business or require a disproportionate or inappropriate use of company resources.
The Investment Manager will consider supporting a shareholder proposal seeking disclosure and greater board oversight of lobbying and corporate political contributions if the Investment Manager believes that there is evidence of inadequate oversight by the company’s board, if the company’s current disclosure is significantly deficient, or if the disclosure is notably lacking in comparison to the company’s peers.
Governance Matters: The Investment Manager generally supports the right of shareholders to call special meetings and act by written consent. However, the Investment Manager will review such shareholder proposals on a case-by-case basis in an effort to ensure that such proposals do not disrupt the course of business or require a disproportionate or inappropriate use of company resources.
Proxy Access: In cases where the Investment Manager is satisfied with company performance and the responsiveness of management, it will generally vote against shareholder proxy access proposals not supported by management. In other instances, the Investment Manager will consider such proposals on a case-by-case basis, taking into account factors such as the size of the company, ownership thresholds and holding periods, nomination limits (e.g., number of candidates that can be nominated), the intentions of the shareholder proponent, and shareholder base.
Global Corporate Governance: The Investment Manager manages investments in countries worldwide. Many of the tenets discussed above are applied to the Investment Manager's proxy voting decisions for international investments. However, the Investment Manager must be flexible in these worldwide markets. Principles of good corporate governance may vary by country, given the constraints of a country’s laws and acceptable practices in the markets. As a result, it is on occasion difficult to apply a consistent set of governance practices to all issuers. As experienced money managers, the Investment Manager's analysts are skilled in understanding the complexities of the regions in which they specialize and are trained to analyze proxy issues germane to their regions.
PROXY PROCEDURES
The Proxy Group is fully cognizant of its responsibility to process proxies and maintain proxy records pursuant to SEC and Canadian Securities Administrators (“CSA”) rules and regulations. In addition, the Investment Manager understands its fiduciary duty to vote proxies and that proxy voting decisions may affect the value of shareholdings. Therefore, the Investment Manager will generally attempt to process every proxy it receives for all domestic and foreign securities. However, there may be situations in which the Investment Manager may be unable to successfully vote a proxy, or may choose not to vote a proxy, such as where: (i) a proxy ballot was not received from the custodian bank; (ii) a meeting notice was received too late; (iii) there are fees imposed upon the exercise of a vote and it is determined that such fees outweigh the benefit of voting; (iv) there are legal encumbrances to voting, including blocking restrictions in certain markets that preclude the ability to dispose of a security if the Investment Manager votes a proxy or where the Investment Manager is prohibited from voting by applicable law, economic or other sanctions, or other regulatory or market requirements, including but not limited to, effective Powers of Attorney; (v) additional documentation or the disclosure of beneficial owner details is required; (vi) the Investment Manager held shares on the record date but has sold them prior to the meeting date; (vii) a proxy voting service is not offered by the custodian in the market; (viii) due to either system error or human error, the Investment Manager’s intended vote is not correctly submitted; (ix) the Investment Manager believes it is not in the best interest of the Advisory Client to vote the proxy for any other reason not enumerated herein; or (x) a security is subject to a securities lending or similar program that has transferred legal title to the security to another person.
In some non U.S. jurisdictions, even if the Investment Manager uses reasonable efforts to vote a proxy on behalf of its Advisory Clients, such vote or proxy may be rejected because of (a) operational or procedural issues experienced by one or more third parties involved in voting proxies in such jurisdictions; (b) changes in the process or agenda for the meeting by the issuer for which the Investment Manager does not have sufficient notice; or (c) the exercise by the issuer of its discretion to reject the vote of the Investment Manager. In addition, despite the best efforts of the Proxy Group and its agents, there may be situations where the Investment Manager’s votes are not received, or properly tabulated, by an issuer or the issuer’s agent.
The Investment Manager or its affiliates may, on behalf of one or more of the proprietary registered investment companies advised by the Investment Manager or its affiliates, determine to use its best efforts to recall any security on loan where the Investment Manager or its affiliates (a) learn of a vote on a material event that may affect a security on loan and (b) determine that it is in the best interests of such proprietary registered investment companies to recall the security for voting purposes. The Investment Manager will not generally make such efforts on behalf of other Advisory Clients, or notify such Advisory Clients or their custodians that the Investment Manager or its affiliates has learned of such a vote.
There may be instances in certain non-U.S. markets where split voting is not allowed. Split voting occurs when a position held within an account is voted in accordance with two differing instructions. Some markets and/or issuers only allow voting on an entire position and do not accept split voting. In certain cases, when more than one Franklin Templeton Investment Manager has accounts holding shares of an issuer that are held in an omnibus structure, the Proxy Group will seek direction from an appropriate representative of the Advisory Client with multiple Investment Managers (such as a conducting officer of the Management Company in the case of a SICAV), or the Proxy Group will submit the vote based on the voting instructions provided by the Investment Manager with accounts holding the greatest number of shares of the security within the omnibus structure.
The Investment Manager may vote against an agenda item where no further information is provided, particularly in non-U.S. markets. For example, if "Other Business" is listed on the agenda with no further information included in the proxy materials, the Investment Manager may vote against the item as no information has been provided prior to the meeting in order to make an informed decision. The Investment Manager may also enter a "withhold" vote on the election of certain directors from time to time based on individual situations, particularly where the Investment Manager is not in favor of electing a director and there is no provision for voting against such director.
If several issues are bundled together in a single voting item, the Investment Manager will assess the total benefit to shareholders and the extent that such issues should be subject to separate voting proposals.
The following describes the standard procedures that are to be followed with respect to carrying out the Investment Manager's proxy policy:
1. | The Proxy Group will identify all Advisory Clients, maintain a list of those clients, and indicate those Advisory Clients who have delegated proxy voting authority in writing to the Investment Manager. The Proxy Group will periodically review and update this list. If the agreement with an Advisory Client permits the Advisory Client to provide instructions to the Investment Manager regarding how to vote the client’s shares, the Investment Manager will make a best-efforts attempt to vote per the Advisory Client’s instructions. |
2. | All relevant information in the proxy materials received (e.g., the record date of the meeting) will be recorded promptly by the Proxy Group in a database to maintain control over such materials. |
3. | The Proxy Group will review and compile information on each proxy upon receipt of any agendas, materials, reports, recommendations from a Proxy Service, or other information. The Proxy Group will then forward (or otherwise make available) this information to the appropriate research analyst for review and voting instructions. |
4. | In determining how to vote, the Investment Manager's analysts and relevant portfolio manager(s) will consider the General Proxy Voting Guidelines set forth above, their in-depth knowledge of the company, any readily available information and research about the company and its agenda items, and the recommendations of a Proxy Service. |
5. | The Proxy Group is responsible for maintaining the documentation that supports the Investment Manager’s voting decision. Such documentation may include, but is not limited to, any information provided by a Proxy Service and, with respect to an issuer that presents a potential conflict of interest, any board or audit committee memoranda describing the position it has taken. Additionally, the Proxy Group may include documentation obtained from the research analyst, portfolio manager and/or legal counsel; however, the relevant research analyst may, but is not required to, maintain additional documentation that was used or created as part of the analysis to reach a voting decision, such as certain financial statements of an issuer, press releases, or notes from discussions with an issuer’s management. |
6. | After the proxy is completed but before it is returned to the issuer and/or its agent, the Proxy Group may review those situations including special or unique documentation to determine that the appropriate documentation has been created, including conflict of interest screening. |
7. | The Proxy Group will make every effort to submit the Investment Manager's vote on all proxies to ISS by the cut-off date. However, in certain foreign jurisdictions or instances where the Proxy Group did not receive sufficient notice of the meeting, the Proxy Group will use its best efforts to send the voting instructions to ISS in time for the vote to be processed. |
8. | With respect to proprietary products, the Proxy Group will file Powers of Attorney in all jurisdictions that require such documentation on a best efforts basis; the Proxy Group does not have authority to file Powers of Attorney on behalf of other Advisory Clients. On occasion, the Investment Manager may wish to attend and vote at a shareholder meeting in person. In such cases, the Proxy Group will use its best efforts to facilitate the attendance of the designated Franklin Templeton employee by coordinating with the relevant custodian bank. |
9. | The Proxy Group prepares reports for each separate account client that has requested a record of votes cast. The report specifies the proxy issues that have been voted for the Advisory Client during the requested period and the position taken with respect to each issue. The Proxy Group sends one copy to the Advisory Client, retains a copy in the Proxy Group’s files and forwards a copy to either the appropriate portfolio manager or the client service representative. While many Advisory Clients prefer quarterly or annual reports, the Proxy Group will provide reports for any timeframe requested by an Advisory Client. |
10. | If the Franklin Templeton Services, LLC Global Trade Services learns of a vote that may affect a security on loan from a proprietary registered investment company, Global Trade Services will notify the Investment Manager. If the Investment Manager decides that the vote is material and it would be in the best interests of shareholders to recall the security, the Investment Manager will advise Global Trade Services to contact the lending agent in an effort to retrieve the security. If so requested by the Investment Manager, Global Trade Services shall use its best efforts to recall any security on loan and will use other practicable and legally enforceable means to ensure that the Investment Manager is able to fulfill its fiduciary duty to vote proxies for proprietary registered investment companies with respect to such loaned securities. However, there can be no guarantee that the securities can be retrieved for such purposes. Global Trade Services will advise the Proxy Group of all recalled securities. Many Advisory Clients have entered into securities lending arrangements with agent lenders to generate additional revenue. Under normal circumstances, the Investment Manager will not make efforts to recall any security on loan for voting purposes on behalf of other Advisory Clients, or notify such clients or their custodians that the Investment Manager or its affiliates have learned of such a vote. |
11. | The Proxy Group participates in Franklin Templeton Investment’s Business Continuity and Disaster Preparedness programs. The Proxy Group will conduct disaster recovery testing on a periodic basis in an effort to ensure continued operations of the Proxy Group in the event of a disaster. Should the Proxy Group not be fully operational, then the Proxy Group may instruct ISS to vote all meetings immediately due per the recommendations of the appropriate third-party proxy voting service provider. |
12. | The Proxy Group, in conjunction with Legal Staff responsible for coordinating Fund disclosure, on a timely basis, will file all required Form N-PXs, with respect to proprietary U.S. registered investment companies, disclose that each U.S.-registered fund’s proxy voting record is available on the Franklin Templeton web site, and will make available the information disclosed in each fund’s Form N-PX as soon as is reasonably practicable after filing Form N-PX with the SEC. The Proxy Group will work with Legal Staff in other jurisdictions, as needed, to help support required proxy voting disclosure in such markets |
13. | The Proxy Group, in conjunction with Legal Staff responsible for coordinating Fund disclosure, will ensure that all required disclosure about proxy voting of the proprietary U.S. registered investment companies is made in such clients’ disclosure documents. |
14. | The Proxy Group is subject to periodic review by Internal Audit and compliance groups. |
15. | The Investment Manager will review the guidelines of each Proxy Service, with special emphasis on the factors they use with respect to proxy voting recommendations. |
16. | The Proxy Group will update the proxy voting policies and procedures as necessary for review and approval by legal, compliance, investment officers, and/or other relevant staff. |
17. | The Proxy Group will familiarize itself with the procedures of ISS that govern the transmission of proxy voting information from the Proxy Group to ISS and periodically review how well this process is functioning. The Proxy Group, in conjunction with the compliance department, will conduct periodic due diligence reviews of each Proxy Service via on-site visits or by written questionnaires. As part of the periodic due diligence process, the Investment Manager assesses the adequacy and quality of each Proxy Service’s staffing and personnel to ensure each Proxy Service has the capacity and competency to adequately analyze proxy issues and the ability to make proxy voting recommendations based on material accurate information. In the event the Investment Manager discovers an error in the research or voting recommendations provided by a Proxy Service, it will take reasonable steps to investigate the error and seek to determine whether the Proxy Service is taking reasonable steps to reduce similar errors in the future. In addition, the Investment Manager assesses the robustness of Proxy Service’s policies regarding (1) ensuring proxy voting recommendations are based on current and accurate information, and (2) identifying and addressing any conflicts of interest. To the extent enhanced disclosure of conflicts is required of Proxy Services, the Proxy Group will seek to ensure that each Proxy Service complies with such disclosure obligations and review the conflicts disclosed. The Investment Manager also considers the independence of each Proxy Service on an on-going basis. |
18. | The Proxy Group will investigate, or cause others to investigate, any and all instances where these Procedures have been violated or there is evidence that they are not being followed. Based upon the findings of these investigations, the Proxy Group, if practicable, will recommend amendments to these Procedures to minimize the likelihood of the reoccurrence of non-compliance. |
19. | At least annually, the Proxy Group will verify that: |
a. | A sampling of proxies received by Franklin Templeton Investments has been voted in a manner consistent with the Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures; |
b. | A sampling of proxies received by Franklin Templeton Investments has been voted in accordance with the instructions of the Investment Manager; |
c. | Adequate disclosure has been made to clients and fund shareholders about the procedures and how proxies were voted in markets where such disclosures are required by law or regulation; and |
d. | Timely filings were made with applicable regulators, as required by law or regulation, related to proxy voting. |
The Proxy Group is responsible for maintaining appropriate proxy voting records. Such records will include, but are not limited to, a copy of all materials returned to the issuer and/or its agent, the documentation described above, listings of proxies voted by issuer and by client, each written client request for proxy voting policies/records and the Investment Manager’s written response to any client request for such records, and any other relevant information. The Proxy Group may use an outside service such as ISS to support this recordkeeping function. All records will be retained in either hard copy or electronic format for at least five years, the first two of which will be on-site. Advisory Clients may request copies of their proxy voting records by calling the Proxy Group collect at 1-954-527-7678, or by sending a written request to: Franklin Templeton Companies, LLC, 300 S.E. 2nd Street, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33301, Attention: Proxy Group. The Investment Manager does not disclose to third parties (other than ISS) the proxy voting records of its Advisory Clients, except to the extent such disclosure is required by applicable law or regulation or court order. Advisory Clients may review the Investment Manager's proxy voting policies and procedures on-line at www.franklintempleton.com and may request additional copies by calling the number above. For U.S. proprietary registered investment companies, an annual proxy voting record for the period ending June 30 of each year will be posted to www.franklintempleton.com no later than August 31 of each year. For proprietary Canadian mutual fund products, an annual proxy voting record for the period ending June 30 of each year will be posted to www.franklintempleton.ca no later than August 31 of each year. The Proxy Group will periodically review the web site posting and update the posting when necessary. In addition, the Proxy Group is responsible for ensuring that the proxy voting policies, procedures and records of the Investment Manager are available as required by law and is responsible for overseeing the filing of such U.S. registered investment company voting records with the SEC.
PROCEDURES FOR MEETINGS INVOLVING FIXED INCOME SECURITIES
From time to time, certain custodians may process events for fixed income securities through their proxy voting channels rather than corporate action channels for administrative convenience. In such cases, the Proxy Group will receive ballots for such events on the ISS voting platform. The Proxy Group will solicit voting instructions from the Investment Manager for each account or fund involved. If the Proxy Group does not receive voting instructions from the Investment Manager, the Proxy Group will take no action on the event. The Investment Manager may be unable to vote a proxy for a fixed income security, or may choose not to vote a proxy, for the reasons described under the section entitled “Proxy Procedures.”
The Proxy Group will monitor such meetings involving fixed income securities for conflicts of interest in accordance with these procedures for fixed income securities. If a fixed income issuer is flagged as a potential conflict of interest, the Investment Manager may nonetheless vote as it deems in the best interests of its Advisory Clients. The Investment Manager will report such decisions on an annual basis to Advisory Clients as may be required.
Exhibit I
Harris Associates L.P.
PROXY VOTING POLICIES, GUIDELINES, AND PROCEDURES
I. | PROXY VOTING POLICY |
Harris Associates L.P. (“Harris”, “the Firm” or “we”) believes that proxy voting rights are valuable portfolio assets and an important part of our investment process, and we exercise our voting responsibilities as a fiduciary solely with the goal of serving the best interests of our clients in their capacity as shareholders of a company. As an investment manager, Harris is primarily concerned with maximizing the value of its clients’ investment portfolios. Harris has long been active in voting proxies on behalf of shareholders in the belief that the proxy voting process is a significant means of addressing crucial corporate governance issues and encouraging corporate actions that are believed to enhance shareholder value. We have a Proxy Voting Committee comprised of investment professionals that reviews and recommends policies and procedures regarding our proxy voting and ensures compliance with those policies.
The proxy voting guidelines below summarize Harris’ position on various issues of concern to investors and give a general indication of how proxies on portfolio securities will be voted on proposals dealing with particular issues. We will generally vote proxies in accordance with these guidelines, except as otherwise determined by the Proxy Voting Committee, unless the client has specifically instructed us to vote otherwise. These guidelines are not exhaustive and do not include all potential voting issues. Because proxy issues and the circumstances of individual companies vary, there may be instances when Harris may not vote in strict adherence to these guidelines. Our investment professionals, as part of their ongoing review and analysis of all portfolio holdings, are responsible for monitoring significant corporate developments, including proxy proposals submitted to shareholders, and notifying the Proxy Voting Committee if they believe the economic interests of shareholders may warrant a vote contrary to these guidelines. In such cases, the Proxy Voting Committee will determine how the proxies will be voted.
In determining the vote on any proposal, the Proxy Voting Committee will consider the proposal’s expected impact on shareholder value and will not consider any benefit to Harris, its employees, its affiliates or any other person, other than benefits to the owners of the securities to be voted, as shareholders.
Harris considers the reputation, experience and competence of a company’s management when it evaluates the merits of investing in a particular company, and we invest in companies in which we believe management goals and shareholder goals are aligned. When this happens, by definition, voting with management is generally the same as voting to maximize the expected value of our investment. Accordingly, on most issues, our votes are cast in accordance with management’s recommendations. This does not mean that we do not care about corporate governance. Rather, it is confirmation that our process of investing with shareholder aligned management is working. Proxy voting is not always black and white, however, and reasonable people can disagree over some matters of business judgment. When we believe management’s position on a particular issue is not in the best interests of our clients, we will vote contrary to management’s recommendation.
Approved by the Proxy Voting Committee on February 22, 2016
Amended 2/1/15, 2/22/16, 1/17/17, 08/18/17
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Harris Associates L.P.
II. | VOTING GUIDELINES |
The following guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders.
Board of Directors Issues
Harris believes that boards should have a majority of independent directors and that audit, compensation and nominating committees should generally consist solely of independent directors.
1. |
Harris will normally vote in favor of the directors recommended by the issuer’s board provided that a majority of the board would be independent. If the board does not have a majority of independent directors, Harris will normally vote in favor of the independent directors and against the non-independent directors.
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2. |
Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals to require a majority of directors to be independent.
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3. |
Harris will normally vote against proposals that mandate an independent board chairman. 1
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4. |
Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals that audit, compensation and nominating committees consist solely of independent directors, and will vote against the election of non-independent directors who serve on those committees.
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5. |
Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals regarding director indemnification arrangements.
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6. |
Harris will normally vote against proposals advocating classified or staggered boards of directors.
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7. |
Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals requiring a majority vote for directors.
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8. | Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals requiring the separation of the Chairmanand Chief Executive Officerpositions. |
Auditors
Harris believes that the relationship between an issuer and its auditors should be limited primarily to the audit engagement, although it may include certain closely related activities such as financial statement preparation and tax-related services that do not raise any appearance of impaired independence.
1 | Harris has an existing guideline that states that we will normally vote in favor of proposals requiring the separation of the Chairman and Chief Executive Officerpositions. This supplemental guideline is not intended to change the existing guideline, but recognizes that a Chairman may be separate but not deemed independent (for example, a former executive of the company). |
Approved by the Proxy Voting Committee on February 22, 2016
Amended 2/1/15, 2/22/16, 1/17/17, 08/18/17
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Harris Associates L.P.
1. | Harris will normally vote in favor of ratification of auditors selected by the board or audit committee, subject to the above. |
2. | Harris will normally vote against proposals to prohibit or limit fees paid to auditors for all non-audit services, subject to the above. |
3. | Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals to prohibit or limit fees paid to auditors for general management consulting services other than auditing, financial statement preparation and controls, and tax-related services. |
Equity Based Compensation Plans
Harris believes that appropriately designed equity-based compensation plans approved by shareholders can be an effective way to align the interests of long-term shareholders and the interests of management, employees and directors. However, we are opposed to plans that substantially dilute our ownership interest in the company, provide participants with excessive awards or have inherently objectionable structural features.
1. | Harris will normally vote against such plans where total potential dilution (including all equity-based plans) exceeds 15% of shares outstanding. |
2. | Harris will normally vote in favor of plans where total potential dilution (including all equity-based plans) does not exceed 15% of shares outstanding. |
3. | Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals for an annual shareholder advisory vote on executive compensation. |
4. | Harris will normally vote in favor of advisory votes to ratify named executive officer compensation. |
5. | Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals to require expensing of options. |
6. | Harris will normally vote against proposals to permit repricing of underwater options. |
7. | Harris will normally vote against shareholder proposals that seek to limit directors’ compensation to common stock. |
8. | Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals for employee stock purchase plans, so long as shares purchased through such plans are sold at no less than 85% of current market value. |
9. | Harris will normally vote against proposals that prohibit the automatic vesting of equity awards upon a change of control. |
Corporate Structure and Shareholder Rights
Harris generally believes that all shareholders should have an equal voice and that barriers which limit the ability of shareholders to effect change and to realize full value are not desirable.
Approved by the Proxy Voting Committee on February 22, 2016
Amended 2/1/15, 2/22/16, 1/17/17, 08/18/17
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Harris Associates L.P.
1. | Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals to authorize the repurchase of shares. |
2. | Harris will normally vote against proposals creating or expanding supermajority voting rights. |
3. | Harris will normally vote against the adoption of anti-takeover measures. |
4. | Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals for stock splits and reverse stock splits. |
5. | Harris will normally vote against proposals to authorize different classes of stock with different voting rights. |
6. | Harris will normally vote against proposals to increase authorized shares with preemptive rights if the increase is greater than 100% of currently issued shares. |
7. | Harris will normally vote for proposals to increase authorized shares with preemptive rights if the increase is less than 100% of currently issued shares. |
8. | Harris will normally vote against proposals to increase authorized shares without preemptive rights if the increase is greater than 20% of currently issued shares. |
9. | Harris will normally vote for proposals to increase authorized shares without preemptive rights if the increase is less than 20% of currently issued shares. |
Routine Corporate Matters
Harris will generally vote in favor of routine business matters such as approving a motion to adjourn the meeting, declaring final payment of dividends, approving a change in the annual meeting date and location, approving the minutes of a previously held meeting, receiving consolidated financial statements, change of corporate name and similar matters. However, to the extent that the voting recommendation of Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”) opposes the issuer’s management on the routine matter, the proposal will be submitted to the Proxy Voting Committee for determination.
Social Responsibility Issues
Harris believes that matters related to a company’s day-to-day business operations are primarily the responsibility of management and should be reviewed and supervised solely by the company’s board of directors. Harris is focused on maximizing long-term shareholder value and will typically vote against shareholder proposals requesting that a company disclose or amend certain business practices unless we believe a proposal would have a substantial positive economic impact on the company.
Certain Other Issues
Harris may also maintain Supplemental Proxy Voting Guidelines to address certain proposals that are not as enduring as those listed above, but yet may be presented repeatedly by issuers during a given proxy season. For example, companies in a particular industry or country may be affected by a change in the law that requires them to submit a one-time proxy proposal during the proxy season. The Proxy Voting Committee will determine which proposals will be included on the list of Supplemental Proxy Voting Guidelines, and will update the list as needed. The Proxy Voting Committee will provide the list to research analysts and the Proxy Administrator.
Approved by the Proxy Voting Committee on February 22, 2016
Amended 2/1/15, 2/22/16, 1/17/17, 08/18/17
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Harris Associates L.P.
III. | VOTING SHARES OF FOREIGN ISSUERS |
Because foreign issuers are incorporated under the laws of countries outside the United States, protection for and disclosures to shareholders may vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Laws governing foreign issuers may, in some cases, provide substantially less protection for shareholders. As a result, the foregoing guidelines, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for foreign issuers. Harris will generally vote proxies of foreign issuers in accordance with the foregoing guidelines where appropriate. On occasion, the proxy statements of foreign issuers may lack disclosure or transparency with respect to a significant element(s) for consideration (e.g., names of directors, targets for incentive plans, etc.), which may be a sufficient basis for voting contrary to the foregoing guidelines. If an analyst decides to vote contrary to guidelines solely due to the lack of disclosure or transparency, then the matter need not be submitted to the Proxy Voting Committee for approval. The basis for such a decision to vote contrary to a guideline pursuant to the aforementioned reason(s) shall be appropriately documented.
In some non-U.S. jurisdictions, sales of securities voted may be prohibited for some period of time, usually between the record and meeting dates (“share blocking”). Since these time periods are usually relatively short in light of our long-term investment strategy, in most cases, share blocking will not impact our voting decisions. However, there may be occasions where the loss of investment flexibility resulting from share blocking will outweigh the benefit to be gained by voting.
IV. | BANK HOLDING COMPANY ACT COMPLIANCE |
Harris is an indirect subsidiary of Natixis Global Asset Management, L.P., which is an indirect subsidiary of Natixis Global Asset Management (“NGAM”), an international asset management group based in Paris, France. NGAM is in turn owned by Natixis, a French investment banking and financial services firm. Natixis is principally owned by BPCE, France’s second largest banking group.
Natixis is subject to certain U.S. banking laws, including the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”) and to regulation and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”) due to Natixis’ U.S. bank branch operations. The BHC Act generally prohibits Natixis and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including Harris, in the aggregate from owning or controlling or holding sole voting discretion with respect to 5% or more of any class of voting stock of any U.S. bank holding company, savings and loan holding company or insured depository institution (a “U.S. Banking Organization”) without prior approval from the Federal Reserve. In the absence of measures to eliminate Harris’ voting authority over securities of certain U.S. Banking Organizations, the foregoing limits could have an adverse effect on Harris’ ability to manage clients’ investment portfolios by restricting Harris’ ability to make investments, or impact the size of an investment in, and/or impose maximum holding periods on shares of voting securities of such U.S. Banking Organizations.
Approved by the Proxy Voting Committee on February 22, 2016
Amended 2/1/15, 2/22/16, 1/17/17, 08/18/17
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Harris Associates L.P.
Upon notification by Natixis that its aggregate control of such securities is approaching the 5% ownership limit established by the BHC Act, Harris could be required to relinquish its proxy voting responsibilities to ISS, such that ISS will vote in accordance with ISS’s standard Proxy Voting Guidelines over securities issued by U.S. Banking Organizations identified by Harris ( a “Vote Divestiture Event”). Pursuant to a Vote Divestiture Event, Harris will not be able to override ISS’s vote. If, subsequent to a Vote Divestiture Event, Natixis’ aggregate control of such securities were to decrease to such a percentage where Harris determines to resume its control of proxy voting, while remaining in compliance with the BHC Act ( a “Vote Return Event”), Harris would direct ISS in writing to return proxy voting responsibilities for the applicable U.S. Banking Organizations to Harris.
V. | CONFLICTS OF INTEREST |
The Proxy Voting Committee, in consultation with the Legal and Compliance Departments, is responsible for monitoring and resolving possible material conflicts of interest with respect to proxy voting. A conflict of interest may exist, for example, when: (i) proxy votes regarding non-routine matters are solicited by an issuer who has an institutional separate account relationship with Harris or Harris is actively soliciting business from the issuer; (ii) when we are aware that a proponent of a proxy proposal has a business relationship with Harris or Harris is actively soliciting such business ( e.g., an employee group for which Harris manages money); (iii) when we are aware that Harris has business relationships with participants in proxy contests, corporate directors or director candidates; or (iv) when we are aware that a Harris employee has a personal interest in the outcome of a particular matter before shareholders ( e.g. , a Harris executive has an immediate family member who serves as a director of a company). Any employee with knowledge of any conflict of interest relating to a particular proxy vote shall disclose that conflict to the Proxy Voting Committee. In addition, if any member of the Proxy Voting Committee has a conflict of interest, he or she will recuse himself or herself from any consideration of the matter, and an alternate member of the committee will act in his or her place.
Harris is committed to resolving any such conflicts in its clients’ collective best interest, and accordingly, we will vote pursuant to the Guidelines set forth in this Proxy Voting Policy when conflicts of interest arise. However, if we believe that voting in accordance with a Guideline is not in the best interest of our clients under the particular facts and circumstances presented, or if the proposal is not addressed by the Guidelines, then we will vote in accordance with the guidance of ISS. If ISS has not provided guidance with respect to the proposal or if we believe the recommendation of ISS is not in the best interests of our clients, then the Proxy Voting Committee will refer the matter to (1) the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees of Harris Associates Investment Trust for a determination of how shares held in The Oakmark Funds will be voted, and (2) the Proxy Voting Conflicts Committee consisting of Harris’ General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”) and Chief Financial Officer for a determination of how shares held in all other client accounts will be voted. Each of those committees will keep a written record of the basis for its decision.
VI. | VOTING PROCEDURES |
The following procedures have been established with respect to the voting of proxies on behalf of all clients, including mutual funds advised by Harris, for which Harris has voting responsibility.
Proxy Voting Committee. The Proxy Voting Committee (the “Committee”) is responsible for recommending proxy voting guidelines, establishing and maintaining policies and procedures for proxy voting, and ensuring compliance with these policies and procedures. At least annually, the Committee will review the adequacy of these policies, guidelines and procedures to help ensure they are implemented effectively and reasonably designed so that proxies are voted in the best interest of Harris’ clients. The review will be documented in the minutes of the Committee’s meetings.
Approved by the Proxy Voting Committee on February 22, 2016
Amended 2/1/15, 2/22/16, 1/17/17, 08/18/17
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Harris Associates L.P.
The Committee consists of three investment professionals: two domestic research analysts and one international research analyst. Committee members serve for three years with members replaced on a rotating basis. New Committee members are nominated by the Committee and are normally approved by the Committee members at the annual Committee meeting. The Committee also has two alternate members (one domestic analyst and one international analyst) either of who may serve in the absence of a regular member of the Committee.
Proxy Administrator. The Proxy Administrator is an employee of Harris reporting to the Senior Manager - Operations and is responsible for ensuring that all votes are placed with the proxy voting service provider and that all necessary records, as appropriate, are maintained reflecting such voting.
Proxy Voting Service Provider. Harris has engaged ISS, an independent proxy voting service provider, to assist in voting proxies. ISS provides the Firm with information concerning shareholder meetings, electronic voting, recordkeeping and reporting services, research with respect to companies, and proxy voting guidance and recommendations.
In order to remain confident that ISS continues to have the capacity and competency to adequately analyze proxy issues, the Proxy Administrator will annually obtain and review ISS’ SOC Report, or similar attestation report, and current Form ADV. In addition, the Proxy Administrator shall periodically review ISS’ disclosures regarding its conflict of interests and forward any conflict that both (1) relates to issuers whose proxies Harris is currently reviewing and (2) involve a matter for which Harris would recommend a vote against the Proxy Voting Policies, Guidelines and Procedures to the General Counsel, or his/her designee, for review.
To the extent the Proxy Administrator or the General Counsel, or his/her designee, determine that a control deficiency, conflict of interest or other disclosure matter could materially impact the capacity or competency of ISS in connection with a matter for which Harris would recommend a vote against the Proxy Voting Policies, Guidelines and Procedures, he/she shall promptly report such determination to the Committee for review and further action, if any.
In the event an analyst, during the course of the analyst’s review of ISS’ proxy recommendation, uncovers a material factual error that causes the analyst to question ISS’ process for developing its recommendation, the analyst shall report the error to the Proxy Administrator. The Proxy Administrator, or his/her designee, will review the error and contact ISS to seek to reduce similar errors in the future. For purposes of this section, a material factual error means an error of fact that the analyst believes that if corrected would cause ISS to change its recommendation.
Voting Decisions. As described in the Proxy Voting Policy above, the Firm has established proxy voting guidelines, including supplemental proxy voting guidelines, on various issues. We will generally vote proxies in accordance with these guidelines except as otherwise determined by the Proxy Voting Committee. The Proxy Administrator, or designated back-up, is responsible for alerting the Firm’s research analyst who follows the company about the proxy proposals. If the analyst believes the proxy should be voted in accordance with the Guidelines, he or she will vote the proposal accordingly and indicate his or her initials in the appropriate location of the electronic ballot and submit the vote for further processing by the Proxy Administrator. If the analyst believes the proxy should be voted contrary to the Guidelines, he or she will submit the proposal, along with his or her recommended vote and ISS’s recommended vote, if any, to the Proxy Voting Committee, which reviews the proposal and the analyst’s recommendation and makes a voting decision by majority vote. If a proposal is not explicitly addressed by the Guidelines but the analyst agrees with the voting recommendation of ISS regarding that proposal, he or she will vote the proxy in accordance with such recommendation and indicate his or her initials in the appropriate location of the electronic ballot and submit the vote for further processing by the Proxy Administrator. If a proposal is not explicitly addressed by the Guidelines and the analyst believes the proxy should be voted contrary to the ISS recommendation, he or she will submit the proposal, along with his or her recommended vote and ISS’s recommended vote to the Proxy Voting Committee, which reviews the proposal and the analyst’s recommendation and makes a voting decision by majority vote. If neither the Guidelines nor ISS address the proxy proposal, the analyst will submit the proposal and his or her recommended vote to the Proxy Voting Committee, which makes a voting decision by majority vote. That Proxy Voting Committee decision is reflected in the electronic ballot.
Approved by the Proxy Voting Committee on February 22, 2016
Amended 2/1/15, 2/22/16, 1/17/17, 08/18/17
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Harris Associates L.P.
In the case where securities that are not on the Firm’s Approved Lists of domestic, international or small cap securities are held in managed accounts, the Proxy Administrator, or designated back-up, will vote all shares in accordance with the Firm’s guidelines or, if the guidelines do not address the particular issue, in accordance with the guidance of ISS.
In the case of a conflict of interest, the Proxy Administrator will vote in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Conflicts of Interest provisions described above.
Voting Ballots. For shares held in The Oakmark Funds and other client accounts, the IT Department sends a daily holdings file to ISS detailing the holdings in the Funds and other client accounts. ISS is responsible for reconciling this information with the information it receives from the custodians and escalating any discrepancies to the attention of the Proxy Administrator. The Proxy Administrator works with ISS and custodians to resolve any discrepancies to ensure that all shares entitled to vote are voted.
Recordkeeping and Reporting. Much of Harris’ recordkeeping and reporting is maintained electronically on ISS’s systems. In the event that records are not held electronically within ISS’s system, Harris will maintain records of proxy voting proposals received, records of votes cast on behalf of clients, and any documentation material to a proxy voting decision as required by law. Upon request, or on an annual basis for ERISA accounts, Harris will provide clients with the proxy voting record for that client’s account. In addition, annually, Harris will file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and make available on the Oakmark Funds’ website the voting record for the Oakmark Funds for the previous one-year period ended June 30 th .
Compliance Testing. The Compliance Department will conduct testing of these procedures periodically, based upon the outcome of the annual Compliance Risk Assessment Methodology for this area.
Approved by the Proxy Voting Committee on February 22, 2016
Amended 2/1/15, 2/22/16, 1/17/17, 08/18/17
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HARRIS ASSOCIATES L.P.
SUPPLEMENTAL PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES
Effective February 2016
1. | Harris will normally vote in accordance with the recommendations of Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”) with respect to the election of directors for Japanese companies. |
2. | For European companies, Harris will normally vote in favor of proposals for employee stock purchase plans, so long as shares purchased through such plans are sold at no less than 80% of current market value |
3. | Harris will normally vote in favor of the election of non-independent directors who serve on audit, compensation and nominating committees in cases where the director is deemed non-independent solely because of his or her tenure as a director or status as an employee or shareholder representative where such representatives are required by law to serve on such committees. 1 |
4. | Harris will vote in favor of proxy access proposals if either (a) management recommends voting in favor of the proposal or (b) the proposal meets all of the following criteria: |
• | The shareholders making the proposal have an ownership threshold of 5% of the voting power |
• | The shareholders making the proposal each have 3 years of continuous ownership |
• | The proposal does not exceed a cap on shareholder nominees of 25% of the board |
• | The proposal does not exceed a limit of 20 on the number of shareholders permitted to form a nominating group |
1 | Harris has an existing guideline that states that we will normally vote against the election of non-independent directors who serve on audit, compensation and nominating committees. We do not have a specific guideline that defines “independence”, and ISS defines independence differently depending on the market. For example, for many international markets (primarily in Europe), ISS considers a director to be non-independent after 12 years of service on a board. Additionally, a number of countries mandate by law that shareholder and employee representatives sit on the board and on special committees, and ISS deems these representatives to be non-independent. We believe that, in most cases, it is in the best interests of shareholders to have such individuals serve on these committees and that they should not be deemed non-independent under Harris’ guideline solely for these reasons. |
Exhibit J
Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
June 30, 2004
AMENDED
March 31, 2005
May 16, 2005
March 31, 2007
August 30, 2007
March 31, 2008
June 25, 2008
September 22, 2009
April 1, 2010
February 15, 2011
April 25, 2011
March 5, 2012
May 10, 2012
February 11, 2013
February 7, 2014
September 8, 2014
June 8, 2015
September 1, 2015
April 8, 2016
Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
CONTENTS
1 | GENERAL | 5 |
Introduction | ||
General Guidelines | ||
Proxy Committee Conflicts of Interest | ||
Recordkeeping and Disclosure | ||
2 | PROPOSALS USUALLY VOTED FOR | 10 |
Adjustments to Par Value of Common Stock | ||
Annual Election of Directors Appraisal Rights | ||
Authority to Issue Shares (for certain foreign issuers) | ||
Blank Check Preferred Authorization | ||
Chairman and CEO are the Same Person Changing Corporate Name Confidential Voting | ||
Cumulative Voting | ||
Delivery of Electronic Proxy Materials | ||
Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections Director Related Compensation | ||
Election of CEO Director Nominees | ||
Election of Mutual Fund Trustees | ||
Equal Access | ||
Fair Price Provisions | ||
Golden and Tin Parachutes | ||
Greenshoe Options | ||
Independent Audit, Compensation and Nominating Committees | ||
Independent Board Chairman | ||
Majority Voting | ||
OBRA-Related Compensation Proposals | ||
Ratifying Auditors | ||
Reverse Stock Splits | ||
Right to Adjourn | ||
Right to Call a Special Meeting | ||
Share Cancellation Programs | ||
Shareholder Ability to Alter the Size of the Board | ||
Shareholder Ability to Remove Directors | ||
Share Repurchase Programs | ||
Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends White Squire Placements | ||
Written Consent |
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. April 2016 All Rights Reserved |
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
3 | PROPOSALS USUALLY VOTED AGAINST | 14 |
Common Stock Authorization | ||
Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection | ||
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings Shareholder Ability to Remove Directors | ||
Share Retention By Executives | ||
Staggered Director Elections | ||
Stock Ownership Requirements | ||
Supermajority Shareholder Vote Requirements | ||
Term of Office | ||
Unequal Voting Rights | ||
4 | PROPOSALS USUALLY VOTED AS RECOMMENDED BY THE | 15 |
PROXY VOTING SERVICE | ||
401(k) Employee Benefit Plans | ||
Compensation Plans | ||
Employee Stock Ownership Plans | ||
Executive Compensation Advisory Resolutions (“Say-on-Pay”) | ||
Non-Material Miscellaneous Bookkeeping Proposals | ||
Proxy Access | ||
Preemptive Rights | ||
Stock Option Plans | ||
Technical Amendments to By-laws | ||
5 | PROPOSALS REQUIRING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION | 16 |
Asset Sales | ||
Bundled Proposals | ||
Charitable and Political Contributions and Lobbying Expenditures | ||
Compensation in the Event of a Change in Control | ||
Conversion of Debt Instruments | ||
Corporate Restructuring | ||
Counting Abstentions | ||
Debt Restructurings | ||
Delisting a Security | ||
Director Nominees in Contested Elections | ||
Disclosure of Prior Government Service |
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. April 2016 All Rights Reserved |
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Environment and Social issues | ||
Animal Rights | ||
Energy and Environment | ||
Equal Employment Opportunity and Discrimination | ||
Human Resource Issues | ||
Maquiladora Standards and International Operations Policies Military Business | ||
Northern Ireland | ||
Product Integrity and Marketing | ||
Third World Debt Crisis Golden Coffins | ||
Greenmail | ||
Liquidations | ||
Mergers and Acquisitions | ||
Mutual Fund Distribution Agreements | ||
Mutual Fund Fundamental Investment Restrictions Mutual Fund Investment Advisory Agreement | ||
Poison Pills | ||
Proxy Access | ||
Proxy Contest Defenses | ||
Reimburse Proxy Solicitation Expenses | ||
Reincorporation Proposals | ||
Shareholder Advisory Committees | ||
Shareholder Proposals to Limit Executive and Director Pay State | ||
Spin-offs | ||
Takeover Statutes | ||
Tender Offer Defenses Transition Manager Ballots |
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. April 2016 All Rights Reserved |
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
1. GENERAL
A. | Introduction. |
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. (“Loomis Sayles”) will vote proxies on behalf of a client if, in its investment management agreement (“IMA”) with Loomis Sayles, the client has delegated to Loomis Sayles the authority to vote proxies on its behalf. With respect to IMAs executed with clients prior to June 30, 2004, Loomis Sayles assumes that the proxy voting authority assigned by Loomis Sayles at account setup is accurate unless the client or their representative has instructed Loomis Sayles otherwise. Loomis Sayles has adopted and implemented these policies and procedures (“Proxy Voting Procedures”) to ensure that, where it has voting authority, proxy matters are handled in the best interest of clients, in accordance with Loomis Sayles’ fiduciary duties, SEC rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and Staff Legal Bulletin No. 20 (June 30, 2014). In addition to SEC requirements governing advisers, its Proxy Voting Procedures reflect the long-standing fiduciary standards and responsibilities for ERISA accounts set out in Department of Labor Bulletin 08-2, 29 C.F.R. 2509.08-2 (October 17, 2008).
Loomis Sayles uses the services of third parties (“Proxy Voting Service(s)”), to research and administer the vote on proxies for those accounts and funds for which Loomis Sayles has voting authority. Loomis Sayles will generally follow its express policy with input from the Proxy Voting Services unless the Proxy Committee determines that the client’s best interests are served by voting otherwise.
B. | General Guidelines. |
The following guidelines will apply when voting proxies on behalf of accounts for which Loomis Sayles has voting authority.
1. | Client’s Best Interest. Loomis Sayles’ Proxy Voting Procedures are designed and implemented in a way that is reasonably expected to ensure that proxy matters are conducted in the best interest of clients. When considering the best interest of clients, Loomis Sayles has determined that this means the best investment interest of its clients as shareholders of the issuer. Loomis Sayles has established its Proxy Voting Procedures to assist it in making its proxy voting decisions with a view to enhancing the value of its clients’ interests in an issuer over the period during which it expects its clients to hold their investments. Loomis Sayles will vote against proposals that it believes could adversely impact the current or potential market value of the issuer’s securities during the expected holding period. |
2. | Client Proxy Voting Policies. Rather than delegating proxy voting authority to Loomis Sayles, a client may (1) retain the authority to vote proxies on securities in its account, (2) delegate voting authority to another party or (3) instruct Loomis Sayles to vote proxies according to a policy that differs from that of Loomis Sayles. Loomis Sayles will honor any of these instructions if the client includes the instruction in writing in its IMA or in a written instruction from a person authorized under the IMA to give such instructions. If Loomis incurs additional costs or expenses in following any such instruction, Loomis may request payment of such additional costs or expenses from the client. |
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. April 2016 All Rights Reserved |
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
3. | Stated Policies. These policies identify issues where Loomis Sayles will (1) generally vote in favor of a proposal, (2) generally vote against a proposal, (3) generally vote as recommended by the proxy voting service and (4) specifically consider its vote for or against a proposal. However, these policies are guidelines and each vote may be cast differently than the stated policy, taking into consideration all relevant facts and circumstances at the time of the vote. |
4. | Abstain from Voting. Our policy is to vote rather than abstain from voting on issues presented unless the client’s best interest requires abstention. Loomis Sayles will abstain in cases where the impact of the expected costs involved in voting exceeds the expected benefits of the vote such as where foreign corporations follow share-blocking practices or where proxy material is not available in English. Loomis Sayles will vote against ballot issues where the issuer does not provide sufficient information to make an informed decision. In addition, there may be instances where Loomis Sayles is not able to vote proxies on a client's behalf, such as when ballot delivery instructions have not been processed by a client's custodian, the Proxy Voting Service has not received a ballot for a client's account or under other circumstances beyond Loomis Sayles' control. |
5. | Oversight. All issues presented for shareholder vote will be considered under the oversight of the Proxy Committee. All non-routine issues will be directly considered by the Proxy Committee and, when necessary, the equity analyst following the company and/or the portfolio manager of an account holding the security, and will be voted in the best investment interests of the client. All routine for and against issues will be voted according to Loomis Sayles’ policy approved by the Proxy Committee unless special factors require that they be considered by the Proxy Committee and, when necessary, the equity analyst following the company and/or the portfolio manager of an account holding the security. Loomis Sayles’ Proxy Committee has established these routine policies in what it believes are the client’s best interests. |
6. | Availability of Procedures. Upon request, Loomis Sayles provides clients with a copy of its Proxy Voting Procedures, as updated from time to time. In addition, Loomis Sayles includes its Proxy Voting Procedures and/or a description of its Proxy Voting Procedures on its public website, www.loomissayles.com, and in its Form ADV, Part II. |
7. | Disclosure of Vote. Upon request, a client can obtain information from Loomis Sayles on how its proxies were voted. Any client interested in obtaining this information should contact its Loomis Sayles representatives. |
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
8. | Disclosure to Third Parties. Loomis Sayles’ general policy is not to disclose to third parties how it (or its voting delegate) voted a client’s proxy except that for registered investment companies, Loomis Sayles makes disclosures as required by Rule 30(b)(1)-(4) under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and, from time to time at the request of client groups, Loomis may make general disclosures (not specific as to client) of its voting instructions. |
C. | Proxy Committee. |
1. | Proxy Committee. Loomis Sayles has established a Proxy Committee. The Proxy Committee is composed of representatives of the Equity Research department and the Legal & Compliance department and other employees of Loomis Sayles as needed. In the event that any member is unable to participate in a meeting of the Proxy Committee, his or her designee acts on his or her behalf. A vacancy in the Proxy Committee is filled by the prior member’s successor in position at Loomis Sayles or a person of equivalent experience. Each portfolio manager of an account that holds voting securities of an issuer or analyst covering the issuer or its securities may be an ad hoc member of the Proxy Committee in connection with the vote of proxies. |
2. | Duties. The specific responsibilities of the Proxy Committee include, |
a. | to develop, authorize, implement and update these Proxy Voting Procedures, including: |
(i) | annual review of these Proxy Voting Procedures to ensure consistency with internal policies and regulatory agency policies, |
(ii) | annual review of existing voting guidelines and development of additional voting guidelines to assist in the review of proxy proposals, and |
(iii) | annual review of the proxy voting process and any general issues that relate to proxy voting; |
b. | to oversee the proxy voting process, including: |
(i) | overseeing the vote on proposals according to the predetermined policies in the voting guidelines, |
(ii) | directing the vote on proposals where there is reason not to vote according to the predetermined policies in the voting guidelines or where proposals require special consideration, |
(iii) | consulting with the portfolio managers and analysts for the accounts holding the security when necessary or appropriate, and |
(iv) | periodically sampling or engaging an outside party to sample proxy votes to ensure they comply with the Proxy Voting Procedures and are cast in accordance with the clients’ best interests; |
c. | to engage and oversee third-party vendors, such as Proxy Voting Services, including: |
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
(i) | determining whether a Proxy Voting Service has the capacity and competency to adequately analyze proxy issues by considering: |
(a) | the adequacy and quality of the Proxy Voting Service’s staffing and personnel, and |
(b) | the robustness of the Proxy Voting Service’s policies and procedures regarding its ability to ensure that its recommendations are based on current and accurate information and to identify and address any relevant conflicts of interest, |
(ii) | providing ongoing oversight of Proxy Voting Services to ensure that proxies continue to be voted in the best interests of clients, |
(iii) | receiving and reviewing updates from Proxy Voting Services regarding relevant business changes or changes to Proxy Voting Services’ conflict policies and procedures, and |
(iv) | in the event that the Proxy Committee becomes aware that a Proxy Voting Service’s recommendation was based on a material factual error, investigating the error, considering the nature of the error and the related recommendation, and determining whether the Proxy Voting Service has taken reasonable steps to reduce the likelihood of similar errors in the future; and |
d. | to develop and/or modify these Proxy Voting Procedures as appropriate or necessary. |
3. | Standards. |
a. | When determining the vote of any proposal for which it has responsibility, the Proxy Committee shall vote in the client’s best interest as described in section 1(B)(1) above. In the event a client believes that its other interests require a different vote, Loomis Sayles shall vote as the client instructs if the instructions are provided as required in section 1(B)(2) above. |
b. | When determining the vote on any proposal, the Proxy Committee shall not consider any benefit to Loomis Sayles, any of its affiliates, any of its or their clients or service providers, other than benefits to the owner of the securities to be voted. |
4. | Charter. The Proxy Committee may adopt a Charter, which shall be consistent with these Proxy Voting Procedures. Any Charter shall set forth the Committee’s purpose, membership and operation and shall include procedures prohibiting a member from voting on a matter for which he or she has a conflict of interest by reason of a direct relationship with the issuer or other party affected by a given proposal (e.g., he or she is a portfolio manager for an account of the issuer). |
D. | Conflicts of Interest. |
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Loomis Sayles has established several policies to ensure that proxy votes are voted in its clients’ best interest and are not affected by any possible conflicts of interest. First, except in certain limited instances, Loomis Sayles votes in accordance with its pre-determined policies set forth in these Proxy Voting Procedures. Second, where these Proxy Voting Procedures allow for discretion, Loomis Sayles will generally consider the recommendations of the Proxy Voting Services in making its voting decisions. However, if the Proxy Committee determines that the Proxy Voting Services’ recommendation is not in the best interest of its clients, then the Proxy Committee may use its discretion to vote against the Proxy Voting Services’ recommendation, but only after taking the following steps: (1) conducting a review for any material conflict of interest Loomis Sayles may have and, (2) if any material conflict is found to exist, excluding anyone at Loomis Sayles who is subject to that conflict of interest from participating in the voting decision in any way. However, if deemed necessary or appropriate by the Proxy Committee after full prior disclosure of any conflict, that person may provide information, opinions or recommendations on any proposal to the Proxy Committee. In such event the Proxy Committee will make reasonable efforts to obtain and consider, prior to directing any vote information, opinions or recommendations from or about the opposing position on any proposal.
E. | Recordkeeping and Disclosure. |
Loomis Sayles or its Proxy Voting Service will maintain records of proxies voted pursuant to Section 204-2 of the Advisers Act. The records include: (1) a copy of its Proxy Voting Procedures and its charter; (2) proxy statements received regarding client securities; (3) a record of each vote cast; (4) a copy of any document created by Loomis Sayles that is material to making a decision how to vote proxies on behalf of a client or that memorializes the basis for that decision; and (5) each written client request for proxy voting records and Loomis Sayles’ written response to any (written or oral) client request for such records.
Proxy voting books and records are maintained in an easily accessible place for a period of five years, the first two in an appropriate office of Loomis Sayles.
Loomis Sayles will provide disclosure of its Proxy Voting Procedures as well as its voting record as required under applicable SEC rules.
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
2. PROPOSALS USUALLY VOTED FOR
Proxies involving the issues set forth below generally will be voted FOR.
Adjustments to Par Value of Common Stock: Vote for management proposals to reduce the par value of common stock.
Annual Election of Directors: Vote for proposals to repeal classified boards and to elect all directors annually.
Appraisal Rights: Vote for proposals to restore, or provide shareholders with, rights of appraisal.
Authority to Issue Shares (for certain foreign issuers): Vote for proposals by boards of nonUS issuers where: (1) the board’s authority to issue shares with preemptive rights is limited to no more than 66% of the issuer’s issued ordinary share capital; or (2) the board’s authority to issue shares without preemptive rights is limited to no more than 5% of the issuer’s issued ordinary share capital, to the extent such limits continue to be consistent with the guidelines issued by the Association of British Insurers and other UK investor bodies; and the recommendations of the issuer’s board and the Proxy Voting Service are in agreement. Review on a case-by-case basis proposals that do not meet the above criteria.
Blank Check Preferred Authorization:
A. | Vote for proposals to create blank check preferred stock in cases when the company expressly states that the stock will not be used as a takeover defense or carry superior voting rights, and expressly states conversion, dividend, distribution and other rights. |
B. | Vote for shareholder proposals to have blank check preferred stock placements, other than those shares issued for the purpose of raising capital or making acquisitions in the normal course of business, submitted for shareholder ratification. |
C. | Review on a case-by-case basis proposals to increase the number of authorized blank check preferred shares. |
Chairman and CEO are the Same Person: Vote for proposals that would require the positions of chairman and CEO to be held by different persons.
Changing Corporate Name: Vote for changing the corporate name.
Confidential Voting: Vote for shareholder proposals that request corporations to adopt confidential voting, use independent tabulators and use independent inspectors of election as long as the proposals include clauses for proxy contests as follows: In the case of a contested election, management should be permitted to request that the dissident group honor its confidential voting policy. If the dissidents agree, the policy remains in place. If the dissidents do not agree, the confidential voting policy is waived. Vote for management proposals to adopt confidential voting.
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Cumulative Voting: Vote for proposals to permit cumulative voting, except where the issuer already has in place a policy of majority voting.
Delivery of Electronic Proxy Materials: Vote for proposals to allow electronic delivery of proxy materials to shareholders.
Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections:
A. | Vote for proposals involving routine matters such as election of directors, provided that two-thirds of the directors would be independent and affiliated or inside nominees do not serve on any board committee. |
B. | Vote against nominees that are CFOs and, generally, against nominees that the Proxy Voting Service has identified as not acting in the best interest of shareholders. Vote against nominees that have attended less than 75% of board and committee meetings, unless a reasonable cause (e.g., health or family emergency) for the absence is noted and accepted by the Proxy Voting Service and the board. Vote against affiliated or inside nominees who serve on a board committee or if two thirds of the board would not be independent. Vote against governance or nominating committee members if there is no independent lead or presiding director and if the CEO and chairman are the same person. Generally, vote against audit committee members if auditor ratification is not proposed, except in cases involving mutual fund board members, who are not required to submit auditor ratification for shareholder approval pursuant to Investment Company Act of 1940 rules. Vote against compensation committee members when the Proxy Voting Service recommends a vote against the issuer's "say on pay" advisory vote. A recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service will generally be followed when electing directors of foreign companies. |
C. | Generally, vote against all members of a board committee and not just the chairman or a representative thereof in situations where the Proxy Voting Service finds that the board committee has not acted in the best interest of shareholders. |
D. | Vote as recommended by the Proxy Voting Service when directors are being elected as a slate and not individually. |
Director Related Compensation: Vote for proposals that are required by and comply with the applicable statutory or listing requirements governing the issuer. Review on a case-bycase basis all other proposals.
Election of CEO Director Nominees: Vote for a CEO director nominee that sits on less than four U.S.-domiciled company boards and committees. Vote against a CEO director nominee that sits on four or more U.S.-domiciled boards and committees. Vote for a CEO director nominee of non-U.S.-domiciled companies that sits on more than 4 non-U.S.domiciled company boards and committees.
Election of Mutual Fund Trustees: Vote for nominees who oversee less than 60 mutual fund portfolios. Vote against nominees who oversee 60 or more mutual fund portfolios that invest in substantially different asset classes (e.g., if the applicable portfolios include both fixed income funds and equity funds). Vote on a case-by-case basis for or against nominees who oversee 60 or more mutual fund portfolios that invest in substantially similar asset classes (e.g., if the applicable portfolios include only fixed income funds or only equity funds).
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Equal Access: Vote for shareholder proposals that would allow significant company shareholders equal access to management's proxy material in order to evaluate and propose voting recommendations on proxy proposals and director nominees, and in order to nominate their own candidates to the board.
Fair Price Provisions:
A. | Vote for fair price proposals, as long as the shareholder vote requirement embedded in the provision is no more than a majority of disinterested shares. |
B. | Vote for shareholder proposals to lower the shareholder vote requirement in existing fair price provisions. |
Golden and Tin Parachutes:
A. | Vote for shareholder proposals to have golden (top management) and tin (all employees) parachutes submitted for shareholder ratification. |
B. | Review on a case-by-case basis all proposals to ratify or cancel golden or tin parachutes. |
Greenshoe Options (French issuers only): Vote for proposals by boards of French issuers in favor of greenshoe options that grant the issuer the flexibility to increase an over-subscribed securities issuance by up to 15% so long as such increase takes place on the same terms and within thirty days of the initial issuance, provided that the recommendation of the issuer’s board and the Proxy Voting Service are in agreement. Review on a case-by-case basis proposals that do not meet the above criteria.
Independent Audit, Compensation and Nominating Committees: Vote for proposals requesting that the board audit, compensation and/or nominating committees include independent directors exclusively.
Independent Board Chairman:
A. | Vote for shareholder proposals that generally request the board to adopt a policy requiring its chairman to be "independent," as defined by a relevant exchange or market with respect to any issuer whose enterprise value is, according to the Proxy Voting Service, greater than or equal to $10 billion. |
B. | Vote such proposals on a case-by-case basis when, according to the Proxy Voting Service, the issuer's enterprise value is less than $10 billion. |
Majority Voting: Vote for proposals to permit majority rather than plurality or cumulative voting for the election of directors/trustees.
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
OBRA (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act)-Related Compensation Proposals:
A. | Vote for plans that simply amend shareholder-approved plans to include administrative features or place a cap on the annual grants any one participant may receive to comply with the provisions of Section 162(m) of OBRA. |
B. | Vote for amendments to add performance goals to existing compensation plans to comply with the provisions of Section 162(m) of OBRA. |
C. | Vote for cash or cash-and-stock bonus plans to exempt the compensation from taxes under the provisions of Section 162(m) of OBRA. |
D. | Votes on amendments to existing plans to increase shares reserved and to qualify the plan for favorable tax treatment under the provisions of Section 162(m) should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. |
Ratifying Auditors:
A. | Generally vote for proposals to ratify auditors. |
B. | Vote against ratification of auditors where an auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent; or there is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion which is neither accurate nor indicative of the company's financial position. In general, if non-audit fees amount to 35% or more of total fees paid to a company's auditor we will vote against ratification and against the members of the audit committee. |
C. | Vote against ratification of auditors and vote against members of the audit committee where it is known that an auditor has negotiated an alternative dispute resolution procedure. |
Reverse Stock Splits: Vote for management proposals to reduce the number of outstanding shares available through a reverse stock split.
Right to Adjourn: Vote for the right to adjourn in conjunction with a vote for a merger or acquisition or other proposal, and vote against the right to adjourn in conjunction with a vote against a merger or acquisition or other proposal.
Right to Call a Special Meeting: Vote for proposals that set a threshold of 10% of the outstanding voting stock as a minimum percentage allowable to call a special meeting of shareholders. Vote against proposals that increase or decrease the threshold from 10%.
Share Cancellation Programs: Vote for management proposals to reduce share capital by means of cancelling outstanding shares held in the issuer's treasury.
Shareholder Ability to Alter the Size of the Board:
A. | Vote for proposals that seek to fix the size of the board. |
B. | Vote against proposals that give management the ability to alter the size of the board without shareholder approval. |
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Shareholder Ability to Remove Directors: Vote for proposals to restore shareholder ability to remove directors with or without cause and proposals that permit shareholders to elect directors to fill board vacancies.
Share Repurchase Programs: Vote for management proposals to institute open-market share repurchase plans in which all shareholders may participate on equal terms.
Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends: Generally vote for management proposals to increase common share authorization, provided that the increase in authorized shares following the split or dividend is not greater than 100 percent of existing authorized shares.
White Squire Placements: Vote for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of blank check preferred stock issues.
Written Consent: Vote for proposals regarding the right to act by written consent when the Proxy Voting Service recommends a vote for the proposal. Proposals regarding the right to act by written consent where the Proxy Voting Service recommends a vote against will be sent to the Proxy Committee for determination.
3. PROPOSALS USUALLY VOTED AGAINST
Proxies involving the issues set forth below generally will be voted AGAINST.
Common Stock Authorization: Vote against proposed common stock authorizations that increase the existing authorization by more than 100 percent unless a clear need for the excess shares is presented by the company. A recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service will generally be followed.
Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection:
A. | Proposals concerning director and officer indemnification and liability protection that limit or eliminate entirely director and officer liability for monetary damages for violating the duty of care, or that would expand coverage beyond just legal expenses to acts, such as gross negligence, that are more serious violations of fiduciary obligations than mere carelessness. |
B. | Vote for only those proposals that provide such expanded coverage in cases when a director's or officer's legal defense was unsuccessful if (i) the director was found to have acted in good faith and in a manner that he reasonably believed was in the best interests of the company, and (ii) only if the director's legal expenses would be covered. |
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent: Vote against proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholder ability to take action by written consent.
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings: Vote against proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholder ability to call special meetings.
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Shareholder Ability to Remove Directors:
A. | Vote against proposals that provide that directors may be removed only for cause. |
B. | Vote against proposals that provide that only continuing directors may elect replacements to fill board vacancies. |
Share Retention by Executives: Generally vote against shareholder proposals requiring executives to retain shares of the issuer for fixed periods unless the board and the Proxy Voting Service recommend voting in favor of the proposal.
Staggered Director Elections: Vote against proposals to classify or stagger the board.
Stock Ownership Requirements: Generally vote against shareholder proposals requiring directors to own a minimum amount of company stock in order to qualify as a director, or to remain on the board.
Supermajority Shareholder Vote Requirements: Vote against management proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote to approve charter and bylaw amendments.
Term of Office: Vote against shareholder proposals to limit the tenure of outside directors.
Unequal Voting Rights:
A. | Vote against dual class exchange offers and dual class recapitalizations. |
B. | Vote, on a case-by-case basis, proposals to eliminate an existing dual class voting structure. |
4. PROPOSALS USUALLY VOTED AS RECOMMENDED BY THE PROXY VOTING SERVICE
Proxies involving compensation issues, not limited to those set forth below, generally will be voted as recommended by the Proxy Voting Service but may, in the consideration of the Proxy Committee, be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
401(k) Employee Benefit Plans: Vote for proposals to implement a 401(k) savings plan for employees.
Compensation Plans: Votes with respect to compensation plans generally will be voted as recommended by the Proxy Voting Service.
Employee Stock Ownership Plans (“ESOPs”): Vote for proposals that request shareholder approval in order to implement an ESOP or to increase authorized shares for existing ESOPs, except in cases when the number of shares allocated to the ESOP is "excessive" (i.e., generally greater than five percent of outstanding shares). A recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service will generally be followed.
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Executive Compensation Advisory Resolutions (“Say-on-Pay”): A recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service will generally be followed using the following as a guide:
A. | Vote for shareholder proposals to permit non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation. |
B. | Non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation will be voted as recommended by the Proxy Voting Service. |
C. | Vote for a 3 year review of executive compensation when a recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service is for the approval of the executive compensation proposal, and vote for an annual review of executive compensation when the Proxy Voting Service is against the approval of the executive compensation proposal. |
Non-Material Miscellaneous Bookkeeping Proposals: A recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service will generally be followed regarding miscellaneous bookkeeping proposals of a non-material nature.
Preemptive Rights: Votes with respect to preemptive rights generally will be voted as recommended by the Proxy Voting Service subject to Common Stock Authorization requirements above.
Proxy Access: A recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service will generally be followed with regard to proposals intended to grant shareholders the right to place nominees for director on the issuer’s proxy ballot (“Proxy Access”). The nominating shareholder(s) should hold, in aggregate, at least 3% of the voting shares of the issuer for at least three years, and be allowed to nominate up to 25% of the nominees. All other proposals relating to Proxy Access will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
Stock Option Plans: A recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service will generally be followed using the following as a guide:
A. | Vote against plans which expressly permit repricing of underwater options. |
B. | Vote against proposals to make all stock options performance based. |
C. | Vote against stock option plans that could result in an earnings dilution above the company specific cap considered by the Proxy Voting Service. D. Vote for proposals that request expensing of stock options. |
Technical Amendments to By-Laws: A recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service will generally be followed regarding technical or housekeeping amendments to by-laws or articles designed to bring the by-laws or articles into line with current regulations and/or laws.
5. PROPOSALS REQUIRING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
The Proxy Committee will vote proxies involving the issues set forth below generally on a case-by-case basis after review. Proposals on many of these types of matters will typically be reviewed with the analyst following the company before any vote is cast.
Asset Sales: Votes on asset sales should be made on a case-by-case basis after considering the impact on the balance sheet/working capital, value received for the asset, and potential elimination of diseconomies.
Bundled Proposals: Review on a case-by-case basis bundled or "conditioned" proxy proposals. In the case of items that are conditioned upon each other, examine the benefits and costs of the packaged items. In instances when the joint effect of the conditioned items is not in shareholders' best interests, vote against the proposals. If the combined effect is positive, support such proposals.
Charitable and Political Contributions and Lobbying Expenditures: Votes on proposals regarding charitable contributions, political contributions, and lobbying expenditures, should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Votes for UK issuers concerning political contributions will be voted for if the issuer states that (a) it does not intend to make any political donations or incur any expenditures in respect to any political party in the EU; and (b) the proposal is submitted to ensure that the issuer does not inadvertently breach the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 and sections 366 and 367 of the Companies Act 2006.
Compensation in the Event of a Change in Control: Votes on proposals regarding executive compensation in the event of a change in control of the issuer should be considered on a case-by-case basis.
Conversion of Debt Instruments: Votes on the conversion of debt instruments should be considered on a case-by-case basis after the recommendation of the relevant Loomis Sayles equity or fixed income analyst is obtained.
Corporate Restructuring: Votes on corporate restructuring proposals, including minority squeezeouts, leveraged buyouts, spin-offs, liquidations, and asset sales should be considered on a case-by-case basis.
Counting Abstentions: Votes on proposals regarding counting abstentions when calculating vote proposal outcomes should be considered on a case-by-case basis.
Debt Restructurings: Review on a case-by-case basis proposals to increase common and/or preferred shares and to issue shares as part of a debt-restructuring plan. Consider the following issues: Dilution - How much will ownership interest of existing shareholders be reduced, and how extreme will dilution to any future earnings be? Change in Control - Will the transaction result in a change in control of the company? Bankruptcy – Loomis Sayles’ Corporate Actions Department is responsible for consents related to bankruptcies and debt holder consents related to restructurings.
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Delisting a Security: Review on a case-by-case basis all proposals to delist a security from an exchange.
Director Nominees in Contested Elections: Votes in a contested election of directors or vote no campaign must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering the following factors: long-term financial performance of the target company relative to its industry; management's track record; background to the proxy contest; qualifications of director nominees (both slates); evaluation of what each side is offering shareholders as well as the likelihood that the proposed objectives and goals can be met; and stock ownership positions.
Disclosure of Prior Government Service: Review on a case-by-case basis all proposals to disclose a list of employees previously employed in a governmental capacity.
Environmental and Social Issues: Proxies involving social and environmental issues, not limited to those set forth below, frequently will be voted as recommended by the Proxy Voting Service but may, in the consideration of the Proxy Committee, be reviewed on a case-by-case basis if the Proxy Committee believes that a particular proposal (i) could have a significant impact on an industry or issuer (ii) is appropriate for the issuer and the cost to implement would not be excessive, (iii) is appropriate for the issuer in light of various factors such as reputational damage or litigation risk or (iv) is otherwise appropriate for the issuer.
Animal Rights: Proposals that deal with animal rights.
Energy and Environment: Proposals that request companies to file the CERES Principles.
Equal Employment Opportunity and Discrimination: Proposals regarding equal employment opportunities and discrimination.
Human Resources Issues: Proposals regarding human resources issues.
Maquiladora Standards and International Operations Policies: Proposals relating to the Maquiladora Standards and international operating policies.
Military Business: Proposals on defense issues.
Northern Ireland: Proposals pertaining to the MacBride Principles.
Product Integrity and Marketing: Proposals that ask companies to end their production of legal, but socially questionable, products.
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Third World Debt Crisis: Proposals dealing with third world debt.
Golden Coffins: Review on a case-by-case basis all proposals relating to the obligation of an issuer to provide remuneration or awards to survivors of executives payable upon such executive's death.
Greenmail:
A. | Vote for proposals to adopt anti-greenmail charter of bylaw amendments or otherwise restrict a company’s ability to make greenmail payments. |
B. | Review on a case-by-case basis anti-greenmail proposals when they are bundled with other charter or bylaw amendments. |
Liquidations: Votes on liquidations should be made on a case-by-case basis after reviewing management's efforts to pursue other alternatives, appraisal value of assets, and the compensation plan for executives managing the liquidation.
Mergers and Acquisitions: Votes on mergers and acquisitions should be considered on a case-by-case basis, taking into account at least the following: anticipated financial and operating benefits; offer price (cost vs. premium); prospects of the combined companies; how the deal was negotiated; and changes in corporate governance and their impact on shareholder rights.
Mutual Fund Distribution Agreements: Votes on mutual fund distribution agreements should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Mutual Fund Fundamental Investment Restrictions: Votes on amendments to a mutual fund's fundamental investment restrictions should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Mutual Fund Investment Advisory Agreement: Votes on mutual fund investment advisory agreements should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Poison Pills:
A. | Vote for shareholder proposals that ask a company to submit its poison pill for shareholder ratification. |
B. | Review on a case-by-case basis shareholder proposals to redeem a company's poison pill. |
C. | Review on a case-by-case basis management proposals to ratify a poison pill. |
Proxy Access: Proposals to allow shareholders to nominate their own candidates for seats on a board should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Proxy Contest Defenses: Generally, proposals concerning all proxy contest defenses should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
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Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Reimburse Proxy Solicitation Expenses: Decisions to provide full reimbursement for dissidents waging a proxy contest should be made on a case-by-case basis.
Reincorporation Proposals: Proposals to change a company's domicile should be examined on a case-by-case basis.
Shareholder Advisory Committees: Review on a case-by-case basis proposals to establish a shareholder advisory committee.
Shareholder Proposals to Limit Executive and Director Pay:
A. | Generally, vote for shareholder proposals that seek additional disclosure of executive and director pay information. |
B. | Review on a case-by-case basis (i) all shareholder proposals that seek to limit executive and director pay and (ii) all advisory resolutions on executive pay other than shareholder resolutions to permit such advisory resolutions. Vote against proposals to link all executive or director variable compensation to performance goals. |
Spin-offs: Votes on spin-offs should be considered on a case-by-case basis depending on the tax and regulatory advantages, planned use of sale proceeds, market focus, and managerial incentives.
State Takeover Statutes: Review on a case-by-case basis proposals to opt in or out of state takeover statutes (including control share acquisition statutes, control share cash-out statutes, freezeout provisions, fair price provisions, stakeholder laws, poison pill endorsements, severance pay and labor contract provisions, antigreenmail provisions, and disgorgement provisions).
Tender Offer Defenses: Generally, proposals concerning tender offer defenses should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Transition Manager Ballots: Any ballot received by Loomis Sayles for a security that was held for a client by a Transition Manager prior to Loomis Sayles’ management of the client’s holdings will be considered on a case-by case basis by the Proxy Committee (without the input of any Loomis Sayles analyst or portfolio manager) if such security is no longer held in the client’s account with Loomis Sayles.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. April 2016 All Rights Reserved |
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Exhibit K
LSV ASSET MANAGEMENT
PROXY VOTING POLICY
LSV Asset Management’s (“LSV”) standard investment management agreement expressly authorizes LSV to vote proxies on behalf of the client’s account. Therefore, unless the client expressly reserves proxy voting responsibility, it is LSV’s responsibility to vote proxies relating to securities held for the client’s account.
ERISA Clients
With respect to ERISA plan clients, unless proxy voting responsibility has been expressly reserved, LSV, as the investment adviser for the account, must, subject to this policy, seek to vote all proxies relating to securities held for the plan’s account. If LSV is responsible for voting, LSV shall make appropriate arrangements with each account custodian to have proxies forwarded on a timely basis to the appropriate person, and shall endeavor to correct delays or other problems relating to timely delivery of proxies and proxy materials. Fiduciary obligations of prudence and loyalty require an investment adviser with proxy voting responsibility to vote proxies on issues that affect the value of the client’s investment. Proxy voting decisions must be made solely in the best interests of the client’s account. In voting proxies, LSV is required to consider those factors that may affect the value of the client’s investment and may not subordinate the interests of the client to unrelated objectives.
General Policies
LSV has adopted proxy voting guidelines that provide direction in determining how various types of proxy issues are to be voted. LSV has engaged an expert independent third party to design guidelines for client accounts that are updated for current corporate governance issues, helping to ensure that clients’ best interests are served by voting decisions. Clients are sent a copy of their respective guidelines on an annual basis.
LSV’s quantitative investment process does not provide output or analysis that would be functional in analyzing proxy issues. LSV, therefore, has retained an expert independent third party to assist in proxy voting, currently Glass Lewis & Co. (“GLC”). GLC implements LSV’s proxy voting process, provides assistance in developing guidelines and provides analysis of proxy issues on a case-by-case basis. LSV is responsible for monitoring GLC to seek to ensure that proxies are appropriately voted. LSV will vote issues contrary to, or issues not covered by, the guidelines only when LSV believes it is in the best interest of the client. Where the client has provided proxy voting guidelines to LSV, those guidelines will be followed. In certain circumstances, clients are permitted to direct their vote in a particular solicitation. Direction from a client on a particular proxy vote will take precedence over the guidelines. LSV’s use of GLC is not a delegation of LSV’s fiduciary obligation to vote proxies for clients.
Should a material conflict arise between LSV’s interest and that of its clients, LSV will vote the proxies in accordance with the recommendation of the independent third party proxy voting service. A written record will be maintained describing the conflict of interest, and an explanation of how the vote made was in the client’s best interest.
LSV may be unable or may choose not to vote proxies in certain situations. For example, LSV may refrain from voting a proxy if (i) the cost of voting the proxy exceeds the expected benefit to the client, (ii) LSV is not given enough time to process the vote, (iii) voting the proxy requires the security to be “blocked” or frozen from trading or (iv) it is otherwise impractical or impossible to vote the proxy, such as in the case of voting a foreign security that must be cast in person.
Clients may receive a copy of this proxy voting policy and LSV’s voting record for their account by request. LSV will additionally provide any mutual fund for which LSV acts as adviser or sub-adviser, a copy of LSV’s voting record for the fund so that the fund may fulfill its obligation to report proxy votes to fund shareholders.
Recordkeeping.
LSV will retain:
1. | Copies of its proxy voting policies and procedures. |
2. | A copy of each proxy statement received regarding client securities (maintained by the proxy voting service and/or available on EDGAR). |
3. | A record of each vote cast on behalf of a client (maintained by the proxy voting service). |
4. | A copy of any document created that was material to the voting decision or that memorializes the basis for that decision (maintained by the proxy voting service). |
5. | A copy of clients’ written requests for proxy voting information and a copy of LSV’s written response to a client’s request for proxy voting information for the client’s account. |
6. | LSV will ensure that it may obtain access to the proxy voting service’s records promptly upon LSV’s request. |
The above listed information is intended to, among other things, enable clients to review LSV’s proxy voting procedures and actions taken in individual proxy voting situations.
LSV will maintain required materials in an easily accessible place for not less than five years from the end of the fiscal year during which the last entry took place, the first two years in LSV’s principal office.
Consideration of Environmental, Social and Governance Factors
LSV became a signatory to the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) in April 2014. GLC is also a signatory to the PRI. The PRI provides a framework, through its six principles, for consideration of environmental, social and governance ("ESG") factors in portfolio management and investment decision-making. The six principles ask an investment manager, to the extent consistent with its fiduciary duties, to seek to: (1) incorporate ESG issues into investment analysis and decision-making processes; (2) be an active owner and incorporate ESG issues into its ownership policies and practices; (3) obtain appropriate disclosure on ESG issues by the entities in which it invests; (4) promote acceptance and implementation of the PRI principles within the investment industry; (5) work to enhance its effectiveness in implementing the PRI principles; and (6) report on its activities and progress toward implementing the PRI principles.
For clients where LSV has proxy voting authority, certain ESG factors are built into our standard proxy voting guidelines. For example, GLC views the identification, mitigation and management of environmental and social risks as integral components when evaluating a company’s overall risk exposure. In cases where the board or management has failed to sufficiently identify and manage a material environmental or social risk that did or could negatively impact shareholder value, GLC will recommend shareholders vote against directors responsible for risk oversight in consideration of the nature of the risk and the potential effect on shareholder value. In addition, GLC generally recommends supporting shareholder proposals likely to increase and/or protect shareholder value and also those that promote the furtherance of shareholder rights. In evaluating shareholder resolutions regarding environmental and social issues, GLC examines: (1) direct environmental and social risk, (2) risk due to legislation and regulation, (3) legal and reputational risk, and (4) governance risk. Finally, through GLC, LSV is able to offer additional guidelines that provide another level of analysis for clients seeking to vote consistent with widely-accepted enhanced ESG practices. These ESG-specific guidelines are available to clients with a focus on disclosing and mitigating company risk with regard to ESG issues.
Exhibit L
MARSICO CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC (“MCM”)
PROXY VOTING POLICY AND PROCEDURES
Statement of Policy
1. MCM seeks to ensure as a matter of policy that, to the extent reasonably feasible, proxy ballots (or “proxies”) for client accounts over which it has voting authority and for which it receives timely notice in good order, are voted or otherwise processed (such as through a decision to abstain or take no action) in the best economic interests of MCM’s clients with regard to investments managed for them by MCM over the long term (“best interests”).
a. | MCM’s security analysts generally review proxy proposals as part of their monitoring of portfolio companies. Under MCM’s investment discipline, one of the qualities that MCM generally seeks in companies selected for client portfolios is good management teams, including boards of directors, that generally seek to serve shareholder interests. MCM believes that the management teams of most companies it invests in generally seek to serve shareholder interests. Therefore, when those companies issue proxies, MCM believes that related recommendations by management, including boards of directors, often are in shareholders’ best interests. As a result, MCM believes that voting proxy proposals in the best interests of MCM’s clients as defined in Section 2 below usually, though not always, means voting in accordance with the recommendations of those companies’ management teams, including boards of directors. |
b. | In certain circumstances, MCM’s vote-by-vote analysis of proxy proposals could lead it to take a different view from management or boards of directors. For example, at times MCM may conclude that particular management or board recommendations may not appear as closely aligned with shareholder interests as MCM may deem desirable, or may reasonably be disregarded in the best interests of MCM’s clients as viewed by MCM. In those and other circumstances, MCM, in its sole discretion, may vote in a manner not in accordance with a management or board recommendation (or may abstain or take no action) based on any factors it deems relevant, provided that in MCM’s view such a vote appears consistent with the best interests of MCM’s clients. |
c. | MCM at times may process proxies (or proposals within such proxies) without voting them, such as by making a decision to abstain from voting or to take no action. Examples of proxies on which MCM may abstain or take no action include, without limitation, proxies issued by companies that MCM has decided to sell, proxies issued for securities that MCM did not select for a client portfolio (such as, without limitation, securities that were selected by a previous adviser, unsupervised securities held in a client’s account, money market securities, or other securities selected by clients or their representatives other than MCM), or when voting may be unduly burdensome or expensive, such as for proxies issued by foreign companies that impose unreasonable voting requirements, power of attorney requirements, or holding requirements. MCM also may abstain or take no action on proxies (or proposals within such proxies) when voting may not be in the best interests of MCM’s clients, as an alternative to voting with (or against) a management or board recommendation, or if MCM may have a material conflict of interest in voting certain proxies (or proposals within such proxies) and alternative voting procedures are not available or desirable. |
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d. | In circumstances when there may be a potential appearance of a material conflict of interest between MCM's interests and the best interests of MCM’s clients in how proxies are voted (such as when MCM knows that a proxy issuer is also a direct MCM client), MCM generally will resolve any appearance concerns by causing those proxies to be "echo voted" or "mirror voted" in the same proportion as other votes, voting the proxies as recommended by an independent service provider, or abstaining or taking no action. In other cases, MCM may use other procedures to resolve a potential appearance of a material conflict. |
e. | MCM may use independent service providers to assist in functions including, without limitation, translating proxy materials, providing voting recommendations, processing MCM’s vote instructions, voting proxies, maintaining voting records, assisting in preparing certain reports, disclosing voting information to clients or others, and other matters. |
f. | MCM may be unable to vote or otherwise process proxy ballots that are not received or cannot be processed in a timely manner due to functional limitations of the proxy voting system, custodial limitations, or other factors beyond MCM’s control. Ballots that cannot be processed may include, without limitation, ballots for securities out on loan under securities lending programs initiated by the client or its custodian, ballots not timely forwarded by a custodian, and ballots for which MCM does not timely receive essential information such as modifications to the proxy proposals, recommendations, or voting deadline date. Other ballots may be voted but not counted, or counted in an unexpected way, because of factors such as foreign voting requirements or other limitations. |
Definitions
2. As noted in Section 1 above, “best interests” of MCM’s clients means the best economic interests of MCM’s clients with regard to investments managed for them by MCM over the long term -- that is, the common interest that all clients share in seeing the value of a common investment increase over time. Clients may have differing political or social interests, but their best economic interests are generally uniform.
3. “Material conflict of interest” means circumstances when MCM knowingly provides client investment advisory services to or otherwise does business to a material degree with a particular proxy issuer, other principal proponent of a proposal, or entity closely affiliated with the proxy issuer or other principal proponent of a proposal, or other circumstances in which MCM may appear to have a material conflict of interest between its own interests and the interests of clients in how proxies are voted.
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Procedures: MCM Usually Votes Proxies with Management Recommendations, But May Vote Counter to Recommendations or Take Other Actions at Times
4. As discussed in Sections 1.a and 1.b, while MCM believes that voting proxies over which MCM has voting authority in accordance with recommendations by management including boards of directors is usually is in the best interests of shareholders and therefore the best interests of MCM’s clients, in certain circumstances, MCM’s vote-by-vote analysis of proxy proposals could lead it to conclude that certain proxy proposals or recommendations by management -- such as, without limitation, proposals that would affect corporate governance relating to anti-takeover measures, board election requirements, director qualifications, shared board and management responsibilities, capitalization changes, compensation programs, or other matters – could present circumstances in which management proposals or recommendations may not appear as closely aligned with shareholder interests as MCM in its sole discretion may deem desirable, or could reasonably be disregarded in the best interests of shareholders as viewed by MCM. In those and other circumstances, MCM, in its sole discretion, may vote against a management or board recommendation (or may abstain or take no action) based on any factors it deems relevant, provided that in MCM’s view such a vote appears consistent with the best interests of MCM’s clients.
5. As further examples, in MCM’s sole discretion, it may vote against a management or board recommendation in order to, without limitation, support a shareholder proposal favoring safeguards against potential overreaching by management, support enhancements of shareholder control that MCM believes are reasonable or appropriate, or may vote against management or board recommendations in order to oppose management proposals that are not shareholder-friendly in MCM’s view.
Procedures: Use of an Independent Service Provider
7. As discussed in Section 1.e, MCM may engage an independent service provider to assist in functions including, without limitation, translating proxy materials, providing voting recommendations, processing MCM’s vote instructions, voting proxies, , maintaining records of proxy votes, assisting in preparing certain reports, disclosing voting information to clients or others, and other matters. To minimize the possibility that MCM’s proxy votes could be affected by potential conflicts of interest that may exist between an independent service provider and a proxy issuer, MCM rarely considers directing such a service provider to vote proxies for MCM based on the service provider’s recommendations (although MCM may consider the service provider’s recommendations itself, and may vote proxies based in part on such recommendations in various circumstances, including those discussed in “Alternative Procedures for Potential Material Conflicts of Interest” below).
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Procedures: Voting/Abstention/No Action/Other Exceptions
8. MCM employs a number of measures, including reconciliations and other cross- check procedures, to attempt to verify that proxies over which MCM has voting authority and for which MCM receives timely notice and ballots in good order are voted or otherwise processed as MCM intends. Such checks may not be feasible or reliable in some cases because of the complexity of the proxy voting process. MCM’s ability to vote or otherwise process proxies may be limited by many factors, including MCM’s dependence on custodians and independent proxy voting service providers to assist in processing proxies. As discussed in Section 1.f, MCM may be unable to vote or otherwise process proxy ballots that are not received or cannot be processed in a timely manner due to functional limitations of the proxy voting system, custodial limitations, or other factors beyond MCM’s control. For example, in a few foreign markets, ballots cast by MCM may not be counted if required powers of attorney between the client and the custodian are not maintained. Also in foreign markets, ballots for securities held by a custodian in an omnibus account for multiple customers may be voted in an unexpected manner if the custodian receives different voting instructions from its customers and cannot split its vote as each customer requested.
9. As discussed in Section 1.c, MCM may process proxies (or proposals within such proxies) without voting them, such as by making a decision to abstain or to take no action on such proxies if, for example, MCM did not select the relevant securities. As also discussed in Section 1.c, MCM also may abstain or take no action on proxies (or proposals within such proxies) in other circumstances.
10. The procedures in this policy generally apply to all proxy voting matters over which MCM has voting authority, including without limitation changes in corporate governance structures, the adoption or amendment of compensation plans (including stock options), and matters involving social issues or corporate responsibility.
Alternative Procedures for Potential Material Conflicts of Interest
11. In certain circumstances discussed in the definition of a material conflict of interest in Section 3, such as when the issuer or other proponent of a proxy proposal is also a client of MCM, it is possible that an appearance might arise of a potential conflict between MCM’s interests and the interests of affected clients in how the proxies of that issuer are voted. MCM seeks to vote or otherwise process all proxies in the best interests of its clients, and believes that any potential conflict of interest, even if material, would not actually affect MCM’s voting of the proxies.
12. Nevertheless, when MCM is aware that a material conflict of interest between MCM’s interests and clients’ interests may exist, MCM generally will, to avoid appearance concerns, follow an alternative procedure rather than vote ballots in accordance with its own determinations. Such an alternative procedure generally may involve, for example, one of the following actions:
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(i) | Directing the issuer, its representatives, or an independent service provider to cause the proxies of those MCM client accounts that MCM is responsible for processing to be “echo voted” or “mirror voted” in the same proportion as the votes of other proxy holders, if such a process appears reasonably feasible. |
(ii) | Directing the proxies of those MCM client accounts that MCM is responsible for processing to be voted in accordance with the recommendations of an independent service provider. This procedure generally may be used if the independent service provider appears able to make such recommendations in an impartial manner . In making this determination , MCM may (1) require the independent service provider to represent or otherwise demonstrate that the service provider faces no conflict of interest with respect to the vote, or (2) ask the independent service provider to disclose to MCM relevant facts concerning the firm’s relationship with the proxy issuer or other persons, and certify that the service provider has taken steps to ensure that no actual conflicts exist, |
(iii) | Following other procedures (such as the alternative procedures discussed below) that are reasonably designed to minimize or avoid reasonable concerns about MCM’s voting securities when it may have a material conflict of interest. |
MCM seeks to document the identification of any apparent material conflict of interest and its procedure for resolving the potential conflict.
13. MCM may use other alternative procedures to address circumstances when a material conflict of interest may appear to exist, such as, without limitation, one of the following:
(i) | Notifying affected clients of the conflict of interest (if it is reasonably feasible to do so), and seeking a waiver of the conflict to permit MCM to vote the proxies; |
(ii) | Abstaining or taking no action on the proxies in cases when, without limitation, service providers cannot echo vote proxies of certain securities (such as those issued by foreign companies), or in other cases when alternative voting procedures are not desirable; or |
(iii) | Forwarding the proxies to clients so that clients may vote the proxies themselves. |
Routine Voting by Client Instead of MCM
14. MCM generally cannot implement client proxy voting guidelines that do not delegate full discretion to MCM, or that are not consistent with these procedures or its investment policy. In particular, MCM encourages a client to retain proxy voting authority over its own account instead of authorizing MCM to vote if the client believes that proxies should be voted based on political or social interests or other client-specific considerations, or seeks to impose client-specific voting guidelines that may be inconsistent with MCM’s vote-by-vote analysis, these procedures, or its investment policy. MCM does not generally advise a client on proxy voting issues when the client retains authority to handle such matters itself.
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Persons Responsible for Implementing MCM’s Policy
15. MCM’s Client Services staff has primary responsibility for implementing MCM’s Proxy Voting policy and procedures, including ensuring that proxies are timely submitted to the extent reasonably feasible. As in Item 1.e, MCM also generally uses a service provider to assist in functions including, without limitation, translating proxy materials, voting proxies, recordkeeping, providing voting recommendations, disclosing proxy voting data, and other matters.
16. Members of MCM’s Investment staff, such as security analysts, generally review proxy proposals as part of their ongoing assessment of companies.
Recordkeeping
17.
a. | MCM or a service provider maintains, in accordance with Rule 204-2 under the Investment Advisers Act: |
(i) | Copies of all proxy voting policies and procedures; |
(ii) | Copies of proxy statements received (unless maintained elsewhere as described below); |
(iii) | Records of proxy votes cast on behalf of clients; |
(iv) | Any documents prepared by MCM that are material to a decision on how to vote or memorializing the basis for a decision; |
(v) | Written client requests for proxy voting information, and |
(vi) | Written responses by MCM to written or oral client requests. |
b. MCM seeks to document instances in which it identifies the potential appearance of a material conflict of interest, as well as the procedure utilized for resolving the potential conflict. MCM’s Client Services Department also documents certain other non- routine proxy voting issues, including: the basis for (1) any decision to vote against a management or board recommendation for reasons other than those discussed in Sections 4 and 5 above; and (2) any decision to abstain or take no action on a proxy that is specifically intended by MCM to demonstrate divergence from a management or board proposal or recommendation.
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c. MCM will not document other, more routine instances in which it may take certain actions with respect to a particular proxy, including certain situations identified in this Proxy Voting policy and procedures. MCM generally will not document, for example, the basis for routine decisions (i) to vote against corporate governance proposals or recommendations for reasons such as those described above in Sections 4 and 5, or (ii) to abstain or take no action on proxies in circumstances described in Sections 1.c. and 9. MCM also typically cannot document decisions not to vote or otherwise process proxies that were not received in good order, not received in a timely fashion, or otherwise not processed for reasons beyond MCM’s control, such as in certain situations addressed in section 8 above.
18. MCM will seek to obtain an undertaking from any service provider that the service provider will provide copies of proxy voting records and other documents that are not available elsewhere promptly upon request if MCM relies on the service provider to maintain related records.
19. MCM or its service provider may rely on the SEC’s online EDGAR system to keep records of certain proxy statements issued by domestic (and some foreign) issuers if the proxy statements are maintained by issuers on that system (as is generally true in the case of larger U.S.-based issuers), or on other electronic systems that reliably store proxy materials or other information.
20. All proxy-related records will be maintained in an easily accessible place for five years (and at an appropriate office of MCM or a service provider for the first two years), or with a service provider or with online or other electronic systems as described above.
Availability of Policy and Proxy Voting Records to Clients
21. MCM generally informs clients of this policy and provides information regarding how a client may learn of MCM’s voting record for the client’s securities through summary disclosure in MCM’s Form ADV Part 2A client brochure. Upon request, MCM will provide clients with (1) a copy of these MCM Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures, and (2) information about how proxies for securities held in their accounts were voted or otherwise processed. With respect to the Marsico Funds, information about proxy votes for the 12-month period ended June 30 of each year is available upon request (without charge) by calling 888-860-8686, and is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov .
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MCM’s Chief Compliance Officer will review this policy at least annually to determine whether it should be amended or updated. Any amendments to this policy require the written approval of the Chief Compliance Officer.
Approved by: | Steven Carlson /s/ | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | October 1, 2004 |
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Policy Amended: | February 10, 2006 | |
Approved by: | Steven Carlson /s/ | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | February 10, 2006 |
Policy Amended: | July 19, 2006 | |
Approved by: | Steven Carlson /s/ | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | July 19, 2006 |
Amendment Approved: | August 8, 2008 | |
Approved by: | Steven Carlson | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | September 1, 2008 |
Amendment Approved: | October 25, 2018 | |
Approved by: | /s/ Steven Carlson | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | October 25, 2018 |
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Exhibit M
Proxy Voting Guidelines and Procedures
Introduction
Certain affiliates of The TCW Group, Inc. (these affiliates are collectively referred to as “TCW”) act as investment advisors for a variety of clients, including mutual funds. If TCW has responsibility for voting proxies in connection with these investment advisory duties, or has the responsibility to specify to an agent of the client how to vote the proxies, TCW exercises such voting responsibilities for its clients through the corporate proxy voting process. TCW believes that the right to vote proxies is a significant asset of its clients’ holdings. In order to carry out its fiduciary responsibilities in the voting of proxies for its clients, TCW has established a proxy voting committee (the " Proxy Committee ") and adopted these proxy voting guidelines and procedures (the “ Guidelines ”).
Where TCW has retained the services of a Sub-adviser to provide day-to-day portfolio management for the portfolio, the Adviser may delegate proxy voting authority to the Sub- Adviser; provided that the Sub-Adviser either (1) follows the Adviser’s Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures; or (2) has demonstrated that its proxy voting policies and procedures (“Sub- Adviser’s Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures”) are in the best interests of the Adviser’s clients and appear to comply with governing regulations. TCW also shall be provided the opportunity to review a Sub-Adviser’s Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures as deemed necessary or appropriate by TCW. Consistent with its fiduciary obligations, the Adviser will be responsible for periodically verifying the Sub-Adviser’s implementation of its proxy voting policy with respect to the TCW-managed portfolio.
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The Proxy Committee generally meets quarterly (or at such other frequency as determined by the Proxy Committee ), and its duties include establishing proxy voting guidelines and procedures, overseeing the internal proxy voting process, and reviewing proxy voting issues. The members of the Proxy Committee include TCW personnel from the investment, compliance, legal and marketing departments. TCW also uses outside proxy voting services (each an “ Outside Service ”) to help manage the proxy voting process. An Outside Service facilitates TCW’s voting according to the Guidelines (or, if applicable, according to guidelines submitted by TCW’s clients) and helps maintain TCW’s proxy voting records. In the event of a conflict between contractual requirements and the Guidelines, TCW will vote in accordance with its contractual obligations. All proxy voting and record keeping by TCW is, of course, dependent on the timely provision of proxy ballots by custodians, clients and other third parties. Under specified circumstances described below involving potential conflicts of interest, an Outside Service may also be requested to help decide certain proxy votes. In those instances, the Proxy Committee shall review and evaluate the voting recommendations of such Outside Service to ensure that recommendations are consistent with TCW’s clients’ best interests. In the event that TCW inadvertently receives any proxy materials on behalf of a client that has retained proxy voting responsibility, and where it is reasonably feasible for TCW to determine the identity of the client, TCW will promptly forward such materials to the client.
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As a matter of firm policy, TCW does not disclose to unaffiliated third parties how it expects to vote on upcoming proxies and does not disclose the way it voted proxies without a legitimate need to know such information.
Philosophy
When voting proxies, TCW’s utmost concern is that all decisions be made solely in the interests of the client and with the goal of maximizing the value of the client’s investments. Generally, proposals will be voted in accordance with the Guidelines and any applicable guidelines provided by TCW’s clients. TCW’s underlying philosophy, however, is that its portfolio managers, who are primarily responsible for evaluating the individual holdings of TCW’s clients, are best able to determine how to further client interests and goals. The portfolio managers may, in their discretion, take into account the recommendations of TCW management, the Proxy Committee , and an Outside Service .
Proxy Voting Overrides
Individual portfolio managers, in the exercise of their best judgment and discretion, may from time to time override the Guidelines and vote proxies in a manner that they believe will enhance the economic value of clients’ assets, keeping in mind the best interests of the beneficial owners. A portfolio manager choosing to abstain on a vote or override the Guidelines must deliver a written rationale for each such decision to TCW’s Proxy Specialist (the “ Proxy Specialist ”), who will maintain such documentation in TCW’s proxy voting records and deliver a quarterly report to the Proxy Committee of all votes cast other than in accordance with the Guidelines . If the Proxy Specialist believes there is a question regarding a portfolio manager’s vote, he/she will liaise with the portfolio manager as necessary to clarify the rationale. If the Proxy Specialist is unable to resolve the question to their satisfaction after liaising with the relevant portfolio manager, TCW’s Director of Research (the “ Director of Research”) will review the portfolio manager’s vote and make a determination. If the Director of Research believes it appropriate, he/she may elect to convene the Proxy Committee for its independent consideration as to how the vote should be cast.
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Conflicts of Interest
In the event a potential conflict of interest arises in the context of voting proxies for TCW’s clients, the primary means by which TCW will avoid a conflict is by casting such votes solely according to the Guidelines and any applicable guidelines provided by TCW’s clients, as outlined below. If a potential conflict of interest arises and there is no predetermined vote, or the Guidelines (or any applicable TCW client guidelines) themselves refer such vote to the portfolio manager for decision, or the portfolio manager would like to override a predetermined vote, then TCW will undertake the following analysis:
• | Where the issuer soliciting proxy votes is itself a client of TCW’s (or because an affiliate of such issuer, such as a pension or profit sharing plan sponsored by such issuer, is a client of TCW’s), then the Proxy Specialist will determine whether such relationship may be deemed not to be material to TCW based on the level of assets under management and other relevant facts and circumstances and will submit his/her analysis to the Proxy Committee for its approval. Where the relationship is deemed material, TCW will refrain completely from exercising its discretion with respect to voting the proxy with respect to such vote and will, instead, refer that vote to an Outside Service for its independent consideration as to how the vote should be cast. |
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• | Where an employee of TCW sits on the board of a public company, the Proxy Specialist will determine whether such board member is the portfolio manager for the account holding the security, or whether the board member has spoken with the portfolio managers for the account holding the security. If either the particular board member is the portfolio manager or there has been communication concerning such proxy vote between the portfolio manager and the particular board member, then the Proxy Specialist will provide the Proxy Committee with the facts and vote rationale so that it can determine and vote the securities. |
• | When the issuer is a key vendor or broker of TCW, the Proxy Specialist will determine if the portfolio manager for the account(s) holding the security has spoken with the key vendor or broker about the upcoming proxy vote. If there has been communication concerning the proxy vote between the portfolio manager and the key vendor or broker, the relationship will be deemed material. The Proxy Specialist will provide the Proxy Committee with the relevant facts and the Proxy Committee will vote the proxy. |
• | Where the issuer is a known affiliate of TCW, TCW will refrain completely from exercising its discretion with respect to voting the proxy with respect to such a vote and will, instead, refer that vote to an Outside Service for its independent consideration as to how the vote should be cast. |
• | Where any other portfolio manager conflict is identified with respect to a given proxy vote, the Proxy Committee will remove such vote from the conflicted portfolio manager and will itself consider and cast the vote. |
Proxy Voting Information and Recordkeeping
Upon request to the Proxy Specialist , TCW provides proxy voting records to its clients. These records state how votes were cast on behalf of client accounts, whether a particular matter was proposed by the company or a shareholder, and whether or not TCW voted in line with management recommendations.
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TCW or an Outside Service will keep records of the following items: (i) these Proxy Voting Guidelines and any other proxy voting procedures; (ii) proxy statements received regarding client securities (unless such statements are available on the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR) system); (iii) records of votes cast on behalf of clients (if maintained by an Outside Service , that Outside Service will provide copies of those records promptly upon request); (iv) records of written requests for proxy voting information and TCW’s response (whether a client’s request was oral or in writing); and (v) any documents prepared by TCW that were material to making a decision how to vote, or that memorialized the basis for the decision, including proxy overrides delivered to the Proxy Specialist and decisions of the Proxy Committee . Additionally, TCW or an Outside Service will maintain any documentation related to an identified material conflict of interest.
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C6 |
TCW or an Outside Service will maintain these records in an easily accessible place for at least five years from the end of the fiscal year during which the last entry was made on such record. For the most recent two years, TCW or an Outside Service will store such records at its principal office.
International Proxy Voting
While TCW utilizes these Proxy Voting Guidelines for both international and domestic portfolios and clients, there are some significant differences between voting U.S. company proxies and voting non-U.S. company proxies. For U.S. companies, it is relatively easy to vote proxies, as the proxies are automatically received and may be voted by mail or electronically.
For proxies of non-U.S. companies, although it is typically both difficult and costly to vote proxies, TCW will make every reasonable effort to vote such proxies.
Guidelines
The proxy voting decisions set forth below refer to proposals by company management except for the categories of "Shareholder Proposals" and "Social Issue Proposals." The voting decisions in these latter two categories refer to proposals by outside shareholders.
Governance
• | For director and management nominees in uncontested elections |
• | For management nominees in contested elections |
• | For ratifying auditors, except against if the previous auditor was dismissed because of a disagreement with the company or if the non-audit services exceed 51% of fees |
• | For routine management proposals |
• | For amendments to the company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, except against if an amendment would have the effect of reducing shareholders’ rights |
Capital Structure
|
C7 |
• | For reasonable changes in authorized common stock |
• | For the issuance of common stock or preferred stock, except against if the shares have voting rights superior to those of other common or preferred shareholders, as applicable |
• | For approving the issuance or exercise of stock warrants |
• | For authorizing preferred stock and making reasonable changes to authorized preferred stock, except against if the board has unlimited rights to set the terms and conditions of the shares |
|
C8 |
• | For amending or canceling a class or series of preferred stock |
• | Against authorizing and for eliminating or amending dual or multiple classes of common stock |
• | For a stock repurchase program |
• | For a stock split |
• | For a reverse stock split, except against if the company does not intend to proportionally reduce the number of authorized shares |
Mergers and Restructuring
• | For mergers and restructurings, including recapitalization, bankruptcy restructurings, liquidations, reincorporating in a different state, leveraged buyout of the company, spinning off certain company operations or divisions, the sale of assets |
• | Case-by-case on cumulative voting Board of Directors |
• | For limiting the liability of directors |
• | For setting the board size |
• | For allowing the directors to fill vacancies on the board without shareholder approval |
• | Against giving the board the authority to set the size of the board as needed without shareholder approval |
• | For a proposal regarding the removal of directors, except against if the proposal limits the removal of directors to cases where there is legal cause |
Anti-Takeover Provisions
• | Against the concept of a classified board |
• | Against the concept of a shareholder rights plan (poison pill) |
• | Against eliminating or limiting shareholders’ right to call a special meeting |
• | For restoring shareholders’ right to call a special meeting |
• | Against eliminating or limiting shareholders’ right to act by written consent |
• | For restoring shareholders’ right to act by written consent |
• | Against establishing or maintaining a supermajority vote provision to (i) approve a merger or other business combination, (ii) change certain bylaw or charter provisions |
|
C9 |
• | Against expanding or clarifying the authority of the board of directors to consider factors other than the interests of shareholders in assessing a takeover bid |
• | Against fair price provisions |
• | For limiting the payment of greenmail |
• | Against adopting advance notice requirements |
• | Against opting into a state takeover statutory provision |
|
C1 |
Compensation
• | In favor of reasonable compensation and bonus plans proposed by management, including one-time stock options and deferred compensation plans |
• | For adopting, amending or adding shares to a stock incentive, purchase or award plan for employees and non-employee directors, provided that outstanding common stock is not overly diluted |
• | For limiting per-employee option awards |
• | For extending the term of a stock incentive plan for employees |
• | Refer on assuming stock incentive plans |
• | With management on “say on pay” proposals |
Shareholder Proposals
• | For requiring shareholder ratification of auditors |
• | Against requiring the auditors to attend the annual meeting |
• | Against limiting consulting by auditors |
• | Against requiring the rotation of auditors |
• | Against restoring preemptive rights |
• | For asking the company to study sales, spin-offs, or other strategic alternatives |
• | For asking the board to adopt confidential voting and independent tabulation of the proxy ballots |
• | Against asking the company to refrain from counting abstentions and broker non-votes in vote tabulations |
• | Against eliminating the company’s discretion to vote unmarked proxy ballots. |
• | For providing equal access to the proxy materials for shareholders |
• | Against making changes to board or chairman election, composition or eligibility requirements |
• | Against changing the annual meeting location or date |
• | For increasing disclosure regarding the board’s role in the development and monitoring of the company’s long-term strategic plan |
• | Against urging the creation of a shareholder committee |
• | Case-by-case on adopting cumulative voting |
• | Against making directors liable for acts or omissions that constitute a breach of fiduciary care resulting from a director’s gross negligence and/or reckless or willful neglect |
• | For repealing a classified board |
• | Against asking the board to redeem or to allow shareholders to vote on a poison pill shareholder rights plan |
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C1 |
• | Against supermajority provisions |
• | Against repealing fair price provisions |
• | For restoring shareholders’ right to call a special meeting or act by written consent |
|
C1 |
• | For limiting the board’s discretion to issue targeted share placements or requiring shareholder approval before such block placements can be made |
• | For seeking to force the company to opt out of a state takeover statutory provision |
• | Against reincorporating the company in another state |
• | For limiting greenmail payments |
• | Against restricting executive or director compensation, but for reasonable enhanced disclosure of executive compensation |
• | For banning or calling for a shareholder vote on future golden parachutes |
• | Against seeking to award performance-based stock options |
• | Against establishing a policy of expensing the costs of all future stock options issued by the company in the company’s annual income statement |
• | Against requesting that future executive compensation be determined without regard to any pension fund income |
• | Against approving extra benefits under Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs) |
• | Against requiring option shares to be held |
• | For the creation of a compensation and a nominating committee |
• |
For increasing the independence of key committees
|
Social Issue Proposals
• | For proposals that ask a company to review operations or impacts or disclosure activities or impacts, except against if the proposal calls for action beyond reporting |
• | Against proposals that ask the company to implement changes in procedure, including the development of social, economic, environmental or ethical criteria to govern contracts and production |
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C1 |
Additional Information
A description of TCW’s policies and procedures relating to proxy voting and class actions can also be found in the firm’s Part 2A of Form ADV. A copy of TCW’s Form ADV is available to clients upon request to the Proxy Specialist .
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Exhibit N
Man Group Global Proxy Voting Policy Summary |
October 2017 |
Each of Man Group plc’s investment managers 1 (‘Man’) have adopted policies and procedures to ensure that any proxy voted on behalf of clients is voted in a manner which is in the best interests of such clients.
Proxies may be voted for clients at Man’s or the Portfolio Manager’s discretion, where Man has been specifically instructed by a client to vote proxies or where Man is required to vote a proxy for a client (each a ‘Proxy Client’). In such cases, proxies will be evaluated and voted in the best interest of the relevant Proxy Client(s) with the goal of increasing the overall economic value of the investment. It should be noted that there may be times whereby Portfolio Managers invest in the same securities/assets while managing different investment strategies and/or Accounts; accordingly, it may be appropriate in certain cases that such securities/assets are voted differently across different investment strategies and/or Accounts, based on their respective investment thesis and other portfolio considerations. Man will only vote proxies on securities currently held by clients. Proxies received for securities that are loaned will generally not be voted.
Man will endeavour to identify material conflicts of interest, if any, which may arise between Man and one or more issuers of clients’ portfolio securities, with respect to votes proposed by and/or affecting such issuer(s), in order to ensure that all votes are voted in the overall best interest of clients. Man has established a Proxy Voting Committee to be responsible for resolving proxy voting issues when deemed necessary; making proxy voting decisions where a material conflict of interest may exist; monitoring compliance with the Global Proxy Voting Policy; and setting new and/or modifying existing policy.
Man has appointed, and will appoint from time to time, one or more proxy voting service companies, to provide it with proxy voting services for certain Proxy Clients. Where applicable, Man will generally vote proxies for the relevant Proxy Clients in accordance with the relevant proxy voting service company’s proxy voting guidelines, unless otherwise specifically instructed to vote otherwise by the Portfolio Manager or such Proxy Client.
The proxy voting service company’s guidelines generally provide that (i) when the view of the company’s management is favourable, Man will generally support current management initiatives with exceptions as noted below and (ii) when the view is that changes to the management structure would probably increase shareholder value, Man will not necessarily support current management initiatives.
Exceptions in supporting current management initiatives may include:
▪ | Where there is a clear conflict between management and shareholder interests, the Proxy Voting Guidelines may call to elect to vote against management |
▪ | In general, the Proxy Voting Guidelines will call to oppose proposals that act to entrench management |
▪ | In some instances, even though Man may support management, there may be corporate governance issues that, in spite of management objections, Man believes should be subject to shareholder approval |
Furthermore, with respect to certain proxy issues including, but not limited to, option re-pricing and the terms and conditions of members of the Board of Directors, Man may choose to vote on a case-by-case basis, which may be different from the recommendations set forth in relevant proxy voting guidelines. Nevertheless, in voting proxies, Man takes into account what is the overall best economic interest of its Proxy Clients. Man maintains documentation memorializing the decision to vote a proxy in a manner different from what is stated in the relevant proxy voting guidelines.
Man may abstain from voting a proxy when it is determined that the cost of voting the proxy exceeds the expected benefit to the client. Documentation is maintained of all proxies that are not voted for Proxy Clients and the reasons therefor where Man has been instructed by the Proxy Client to vote.
Upon request, clients may receive a copy of Man’s Global Proxy Voting Policy and/or information regarding the manner in which securities held in their account were voted by contacting their Man representative.
1. | For purposes of this policy, Man Group plc investment managers include GLG Partners LP, GLG LLC, AHL Partners LLP and Numeric Investors LLC. |
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Important Information
This information is communicated and/or distributed by the relevant Man entity identified below (collectively the “Company”) subject to the following conditions and restriction in their respective jurisdictions.
Opinions expressed are those of the author and may not be shared by all personnel of Man Group plc (‘Man’). These opinions are subject to change without notice, are for information purposes only and do not constitute an offer or invitation to make an investment in any financial instrument or in any product to which the Company and/or its affiliates provides investment advisory or any other financial services. Any organisations, financial instrument or products described in this material are mentioned for reference purposes only which should not be considered a recommendation for their purchase or sale. Neither the Company nor the authors shall be liable to any person for any action taken on the basis of the information provided. Some statements contained in this material concerning goals, strategies, outlook or other non-historical matters may be forward-looking statements and are based on current indicators and expectations. These forward- looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the statements. The Company and/or its affiliates may or may not have a position in any financial instrument mentioned and may or may not be actively trading in any such securities. This material is proprietary information of the Company and its affiliates and may not be reproduced or otherwise disseminated in whole or in part without prior written consent from the Company. The Company believes the content to be accurate. However accuracy is not warranted or guaranteed. The Company does not assume any liability in the case of incorrectly reported or incomplete information. Unless stated otherwise all information is provided by the Company.
Unless stated otherwise this information is communicated by Man Solutions Limited which is registered in England and Wales at Riverbank House, 2 Swan Lane, London, EC4R 3AD. Authorised and regulated in the UK by the Financial Conduct Authority.
Australia: To the extent this material is distributed in Australia it is communicated by Man Investments Australia Limited ABN 47 002 747 480 AFSL 240581, which is regulated by the Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC). This information has been prepared without taking into account anyone’s objectives, financial situation or needs.
European Economic Area: Unless indicated otherwise this website is communicated in the European Economic Area by Man Solutions Limited which is an investment company as defined in section 833 of the Companies Act 2006 and is authorised and regulated by the UK Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”). Man Solutions Limited is registered in England and Wales under number 3385362 and has its registered office at Riverbank House, 2 Swan Lane, London, EC4R 3AD, England. As an entity which is regulated by the FCA, Man Solutions Limited is subject to regulatory requirements, which can be found at http://register.fca.org.uk.
Germany: To the extent this material is used in Germany, the communicating entity is Man (Europe) AG, which is authorised and regulated by the Liechtenstein Financial Market Authority (FMA). Man (Europe) AG is registered in the Principality of Liechtenstein no. FL- 0002.420.371-2. Man (Europe) AG is an associated participant in the investor compensation scheme, which is operated by the Deposit Guarantee and Investor Compensation Foundation PCC (FL-0002.039.614-1) and corresponds with EU law. Further information is available on the Foundation's website under www.eas-liechtenstein.li. This material is of a promotional nature.
Hong Kong: To the extent this material is distributed in Hong Kong, this material is communicated by Man Investments (Hong Kong) Limited and has not been reviewed by the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong. This material can only be communicated to intermediaries, and professional clients who are within one of the professional investor exemptions contained in the Securities and Futures Ordinance and must not be relied upon by any other person(s).
Liechtenstein: To the extent the material is used in Liechtenstein, the communicating entity is Man (Europe) AG, which is regulated by the Financial Market Authority Liechtenstein (FMA). Man (Europe) AG is registered in the Principality of Liechtenstein no. FL-0002.420.371-2. Man (Europe) AG is an associated participant in the investor compensation scheme, which is operated by the Deposit Guarantee and Investor Compensation Foundation PCC (FL-0002.039.614-1) and corresponds with EU law. Further information is available on the Foundation's website under www.eas-liechtenstein.li.
Switzerland: To the extent this material is distributed in Switzerland, this material is communicated by Man Investments AG, which is regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Authority FINMA.
United States: To the extent his material is distributed in the United States, it is communicated and distributed by Man Investments, Inc. (‘Man Investments’). Man Investments is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (‘FINRA’). Man Investments is also a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (‘SIPC’). Man Investments is a wholly owned subsidiary of Man Group plc. The registration and memberships described above in no way imply a certain level of skill or expertise or that the SEC, FINRA or the SIPC have endorsed Man Investments. Man Investments, 452 Fifth Avenue, 27th fl., New York, NY 10018.
18/0710/RoW/GL/I/W
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Exhibit O
PARAMETRIC PORTFOLIO ASSOCIATES LLC
Proxy Voting PoLICY STATEMENT
Last Updated | February 1, 2018 |
Applicable Regulatory Requirement | Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act |
Related Policies | N/A |
Business Group Owners |
Operations Proxy Voting Committee Corporate Governance Committee |
Policy
Parametric Portfolio Associates LLC (“Parametric”) has adopted and implemented these policies and procedures which it believes are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interests of clients, in accordance with its fiduciary obligations and applicable regulatory requirements. When it has been delegated the responsibility to vote proxies on behalf a client, Parametric will generally vote them in accordance with its Proxy Voting Guidelines, attached hereto as Exhibit A . The Proxy Voting Guidelines are set and annually reviewed by the firm’s Corporate Governance Committee. Parametric will consider potential conflicts of interest when voting proxies and disclose material conflicts to clients. Parametric will promptly provide these policies and procedures, as well as proxy voting records, to its clients upon request. As required, Parametric will retain appropriate proxy voting books and records. In the event that Parametric engages a third party service provider to administer and vote proxies or provide other proxy voting services on behalf a client, it will evaluate the service provider’s conflicts of interest procedures and confirm its abilities to vote proxies in the client’s best interest.
Regulatory Requirements
Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act requires that an investment adviser that exercises voting authority over client proxies to adopt and implement policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that the adviser votes proxies in the best interest of the client. The rule specifically requires that the policies and procedures describe how the adviser addresses material conflicts of interest with respect to proxy voting. The rule also requires an adviser to disclose to its clients information about those policies and procedures, and how the client may obtain information on how the adviser has voted the client’s proxies. In addition, Rule 204-2 under the Act requires an adviser to retain certain records related to proxy voting.
Proprietary and Confidential |
EXHIBIT A
PARAMETRIC PORTFOLIO ASSOCIATES LLC
PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES
Dated: February 1, 2018
Stock ownership represents an opportunity to participate in the economic rewards of a long-lived asset and shareholder rights represent an important path to maximizing these benefits. Given this, Parametric expects the companies in which we invest to adhere to effective governance practices and consider their impact on the environment and the communities in which they operate. Our Proxy Voting Guidelines (the Guidelines) are designed to safeguard investor capital over the long-run by supporting qualified, independent boards that show accountability and responsiveness to shareholders and shareholder proposals that are prudent and relevant. In this effort, we consider the work of recognized corporate governance experts and outside research providers, as well as collaborative investor groups.
The Guidelines are reviewed annually and updated as needed. Below we summarize our guiding principles and key considerations for certain types of proposals. In addition to the guiding principles set forth below, Parametric will review research and guidance issued by third party proxy voting service providers in making voting determinations. Proposals that are not addressed by the Guidelines will be reviewed by the Proxy Committee and voted in the manner that best meets our guiding principles.
Board of Directors
Investors rely on the board of directors to oversee management and address reasonable shareholder concerns. Therefore, the independence, competence, and responsiveness of directors is paramount and assessing nominees is a major area of focus in our voting. We expect the board be free of conflicts of interest that would impair their ability to fairly represent the interests of shareholders and to have appropriate expertise. We believe that competent board members can be found throughout the wider population and a high degree of homogeneity on a board may signal the need for systematic improvement in the nomination process. Responsiveness includes a willingness to consider labor, human rights, and environmental issues pertinent to the business, in addition to more routine corporate governance issues. Parametric will vote for nominees who demonstrate these qualities and against individual directors, or the entire board, in their absence. We will generally support shareholder proposals for independent chairman/CEO roles and proxy access, with reasonable requirements.
Conditions that could trigger an against or withhold vote for individual directors or the entire board include:
• | Majority non-independent board, or lack of independence on key committees |
• | Insufficient attendance at meetings (generally less than 75%), or excessive number of outside boards |
• | Failure to act on shareholder proposals that have received majority support |
• | Poor governance practices such as actions to classify the board, or adopt a poison pill or amend bylaws or charter without shareholder approval |
We believe that chairman of the board and CEO are different jobs that are best fulfilled by separate individuals, particularly for larger, more complex companies. We expect companies with combined roles to provide a clear rationale for the benefits and to put governance structures in place to protect against compromised oversight, such as a lead or presiding director.
Proprietary and Confidential | 2 | Page |
In the case of contested elections, nominees will be subjected to similar analysis and expectations. In particular, dissident directors should present a more compelling strategy for improving company returns than the incumbent board.
Auditors
Investors rely on auditors to attest to the integrity of a company’s financial statements, without which the business could not be properly evaluated. It is essential that auditors be independent, accurate, fair in the fees charged, and not subject to conflicts of interest. Non-audit fees are expected to generally be no more than a quarter of all fees paid. Parametric will generally vote for ratification of auditors that meet this criteria and vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals for mandatory rotation.
Executive Compensation
Executive compensation is an especially complex issue. Properly structured compensation is essential to attracting and retaining effective corporate management. Poorly structured compensation can create perverse incentives and contribute to the erosion of public trust. Achieving an ideal compensation package is complicated by questions around how to measure performance and the extent to which management should be penalized or rewarded by factors outside of their control. In light of this, our primary concern is to be attuned to packages that are truly outside of generally accepted practices, in either magnitude or structure, and may incentivize perverse behavior or result in paying for failure. We believe that total shareholder return as well as other financial metrics can be an appropriate basis for measurement. We generally support compensation that is well-disclosed, reasonably in line with peers and total shareholder returns, and reflects longer-term strategic company goals. We support annual frequency for say on pay votes. In the case of equity based pay, we may oppose plans with the potential dilution of greater than 15%. In the case of severance agreements, we prefer arrangements that are triggered by both a change in control and termination, and are limited to no more than three times recent annual compensation.
Mergers & Acquisitions
Business combinations can be valuable strategic tool but many fail to live up to expectations. Each must be evaluated on a case by case basis. In addition to considering valuation, strategic rationale, any conflicts of interest and potential changes to the governance profile, we may also consider the impact on community stakeholders. We will generally support combinations that appear to have a high chance of improving shareholder value over the long-run.
Capital Structure
Obtaining additional capital may be necessary to finance vital projects and take advantage of opportunities for growth but this potential value must be weighed any potentially negative impact on existing shareholders. Considerations for authorization of certain types of capital are as follows:
• | Common Stock – Voted case-by-case. The rationale for the increase and opportunity cost of not approving the request must overcome the dilutive impact. Prior use of authorized shares will also be considered. Requests for increases more than 100% of the existing authorization will generally be opposed, in the absence of a clear need. In the case of dual-class structure, increases in the class of stock with superior voting rights will be opposed. |
Proprietary and Confidential | 3 | Page |
• | Preferred Stock – Requests for preferred stock with clearly specified and reasonable terms will be supported. Requests for stock with unspecified terms (blank check) will be opposed. |
• | Debt Restructuring – supported if bankruptcy is expected without restructuring, considered on a case by case otherwise. |
Shareholder Rights
Without certain shareholder rights, investors’ votes can become useless. Broadly, we support proposals that enhance voting rights and against those that seek to undermine them, and we will vote against/withhold for directors that take actions to abridge shareholder rights. We believe that in most cases each common share should have one vote, and that a simple majority of voting shares should be all that is required to effect change.
• | Majority Voting Standard – In almost all cases we prefer a majority vote standard for binding votes. We also expect management to be responsive to non-binding votes that have received majority support. In the case that there are more nominees than board seats, we support a plurality vote requirement. |
• | Supermajority Requirements – We are generally opposed to supermajority vote requirements. However, in select cases we might actually support maintaining existing supermajority requirements as a means to protect minority shareholders if new owners seek to change charter or bylaws after a dilutive stock or warrant issuance. |
• | Cumulative Voting – Although we do not generally prefer cumulative voting, it may be warranted in certain cases as a safeguard for shareholders and will therefore be evaluated on a case by case basis. |
• | Confidential Voting – We support confidential voting systems in which management and shareholders receive only vote totals and individual proxies and ballots are made available only to vote tabulators and inspectors. |
• | Right to call meetings and act by written consent – We support proposals that enhance shareholders’ ability to act independently of management, with reasonable requirements, and oppose any that preclude it. |
• | Unequal Voting Rights – Dual-class capitalization structure with unequal voting rights is at odds with the principle that voting rights be commensurate with economic interest. We expect companies with unequal voting rights structures to have a clear rationale for the benefits and an overall governing structure that avoids potential issues related to management or board entrenchment. |
• | Bundled Proposals – Individual proposals should never be bundled, however, in the case that they are, we will support the bundle if the combined effect is expected to be beneficial to shareholders and against if not. |
Proprietary and Confidential | 4 | Page |
• | Poison Pills – Although poison pills can be used legitimately, we are more concerned about their potential to be used as a management entrenchment device. We expect the board to provide clear rationale for the pill and submit it to a shareholder vote. We generally prefer shorter terms for pills and unequivocally oppose any features that limit the ability of future boards to eliminate it. We will support reasonably designed pills to protect net operating loss tax assets. |
• | Access to the Proxy – We support providing shareholders the right to nominate director candidates on management’s proxy card, with certain requirements to help prevent abuse of this right. |
• | Greenmail – Targeted share repurchases of stock from investors seeking control of the company is an inappropriate use of resources and discriminates against other shareholders. We support anti-greenmail provisions in a charter or bylaws. However, we vote against anti-greenmail proposals that have been bundled with proposals that we do not support. |
Environmental and Social Shareholder Resolutions :
Shareholder resolutions are an important communication mechanism between the board and shareholders. In addition to supporting any of the shareholder resolutions on general governance mentioned previously, we also support resolutions that encourage the board to improve relevant policies and disclosures as well as take action on certain matters. Our guiding principles are that businesses must adhere to internationally recognized labor and human rights standards; be transparent around corporate practices involving weapons, repressive governments, public health and product safety; maintain accountability for lobbying and political contributions; and set and report on environmental performance goals related to the firm’s long-term strategy. We will not support resolutions on matters best left to the board’s discretion or addressed via legislation or regulation, or that would be unduly burdensome.
Proprietary and Confidential | 5 | Page |
Exhibit P
|
U.S. Proxy Voting Guidelines |
Table of Contents
COVERAGE | 8 | |
1. | BOARD OF DIRECTORS | 9 |
VOTING ON DIRECTOR NOMINEES IN UNCONTESTED ELECTIONS | 9 | |
Independence | 9 | |
ISS U.S. Categorization of Directors | 10 | |
Composition | 12 | |
Responsiveness | 12 | |
Accountability | 13 | |
VOTING ON DIRECTOR NOMINEES IN CONTESTED ELECTIONS | 16 | |
Vote-No Campaigns | 16 | |
Proxy Contests/Proxy Access — Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections | 16 | |
OTHER BOARD-RELATED PROPOSALS | 17 | |
Adopt Anti-Hedging/Pledging/Speculative Investments Policy | 17 | |
Age/Term Limits | 17 | |
Board Size | 17 | |
Classification/Declassification of the Board | 17 | |
CEO Succession Planning | 17 | |
Cumulative Voting | 17 | |
Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection | 18 | |
Establish/Amend Nominee Qualifications | 18 | |
Establish Other Board Committee Proposals | 18 | |
Filling Vacancies/Removal of Directors | 19 | |
Independent Chair (Separate Chair/CEO) | 19 | |
Majority of Independent Directors/Establishment of Independent Committees | 19 | |
Majority Vote Standard for the Election of Directors | 20 | |
Proxy Access | 20 | |
Require More Nominees than Open Seats | 20 | |
Shareholder Engagement Policy (Shareholder Advisory Committee) | 20 | |
2. | AUDIT-RELATED | 21 |
Auditor Indemnification and Limitation of Liability | 21 | |
Auditor Ratification | 21 | |
Shareholder Proposals Limiting Non-Audit Services | 21 | |
Shareholder Proposals on Audit Firm Rotation | 22 | |
3. | SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS & DEFENSES | 23 |
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations | 23 | |
Amend Bylaws without Shareholder Consent | 23 | |
Control Share Acquisition Provisions | 23 | |
Control Share Cash-Out Provisions | 23 | |
Disgorgement Provisions | 24 | |
Fair Price Provisions | 24 |
Enabling the financial community to manage governance risk for the benefit of shareholders. © 2018 ISS | Institutional Shareholder Services |
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Freeze-Out Provisions | 24 | |
Greenmail | 24 | |
Litigation Rights (including Exclusive Venue and Fee-Shifting Bylaw Provisions) | 24 | |
Net Operating Loss (NOL) Protective Amendments | 25 | |
POISON PILLS (SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS PLANS) | 25 | |
Shareholder Proposals to Put Pill to a Vote and/or Adopt a Pill Policy | 25 | |
Management Proposals to Ratify a Poison Pill | 26 | |
Management Proposals to Ratify a Pill to Preserve Net Operating Losses (NOLs) | 26 | |
Proxy Voting Disclosure, Confidentiality, and Tabulation | 26 | |
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses | 27 | |
Reincorporation Proposals | 27 | |
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent | 27 | |
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings | 28 | |
Stakeholder Provisions | 28 | |
State Antitakeover Statutes | 28 | |
Supermajority Vote Requirements | 28 | |
4. | CAPITAL/RESTRUCTURING | 29 |
CAPITAL | 29 | |
Adjustments to Par Value of Common Stock | 29 | |
Common Stock Authorization | 29 | |
Dual Class Structure | 30 | |
Issue Stock for Use with Rights Plan | 30 | |
Preemptive Rights | 30 | |
Preferred Stock Authorization | 30 | |
Recapitalization Plans | 31 | |
Reverse Stock Splits | 31 | |
Share Repurchase Programs | 31 | |
Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends | 31 | |
Tracking Stock | 31 | |
RESTRUCTURING | 32 | |
Appraisal Rights | 32 | |
Asset Purchases | 32 | |
Asset Sales | 32 | |
Bundled Proposals | 32 | |
Conversion of Securities | 32 | |
Corporate Reorganization/Debt Restructuring/Prepackaged Bankruptcy Plans/Reverse Leveraged | ||
Buyouts/Wrap Plans | 33 | |
Formation of Holding Company | 33 | |
Going Private and Going Dark Transactions (LBOs and Minority Squeeze-outs) | 33 | |
Joint Ventures | 34 | |
Liquidations | 34 | |
Mergers and Acquisitions | 34 |
Enabling the financial community to manage governance risk for the benefit of shareholders. © 2018 ISS | Institutional Shareholder Services |
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Private Placements/Warrants/Convertible Debentures | 35 | |
Reorganization/Restructuring Plan (Bankruptcy) | 36 | |
Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs) | 36 | |
Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs) - Proposals for Extensions | 37 | |
Spin-offs | 37 | |
Value Maximization Shareholder Proposals | 37 | |
5. | COMPENSATION | 38 |
EXECUTIVE PAY EVALUATION | 38 | |
Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation—Management Proposals (Management Say-on-Pay) | 38 | |
Pay-for-Performance Evaluation | 39 | |
Problematic Pay Practices | 39 | |
Compensation Committee Communications and Responsiveness | 41 | |
Frequency of Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation ("Say When on Pay") | 41 | |
Voting on Golden Parachutes in an Acquisition, Merger, Consolidation, or Proposed Sale | 41 | |
EQUITY-BASED AND OTHER INCENTIVE PLANS | 42 | |
Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) | 43 | |
Three-Year Burn Rate | 43 | |
Egregious Factors | 43 | |
Liberal Change in Control Definition | 43 | |
Repricing Provisions | 43 | |
Problematic Pay Practices or Significant Pay-for-Performance Disconnect | 44 | |
Amending Cash and Equity Plans (including Approval for Tax Deductibility (162(m)) | 44 | |
Specific Treatment of Certain Award Types in Equity Plan Evaluations | 45 | |
Dividend Equivalent Rights | 45 | |
Operating Partnership (OP) Units in Equity Plan Analysis of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) | 45 | |
OTHER COMPENSATION PLANS | 45 | |
401(k) Employee Benefit Plans | 45 | |
Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) | 45 | |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Qualified Plans | 45 | |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Non-Qualified Plans | 45 | |
Option Exchange Programs/Repricing Options | 46 | |
Stock Plans in Lieu of Cash | 46 | |
Transfer Stock Option (TSO) Programs | 47 | |
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION | 47 | |
Shareholder Ratification of Director Pay Programs | 47 | |
Equity Plans for Non-Employee Directors | 48 | |
Non-Employee Director Retirement Plans | 48 | |
SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS ON COMPENSATION | 48 | |
Bonus Banking/Bonus Banking “Plus” | 48 | |
Compensation Consultants—Disclosure of Board or Company’s Utilization | 48 | |
Disclosure/Setting Levels or Types of Compensation for Executives and Directors | 49 | |
Golden Coffins/Executive Death Benefits | 49 |
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Hold Equity Past Retirement or for a Significant Period of Time | 49 | |
Non-Deductible Compensation | 49 | |
Pay Disparity | 49 | |
Pay for Performance/Performance-Based Awards | 50 | |
Pay for Superior Performance | 50 | |
Pre-Arranged Trading Plans (10b5-1 Plans) | 51 | |
Prohibit CEOs from Serving on Compensation Committees | 51 | |
Recoupment of Incentive or Stock Compensation in Specified Circumstances | 51 | |
Severance Agreements for Executives/Golden Parachutes | 51 | |
Share Buyback Holding Periods | 52 | |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs) | 52 | |
Tax Gross-Up Proposals | 52 | |
Termination of Employment Prior to Severance Payment/Eliminating Accelerated Vesting of Unvested Equity | 52 | |
6. | ROUTINE/MISCELLANEOUS | 53 |
Adjourn Meeting | 53 | |
Amend Quorum Requirements | 53 | |
Amend Minor Bylaws | 53 | |
Change Company Name | 53 | |
Change Date, Time, or Location of Annual Meeting | 53 | |
Other Business | 53 | |
7. | SOCIAL/ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES | 54 |
GLOBAL APPROACH | 54 | |
ENDORSEMENT OF PRINCIPLES | 54 | |
ANIMAL WELFARE | 54 | |
Animal Welfare Policies | 54 | |
Animal Testing | 55 | |
Animal Slaughter | 55 | |
CONSUMER ISSUES | 55 | |
Genetically Modified Ingredients | 55 | |
Reports on Potentially Controversial Business/Financial Practices | 55 | |
Pharmaceutical Pricing, Access to Medicines, and Prescription Drug Reimportation | 56 | |
Product Safety and Toxic/Hazardous Materials | 56 | |
Tobacco-Related Proposals | 56 | |
CLIMATE CHANGE | 57 | |
Climate Change/Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions | 57 | |
Energy Efficiency | 58 | |
Renewable Energy | 58 | |
DIVERSITY | 58 | |
Board Diversity | 58 | |
Equality of Opportunity | 59 | |
Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Domestic Partner Benefits | 59 | |
Gender Pay Gap | 59 |
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ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY | 59 | |
Facility and Workplace Safety | 59 | |
General Environmental Proposals and Community Impact Assessments | 60 | |
Hydraulic Fracturing | 60 | |
Operations in Protected Areas | 60 | |
Recycling | 60 | |
Sustainability Reporting | 60 | |
Water Issues | 61 | |
GENERAL CORPORATE ISSUES | 61 | |
Charitable Contributions | 61 | |
Data Security, Privacy, and Internet Issues | 61 | |
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Compensation-Related Proposals | 61 | |
HUMAN RIGHTS, LABOR ISSUES, AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS | 62 | |
Human Rights Proposals | 62 | |
Operations in High Risk Markets | 62 | |
Outsourcing/Offshoring | 63 | |
Weapons and Military Sales | 63 | |
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES | 63 | |
Lobbying | 63 | |
Political Contributions | 63 | |
Political Ties | 64 | |
8. | MUTUAL FUND PROXIES | 65 |
Election of Directors | 65 | |
Converting Closed-end Fund to Open-end Fund | 65 | |
Proxy Contests | 65 | |
Investment Advisory Agreements | 65 | |
Approving New Classes or Series of Shares | 65 | |
Preferred Stock Proposals | 65 | |
1940 Act Policies | 66 | |
Changing a Fundamental Restriction to a Nonfundamental Restriction | 66 | |
Change Fundamental Investment Objective to Nonfundamental | 66 | |
Name Change Proposals | 66 | |
Change in Fund's Subclassification | 66 | |
Business Development Companies—Authorization to Sell Shares of Common Stock at a Price below Net Asset Value | 66 | |
Disposition of Assets/Termination/Liquidation | 67 | |
Changes to the Charter Document | 67 | |
Changing the Domicile of a Fund | 67 | |
Authorizing the Board to Hire and Terminate Subadvisers Without Shareholder Approval | 67 | |
Distribution Agreements | 68 | |
Master-Feeder Structure | 68 | |
Mergers | 68 |
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SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS | 68 | |
Establish Director Ownership Requirement | 68 | |
Reimburse Shareholder for Expenses Incurred | 68 | |
Terminate the Investment Advisor | 68 |
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COVERAGE
The U.S. research team provides proxy analyses and voting recommendations for common shareholder meetings of publicly - traded U.S. - incorporated companies that are held in our institutional investor clients' portfolios, and includes all S&P 1500 and Russell 3000 companies that are considered U.S. Domestic Issuers by the SEC. Coverage generally includes corporate actions for common equity holders, such as written consents and bankruptcies. ISS’ U.S. coverage includes investment companies (including open-end funds, closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds, and unit investment trusts), limited partnerships (“LPs”), master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), limited liability companies (“LLCs”), and business development companies. ISS reviews its universe of coverage on an annual basis, and the coverage is subject to change based on client need and industry trends.
The U.S. research team also produces, for subscribing clients, research and recommendations for fixed income meetings, and meetings of certain preferred securities, including Auction Rate Preferred Securities (“ARPS”) and Variable Rate Municipal Term Preferred securities (“VMTPs”).
Foreign-incorporated companies
In addition to U.S. - incorporated companies, U.S. policies are applied to certain foreign-incorporated company analyses. Like the SEC, ISS distinguishes two types of companies that list but are not incorporated in the U.S.:
› | U.S. Domestic Issuers – which have a majority of outstanding shares held in the U.S. and meet other criteria, as determined by the SEC, and are subject to the same disclosure and listing standards as U.S. incorporated companies – are generally covered under standard U.S. policy guidelines. |
› | Foreign Private Issuers (FPIs) – which do not meet the Domestic Issuer criteria and are exempt from most disclosure requirements (e.g., they do not file DEF14A reports) and listing standards (e.g., for required levels of board and committee independence) – are covered under a combination of policy guidelines: |
› | FPI Guidelines (see the Americas Regional Proxy Voting Guidelines), which apply certain minimum independence and disclosure standards in the evaluation of key proxy ballot items, such as the election of directors and approval of financial reports; and |
› | For other issues, guidelines for the market that is responsible for, or most relevant to, the item on the ballot. |
In all cases – including with respect to other companies with cross-market features that may lead to ballot items related to multiple markets – items that are on the ballot solely due to the requirements of another market (listing, incorporation, or national code) may be evaluated under the policy of the relevant market, regardless of the “assigned” market coverage.
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1. BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Four fundamental principles apply when determining votes on director nominees:
Independence : Boards should be sufficiently independent from management (and significant shareholders) to ensure that they are able and motivated to effectively supervise management's performance for the benefit of all shareholders, including in setting and monitoring the execution of corporate strategy, with appropriate use of shareholder capital, and in setting and monitoring executive compensation programs that support that strategy. The chair of the board should ideally be an independent director, and all boards should have an independent leadership position or a similar role in order to help provide appropriate counterbalance to executive management, as well as having sufficiently independent committees that focus on key governance concerns such as audit, compensation, and nomination of directors.
Composition : Companies should ensure that directors add value to the board through their specific skills and expertise and by having sufficient time and commitment to serve effectively. Boards should be of a size appropriate to accommodate diversity, expertise, and independence, while ensuring active and collaborative participation by all members. Boards should be sufficiently diverse to ensure consideration of a wide range of perspectives.
Responsiveness : Directors should respond to investor input, such as that expressed through significant opposition to management proposals, significant support for shareholder proposals (whether binding or non-binding), and tender offers where a majority of shares are tendered.
Accountability : Boards should be sufficiently accountable to shareholders, including through transparency of the company's governance practices and regular board elections, by the provision of sufficient information for shareholders to be able to assess directors and board composition, and through the ability of shareholders to remove directors.
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for director nominees, except under the following circumstances: |
Independence |
Vote against 1 or withhold from non-independent directors (Executive Directors and Non-Independent Non-Executive Directors per ISS’ Categorization of Directors) when:
› | Independent directors comprise 50 percent or less of the board; |
› | The non-independent director serves on the audit, compensation, or nominating committee; |
› | The company lacks an audit, compensation, or nominating committee so that the full board functions as that committee; or |
› | The company lacks a formal nominating committee, even if the board attests that the independent directors fulfill the functions of such a committee. |
1 | In general, companies with a plurality vote standard use “Withhold” as the contrary vote option in director elections; companies with a majority vote standard use “Against”. However, it will vary by company and the proxy must be checked to determine the valid contrary vote option for the particular company. |
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ISS U.S. Categorization of Directors
1. |
Executive Director 1.1. Current employee or current officer 1 of the company or one of its affiliates 2 .
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2. |
Non-Independent Non-Executive Director
Board Identification 2.1. Director identified as not independent by the board.
Controlling/Significant Shareholder 2.2. Beneficial owner of more than 50 percent of the company's voting power (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a group).
Former CEO/Interim Officer 2.3. Former CEO of the company. 3, 4 2.4. Former CEO of an acquired company within the past five years. 4 2.5. Former interim officer if the service was longer than 18 months. If the service was between 12 and 18 months an assessment of the interim officer’s employment agreement will be made. 5 Non-CEO Executives 2.6. Former officer 1 of the company, an affiliate 2 , or an acquired firm within the past five years. 2.7. Officer 1 of a former parent or predecessor firm at the time the company was sold or split off from the parent/predecessor within the past five years. 2.8. Officer 1 , former officer, or general or limited partner of a joint venture or partnership with the company.
Family Members 2.9. Immediate family member 6 of a current or former officer 1 of the company or its affiliates 2 within the last five years. 2.10. Immediate family member 6 of a current employee of company or its affiliates 2 where additional factors raise concern (which may include, but are not limited to, the following: a director related to numerous employees; the company or its affiliates employ relatives of numerous board members; or a non-Section 16 officer in a key strategic role).
Transactional, Professional, Financial, and Charitable Relationships 2.11. Currently provides (or an immediate family member 6 provides) professional services 7 to the company, to an affiliate 2 of the company or an individual officer of the company or one of its affiliates in excess of $10,000 per year. 2.12. Is (or an immediate family member 6 is) a partner in, or a controlling shareholder or an employee of, an organization which provides professional services 7 to the company, to an affiliate 2 of the company, or an individual officer of the company or one of its affiliates in excess of $10,000 per year. 2.13. Has (or an immediate family member 6 has) any material transactional relationship 8 with the company or its affiliates 2 (excluding investments in the company through a private placement). 2.14. Is (or an immediate family member 6 is) a partner in, or a controlling shareholder or an executive officer of, an organization which has any material transactional relationship 8 with the company or its affiliates 2 (excluding investments in the company through a private placement). 2.15. Is (or an immediate family member 6 is) a trustee, director, or employee of a charitable or non-profit organization that receives material grants or endowments 8 from the company or its affiliates 2 .
Other Relationships 2.16. Party to a voting agreement 9 to vote in line with management on proposals being brought to shareholder vote. 2.17. Has (or an immediate family member 6 has) an interlocking relationship as defined by the SEC involving members of the board of directors or its Compensation Committee. 10 2.18. Founder 11 of the company but not currently an employee. 2.19. Any material 12 relationship with the company.
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3. |
Independent Director
3.1. No material 12 connection to the company other than a board seat. |
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Footnotes:
1. The definition of officer will generally follow that of a “Section 16 officer” (officers subject to Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934) and includes the chief executive, operating, financial, legal, technology, and accounting officers of a company (including the president, treasurer, secretary, controller, or any vice president in charge of a principal business unit, division, or policy function). Current interim officers are included in this category. For private companies, the equivalent positions are applicable. A non-employee director serving as an officer due to statutory requirements (e.g. corporate secretary) will generally be classified as a Non-Independent Non-Executive Director under 2.19: “Any material relationship with the company.” However, if the company provides explicit disclosure that the director is not receiving additional compensation exceeding $10,000 per year for serving in that capacity, then the director will be classified as an Independent Director.
2. “Affiliate” includes a subsidiary, sibling company, or parent company. ISS uses 50 percent control ownership by the parent company as the standard for applying its affiliate designation.
3. Includes any former CEO of the company prior to the company’s initial public offering (IPO).
4. When there is a former CEO of a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) serving on the board of an acquired company, ISS will generally classify such directors as independent unless determined otherwise taking into account the following factors: the applicable listing standards determination of such director’s independence; any operating ties to the firm; and the existence of any other conflicting relationships or related party transactions.
5. ISS will look at the terms of the interim officer’s employment contract to determine if it contains severance pay, long-term health and pension benefits, or other such standard provisions typically contained in contracts of permanent, non-temporary CEOs. ISS will also consider if a formal search process was under way for a full-time officer at the time.
6. “Immediate family member” follows the SEC’s definition of such and covers spouses, parents, children, step-parents, stepchildren, siblings, in-laws, and any person (other than a tenant or employee) sharing the household of any director, nominee for director, executive officer, or significant shareholder of the company.
7. Professional services can be characterized as advisory in nature, generally involve access to sensitive company information or to strategic decision-making, and typically have a commission- or fee-based payment structure. Professional services generally include, but are not limited to the following: investment banking/financial advisory services, commercial banking (beyond deposit services), investment services, insurance services, accounting/audit services, consulting services, marketing services, legal services, property management services, realtor services, lobbying services, executive search services, and IT consulting services. The following would generally be considered transactional relationships and not professional services: deposit services, IT tech support services, educational services, and construction services. The case of participation in a banking syndicate by a non-lead bank should be considered a transactional (and hence subject to the associated materiality test) rather than a professional relationship. “Of Counsel” relationships are only considered immaterial if the individual does not receive any form of compensation (in excess of $10,000 per year) from, or is a retired partner of, the firm providing the professional service. The case of a company providing a professional service to one of its directors or to an entity with which one of its directors is affiliated, will be considered a transactional rather than a professional relationship. Insurance services and marketing services are assumed to be professional services unless the company explains why such services are not advisory.
8. A material transactional relationship, including grants to non-profit organizations, exists if the company makes annual payments to, or receives annual payments from, another entity, exceeding the greater of: $200,000 or 5 percent of the recipient’s gross revenues, for a company that follows NASDAQ listing standards; or the greater of $1,000,000 or 2 percent of the recipient’s gross revenues, for a company that follows NYSE listing standards. For a company that follows neither of the preceding standards, ISS will apply the NASDAQ-based materiality test. (The recipient is the party receiving the financial proceeds from the transaction).
9. Dissident directors who are parties to a voting agreement pursuant to a settlement or similar arrangement may be classified as Independent Directors if an analysis of the following factors indicates that the voting agreement does not compromise their alignment with all shareholders’ interests: the terms of the agreement; the duration of the standstill provision in the agreement; the limitations and requirements of actions that are agreed upon; if the dissident director nominee(s) is subject to the standstill; and if there any conflicting relationships or related party transactions.
10. Interlocks include: executive officers serving as directors on each other’s compensation or similar committees (or, in the absence of such a committee, on the board); or executive officers sitting on each other’s boards and at least one serves on the other’s compensation or similar committees (or, in the absence of such a committee, on the board). |
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11. The operating involvement of the founder with the company will be considered; if the founder was never employed by the company, ISS may deem him or her an Independent Director.
12. For purposes of ISS’s director independence classification, “material” will be defined as a standard of relationship (financial, personal or otherwise) that a reasonable person might conclude could potentially influence one’s objectivity in the boardroom in a manner that would have a meaningful impact on an individual's ability to satisfy requisite fiduciary standards on behalf of shareholders. |
Composition |
Attendance at Board and Committee Meetings: Generally vote against or withhold from directors (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case 2 ) who attend less than 75 percent of the aggregate of their board and committee meetings for the period for which they served, unless an acceptable reason for absences is disclosed in the proxy or another SEC filing. Acceptable reasons for director absences are generally limited to the following:
› | Medical issues/illness; |
› | Family emergencies; and |
› | Missing only one meeting (when the total of all meetings is three or fewer). |
If the proxy disclosure is unclear and insufficient to determine whether a director attended at least 75 percent of the aggregate of his/her board and committee meetings during his/her period of service, vote against or withhold from the director(s) in question.
Overboarded Directors: Generally vote against or withhold from individual directors who:
› | Sit on more than five public company boards; or |
› | Are CEOs of public companies who sit on the boards of more than two public companies besides their own— withhold only at their outside boards 3 . |
Diversity: Highlight boards with no gender diversity. However, no adverse vote recommendations will be made due to any lack of gender diversity.
Responsiveness |
Vote case-by-case on individual directors, committee members, or the entire board of directors as appropriate if:
› | The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares cast in the previous year. Factors that will be considered are: |
› | Disclosed outreach efforts by the board to shareholders in the wake of the vote; |
› | Rationale provided in the proxy statement for the level of implementation; |
› | The subject matter of the proposal; |
› | The level of support for and opposition to the resolution in past meetings; |
› | Actions taken by the board in response to the majority vote and its engagement with shareholders; |
› | The continuation of the underlying issue as a voting item on the ballot (as either shareholder or management proposals); and |
› | Other factors as appropriate. |
› | The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of shares are tendered; |
2 | New nominees who served for only part of the fiscal year are generally exempted from the attendance policy. |
3 | Although all of a CEO’s subsidiary boards will be counted as separate boards, ISS will not recommend a withhold vote for the CEO of a parent company board or any of the controlled (>50 percent ownership) subsidiaries of that parent, but may do so at subsidiaries that are less than 50 percent controlled and boards outside the parent/subsidiary relationships. |
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› | At the previous board election, any director received more than 50 percent withhold/against votes of the shares cast and the company has failed to address the issue(s) that caused the high withhold/against vote. |
Vote case-by-case on Compensation Committee members (or, in exceptional cases, the full board) and the Say on Pay proposal if:
› | The company’s previous say-on-pay received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast. Factors that will be considered are: |
› | The company's response, including: |
› | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors, including the frequency and timing of engagements and the company participants (including whether independent directors participated); |
› | Disclosure of the specific concerns voiced by dissenting shareholders that led to the say-on-pay opposition; |
› | Disclosure of specific and meaningful actions taken to address shareholders' concerns; |
› | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
› | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
› | The company's ownership structure; and |
› | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
› | The board implements an advisory vote on executive compensation on a less frequent basis than the frequency that received the plurality of votes cast. |
Accountability |
Vote against or withhold from the entire board of directors (except new nominees 4 , who should be considered case-bycase) for the following:
Problematic Takeover Defenses/Governance Structure
Poison Pills: Vote against or withhold from all nominees (except new nominees, who should be considered case-bycase) if:
› | The company has a poison pill that was not approved by shareholders 5 . However, vote case-by-case on nominees if the board adopts an initial pill with a term of one year or less, depending on the disclosed rationale for the adoption, and other factors as relevant (such as a commitment to put any renewal to a shareholder vote). |
› | The board makes a material adverse modification to an existing pill, including, but not limited to, extension, renewal, or lowering the trigger, without shareholder approval. |
Classified Board Structure: The board is classified, and a continuing director responsible for a problematic governance issue at the board/committee level that would warrant a withhold/against vote recommendation is not up for election. All appropriate nominees (except new) may be held accountable.
Removal of Shareholder Discretion on Classified Boards : The company has opted into, or failed to opt out of, state laws requiring a classified board structure.
Director Performance Evaluation: The board lacks mechanisms to promote accountability and oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers. Sustained poor performance is measured by one- and three-year total shareholder returns in the bottom half of a company’s four-digit GICS industry group (Russell 3000 companies only). Take into consideration the company’s five-year total shareholder return and operational metrics. Problematic provisions include but are not limited to:
4 | A “new nominee” is any current nominee who has not already been elected by shareholders and who joined the board after the problematic action in question transpired. If ISS cannot determine whether the nominee joined the board before or after the problematic action transpired, the nominee will be considered a “new nominee” if he or she joined the board within the 12 months prior to the upcoming shareholder meeting. |
5 | Public shareholders only, approval prior to a company’s becoming public is insufficient. |
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› | A classified board structure; |
› | A supermajority vote requirement; |
› | Either a plurality vote standard in uncontested director elections, or a majority vote standard in contested elections; |
› | The inability of shareholders to call special meetings; |
› | The inability of shareholders to act by written consent; › A multi-class capital structure; and/or › A non-shareholder-approved poison pill. |
Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments and Problematic Capital Structures : Generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if the board amends the company's bylaws or charter without shareholder approval in a manner that materially diminishes shareholders' rights or that could adversely impact shareholders, considering the following factors:
› | The board's rationale for adopting the bylaw/charter amendment without shareholder ratification; |
› | Disclosure by the company of any significant engagement with shareholders regarding the amendment; |
› | The level of impairment of shareholders' rights caused by the board's unilateral amendment to the bylaws/charter; |
› | The board's track record with regard to unilateral board action on bylaw/charter amendments or other entrenchment provisions; |
› | The company's ownership structure; |
› | The company's existing governance provisions; |
› | The timing of the board's amendment to the bylaws/charter in connection with a significant business development; and |
› | Other factors, as deemed appropriate, that may be relevant to determine the impact of the amendment on shareholders. |
Unless the adverse amendment is reversed or submitted to a binding shareholder vote, in subsequent years vote caseby-case on director nominees. Generally vote against (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if the directors:
› | Classified the board; |
› | Adopted supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter; or › Eliminated shareholders' ability to amend bylaws. |
Problematic Governance Structure - Newly public companies : For newly public companies, generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if, prior to or in connection with the company's public offering, the company or its board adopted bylaw or charter provisions materially adverse to shareholder rights, or implemented a multi-class capital structure in which the classes have unequal voting rights considering the following factors:
› | The level of impairment of shareholders' rights; |
› | The disclosed rationale; |
› | The ability to change the governance structure (e.g., limitations on shareholders’ right to amend the bylaws or charter, or supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter); |
› | The ability of shareholders to hold directors accountable through annual director elections, or whether the company has a classified board structure; |
› | Any reasonable sunset provision; and |
› | Other relevant factors. |
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Unless the adverse provision and/or problematic capital structure is reversed or removed, vote case-by-case on director nominees in subsequent years.
Restrictions on Shareholders’ Rights
Restricting Binding Shareholder Proposals: Generally vote against or withhold from the members of the governance committee if:
› | The company’s governing documents impose undue restrictions on shareholders’ ability to amend the bylaws. Such restrictions include, but are not limited to: outright prohibition on the submission of binding shareholder proposals, or share ownership requirements or time holding requirements in excess of SEC Rule 14a-8. Vote against on an ongoing basis. |
Problematic Audit-Related Practices
Generally vote against or withhold from the members of the Audit Committee if:
› | The non-audit fees paid to the auditor are excessive ; |
› | The company receives an adverse opinion on the company’s financial statements from its auditor; or |
› | There is persuasive evidence that the Audit Committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm. |
Vote case-by-case on members of the Audit Committee and potentially the full board if:
› | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a level of serious concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; and material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures. Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence, and duration, as well as the company’s efforts at remediation or corrective actions, in determining whether withhold/against votes are warranted. |
Problematic Compensation Practices
In the absence of an Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (Say on Pay) ballot item or in egregious situations, vote against or withhold from the members of the Compensation Committee and potentially the full board if:
› | There is a significant misalignment between CEO pay and company performance ( pay for performance ); |
› | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices ; or |
› | The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders. |
Generally vote against or withhold from the Compensation Committee chair, other committee members, or potentially the full board if:
› | The company fails to include a Say on Pay ballot item when required under SEC provisions, or under the company’s declared frequency of say on pay; or |
› | The company fails to include a Frequency of Say on Pay ballot item when required under SEC provisions. |
Generally vote against members of the board committee responsible for approving/setting non-employee director compensation if there is a pattern (i.e. two or more years) of awarding excessive non-employee director compensation without disclosing a compelling rationale or other mitigating factors.
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Problematic Pledging of Company Stock:
Vote against the members of the committee that oversees risks related to pledging, or the full board, where a significant level of pledged company sto1ck by executives or directors raises concerns. The following factors will be considered:
› | The presence of an anti-pledging policy, disclosed in the proxy statement, that prohibits future pledging activity; |
› | The magnitude of aggregate pledged shares in terms of total common shares outstanding, market value, and trading volume; |
› | Disclosure of progress or lack thereof in reducing the magnitude of aggregate pledged shares over time; |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement that shares subject to stock ownership and holding requirements do not include pledged company stock; and |
› | Any other relevant factors. |
Governance Failures
Under extraordinary circumstances, vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board, due to:
› | Material failures of governance, stewardship, risk oversight 6 , or fiduciary responsibilities at the company; › Failure to replace management as appropriate; or |
› | Egregious actions related to a director’s service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company. |
Voting on Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Vote-No Campaigns
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General Recommendation : In cases where companies are targeted in connection with public “vote-no” campaigns, evaluate director nominees under the existing governance policies for voting on director nominees in uncontested elections. Take into consideration the arguments submitted by shareholders and other publicly available information. |
Proxy Contests/Proxy Access — Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the election of directors in contested elections, considering the following factors: |
› | Long-term financial performance of the company relative to its industry; |
› | Management’s track record; |
› | Background to the contested election; |
› | Nominee qualifications and any compensatory arrangements; |
› | Strategic plan of dissident slate and quality of the critique against management; |
› | Likelihood that the proposed goals and objectives can be achieved (both slates); and › Stock ownership positions. |
6 | Examples of failure of risk oversight include, but are not limited to: bribery; large or serial fines or sanctions from regulatory bodies; significant adverse legal judgments or settlement; or hedging of company stock. |
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In the case of candidates nominated pursuant to proxy access, vote case-by-case considering any applicable factors listed above or additional factors which may be relevant, including those that are specific to the company, to the nominee(s) and/or to the nature of the election (such as whether or not there are more candidates than board seats).
Other Board-Related Proposals
Adopt Anti-Hedging/Pledging/Speculative Investments Policy
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking a policy that prohibits named executive officers from engaging in derivative or speculative transactions involving company stock, including hedging, holding stock in a margin account, or pledging stock as collateral for a loan. However, the company’s existing policies regarding responsible use of company stock will be considered. |
Age/Term Limits
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General Recommendation : Vote against management and shareholder proposals to limit the tenure of outside directors through mandatory retirement ages. |
Vote against management proposals to limit the tenure of outside directors through term limits. However, scrutinize boards where the average tenure of all directors exceeds 15 years for independence from management and for sufficient turnover to ensure that new perspectives are being added to the board.
Board Size
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals seeking to fix the board size or designate a range for the board size. |
Vote against proposals that give management the ability to alter the size of the board outside of a specified range without shareholder approval.
Classification/Declassification of the Board
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to classify (stagger) the board. Vote for proposals to repeal classified boards and to elect all directors annually. |
CEO Succession Planning
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking disclosure on a CEO succession planning policy, considering, at a minimum, the following factors: |
› | The reasonableness/scope of the request; and |
› | The company’s existing disclosure on its current CEO succession planning process. |
Cumulative Voting
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against management proposals to eliminate cumulate voting, and for shareholder proposals to restore or provide for cumulative voting, unless: |
› | The company has proxy access 7 , thereby allowing shareholders to nominate directors to the company’s ballot; and |
› | The company has adopted a majority vote standard, with a carve-out for plurality voting in situations where there are more nominees than seats, and a director resignation policy to address failed elections. |
7 | A proxy access right that meets the recommended guidelines . |
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Vote for proposals for cumulative voting at controlled companies (insider voting power > 50%).
Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals on director and officer indemnification and liability protection. |
Vote against proposals that would:
› | Eliminate entirely directors' and officers' liability for monetary damages for violating the duty of care. |
› | Expand coverage beyond just legal expenses to liability for acts that are more serious violations of fiduciary obligation than mere carelessness. |
› | Expand the scope of indemnification to provide for mandatory indemnification of company officials in connection with acts that previously the company was permitted to provide indemnification for, at the discretion of the company's board ( i.e. , "permissive indemnification"), but that previously the company was not required to indemnify. |
Vote for only those proposals providing such expanded coverage in cases when a director’s or officer’s legal defense was unsuccessful if both of the following apply:
› | If the director was found to have acted in good faith and in a manner that s/he reasonably believed was in the best interests of the company; and |
› | If only the director’s legal expenses would be covered. |
Establish/Amend Nominee Qualifications
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals that establish or amend director qualifications. Votes should be based on the reasonableness of the criteria and the degree to which they may preclude dissident nominees from joining the board. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder resolutions seeking a director nominee who possesses a particular subject matter expertise, considering:
› | The company’s board committee structure, existing subject matter expertise, and board nomination provisions relative to that of its peers; |
› | The company’s existing board and management oversight mechanisms regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
› | The company’s disclosure and performance relating to the issue for which board oversight is sought and any significant related controversies; and |
› | The scope and structure of the proposal. |
Establish Other Board Committee Proposals
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against shareholder proposals to establish a new board committee, as such proposals seek a specific oversight mechanism/structure that potentially limits a company’s flexibility to determine an appropriate oversight mechanism for itself. However, the following factors will be considered: |
› | Existing oversight mechanisms (including current committee structure) regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
› | Level of disclosure regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
› | Company performance related to the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
› | Board committee structure compared to that of other companies in its industry sector; and |
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› | The scope and structure of the proposal. |
Filling Vacancies/Removal of Directors
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals that provide that directors may be removed only for cause. |
Vote for proposals to restore shareholders’ ability to remove directors with or without cause.
Vote against proposals that provide that only continuing directors may elect replacements to fill board vacancies. Vote for proposals that permit shareholders to elect directors to fill board vacancies.
Independent Chair (Separate Chair/CEO)
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by an independent director, taking into consideration the following: |
› | The scope of the proposal; |
› | The company's current board leadership structure; |
› | The company's governance structure and practices; |
› | Company performance; and |
› | Any other relevant factors that may be applicable. |
Regarding the scope of the proposal, consider whether the proposal is precatory or binding and whether the proposal is seeking an immediate change in the chairman role or the policy can be implemented at the next CEO transition.
Under the review of the company's board leadership structure, ISS may support the proposal under the following scenarios absent a compelling rationale: the presence of an executive or non-independent chair in addition to the CEO; a recent recombination of the role of CEO and chair; and/or departure from a structure with an independent chair. ISS will also consider any recent transitions in board leadership and the effect such transitions may have on independent board leadership as well as the designation of a lead director role.
When considering the governance structure, ISS will consider the overall independence of the board, the independence of key committees, the establishment of governance guidelines, board tenure and its relationship to CEO tenure, and any other factors that may be relevant. Any concerns about a company's governance structure will weigh in favor of support for the proposal.
The review of the company's governance practices may include, but is not limited to, poor compensation practices, material failures of governance and risk oversight, related-party transactions or other issues putting director independence at risk, corporate or management scandals, and actions by management or the board with potential or realized negative impact on shareholders. Any such practices may suggest a need for more independent oversight at the company thus warranting support of the proposal.
ISS' performance assessment will generally consider one-, three-, and five-year TSR compared to the company's peers and the market as a whole. While poor performance will weigh in favor of the adoption of an independent chair policy, strong performance over the long term will be considered a mitigating factor when determining whether the proposed leadership change warrants support.
Majority of Independent Directors/Establishment of Independent Committees
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General Recommendation : Vote for shareholder proposals asking that a majority or more of directors be independent unless the board composition already meets the proposed threshold by ISS’ definition of Independent Director (See Categorization of Directors ). |
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Vote for shareholder proposals asking that board audit, compensation, and/or nominating committees be composed exclusively of independent directors unless they currently meet that standard.
Majority Vote Standard for the Election of Directors
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for management proposals to adopt a majority of votes cast standard for directors in uncontested elections. Vote against if no carve-out for a plurality vote standard in contested elections is included. |
Generally vote for precatory and binding shareholder resolutions requesting that the board change the company’s bylaws to stipulate that directors need to be elected with an affirmative majority of votes cast, provided it does not conflict with the state law where the company is incorporated. Binding resolutions need to allow for a carve-out for a plurality vote standard when there are more nominees than board seats.
Companies are strongly encouraged to also adopt a post-election policy (also known as a director resignation policy) that will provide guidelines so that the company will promptly address the situation of a holdover director.
Proxy Access
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for management and shareholder proposals for proxy access with the following provisions: |
› | Ownership threshold: maximum requirement not more than three percent (3%) of the voting power; |
› | Ownership duration: maximum requirement not longer than three (3) years of continuous ownership for each member of the nominating group; |
› | Aggregation: minimal or no limits on the number of shareholders permitted to form a nominating group; |
› | Cap: cap on nominees of generally twenty-five percent (25%) of the board. |
Review for reasonableness any other restrictions on the right of proxy access.
Generally vote against proposals that are more restrictive than these guidelines.
Require More Nominees than Open Seats
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General Recommendation : Vote against shareholder proposals that would require a company to nominate more candidates than the number of open board seats. |
Shareholder Engagement Policy (Shareholder Advisory Committee)
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting that the board establish an internal mechanism/process, which may include a committee, in order to improve communications between directors and shareholders, unless the company has the following features, as appropriate: |
› | Established a communication structure that goes beyond the exchange requirements to facilitate the exchange of information between shareholders and members of the board; |
› | Effectively disclosed information with respect to this structure to its shareholders; |
› | Company has not ignored majority-supported shareholder proposals or a majority withhold vote on a director nominee; and |
› | The company has an independent chairman or a lead director, according to ISS’ definition. This individual must be made available for periodic consultation and direct communication with major shareholders. |
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2. AUDIT-RELATED
Auditor Indemnification and Limitation of Liability
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the issue of auditor indemnification and limitation of liability. Factors to be assessed include, but are not limited to: |
› | The terms of the auditor agreement—the degree to which these agreements impact shareholders' rights; › The motivation and rationale for establishing the agreements; |
› | The quality of the company’s disclosure; and |
› | The company’s historical practices in the audit area. |
Vote against or withhold from members of an audit committee in situations where there is persuasive evidence that the audit committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm.
Auditor Ratification
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to ratify auditors unless any of the following apply: |
› | An auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent; |
› | There is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position; |
› | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a serious level of concern, such as fraud or misapplication of GAAP; or |
› | Fees for non-audit services (“Other” fees) are excessive. |
Non-audit fees are excessive if:
› | Non-audit (“other”) fees > audit fees + audit-related fees + tax compliance/preparation fees |
Tax compliance and preparation include the preparation of original and amended tax returns and refund claims, and tax payment planning. All other services in the tax category, such as tax advice, planning, or consulting, should be added to “Other” fees. If the breakout of tax fees cannot be determined, add all tax fees to “Other” fees.
In circumstances where "Other" fees include fees related to significant one-time capital structure events (such as initial public offerings, bankruptcy emergence, and spin-offs) and the company makes public disclosure of the amount and nature of those fees that are an exception to the standard "non-audit fee" category, then such fees may be excluded from the non-audit fees considered in determining the ratio of non-audit to audit/audit-related fees/tax compliance and preparation for purposes of determining whether non-audit fees are excessive.
Shareholder Proposals Limiting Non-Audit Services
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking companies to prohibit or limit their auditors from engaging in non-audit services. |
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Shareholder Proposals on Audit Firm Rotation
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking for audit firm rotation, taking into account: |
› | The tenure of the audit firm; |
› | The length of rotation specified in the proposal; |
› | Any significant audit-related issues at the company; |
› | The number of Audit Committee meetings held each year; |
› | The number of financial experts serving on the committee; and |
› | Whether the company has a periodic renewal process where the auditor is evaluated for both audit quality and competitive price. |
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3. SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS & DEFENSES
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on advance notice proposals, giving support to those proposals which allow shareholders to submit proposals/nominations as close to the meeting date as reasonably possible and within the broadest window possible, recognizing the need to allow sufficient notice for company, regulatory, and shareholder review. |
To be reasonable, the company’s deadline for shareholder notice of a proposal/nominations must not be more than 60 days prior to the meeting, with a submittal window of at least 30 days prior to the deadline. The submittal window is the period under which a shareholder must file his proposal/nominations prior to the deadline.
In general, support additional efforts by companies to ensure full disclosure in regard to a proponent’s economic and voting position in the company so long as the informational requirements are reasonable and aimed at providing shareholders with the necessary information to review such proposals.
Amend Bylaws without Shareholder Consent
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals giving the board exclusive authority to amend the bylaws. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals giving the board the ability to amend the bylaws in addition to shareholders, taking into account the following:
› | Any impediments to shareholders' ability to amend the bylaws (i.e. supermajority voting requirements); |
› | The company's ownership structure and historical voting turnout; |
› | Whether the board could amend bylaws adopted by shareholders; and |
› | Whether shareholders would retain the ability to ratify any board-initiated amendments. |
Control Share Acquisition Provisions
Control share acquisition statutes function by denying shares their voting rights when they contribute to ownership in excess of certain thresholds. Voting rights for those shares exceeding ownership limits may only be restored by approval of either a majority or supermajority of disinterested shares. Thus, control share acquisition statutes effectively require a hostile bidder to put its offer to a shareholder vote or risk voting disenfranchisement if the bidder continues buying up a large block of shares.
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to opt out of control share acquisition statutes unless doing so would enable the completion of a takeover that would be detrimental to shareholders. |
Vote against proposals to amend the charter to include control share acquisition provisions.
Vote for proposals to restore voting rights to the control shares.
Control Share Cash-Out Provisions
Control share cash-out statutes give dissident shareholders the right to "cash-out" of their position in a company at the expense of the shareholder who has taken a control position. In other words, when an investor crosses a preset threshold level, remaining shareholders are given the right to sell their shares to the acquirer, who must buy them at the highest acquiring price.
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to opt out of control share cash-out statutes.
Disgorgement Provisions
Disgorgement provisions require an acquirer or potential acquirer of more than a certain percentage of a company's stock to disgorge, or pay back, to the company any profits realized from the sale of that company's stock purchased 24 months before achieving control status. All sales of company stock by the acquirer occurring within a certain period of time (between 18 months and 24 months) prior to the investor's gaining control status are subject to these recapture-of-profits provisions.
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to opt out of state disgorgement provisions. |
Fair Price Provisions
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to adopt fair price provisions (provisions that stipulate that an acquirer must pay the same price to acquire all shares as it paid to acquire the control shares), evaluating factors such as the vote required to approve the proposed acquisition, the vote required to repeal the fair price provision, and the mechanism for determining the fair price. |
Generally vote against fair price provisions with shareholder vote requirements greater than a majority of disinterested shares.
Freeze-Out Provisions
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to opt out of state freeze-out provisions. Freeze-out provisions force an investor who surpasses a certain ownership threshold in a company to wait a specified period of time before gaining control of the company. |
Greenmail |
Greenmail payments are targeted share repurchases by management of company stock from individuals or groups seeking control of the company. Since only the hostile party receives payment, usually at a substantial premium over the market value of its shares, the practice discriminates against all other shareholders.
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to adopt anti-greenmail charter or bylaw amendments or otherwise restrict a company’s ability to make greenmail payments. |
Vote case-by-case on anti-greenmail proposals when they are bundled with other charter or bylaw amendments.
Litigation Rights (including Exclusive Venue and Fee-Shifting Bylaw Provisions)
Bylaw provisions impacting shareholders' ability to bring suit against the company may include exclusive venue provisions, which provide that the state of incorporation shall be the sole venue for certain types of litigation, and feeshifting provisions that require a shareholder who sues a company unsuccessfully to pay all litigation expenses of the defendant corporation.
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on bylaws which impact shareholders' litigation rights, taking into account factors such as: |
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› | The company's stated rationale for adopting such a provision; |
› | Disclosure of past harm from shareholder lawsuits in which plaintiffs were unsuccessful or shareholder lawsuits outside the jurisdiction of incorporation; |
› | The breadth of application of the bylaw, including the types of lawsuits to which it would apply and the definition of key terms; and |
› | Governance features such as shareholders' ability to repeal the provision at a later date (including the vote standard applied when shareholders attempt to amend the bylaws) and their ability to hold directors accountable through annual director elections and a majority vote standard in uncontested elections. |
Generally vote against bylaws that mandate fee-shifting whenever plaintiffs are not completely successful on the merits (i.e., in cases where the plaintiffs are partially successful).
Unilateral adoption by the board of bylaw provisions which affect shareholders' litigation rights will be evaluated under ISS' policy on Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments .
Net Operating Loss (NOL) Protective Amendments
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to adopt a protective amendment for the stated purpose of protecting a company's net operating losses (NOL) if the effective term of the protective amendment would exceed the shorter of three years and the exhaustion of the NOL. |
Vote case-by-case, considering the following factors, for management proposals to adopt an NOL protective amendment that would remain in effect for the shorter of three years (or less) and the exhaustion of the NOL:
› | The ownership threshold (NOL protective amendments generally prohibit stock ownership transfers that would result in a new 5-percent holder or increase the stock ownership percentage of an existing 5-percent holder); |
› | The value of the NOLs; |
› | Shareholder protection mechanisms (sunset provision or commitment to cause expiration of the protective amendment upon exhaustion or expiration of the NOL); |
› | The company's existing governance structure including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, track record of responsiveness to shareholders, and any other problematic governance concerns; and › Any other factors that may be applicable. |
Poison Pills (Shareholder Rights Plans)
Shareholder Proposals to Put Pill to a Vote and/or Adopt a Pill Policy
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General Recommendation : Vote for shareholder proposals requesting that the company submit its poison pill to a shareholder vote or redeem it unless the company has: (1) A shareholder approved poison pill in place; or (2) The company has adopted a policy concerning the adoption of a pill in the future specifying that the board will only adopt a shareholder rights plan if either: |
› | Shareholders have approved the adoption of the plan; or |
› | The board, in its exercise of its fiduciary responsibilities, determines that it is in the best interest of shareholders under the circumstances to adopt a pill without the delay in adoption that would result from seeking stockholder approval (i.e., the “fiduciary out” provision). A poison pill adopted under this fiduciary out will be put to a shareholder ratification vote within 12 months of adoption or expire. If the pill is not approved by a majority of the votes cast on this issue, the plan will immediately terminate. |
If the shareholder proposal calls for a time period of less than 12 months for shareholder ratification after adoption, vote for the proposal, but add the caveat that a vote within 12 months would be considered sufficient implementation.
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Management Proposals to Ratify a Poison Pill
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on management proposals on poison pill ratification, focusing on the features of the shareholder rights plan. Rights plans should contain the following attributes: |
› | No lower than a 20 percent trigger, flip-in or flip-over; |
› | A term of no more than three years; |
› | No dead-hand, slow-hand, no-hand, or similar feature that limits the ability of a future board to redeem the pill; |
› | Shareholder redemption feature (qualifying offer clause); if the board refuses to redeem the pill 90 days after a qualifying offer is announced, 10 percent of the shares may call a special meeting or seek a written consent to vote on rescinding the pill. |
In addition, the rationale for adopting the pill should be thoroughly explained by the company. In examining the request for the pill, take into consideration the company’s existing governance structure, including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, and any problematic governance concerns.
Management Proposals to Ratify a Pill to Preserve Net Operating Losses (NOLs)
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to adopt a poison pill for the stated purpose of protecting a company's net operating losses (NOL) if the term of the pill would exceed the shorter of three years and the exhaustion of the NOL. |
Vote case-by-case on management proposals for poison pill ratification, considering the following factors, if the term of the pill would be the shorter of three years (or less) and the exhaustion of the NOL:
› | The ownership threshold to transfer (NOL pills generally have a trigger slightly below 5 percent); |
› | The value of the NOLs; |
› | Shareholder protection mechanisms (sunset provision, or commitment to cause expiration of the pill upon exhaustion or expiration of NOLs); |
› | The company's existing governance structure including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, track record of responsiveness to shareholders, and any other problematic governance concerns; and |
› | Any other factors that may be applicable. |
Proxy Voting Disclosure, Confidentiality, and Tabulation
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding proxy voting mechanics, taking into consideration whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder rights. Specific issues covered under the policy include, but are not limited to, confidential voting of individual proxies and ballots, confidentiality of running vote tallies, and the treatment of abstentions and/or broker non-votes in the company's vote-counting methodology. |
While a variety of factors may be considered in each analysis, the guiding principles are: transparency, consistency, and fairness in the proxy voting process. The factors considered, as applicable to the proposal, may include:
› | The scope and structure of the proposal; |
› | The company's stated confidential voting policy (or other relevant policies) and whether it ensures a "level playing field" by providing shareholder proponents with equal access to vote information prior to the annual meeting; |
› | The company's vote standard for management and shareholder proposals and whether it ensures consistency and fairness in the proxy voting process and maintains the integrity of vote results; |
› | Whether the company's disclosure regarding its vote counting method and other relevant voting policies with respect to management and shareholder proposals are consistent and clear; |
› | Any recent controversies or concerns related to the company's proxy voting mechanics; |
› | Any unintended consequences resulting from implementation of the proposal; and |
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› | Any other factors that may be relevant. |
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. |
When voting in conjunction with support of a dissident slate, vote for the reimbursement of all appropriate proxy solicitation expenses associated with the election.
Generally vote for shareholder proposals calling for the reimbursement of reasonable costs incurred in connection with nominating one or more candidates in a contested election where the following apply:
› | The election of fewer than 50 percent of the directors to be elected is contested in the election; |
› | One or more of the dissident’s candidates is elected; |
› | Shareholders are not permitted to cumulate their votes for directors; and |
› | The election occurred, and the expenses were incurred, after the adoption of this bylaw. |
Reincorporation Proposals
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General Recommendation : Management or shareholder proposals to change a company's state of incorporation should be evaluated case-by-case, giving consideration to both financial and corporate governance concerns including the following: |
› | Reasons for reincorporation; |
› | Comparison of company's governance practices and provisions prior to and following the reincorporation; and |
› | Comparison of corporation laws of original state and destination state. |
Vote for reincorporation when the economic factors outweigh any neutral or negative governance changes.
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against management and shareholder proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders' ability to act by written consent. |
Generally vote for management and shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to act by written consent, taking into account the following factors:
› | Shareholders' current right to act by written consent; |
› | The consent threshold; |
› | The inclusion of exclusionary or prohibitive language; |
› | Investor ownership structure; and |
› | Shareholder support of, and management's response to, previous shareholder proposals. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals if, in addition to the considerations above, the company has the following governance and antitakeover provisions:
› | An unfettered 8 right for shareholders to call special meetings at a 10 percent threshold; |
› | A majority vote standard in uncontested director elections; |
› | No non-shareholder-approved pill; and |
8 | "Unfettered" means no restrictions on agenda items, no restrictions on the number of shareholders who can group together to reach the 10 percent threshold, and only reasonable limits on when a meeting can be called: no greater than 30 days after the last annual meeting and no greater than 90 prior to the next annual meeting. |
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› | An annually elected board. |
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings
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General Recommendation : Vote against management or shareholder proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders’ ability to call special meetings. |
Generally vote for management or shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings taking into account the following factors:
› | Shareholders’ current right to call special meetings; |
› | Minimum ownership threshold necessary to call special meetings (10 percent preferred); |
› | The inclusion of exclusionary or prohibitive language; |
› | Investor ownership structure; and |
› | Shareholder support of, and management’s response to, previous shareholder proposals. |
Stakeholder Provisions
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals that ask the board to consider non-shareholder constituencies or other non-financial effects when evaluating a merger or business combination. |
State Antitakeover Statutes
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to opt in or out of state takeover statutes (including fair price provisions, stakeholder laws, poison pill endorsements, severance pay and labor contract provisions, and anti-greenmail provisions). |
Supermajority Vote Requirements
|
General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote. |
Vote for management or shareholder proposals to reduce supermajority vote requirements. However, for companies with shareholder(s) who have significant ownership levels, vote case-by-case, taking into account:
› | Ownership structure; |
› | Quorum requirements; and |
› | Vote requirements. |
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4. CAPITAL/RESTRUCTURING
Capital |
Adjustments to Par Value of Common Stock
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General Recommendation : Vote for management proposals to reduce the par value of common stock unless the action is being taken to facilitate an anti-takeover device or some other negative corporate governance action. |
Vote for management proposals to eliminate par value.
Common Stock Authorization
|
General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares where the primary purpose of the increase is to issue shares in connection with a transaction on the same ballot that warrants support. |
Vote against proposals at companies with more than one class of common stock to increase the number of authorized shares of the class of common stock that has superior voting rights.
Vote against proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares if a vote for a reverse stock split on the same ballot is warranted despite the fact that the authorized shares would not be reduced proportionally.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance. Take into account company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
› | Past Board Performance: |
› | The company's use of authorized shares during the last three years; |
› | The Current Request: |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of the specific purposes of the proposed increase; |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific and severe risks to shareholders of not approving the request; and |
› | The dilutive impact of the request as determined relative to an allowable increase calculated by ISS (typically 100 percent of existing authorized shares) that reflects the company's need for shares and total shareholder returns. |
ISS will apply the relevant allowable increase below to requests to increase common stock that are for general corporate purposes (or to the general corporate purposes portion of a request that also includes a specific need):
A. | Most companies: 100 percent of existing authorized shares. |
B. | Companies with less than 50 percent of existing authorized shares either outstanding or reserved for issuance: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
C. | Companies with one- and three-year total shareholder returns (TSRs) in the bottom 10 percent of the U.S. market as of the end of the calendar quarter that is closest to their most recent fiscal year end: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
D. | Companies at which both conditions (B and C) above are both present: 25 percent of existing authorized shares. |
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If there is an acquisition, private placement, or similar transaction on the ballot (not including equity incentive plans) that ISS is recommending FOR, the allowable increase will be the greater of (i) twice the amount needed to support the transactions on the ballot, and (ii) the allowable increase as calculated above.
Dual Class Structure
|
General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals to create a new class of common stock unless: |
› | The company discloses a compelling rationale for the dual-class capital structure, such as: |
› | The company's auditor has concluded that there is substantial doubt about the company's ability to continue as a going concern; or |
› | The new class of shares will be transitory; |
› | The new class is intended for financing purposes with minimal or no dilution to current shareholders in both the short term and long term; and |
› | The new class is not designed to preserve or increase the voting power of an insider or significant shareholder. |
Issue Stock for Use with Rights Plan
|
General Recommendation : Vote against proposals that increase authorized common stock for the explicit purpose of implementing a non-shareholder-approved shareholder rights plan (poison pill). |
Preemptive Rights
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals that seek preemptive rights, taking into consideration: |
› | The size of the company; |
› | The shareholder base; and |
› | The liquidity of the stock. |
Preferred Stock Authorization
|
General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to increase the number of authorized preferred shares where the primary purpose of the increase is to issue shares in connection with a transaction on the same ballot that warrants support. |
Vote against proposals at companies with more than one class or series of preferred stock to increase the number of authorized shares of the class or series of preferred stock that has superior voting rights.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to increase the number of shares of preferred stock authorized for issuance. Take into account company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
› | Past Board Performance: |
› | The company's use of authorized preferred shares during the last three years; |
› | The Current Request: |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of the specific purposes for the proposed increase; |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific and severe risks to shareholders of not approving the request; |
› | In cases where the company has existing authorized preferred stock, the dilutive impact of the request as determined by an allowable increase calculated by ISS (typically 100 percent of existing authorized shares) that reflects the company's need for shares and total shareholder returns; and |
› | Whether the shares requested are blank check preferred shares that can be used for antitakeover purposes. |
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Recapitalization Plans
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on recapitalizations (reclassifications of securities), taking into account the following: |
› | More simplified capital structure; |
› | Enhanced liquidity; |
› | Fairness of conversion terms; |
› | Impact on voting power and dividends; |
› | Reasons for the reclassification; |
› | Conflicts of interest; and |
› | Other alternatives considered. |
Reverse Stock Splits
|
General Recommendation : Vote for management proposals to implement a reverse stock split when the number of authorized shares will be proportionately reduced. |
Vote against proposals when there is not a proportionate reduction of authorized shares, unless:
› | A stock exchange has provided notice to the company of a potential delisting; or |
› | The effective increase in authorized shares is equal to or less than the allowable increase calculated in accordance with ISS' Common Stock Authorization policy. |
Share Repurchase Programs
|
General Recommendation : Vote for management proposals to institute open-market share repurchase plans in which all shareholders may participate on equal terms. |
Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends
|
General Recommendation : Generally vote for management proposals to increase the common share authorization for stock split or stock dividend, provided that the effective increase in authorized shares is equal to or is less than the allowable increase calculated in accordance with ISS' Common Stock Authorization policy. |
Tracking Stock
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the creation of tracking stock, weighing the strategic value of the transaction against such factors as: |
› | Adverse governance changes; |
› | Excessive increases in authorized capital stock; |
› | Unfair method of distribution; |
› | Diminution of voting rights; |
› | Adverse conversion features; |
› | Negative impact on stock option plans; and |
› | Alternatives such as spin-off. |
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Restructuring
Appraisal Rights
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to restore or provide shareholders with rights of appraisal. |
Asset Purchases
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on asset purchase proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Purchase price; |
› | Fairness opinion; |
› | Financial and strategic benefits; |
› | How the deal was negotiated; |
› | Conflicts of interest; |
› | Other alternatives for the business; |
› | Non-completion risk. |
Asset Sales
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on asset sales, considering the following factors: |
› | Impact on the balance sheet/working capital; |
› | Potential elimination of diseconomies; |
› | Anticipated financial and operating benefits; |
› | Anticipated use of funds; |
› | Value received for the asset; |
› | Fairness opinion; |
› | How the deal was negotiated; |
› | Conflicts of interest. |
Bundled Proposals
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on bundled or “conditional” proxy proposals. In the case of items that are conditioned upon each other, examine the benefits and costs of the packaged items. In instances when the joint effect of the conditioned items is not in shareholders’ best interests, vote against the proposals. If the combined effect is positive, support such proposals. |
Conversion of Securities
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding conversion of securities. When evaluating these proposals the investor should review the dilution to existing shareholders, the conversion price relative to market value, financial issues, control issues, termination penalties, and conflicts of interest. |
Vote for the conversion if it is expected that the company will be subject to onerous penalties or will be forced to file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
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Corporate Reorganization/Debt Restructuring/Prepackaged Bankruptcy Plans/Reverse
Leveraged Buyouts/Wrap Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to increase common and/or preferred shares and to issue shares as part of a debt restructuring plan, after evaluating: |
› | Dilution to existing shareholders' positions; |
› | Terms of the offer - discount/premium in purchase price to investor, including any fairness opinion; termination penalties; exit strategy; |
› | Financial issues - company's financial situation; degree of need for capital; use of proceeds; effect of the financing on the company's cost of capital; |
› | Management's efforts to pursue other alternatives; |
› | Control issues - change in management; change in control, guaranteed board and committee seats; standstill provisions; voting agreements; veto power over certain corporate actions; and |
› | Conflict of interest - arm's length transaction, managerial incentives. |
Vote for the debt restructuring if it is expected that the company will file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Formation of Holding Company
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding the formation of a holding company, taking into consideration the following: |
› | The reasons for the change; |
› | Any financial or tax benefits; |
› | Regulatory benefits; |
› | Increases in capital structure; and |
› | Changes to the articles of incorporation or bylaws of the company. |
Absent compelling financial reasons to recommend for the transaction, vote against the formation of a holding company if the transaction would include either of the following:
› | Increases in common or preferred stock in excess of the allowable maximum (see discussion under “Capital”); or |
› | Adverse changes in shareholder rights. |
Going Private and Going Dark Transactions (LBOs and Minority Squeeze-outs)
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on going private transactions, taking into account the following: |
› | Offer price/premium; |
› | Fairness opinion; |
› | How the deal was negotiated; |
› | Conflicts of interest; |
› | Other alternatives/offers considered; and › Non-completion risk. |
Vote case-by-case on going dark transactions, determining whether the transaction enhances shareholder value by taking into consideration:
› | Whether the company has attained benefits from being publicly-traded (examination of trading volume, liquidity, and market research of the stock); |
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› | Balanced interests of continuing vs. cashed-out shareholders, taking into account the following: |
› | Are all shareholders able to participate in the transaction? |
› | Will there be a liquid market for remaining shareholders following the transaction? |
› | Does the company have strong corporate governance? |
› | Will insiders reap the gains of control following the proposed transaction? |
› | Does the state of incorporation have laws requiring continued reporting that may benefit shareholders? |
Joint Ventures
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to form joint ventures, taking into account the following: |
› | Percentage of assets/business contributed; |
› | Percentage ownership; |
› | Financial and strategic benefits; |
› | Governance structure; |
› | Conflicts of interest; |
› | Other alternatives; and |
› | Non-completion risk. |
Liquidations |
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on liquidations, taking into account the following: |
› | Management’s efforts to pursue other alternatives; |
› | Appraisal value of assets; and |
› | The compensation plan for executives managing the liquidation. |
Vote for the liquidation if the company will file for bankruptcy if the proposal is not approved.
Mergers and Acquisitions
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on mergers and acquisitions. Review and evaluate the merits and drawbacks of the proposed transaction, balancing various and sometimes countervailing factors including: |
› | Valuation - Is the value to be received by the target shareholders (or paid by the acquirer) reasonable? While the fairness opinion may provide an initial starting point for assessing valuation reasonableness, emphasis is placed on the offer premium, market reaction, and strategic rationale. |
› | Market reaction - How has the market responded to the proposed deal? A negative market reaction should cause closer scrutiny of a deal. |
› | Strategic rationale - Does the deal make sense strategically? From where is the value derived? Cost and revenue synergies should not be overly aggressive or optimistic, but reasonably achievable. Management should also have a favorable track record of successful integration of historical acquisitions. |
› | Negotiations and process - Were the terms of the transaction negotiated at arm's-length? Was the process fair and equitable? A fair process helps to ensure the best price for shareholders. Significant negotiation "wins" can also signify the deal makers' competency. The comprehensiveness of the sales process (e.g., full auction, partial auction, no auction) can also affect shareholder value. |
› | Conflicts of interest - Are insiders benefiting from the transaction disproportionately and inappropriately as compared to non-insider shareholders? As the result of potential conflicts, the directors and officers of the company may be more likely to vote to approve a merger than if they did not hold these interests. Consider whether these interests may have influenced these directors and officers to support or recommend the merger. The CIC figure presented in the "ISS Transaction Summary" section of this report is an aggregate figure that can in certain cases be a misleading indicator of the true value transfer from shareholders to insiders. Where such figure appears to be excessive, analyze the underlying assumptions to determine whether a potential conflict exists. |
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› | Governance - Will the combined company have a better or worse governance profile than the current governance profiles of the respective parties to the transaction? If the governance profile is to change for the worse, the burden is on the company to prove that other issues (such as valuation) outweigh any deterioration in governance. |
Private Placements/Warrants/Convertible Debentures
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding private placements, warrants, and convertible debentures taking into consideration: |
› | Dilution to existing shareholders' position: The amount and timing of shareholder ownership dilution should be weighed against the needs and proposed shareholder benefits of the capital infusion. Although newly issued common stock, absent preemptive rights, is typically dilutive to existing shareholders, share price appreciation is often the necessary event to trigger the exercise of "out of the money" warrants and convertible debt. In these instances from a value standpoint, the negative impact of dilution is mitigated by the increase in the company's stock price that must occur to trigger the dilutive event. |
› | Terms of the offer (discount/premium in purchase price to investor, including any fairness opinion, conversion features, termination penalties, exit strategy): |
› | The terms of the offer should be weighed against the alternatives of the company and in light of company's financial condition. Ideally, the conversion price for convertible debt and the exercise price for warrants should be at a premium to the then prevailing stock price at the time of private placement. |
› | When evaluating the magnitude of a private placement discount or premium, consider factors that influence the discount or premium, such as, liquidity, due diligence costs, control and monitoring costs, capital scarcity, information asymmetry, and anticipation of future performance. |
› | Financial issues: |
› | The company's financial condition; |
› | Degree of need for capital; |
› | Use of proceeds; |
› | Effect of the financing on the company's cost of capital; |
› | Current and proposed cash burn rate; |
› | Going concern viability and the state of the capital and credit markets. |
› | Management's efforts to pursue alternatives and whether the company engaged in a process to evaluate alternatives: A fair, unconstrained process helps to ensure the best price for shareholders. Financing alternatives can include joint ventures, partnership, merger, or sale of part or all of the company. |
› | Control issues: |
› | Change in management; |
› | Change in control; |
› | Guaranteed board and committee seats; |
› | Standstill provisions; |
› | Voting agreements; |
› | Veto power over certain corporate actions; and |
› | Minority versus majority ownership and corresponding minority discount or majority control premium. |
› | Conflicts of interest: |
› | Conflicts of interest should be viewed from the perspective of the company and the investor. |
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› | Were the terms of the transaction negotiated at arm's length? Are managerial incentives aligned with shareholder interests? |
› | Market reaction: |
› | The market's response to the proposed deal. A negative market reaction is a cause for concern. Market reaction may be addressed by analyzing the one day impact on the unaffected stock price. |
Vote for the private placement, or for the issuance of warrants and/or convertible debentures in a private placement, if it is expected that the company will file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Reorganization/Restructuring Plan (Bankruptcy)
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to common shareholders on bankruptcy plans of reorganization, considering the following factors including, but not limited to: |
› | Estimated value and financial prospects of the reorganized company; |
› | Percentage ownership of current shareholders in the reorganized company; |
› | Whether shareholders are adequately represented in the reorganization process (particularly through the existence of an Official Equity Committee); |
› | The cause(s) of the bankruptcy filing, and the extent to which the plan of reorganization addresses the cause(s); |
› | Existence of a superior alternative to the plan of reorganization; and › Governance of the reorganized company. |
Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs)
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on SPAC mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following: |
› | Valuation - Is the value being paid by the SPAC reasonable? SPACs generally lack an independent fairness opinion and the financials on the target may be limited. Compare the conversion price with the intrinsic value of the target company provided in the fairness opinion. Also, evaluate the proportionate value of the combined entity attributable to the SPAC IPO shareholders versus the pre-merger value of SPAC. Additionally, a private company discount may be applied to the target, if it is a private entity. |
› | Market reaction - How has the market responded to the proposed deal? A negative market reaction may be a cause for concern. Market reaction may be addressed by analyzing the one-day impact on the unaffected stock price. |
› | Deal timing - A main driver for most transactions is that the SPAC charter typically requires the deal to be complete within 18 to 24 months, or the SPAC is to be liquidated. Evaluate the valuation, market reaction, and potential conflicts of interest for deals that are announced close to the liquidation date. |
› | Negotiations and process - What was the process undertaken to identify potential target companies within specified industry or location specified in charter? Consider the background of the sponsors. |
› | Conflicts of interest - How are sponsors benefiting from the transaction compared to IPO shareholders? Potential conflicts could arise if a fairness opinion is issued by the insiders to qualify the deal rather than a third party or if management is encouraged to pay a higher price for the target because of an 80 percent rule (the charter requires that the fair market value of the target is at least equal to 80 perecnt of net assets of the SPAC). Also, there may be sense of urgency by the management team of the SPAC to close the deal since its charter typically requires a transaction to be completed within the 18-24 month timeframe. |
› | Voting agreements - Are the sponsors entering into enter into any voting agreements/tender offers with shareholders who are likely to vote against the proposed merger or exercise conversion rights? |
› | Governance - What is the impact of having the SPAC CEO or founder on key committees following the proposed merger? |
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Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs) - Proposals for Extensions
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on SPAC extension proposals taking into account the length of the requested extension, the status of any pending transaction(s) or progression of the acquisition process, any added incentive for non-redeeming shareholders, and any prior extension requests. |
› | Length of request : Typically, extension requests range from two to six months, depending on the progression of the SPAC's acquistion process. |
› | Pending transaction(s) or progression of the acquisition process: Sometimes an intial business combination was already put to a shareholder vote, but, for varying reasons, the transaction could not be consummated by the termination date and the SPAC is requesting an extension. Other times, the SPAC has entered into a definitive transaction agreement, but needs additional time to consummate or hold the shareholder meeting. |
› | Added incentive for non-redeeming shareholders : Sometimes the SPAC sponsor (or other insiders) will contribute, typically as a loan to the company, additional funds that will be added to the redemption value of each public share as long as such shares are not redeemed in connection with the extension request. The purpose of the "equity kicker" is to incentivize shareholders to hold their shares through the end of the requested extension or until the time the transaction is put to a shareholder vote, rather than electing redeemption at the extension proposal meeting. |
› | Prior extension requests : Some SPACs request additional time beyond the extension period sought in prior extension requests. |
Spin-offs
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on spin-offs, considering: |
› | Tax and regulatory advantages; |
› | Planned use of the sale proceeds; |
› | Valuation of spinoff; |
› | Fairness opinion; |
› | Benefits to the parent company; |
› | Conflicts of interest; |
› | Managerial incentives; |
› | Corporate governance changes; |
› | Changes in the capital structure. |
Value Maximization Shareholder Proposals
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals seeking to maximize shareholder value by: |
› | Hiring a financial advisor to explore strategic alternatives; |
› | Selling the company; or |
› | Liquidating the company and distributing the proceeds to shareholders. |
These proposals should be evaluated based on the following factors:
› | Prolonged poor performance with no turnaround in sight; |
› | Signs of entrenched board and management (such as the adoption of takeover defenses); |
› | Strategic plan in place for improving value; |
› | Likelihood of receiving reasonable value in a sale or dissolution; and |
› | The company actively exploring its strategic options, including retaining a financial advisor. |
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5. COMPENSATION
Executive Pay Evaluation
Underlying all evaluations are five global principles that most investors expect corporations to adhere to in designing and administering executive and director compensation programs:
1. | Maintain appropriate pay-for-performance alignment, with emphasis on long-term shareholder value: This principle encompasses overall executive pay practices, which must be designed to attract, retain, and appropriately motivate the key employees who drive shareholder value creation over the long term. It will take into consideration, among other factors, the link between pay and performance; the mix between fixed and variable pay; performance goals; and equity-based plan costs; |
2. | Avoid arrangements that risk “pay for failure”: This principle addresses the appropriateness of long or indefinite contracts, excessive severance packages, and guaranteed compensation; |
3. | Maintain an independent and effective compensation committee: This principle promotes oversight of executive pay programs by directors with appropriate skills, knowledge, experience, and a sound process for compensation decision-making ( e.g. , including access to independent expertise and advice when needed); |
4. | Provide shareholders with clear, comprehensive compensation disclosures: This principle underscores the importance of informative and timely disclosures that enable shareholders to evaluate executive pay practices fully and fairly; |
5. | Avoid inappropriate pay to non-executive directors: This principle recognizes the interests of shareholders in ensuring that compensation to outside directors is reasonable and does not compromise their independence and ability to make appropriate judgments in overseeing managers’ pay and performance. At the market level, it may incorporate a variety of generally accepted best practices. |
Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation—Management Proposals (Management Say-onPay)
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on ballot items related to executive pay and practices, as well as certain aspects of outside director compensation. |
Vote against Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation (Say-on-Pay or “SOP”) if:
› | There is a significant misalignment between CEO pay and company performance ( pay for performance ); |
› | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices ; |
› | The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders. |
Vote against or withhold from the members of the Compensation Committee and potentially the full board if:
› | There is no SOP on the ballot, and an against vote on an SOP would otherwise be warranted due to pay-forperformance misalignment, problematic pay practices, or the lack of adequate responsiveness on compensation issues raised previously, or a combination thereof; |
› | The board fails to respond adequately to a previous SOP proposal that received less than 70 percent support of votes cast; |
› | The company has recently practiced or approved problematic pay practices, including option repricing or option backdating; or |
› | The situation is egregious. |
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Primary Evaluation Factors for Executive Pay
Pay-for-Performance Evaluation
ISS annually conducts a pay-for-performance analysis to identify strong or satisfactory alignment between pay and performance over a sustained period. With respect to companies in the Russell 3000 or Russell 3000E Indices 9 , this analysis considers the following:
1. | Peer Group 10 Alignment: |
› | The degree of alignment between the company's annualized TSR rank and the CEO's annualized total pay rank within a peer group, each measured over a three-year period. |
› | The rankings of CEO total pay and company financial performance within a peer group, each measured over a three-year period. |
› | The multiple of the CEO's total pay relative to the peer group median in the most recent fiscal year. |
2. | Absolute Alignment 11 – the absolute alignment between the trend in CEO pay and company TSR over the prior five fiscal years – i.e., the difference between the trend in annual pay changes and the trend in annualized TSR during the period. |
If the above analysis demonstrates significant unsatisfactory long-term pay-for-performance alignment or, in the case of companies outside the Russell indices, misaligned pay and performance are otherwise suggested, our analysis may include any of the following qualitative factors, as relevant to evaluating how various pay elements may work to encourage or to undermine long-term value creation and alignment with shareholder interests:
› | The ratio of performance- to time-based equity awards; |
› | The overall ratio of performance-based compensation; |
› | The completeness of disclosure and rigor of performance goals; |
› | The company's peer group benchmarking practices; |
› | Actual results of financial/operational metrics, such as growth in revenue, profit, cash flow, etc., both absolute and relative to peers; |
› | Special circumstances related to, for example, a new CEO in the prior FY or anomalous equity grant practices (e.g., bi-annual awards); |
› | Realizable pay 12 compared to grant pay; and |
› | Any other factors deemed relevant. |
Problematic Pay Practices
The focus is on executive compensation practices that contravene the global pay principles, including:
› | Problematic practices related to non-performance-based compensation elements; |
› | Incentives that may motivate excessive risk-taking; and |
› | Options backdating. |
9 | The Russell 3000E Index includes approximately 4,000 of the largest U.S. equity securities. |
10 | The revised peer group is generally comprised of 14-24 companies that are selected using market cap, revenue (or assets for certain financial firms), GICS industry group, and company's selected peers' GICS industry group, with size constraints, via a process designed to select peers that are comparable to the subject company in terms of revenue/assets and industry, and also within a market-cap bucket that is reflective of the company's. For Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels companies, market cap is the only size determinant. |
11 | Only Russell 3000 Index companies are subject to the Absolute Alignment analysis. |
12 | ISS research reports include realizable pay for S&P1500 companies. |
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Problematic Pay Practices related to Non-Performance-Based Compensation Elements
Pay elements that are not directly based on performance are generally evaluated case-by-case considering the context of a company's overall pay program and demonstrated pay-for-performance philosophy. Please refer to ISS'
Compensation FAQ document for detail on specific pay practices that have been identified as potentially problematic and may lead to negative recommendations if they are deemed to be inappropriate or unjustified relative to executive pay best practices. The list below highlights the problematic practices that carry significant weight in this overall consideration and may result in adverse vote recommendations:
› | Repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/SARS without prior shareholder approval (including cash buyouts and voluntary surrender of underwater options); |
› | Extraordinary perquisites or tax gross-ups, including any gross-up related to a secular trust or restricted stock vesting, or lifetime perquisites; |
› | New or extended agreements that provide for: |
› | Excessive CIC payments (generally exceeding 3 times base salary and average/target/most recent bonus); |
› | CIC severance payments without involuntary job loss or substantial diminution of duties ("single" or "modified single" triggers); |
› | CIC payments with excise tax gross-ups (including "modified" gross-ups); |
› | Multi-year guaranteed awards that are not at risk due to rigorous performance conditions; |
› | Liberal CIC definition combined with any single-trigger CIC benefits; |
› | Insufficient executive compensation disclosure by externally-managed issuers (EMIs) such that a reasonable assessment of pay programs and practices applicable to the EMI's executives is not possible; |
› | Any other provision or practice deemed to be egregious and present a significant risk to investors. |
Incentives that may Motivate Excessive Risk-Taking
› | Multi-year guaranteed awards; |
› | A single or common performance metric used for short- and long-term incentives; |
› | Lucrative severance packages; |
› | High pay opportunities relative to industry peers; |
› | Disproportionate supplemental pensions; or |
› | Mega equity grants that provide overly large upside opportunity. |
Factors that potentially mitigate the impact of risky incentives include rigorous claw-back provisions, robust stock ownership/holding guidelines, and limitations on accelerated vesting triggers.
Options Backdating
The following factors should be examined case-by-case to allow for distinctions to be made between “sloppy” plan administration versus deliberate action or fraud:
› | Reason and motive for the options backdating issue, such as inadvertent vs. deliberate grant date changes; |
› | Duration of options backdating; |
› | Size of restatement due to options backdating; |
› | Corrective actions taken by the board or compensation committee, such as canceling or re-pricing backdated options, the recouping of option gains on backdated grants; and |
› | Adoption of a grant policy that prohibits backdating, and creates a fixed grant schedule or window period for equity grants in the future. |
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Compensation Committee Communications and Responsiveness
Consider the following factors case-by-case when evaluating ballot items related to executive pay on the board’s responsiveness to investor input and engagement on compensation issues:
› | Failure to respond to majority-supported shareholder proposals on executive pay topics; or |
› | Failure to adequately respond to the company's previous say-on-pay proposal that received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast, taking into account: |
› | The company's response, including: |
› | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors, including the frequency and timing of engagements and the company participants (including whether independent directors participated); |
› | Disclosure of the specific concerns voiced by dissenting shareholders that led to the say-on-pay opposition; |
› | Disclosure of specific and meaningful actions taken to address shareholders' concerns; |
› | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
› | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
› | The company's ownership structure; and |
› | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
Frequency of Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation ("Say When on Pay")
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General Recommendation : Vote for annual advisory votes on compensation, which provide the most consistent and clear communication channel for shareholder concerns about companies' executive pay programs. |
Voting on Golden Parachutes in an Acquisition, Merger, Consolidation, or Proposed Sale
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on say on Golden Parachute proposals, including consideration of existing change-in-control arrangements maintained with named executive officers rather than focusing primarily on new or extended arrangements. |
Features that may result in an “against” recommendation include one or more of the following, depending on the number, magnitude, and/or timing of issue(s):
› | Single- or modified-single-trigger cash severance; |
› | Single-trigger acceleration of unvested equity awards; |
› | Full acceleration of equity awards granted shortly before the change in control; |
› | Excessive cash severance (generally >3x base salary and bonus); |
› | Excise tax gross-ups triggered and payable (as opposed to a provision to provide excise tax gross-ups); |
› | Excessive golden parachute payments (on an absolute basis or as a percentage of transaction equity value); or |
› | Recent amendments that incorporate any problematic features (such as those above) or recent actions (such as extraordinary equity grants) that may make packages so attractive as to influence merger agreements that may not be in the best interests of shareholders; or |
› | The company's assertion that a proposed transaction is conditioned on shareholder approval of the golden parachute advisory vote. |
Recent amendment(s) that incorporate problematic features will tend to carry more weight on the overall analysis. However, the presence of multiple legacy problematic features will also be closely scrutinized.
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In cases where the golden parachute vote is incorporated into a company's advisory vote on compensation (management say-on-pay), ISS will evaluate the say-on-pay proposal in accordance with these guidelines, which may give higher weight to that component of the overall evaluation.
Equity-Based and Other Incentive Plans
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on certain equity-based compensation plans 13 depending on a combination of certain plan features and equity grant practices, where positive factors may counterbalance negative factors, and vice versa, as evaluated using an "equity plan scorecard" (EPSC) approach with three pillars: |
› | Plan Cost: The total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers, measured by the company's estimated Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) in relation to peers and considering both: |
› | SVT based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; and |
› | SVT based only on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants. |
› | Plan Features: |
› | Discretionary or automatic single-triggered award vesting upon a change in control (CIC); |
› | Discretionary vesting authority; |
› | Liberal share recycling on various award types; |
› | Lack of minimum vesting period for grants made under the plan; |
› | Dividends payable prior to award vesting. |
› | Grant Practices: |
› | The company’s three-year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers; |
› | Vesting requirements in most recent CEO equity grants (3-year look-back); |
› | The estimated duration of the plan (based on the sum of shares remaining available and the new shares requested, divided by the average annual shares granted in the prior three years); |
› | The proportion of the CEO's most recent equity grants/awards subject to performance conditions; |
› | Whether the company maintains a claw-back policy; |
› | Whether the company has established post-exercise/vesting share-holding requirements. |
Generally vote against the plan proposal if the combination of above factors indicates that the plan is not, overall, in shareholders' interests, or if any of the following egregious factors apply:
› | Awards may vest in connection with a liberal change-of-control definition; |
› | The plan would permit repricing or cash buyout of underwater options without shareholder approval (either by expressly permitting it – for NYSE and Nasdaq listed companies – or by not prohibiting it when the company has a history of repricing – for non-listed companies); |
› | The plan is a vehicle for problematic pay practices or a significant pay-for-performance disconnect under certain circumstances; or |
› | Any other plan features are determined to have a significant negative impact on shareholder interests. |
Further Information on certain EPSC Factors:
13 | Proposals evaluated under the EPSC policy generally include those to approve or amend (1) stock option plans for employees and/or employees and directors, (2) restricted stock plans for employees and/or employees and directors, and (3) omnibus stock incentive plans for employees and/or employees and directors; amended plans will be further evaluated case-by-case. |
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Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT)
The cost of the equity plans is expressed as Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT), which is measured using a binomial option pricing model that assesses the amount of shareholders’ equity flowing out of the company to employees and directors. SVT is expressed as both a dollar amount and as a percentage of market value, and includes the new shares proposed, shares available under existing plans, and shares granted but unexercised (using two measures, in the case of plans subject to the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation, as noted above). All award types are valued. For omnibus plans, unless limitations are placed on the most expensive types of awards (for example, full-value awards), the assumption is made that all awards to be granted will be the most expensive types. See discussion of specific types of awards.
Except for proposals subject to Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation, Shareholder Value Transfer is reasonable if it falls below a company-specific benchmark. The benchmark is determined as follows: The top quartile performers in each industry group (using the Global Industry Classification Standard: GICS) are identified. Benchmark SVT levels for each industry are established based on these top performers’ historic SVT. Regression analyses are run on each industry group to identify the variables most strongly correlated to SVT. The benchmark industry SVT level is then adjusted upwards or downwards for the specific company by plugging the company-specific performance measures, size and cash compensation into the industry cap equations to arrive at the company’s benchmark. 14
Three-Year Burn Rate
Burn-rate benchmarks (utilized in Equity Plan Scorecard evaluations) are calculated as the greater of: (1) the mean (μ) plus one standard deviation (σ) of the company's GICS group segmented by S&P 500, Russell 3000 index (less the S&P500), and non-Russell 3000 index; and (2) two percent of weighted common shares outstanding. In addition, year-over-year burn-rate benchmark changes will be limited to a maximum of two (2) percentage points plus or minus the prior year's burn-rate benchmark. See the U.S. Equity Compensation Plans FAQ for the benchmarks.
Egregious Factors
Liberal Change in Control Definition
Generally vote against equity plans if the plan has a liberal definition of change in control and the equity awards could vest upon such liberal definition of change in control, even though an actual change in control may not occur. Examples of such a definition include, but are not limited to, announcement or commencement of a tender offer, provisions for acceleration upon a “potential” takeover, shareholder approval of a merger or other transactions, or similar language.
Repricing Provisions
Vote against plans that expressly permit the repricing or exchange of underwater stock options/stock appreciate rights (SARs) without prior shareholder approval. "Repricing" typically includes the ability to do any of the following:
› | Amend the terms of outstanding options or SARs to reduce the exercise price of such outstanding options or SARs; |
› | Cancel outstanding options or SARs in exchange for options or SARs with an exercise price that is less than the exercise price of the original options or SARs; |
› | The cancellation of underwater options in exchange for stock awards; or |
› | Cash buyouts of underwater options. |
While the above cover most types of repricing, ISS may view other provisions as akin to repricing depending on the facts and circumstances.
14 | For plans evaluated under the Equity Plan Scorecard policy, the company's SVT benchmark is considered along with other factors. |
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Also, vote against or withhold from members of the Compensation Committee who approved repricing (as defined above or otherwise determined by ISS), without prior shareholder approval, even if such repricings are allowed in their equity plan.
Vote against plans if the company has a history of repricing without shareholder approval, and the applicable listing standards would not preclude them from doing so.
Problematic Pay Practices or Significant Pay-for-Performance Disconnect
If the equity plan on the ballot is a vehicle for problematic pay practices , vote against the plan.
ISS may recommend a vote against the equity plan if the plan is determined to be a vehicle for pay-for-performance misalignment. Considerations in voting against the equity plan may include, but are not limited to:
› | Severity of the pay-for-performance misalignment; |
› | Whether problematic equity grant practices are driving the misalignment; and/or |
› | Whether equity plan awards have been heavily concentrated to the CEO and/or the other NEOs. |
Amending Cash and Equity Plans (including Approval for Tax Deductibility (162(m))
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on amendments to cash and equity incentive plans. |
Generally vote for proposals to amend executive cash, stock, or cash and stock incentive plans if the proposal:
› | Addresses administrative features only; or |
› | Seeks approval for Section 162(m) purposes only , and the plan administering committee consists entirely of independent directors, per ISS’ Categorization of Directors . Note that if the company is presenting the plan to shareholders for the first time for any reason (including after the company’s initial public offering), or if the proposal is bundled with other material plan amendments, then the recommendation will be case-by-case (see below). |
Vote against proposals to amend executive cash, stock, or cash and stock incentive plans if the proposal:
› | Seeks approval for Section 162(m) purposes only, and the plan administering committee does not consist entirely of independent directors, per ISS’ Categorization of Directors . |
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to amend cash incentive plans. This includes plans presented to shareholders for the first time after the company's IPO and/or proposals that bundle material amendment(s) other than those for Section 162(m) purposes.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to amend equity incentive plans, considering the following:
› | If the proposal requests additional shares and/or the amendments include a term extension or addition of full value awards as an award type, the recommendation will be based on the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation as well as an analysis of the overall impact of the amendments. |
› | If the plan is being presented to shareholders for the first time (including after the company's IPO), whether or not additional shares are being requested, the recommendation will be based on the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation as well as an analysis of the overall impact of any amendments. |
› | If there is no request for additional shares and the amendments do not include a term extension or addition of full value awards as an award type, then the recommendation will be based entirely on an analysis of the overall impact of the amendments, and the EPSC evaluation will be shown only for informational purposes. |
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In the first two case-by-case evaluation scenarios, the EPSC evaluation/score is the more heavily weighted consideration.
Specific Treatment of Certain Award Types in Equity Plan Evaluations
Dividend Equivalent Rights
Options that have Dividend Equivalent Rights (DERs) associated with them will have a higher calculated award value than those without DERs under the binomial model, based on the value of these dividend streams. The higher value will be applied to new shares, shares available under existing plans, and shares awarded but not exercised per the plan specifications. DERS transfer more shareholder equity to employees and non-employee directors and this cost should be captured.
Operating Partnership (OP) Units in Equity Plan Analysis of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
For Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS), include the common shares issuable upon conversion of outstanding Operating Partnership (OP) units in the share count for the purposes of determining: (1) market capitalization in the Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) analysis and (2) shares outstanding in the burn rate analysis.
Other Compensation Plans
401(k) Employee Benefit Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to implement a 401(k) savings plan for employees. |
Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to implement an ESOP or increase authorized shares for existing ESOPs, unless the number of shares allocated to the ESOP is excessive (more than five percent of outstanding shares). |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Qualified Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on qualified employee stock purchase plans. Vote for employee stock purchase plans where all of the following apply: |
› | Purchase price is at least 85 percent of fair market value; |
› | Offering period is 27 months or less; and |
› | The number of shares allocated to the plan is 10 percent or less of the outstanding shares. |
Vote against qualified employee stock purchase plans where any of the following apply:
› | Purchase price is less than 85 percent of fair market value; or |
› | Offering period is greater than 27 months; or |
› | The number of shares allocated to the plan is more than ten percent of the outstanding shares. |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Non-Qualified Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on nonqualified employee stock purchase plans. Vote for nonqualified employee stock purchase plans with all the following features: |
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› | Broad-based participation ( i.e. , all employees of the company with the exclusion of individuals with 5 percent or more of beneficial ownership of the company); |
› | Limits on employee contribution, which may be a fixed dollar amount or expressed as a percent of base salary; |
› | Company matching contribution up to 25 percent of employee’s contribution, which is effectively a discount of 20 percent from market value; and |
› | No discount on the stock price on the date of purchase since there is a company matching contribution. |
Vote against nonqualified employee stock purchase plans when the plan features do not meet all of the above criteria. If the company matching contribution exceeds 25 percent of employee’s contribution, evaluate the cost of the plan against its allowable cap.
Option Exchange Programs/Repricing Options
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on management proposals seeking approval to exchange/reprice options taking into consideration: |
› | Historic trading patterns--the stock price should not be so volatile that the options are likely to be back “in-the-money” over the near term; |
› | Rationale for the re-pricing--was the stock price decline beyond management's control?; |
› | Is this a value-for-value exchange?; |
› | Are surrendered stock options added back to the plan reserve?; |
› | Option vesting--does the new option vest immediately or is there a black-out period?; |
› | Term of the option--the term should remain the same as that of the replaced option; |
› | Exercise price--should be set at fair market or a premium to market; |
› | Participants--executive officers and directors should be excluded. |
If the surrendered options are added back to the equity plans for re-issuance, then also take into consideration the company’s total cost of equity plans and its three-year average burn rate.
In addition to the above considerations, evaluate the intent, rationale, and timing of the repricing proposal. The proposal should clearly articulate why the board is choosing to conduct an exchange program at this point in time.
Repricing underwater options after a recent precipitous drop in the company’s stock price demonstrates poor timing.
Repricing after a recent decline in stock price triggers additional scrutiny and a potential against vote on the proposal. At a minimum, the decline should not have happened within the past year. Also, consider the terms of the surrendered options, such as the grant date, exercise price and vesting schedule. Grant dates of surrendered options should be far enough back (two to three years) so as not to suggest that repricings are being done to take advantage of short-term downward price movements. Similarly, the exercise price of surrendered options should be above the 52-week high for the stock price.
Vote for shareholder proposals to put option repricings to a shareholder vote.
Stock Plans in Lieu of Cash
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on plans that provide participants with the option of taking all or a portion of their cash compensation in the form of stock. |
Vote for non-employee director-only equity plans that provide a dollar-for-dollar cash-for-stock exchange.
Vote case-by-case on plans which do not provide a dollar-for-dollar cash for stock exchange. In cases where the exchange is not dollar-for-dollar, the request for new or additional shares for such equity program will be considered using the binomial option pricing model. In an effort to capture the total cost of total compensation, ISS will not make any adjustments to carve out the in-lieu-of cash compensation.
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Transfer Stock Option (TSO) Programs
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General Recommendation : One-time Transfers: Vote against or withhold from compensation committee members if they fail to submit one-time transfers to shareholders for approval. |
Vote case-by-case on one-time transfers. Vote for if:
› | Executive officers and non-employee directors are excluded from participating; |
› | Stock options are purchased by third-party financial institutions at a discount to their fair value using option pricing models such as Black-Scholes or a Binomial Option Valuation or other appropriate financial models; and |
› | There is a two-year minimum holding period for sale proceeds (cash or stock) for all participants. |
Additionally, management should provide a clear explanation of why options are being transferred to a third-party institution and whether the events leading up to a decline in stock price were beyond management's control. A review of the company's historic stock price volatility should indicate if the options are likely to be back “in-the-money” over the near term.
Ongoing TSO program: Vote against equity plan proposals if the details of ongoing TSO programs are not provided to shareholders. Since TSOs will be one of the award types under a stock plan, the ongoing TSO program, structure and mechanics must be disclosed to shareholders. The specific criteria to be considered in evaluating these proposals include, but not limited, to the following:
› | Eligibility; |
› | Vesting; |
› | Bid-price; |
› | Term of options; |
› | Cost of the program and impact of the TSOs on company’s total option expense; and |
› | Option repricing policy. |
Amendments to existing plans that allow for introduction of transferability of stock options should make clear that only options granted post-amendment shall be transferable.
Director Compensation
Shareholder Ratification of Director Pay Programs
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on management proposals seeking ratification of non-employee director compensation, based on the following factors: |
› If the equity plan under which non-employee director grants are made is on the ballot, whether or not it warrants support; and
› | An assessment of the following qualitative factors: |
› | The relative magnitude of director compensation as compared to companies of a similar profile; |
› | The presence of problematic pay practices relating to director compensation; |
› | Director stock ownership guidelines and holding requirements; |
› | Equity award vesting schedules; |
› | The mix of cash and equity-based compensation; |
› | Meaningful limits on director compensation; |
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› | The availability of retirement benefits or perquisites; and |
› | The quality of disclosure surrounding director compensation. |
Equity Plans for Non-Employee Directors
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on compensation plans for non-employee directors, based on: |
› | The total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers, measured by the company’s estimated Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; |
› | The company’s three-year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers (in certain circumstances); and |
› | The presence of any egregious plan features (such as an option repricing provision or liberal CIC vesting risk). |
On occasion, non-employee director stock plans will exceed the plan cost or burn-rate benchmarks when combined with employee or executive stock plans. In such cases, vote case-by-case on the plan taking into consideration the following qualitative factors:
› | The relative magnitude of director compensation as compared to companies of a similar profile; |
› | The presence of problematic pay practices relating to director compensation; |
› | Director stock ownership guidelines and holding requirements; |
› | Equity award vesting schedules; |
› | The mix of cash and equity-based compensation; |
› | Meaningful limits on director compensation; |
› | The availability of retirement benefits or perquisites; and |
› | The quality of disclosure surrounding director compensation. |
Non-Employee Director Retirement Plans
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General Recommendation : Vote against retirement plans for non-employee directors. |
Vote for shareholder proposals to eliminate retirement plans for non-employee directors.
Shareholder Proposals on Compensation
Bonus Banking/Bonus Banking “Plus”
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals seeking deferral of a portion of annual bonus pay, with ultimate payout linked to sustained results for the performance metrics on which the bonus was earned (whether for the named executive officers or a wider group of employees), taking into account the following factors: |
› | The company’s past practices regarding equity and cash compensation; |
› | Whether the company has a holding period or stock ownership requirements in place, such as a meaningful retention ratio (at least 50 percent for full tenure); and |
› | Whether the company has a rigorous claw-back policy in place. |
Compensation Consultants—Disclosure of Board or Company’s Utilization
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals seeking disclosure regarding the Company, Board, or Compensation Committee’s use of compensation consultants, such as company name, business relationship(s), and fees paid. |
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Disclosure/Setting Levels or Types of Compensation for Executives and Directors
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals seeking additional disclosure of executive and director pay information, provided the information requested is relevant to shareholders' needs, would not put the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its industry, and is not unduly burdensome to the company. |
Vote against shareholder proposals seeking to set absolute levels on compensation or otherwise dictate the amount or form of compensation.
Generally vote against shareholder proposals that mandate a minimum amount of stock that directors must own in order to qualify as a director or to remain on the board.
Vote case-by-case on all other shareholder proposals regarding executive and director pay, taking into account relevant factors, including but not limited to: company performance, pay level and design versus peers, history of compensation concerns or pay-for-performance disconnect, and/or the scope and prescriptive nature of the proposal.
Golden Coffins/Executive Death Benefits
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals calling companies to adopt a policy of obtaining shareholder approval for any future agreements and corporate policies that could oblige the company to make payments or awards following the death of a senior executive in the form of unearned salary or bonuses, accelerated vesting or the continuation in force of unvested equity grants, perquisites and other payments or awards made in lieu of compensation. This would not apply to any benefit programs or equity plan proposals that the broad-based employee population is eligible. |
Hold Equity Past Retirement or for a Significant Period of Time
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking companies to adopt policies requiring senior executive officers to retain a portion of net shares acquired through compensation plans. The following factors will be taken into account: |
› | The percentage/ratio of net shares required to be retained; |
› | The time period required to retain the shares; |
› | Whether the company has equity retention, holding period, and/or stock ownership requirements in place and the robustness of such requirements; |
› | Whether the company has any other policies aimed at mitigating risk taking by executives; |
› | Executives' actual stock ownership and the degree to which it meets or exceeds the proponent’s suggested holding period/retention ratio or the company’s existing requirements; and |
› | Problematic pay practices, current and past, which may demonstrate a short-term versus long-term focus. |
Non-Deductible Compensation
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking disclosure of the extent to which the company paid non-deductible compensation to senior executives due to Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m), while considering the company’s existing disclosure practices. |
Pay Disparity
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals calling for an analysis of the pay disparity between corporate executives and other non-executive employees. The following factors will be considered: |
› | The company’s current level of disclosure of its executive compensation setting process, including how the company considers pay disparity; |
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› | If any problematic pay practices or pay-for-performance concerns have been identified at the company; and |
› | The level of shareholder support for the company's pay programs. |
Generally vote against proposals calling for the company to use the pay disparity analysis or pay ratio in a specific way to set or limit executive pay.
Pay for Performance/Performance-Based Awards
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals requesting that a significant amount of future long-term incentive compensation awarded to senior executives shall be performance-based and requesting that the board adopt and disclose challenging performance metrics to shareholders, based on the following analytical steps: |
› | First, vote for shareholder proposals advocating the use of performance-based equity awards, such as performance contingent options or restricted stock, indexed options or premium-priced options, unless the proposal is overly restrictive or if the company has demonstrated that it is using a “substantial” portion of performance-based awards for its top executives. Standard stock options and performance-accelerated awards do not meet the criteria to be considered as performance-based awards. Further, premium-priced options should have a premium of at least 25 percent and higher to be considered performance-based awards. |
› | Second, assess the rigor of the company’s performance-based equity program. If the bar set for the performance-based program is too low based on the company’s historical or peer group comparison, generally vote for the proposal. Furthermore, if target performance results in an above target payout, vote for the shareholder proposal due to program’s poor design. If the company does not disclose the performance metric of the performance-based equity program, vote for the shareholder proposal regardless of the outcome of the first step to the test. |
In general, vote for the shareholder proposal if the company does not meet both of the above two steps.
Pay for Superior Performance
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals that request the board establish a pay-for superior performance standard in the company's executive compensation plan for senior executives. These proposals generally include the following principles: |
› | Set compensation targets for the plan’s annual and long-term incentive pay components at or below the peer group median; |
› | Deliver a majority of the plan’s target long-term compensation through performance-vested, not simply timevested, equity awards; |
› | Provide the strategic rationale and relative weightings of the financial and non-financial performance metrics or criteria used in the annual and performance-vested long-term incentive components of the plan; |
› | Establish performance targets for each plan financial metric relative to the performance of the company’s peer companies; |
› | Limit payment under the annual and performance-vested long-term incentive components of the plan to when the company’s performance on its selected financial performance metrics exceeds peer group median performance. |
Consider the following factors in evaluating this proposal:
› | What aspects of the company’s annual and long-term equity incentive programs are performance driven? |
› | If the annual and long-term equity incentive programs are performance driven, are the performance criteria and hurdle rates disclosed to shareholders or are they benchmarked against a disclosed peer group? |
› | Can shareholders assess the correlation between pay and performance based on the current disclosure? |
› | What type of industry and stage of business cycle does the company belong to? |
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Pre-Arranged Trading Plans (10b5-1 Plans)
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals calling for certain principles regarding the use of prearranged trading plans (10b5-1 plans) for executives. These principles include: |
› | Adoption, amendment, or termination of a 10b5-1 Plan must be disclosed within two business days in a Form 8-K; |
› | Amendment or early termination of a 10b5-1 Plan is allowed only under extraordinary circumstances, as determined by the board; |
› | Ninety days must elapse between adoption or amendment of a 10b5-1 Plan and initial trading under the plan; |
› | Reports on Form 4 must identify transactions made pursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan; |
› | An executive may not trade in company stock outside the 10b5-1 Plan; |
› | Trades under a 10b5-1 Plan must be handled by a broker who does not handle other securities transactions for the executive. |
Prohibit CEOs from Serving on Compensation Committees
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals seeking a policy to prohibit any outside CEO from serving on a company’s compensation committee, unless the company has demonstrated problematic pay practices that raise concerns about the performance and composition of the committee. |
Recoupment of Incentive or Stock Compensation in Specified Circumstances
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to recoup incentive cash or stock compensation made to senior executives if it is later determined that the figures upon which incentive compensation is earned turn out to have been in error, or if the senior executive has breached company policy or has engaged in misconduct that may be significantly detrimental to the company's financial position or reputation, or if the senior executive failed to manage or monitor risks that subsequently led to significant financial or reputational harm to the company. Many companies have adopted policies that permit recoupment in cases where an executive's fraud, misconduct, or negligence significantly contributed to a restatement of financial results that led to the awarding of unearned incentive compensation. However, such policies may be narrow given that not all misconduct or negligence may result in significant financial restatements. Misconduct, negligence or lack of sufficient oversight by senior executives may lead to significant financial loss or reputational damage that may have long-lasting impact. |
In considering whether to support such shareholder proposals, ISS will take into consideration the following factors:
› | If the company has adopted a formal recoupment policy; |
› | The rigor of the recoupment policy focusing on how and under what circumstances the company may recoup incentive or stock compensation; |
› | Whether the company has chronic restatement history or material financial problems; |
› | Whether the company’s policy substantially addresses the concerns raised by the proponent; |
› | Disclosure of recoupment of incentive or stock compensation from senior executives or lack thereof; or |
› | Any other relevant factors. |
Severance Agreements for Executives/Golden Parachutes
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General Recommendation : Vote for shareholder proposals requiring that golden parachutes or executive severance agreements be submitted for shareholder ratification, unless the proposal requires shareholder approval prior to entering into employment contracts. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals to ratify or cancel golden parachutes. An acceptable parachute should include, but is not limited to, the following:
› | The triggering mechanism should be beyond the control of management; |
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› | The amount should not exceed three times base amount (defined as the average annual taxable W-2 compensation during the five years prior to the year in which the change of control occurs); |
› | Change-in-control payments should be double-triggered, i.e., (1) after a change in control has taken place, and (2) termination of the executive as a result of the change in control. Change in control is defined as a change in the company ownership structure. |
Share Buyback Holding Periods
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against shareholder proposals prohibiting executives from selling shares of company stock during periods in which the company has announced that it may or will be repurchasing shares of its stock. Vote for the proposal when there is a pattern of abuse by executives exercising options or selling shares during periods of share buybacks. |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs)
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting to put extraordinary benefits contained in SERP agreements to a shareholder vote unless the company’s executive pension plans do not contain excessive benefits beyond what is offered under employee-wide plans. |
Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting to limit the executive benefits provided under the company’s supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP) by limiting covered compensation to a senior executive’s annual salary and excluding of all incentive or bonus pay from the plan’s definition of covered compensation used to establish such benefits.
Tax Gross-Up Proposals
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals calling for companies to adopt a policy of not providing tax gross-up payments to executives, except in situations where gross-ups are provided pursuant to a plan, policy, or arrangement applicable to management employees of the company, such as a relocation or expatriate tax equalization policy. |
Termination of Employment Prior to Severance Payment/Eliminating Accelerated Vesting of Unvested Equity
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals seeking a policy requiring termination of employment prior to severance payment and/or eliminating accelerated vesting of unvested equity. |
The following factors will be considered:
› | The company's current treatment of equity upon employment termination and/or in change-in-control situations (i.e., vesting is double triggered and/or pro rata, does it allow for the assumption of equity by acquiring company, the treatment of performance shares, etc.); |
› | Current employment agreements, including potential poor pay practices such as gross-ups embedded in those agreements. |
Generally vote for proposals seeking a policy that prohibits automatic acceleration of the vesting of equity awards to senior executives upon a voluntary termination of employment or in the event of a change in control (except for pro rata vesting considering the time elapsed and attainment of any related performance goals between the award date and the change in control).
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6. ROUTINE/MISCELLANEOUS
Adjourn Meeting
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals to provide management with the authority to adjourn an annual or special meeting absent compelling reasons to support the proposal. |
Vote for proposals that relate specifically to soliciting votes for a merger or transaction if supporting that merger or transaction. Vote against proposals if the wording is too vague or if the proposal includes "other business."
Amend Quorum Requirements
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to reduce quorum requirements for shareholder meetings below a majority of the shares outstanding unless there are compelling reasons to support the proposal. |
Amend Minor Bylaws
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General Recommendation : Vote for bylaw or charter changes that are of a housekeeping nature (updates or corrections). |
Change Company Name
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General Recommendation : Vote for proposals to change the corporate name unless there is compelling evidence that the change would adversely impact shareholder value. |
Change Date, Time, or Location of Annual Meeting
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General Recommendation : Vote for management proposals to change the date, time, or location of the annual meeting unless the proposed change is unreasonable. |
Vote against shareholder proposals to change the date, time, or location of the annual meeting unless the current scheduling or location is unreasonable.
Other Business
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to approve other business when it appears as a voting item. |
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7. SOCIAL/ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Global Approach
Issues covered under the policy include a wide range of topics, including consumer and product safety, environment and energy, labor standards and human rights, workplace and board diversity, and corporate political issues. While a variety of factors goes into each analysis, the overall principle guiding all vote recommendations focuses on how the proposal may enhance or protect shareholder value in either the short or long term.
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General Recommendation : Generally vote case-by-case, taking into consideration whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder value, and in addition the following will also be considered: |
› | If the issues presented in the proposal are more appropriately or effectively dealt with through legislation or government regulation; |
› | If the company has already responded in an appropriate and sufficient manner to the issue(s) raised in the proposal; |
› | Whether the proposal's request is unduly burdensome (scope or timeframe) or overly prescriptive; |
› | The company's approach compared with any industry standard practices for addressing the issue(s) raised by the proposal; |
› | If the proposal requests increased disclosure or greater transparency, whether or not reasonable and sufficient information is currently available to shareholders from the company or from other publicly available sources; and |
› | If the proposal requests increased disclosure or greater transparency, whether or not implementation would reveal proprietary or confidential information that could place the company at a competitive disadvantage. |
Endorsement of Principles
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals seeking a company's endorsement of principles that support a particular public policy position. Endorsing a set of principles may require a company to take a stand on an issue that is beyond its own control and may limit its flexibility with respect to future developments. Management and the board should be afforded the flexibility to make decisions on specific public policy positions based on their own assessment of the most beneficial strategies for the company. |
Animal Welfare
Animal Welfare Policies
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking a report on a company’s animal welfare standards, or animal welfare-related risks, unless: |
› | The company has already published a set of animal welfare standards and monitors compliance; |
› | The company’s standards are comparable to industry peers; and |
› | There are no recent significant fines, litigation, or controversies related to the company’s and/or its suppliers' treatment of animals. |
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Animal Testing
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals to phase out the use of animals in product testing, unless: |
› | The company is conducting animal testing programs that are unnecessary or not required by regulation; |
› | The company is conducting animal testing when suitable alternatives are commonly accepted and used by industry peers; or |
› | There are recent, significant fines or litigation related to the company’s treatment of animals. |
Animal Slaughter
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals requesting the implementation of Controlled Atmosphere Killing (CAK) methods at company and/or supplier operations unless such methods are required by legislation or generally accepted as the industry standard. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting a report on the feasibility of implementing CAK methods at company and/or supplier operations considering the availability of existing research conducted by the company or industry groups on this topic and any fines or litigation related to current animal processing procedures at the company.
Consumer Issues
Genetically Modified Ingredients
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals requesting that a company voluntarily label genetically engineered (GE) ingredients in its products. The labeling of products with GE ingredients is best left to the appropriate regulatory authorities. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals asking for a report on the feasibility of labeling products containing GE ingredients, taking into account:
› | The potential impact of such labeling on the company's business; |
› | The quality of the company’s disclosure on GE product labeling, related voluntary initiatives, and how this disclosure compares with industry peer disclosure; and |
› | Company’s current disclosure on the feasibility of GE product labeling. |
Generally vote against proposals seeking a report on the social, health, and environmental effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Studies of this sort are better undertaken by regulators and the scientific community.
Generally vote against proposals to eliminate GE ingredients from the company's products, or proposals asking for reports outlining the steps necessary to eliminate GE ingredients from the company’s products. Such decisions are more appropriately made by management with consideration of current regulations.
Reports on Potentially Controversial Business/Financial Practices
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on a company’s potentially controversial business or financial practices or products, taking into account: |
› | Whether the company has adequately disclosed mechanisms in place to prevent abuses; |
› | Whether the company has adequately disclosed the financial risks of the products/practices in question; |
› | Whether the company has been subject to violations of related laws or serious controversies; and |
› | Peer companies’ policies/practices in this area. |
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Pharmaceutical Pricing, Access to Medicines, and Prescription Drug Reimportation
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals requesting that companies implement specific price restraints on pharmaceutical products unless the company fails to adhere to legislative guidelines or industry norms in its product pricing practices. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting that a company report on its product pricing or access to medicine policies, considering:
› | The potential for reputational, market, and regulatory risk exposure; |
› | Existing disclosure of relevant policies; |
› | Deviation from established industry norms; |
› | Relevant company initiatives to provide research and/or products to disadvantaged consumers; |
› | Whether the proposal focuses on specific products or geographic regions; |
› | The potential burden and scope of the requested report; |
› | Recent significant controversies, litigation, or fines at the company. |
Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on the financial and legal impact of its prescription drug reimportation policies unless such information is already publicly disclosed.
Generally vote against proposals requesting that companies adopt specific policies to encourage or constrain prescription drug reimportation. Such matters are more appropriately the province of legislative activity and may place the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its peers.
Product Safety and Toxic/Hazardous Materials
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its policies, initiatives/procedures, and oversight mechanisms related to toxic/hazardous materials or product safety in its supply chain, unless: |
› | The company already discloses similar information through existing reports such as a supplier code of conduct and/or a sustainability report; |
› | The company has formally committed to the implementation of a toxic/hazardous materials and/or product safety and supply chain reporting and monitoring program based on industry norms or similar standards within a specified time frame; and |
› | The company has not been recently involved in relevant significant controversies, fines, or litigation. |
Vote case-by-case on resolutions requesting that companies develop a feasibility assessment to phase-out of certain toxic/hazardous materials, or evaluate and disclose the potential financial and legal risks associated with utilizing certain materials, considering:
› | The company’s current level of disclosure regarding its product safety policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms; |
› | Current regulations in the markets in which the company operates; and |
› | Recent significant controversies, litigation, or fines stemming from toxic/hazardous materials at the company. |
Generally vote against resolutions requiring that a company reformulate its products.
Tobacco-Related Proposals
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on resolutions regarding the advertisement of tobacco products, considering: |
› | Recent related fines, controversies, or significant litigation; |
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› | Whether the company complies with relevant laws and regulations on the marketing of tobacco; |
› | Whether the company’s advertising restrictions deviate from those of industry peers; |
› | Whether the company entered into the Master Settlement Agreement, which restricts marketing of tobacco to youth; and |
› | Whether restrictions on marketing to youth extend to foreign countries. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding second-hand smoke, considering;
› | Whether the company complies with all laws and regulations; |
› | The degree that voluntary restrictions beyond those mandated by law might hurt the company’s competitiveness; and |
› | The risk of any health-related liabilities. |
Generally vote against resolutions to cease production of tobacco-related products, to avoid selling products to tobacco companies, to spin-off tobacco-related businesses, or prohibit investment in tobacco equities. Such business decisions are better left to company management or portfolio managers.
Generally vote against proposals regarding tobacco product warnings. Such decisions are better left to public health authorities.
Climate Change
Climate Change/Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for resolutions requesting that a company disclose information on the financial, physical, or regulatory risks it faces related to climate change on its operations and investments or on how the company identifies, measures, and manages such risks, considering: |
› | Whether the company already provides current, publicly-available information on the impact that climate change may have on the company as well as associated company policies and procedures to address related risks and/or opportunities; |
› | The company's level of disclosure compared to industry peers; and |
› | Whether there are significant controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company's climate change-related performance. |
Generally vote for proposals requesting a report on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from company operations and/or products and operations, unless:
› | The company already discloses current, publicly-available information on the impacts that GHG emissions may have on the company as well as associated company policies and procedures to address related risks and/or opportunities; |
› | The company's level of disclosure is comparable to that of industry peers; and |
› | There are no significant, controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company's GHG emissions. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals that call for the adoption of GHG reduction goals from products and operations, taking into account:
› | Whether the company provides disclosure of year-over-year GHG emissions performance data; |
› | Whether company disclosure lags behind industry peers; |
› | The company's actual GHG emissions performance; |
› | The company's current GHG emission policies, oversight mechanisms, and related initiatives; and |
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› | Whether the company has been the subject of recent, significant violations, fines, litigation, or controversy related to GHG emissions. |
Energy Efficiency
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its energy efficiency policies, unless: |
› | The company complies with applicable energy efficiency regulations and laws, and discloses its participation in energy efficiency policies and programs, including disclosure of benchmark data, targets, and performance measures; or |
› | The proponent requests adoption of specific energy efficiency goals within specific timelines. |
Renewable Energy
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for requests for reports on the feasibility of developing renewable energy resources unless the report would be duplicative of existing disclosure or irrelevant to the company’s line of business. |
Generally vote against proposals requesting that the company invest in renewable energy resources. Such decisions are best left to management’s evaluation of the feasibility and financial impact that such programs may have on the company.
Generally vote against proposals that call for the adoption of renewable energy goals, taking into account:
› | The scope and structure of the proposal; |
› | The company's current level of disclosure on renewable energy use and GHG emissions; and |
› | The company's disclosure of policies, practices, and oversight implemented to manage GHG emissions and mitigate climate change risks. |
Diversity |
Board Diversity
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for requests for reports on a company's efforts to diversify the board, unless: |
› | The gender and racial minority representation of the company’s board is reasonably inclusive in relation to companies of similar size and business; and |
› | The board already reports on its nominating procedures and gender and racial minority initiatives on the board and within the company. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals asking a company to increase the gender and racial minority representation on its board, taking into account:
› | The degree of existing gender and racial minority diversity on the company’s board and among its executive officers; |
› | The level of gender and racial minority representation that exists at the company’s industry peers; |
› | The company’s established process for addressing gender and racial minority board representation; |
› | Whether the proposal includes an overly prescriptive request to amend nominating committee charter language; |
› | The independence of the company’s nominating committee; |
› | Whether the company uses an outside search firm to identify potential director nominees; and |
› | Whether the company has had recent controversies, fines, or litigation regarding equal employment practices. |
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Equality of Opportunity
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting a company disclose its diversity policies or initiatives, or proposals requesting disclosure of a company’s comprehensive workforce diversity data, including requests for EEO-1 data, unless: |
› | The company publicly discloses equal opportunity policies and initiatives in a comprehensive manner; |
› | The company already publicly discloses comprehensive workforce diversity data; and |
› | The company has no recent significant EEO-related violations or litigation. |
Generally vote against proposals seeking information on the diversity efforts of suppliers and service providers. Such requests may pose a significant burden on the company.
Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Domestic Partner Benefits
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals seeking to amend a company’s EEO statement or diversity policies to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity, unless the change would be unduly burdensome. |
Generally vote against proposals to extend company benefits to, or eliminate benefits from, domestic partners. Decisions regarding benefits should be left to the discretion of the company.
Gender Pay Gap
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General Recommendation : Generally vote case-by-case on requests for reports on a company's pay data by gender, or a report on a company’s policies and goals to reduce any gender pay gap, taking into account: |
› | The company's current policies and disclosure related to both its diversity and inclusion policies and practices and its compensation philosophy and fair and equitable compensation practices; |
› | Whether the company has been the subject of recent controversy, litigation, or regulatory actions related to gender pay gap issues; and |
› | Whether the company's reporting regarding gender pay gap policies or initiatives is lagging its peers. |
Environment and Sustainability
Facility and Workplace Safety
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on requests for workplace safety reports, including reports on accident risk reduction efforts, taking into account: |
› | The company’s current level of disclosure of its workplace health and safety performance data, health and safety management policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms; |
› | The nature of the company’s business, specifically regarding company and employee exposure to health and safety risks; |
› | Recent significant controversies, fines, or violations related to workplace health and safety; and › The company's workplace health and safety performance relative to industry peers. |
Vote case-by-case on resolutions requesting that a company report on safety and/or security risks associated with its operations and/or facilities, considering:
› | The company’s compliance with applicable regulations and guidelines; |
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› | The company’s current level of disclosure regarding its security and safety policies, procedures, and compliance monitoring; and |
› | The existence of recent, significant violations, fines, or controversy regarding the safety and security of the company’s operations and/or facilities. |
General Environmental Proposals and Community Impact Assessments
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on policies and/or the potential (community) social and/or environmental impact of company operations, considering: |
› | Current disclosure of applicable policies and risk assessment report(s) and risk management procedures; |
› | The impact of regulatory non-compliance, litigation, remediation, or reputational loss that may be associated with failure to manage the company’s operations in question, including the management of relevant community and stakeholder relations; |
› | The nature, purpose, and scope of the company’s operations in the specific region(s); |
› | The degree to which company policies and procedures are consistent with industry norms; and |
› | The scope of the resolution. |
Hydraulic Fracturing
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting greater disclosure of a company's (natural gas) hydraulic fracturing operations, including measures the company has taken to manage and mitigate the potential community and environmental impacts of those operations, considering: |
› | The company's current level of disclosure of relevant policies and oversight mechanisms; |
› | The company's current level of such disclosure relative to its industry peers; |
› | Potential relevant local, state, or national regulatory developments; and |
› | Controversies, fines, or litigation related to the company's hydraulic fracturing operations. |
Operations in Protected Areas
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for requests for reports on potential environmental damage as a result of company operations in protected regions, unless: |
› | Operations in the specified regions are not permitted by current laws or regulations; |
› | The company does not currently have operations or plans to develop operations in these protected regions; or |
› | The company’s disclosure of its operations and environmental policies in these regions is comparable to industry peers. |
Recycling
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to report on an existing recycling program, or adopt a new recycling program, taking into account: |
› | The nature of the company’s business; |
› | The current level of disclosure of the company's existing related programs; |
› | The timetable and methods of program implementation prescribed by the proposal; |
› | The company’s ability to address the issues raised in the proposal; and |
› | How the company's recycling programs compare to similar programs of its industry peers. |
Sustainability Reporting
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms related to social, economic, and environmental sustainability, unless: |
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› | The company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies such as an environment, health, and safety (EHS) report; a comprehensive code of corporate conduct; and/or a diversity report; or |
› | The company has formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines or a similar standard within a specified time frame. |
Water Issues
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting a company report on, or adopt a new policy on, water-related risks and concerns, taking into account: |
› | The company's current disclosure of relevant policies, initiatives, oversight mechanisms, and water usage metrics; |
› | Whether or not the company's existing water-related policies and practices are consistent with relevant internationally recognized standards and national/local regulations; |
› | The potential financial impact or risk to the company associated with water-related concerns or issues; and |
› | Recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding water use by the company and its suppliers. |
General Corporate Issues
Charitable Contributions
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General Recommendation : Vote against proposals restricting a company from making charitable contributions. Charitable contributions are generally useful for assisting worthwhile causes and for creating goodwill in the community. In the absence of bad faith, self-dealing, or gross negligence, management should determine which, and if, contributions are in the best interests of the company. |
Data Security, Privacy, and Internet Issues
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting the disclosure or implementation of data security, privacy, or information access and management policies and procedures, considering: |
› | The level of disclosure of company policies and procedures relating to data security, privacy, freedom of speech, information access and management, and Internet censorship; |
› | Engagement in dialogue with governments or relevant groups with respect to data security, privacy, or the free flow of information on the Internet; |
› | The scope of business involvement and of investment in countries whose governments censor or monitor the Internet and other telecommunications; |
› | Applicable market-specific laws or regulations that may be imposed on the company; and |
› | Controversies, fines, or litigation related to data security, privacy, freedom of speech, or Internet censorship. |
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Compensation-Related Proposals
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to link, or report on linking, executive compensation to sustainability (environmental and social) criteria, considering: |
› | The scope and prescriptive nature of the proposal; |
› | Whether the company has significant and/or persistent controversies or regulatory violations regarding social and/or environmental issues; |
› | Whether the company has management systems and oversight mechanisms in place regarding its social and environmental performance; |
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› | The degree to which industry peers have incorporated similar non-financial performance criteria in their executive compensation practices; and |
› | The company's current level of disclosure regarding its environmental and social performance. |
Human Rights, Labor Issues, and International Operations
Human Rights Proposals
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting a report on company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies unless such information is already publicly disclosed. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals to implement company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies, considering:
› | The degree to which existing relevant policies and practices are disclosed; |
› | Whether or not existing relevant policies are consistent with internationally recognized standards; |
› | Whether company facilities and those of its suppliers are monitored and how; |
› | Company participation in fair labor organizations or other internationally recognized human rights initiatives; |
› | Scope and nature of business conducted in markets known to have higher risk of workplace labor/human rights abuse; |
› | Recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding human rights at the company or its suppliers; |
› | The scope of the request; and |
› | Deviation from industry sector peer company standards and practices. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting that a company conduct an assessment of the human rights risks in its operations or in its supply chain, or report on its human rights risk assessment process, considering:
› | The degree to which existing relevant policies and practices are disclosed, including information on the implementation of these policies and any related oversight mechanisms; |
› | The company’s industry and whether the company or its suppliers operate in countries or areas where there is a history of human rights concerns; |
› | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding human rights involving the company or its suppliers, and whether the company has taken remedial steps; and |
› | Whether the proposal is unduly burdensome or overly prescriptive. |
Operations in High Risk Markets
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on requests for a report on a company’s potential financial and reputational risks associated with operations in “high-risk” markets, such as a terrorism-sponsoring state or politically/socially unstable region, taking into account: |
› | The nature, purpose, and scope of the operations and business involved that could be affected by social or political disruption; |
› | Current disclosure of applicable risk assessment(s) and risk management procedures; |
› | Compliance with U.S. sanctions and laws; |
› | Consideration of other international policies, standards, and laws; and |
› | Whether the company has been recently involved in recent, significant controversies, fines, or litigation related to its operations in "high-risk" markets. |
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Outsourcing/Offshoring |
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals calling for companies to report on the risks associated with outsourcing/plant closures, considering: |
› | Controversies surrounding operations in the relevant market(s); |
› | The value of the requested report to shareholders; |
› | The company’s current level of disclosure of relevant information on outsourcing and plant closure procedures; and |
› | The company’s existing human rights standards relative to industry peers. |
Weapons and Military Sales
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General Recommendation : Vote against reports on foreign military sales or offsets. Such disclosures may involve sensitive and confidential information. Moreover, companies must comply with government controls and reporting on foreign military sales. |
Generally vote against proposals asking a company to cease production or report on the risks associated with the use of depleted uranium munitions or nuclear weapons components and delivery systems, including disengaging from current and proposed contracts. Such contracts are monitored by government agencies, serve multiple military and non-military uses, and withdrawal from these contracts could have a negative impact on the company’s business.
Political Activities
Lobbying
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting information on a company’s lobbying (including direct, indirect, and grassroots lobbying) activities, policies, or procedures, considering: |
› | The company’s current disclosure of relevant lobbying policies, and management and board oversight; |
› | The company’s disclosure regarding trade associations or other groups that it supports, or is a member of, that engage in lobbying activities; and |
› | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding the company’s lobbying-related activities. |
Political Contributions
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General Recommendation : Generally vote for proposals requesting greater disclosure of a company's political contributions and trade association spending policies and activities, considering: |
› | The company's policies, and management and board oversight related to its direct political contributions and payments to trade associations or other groups that may be used for political purposes; |
› | The company's disclosure regarding its support of, and participation in, trade associations or other groups that may make political contributions; and |
› | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation related to the company's political contributions or political activities. |
Vote against proposals barring a company from making political contributions. Businesses are affected by legislation at the federal, state, and local level; barring political contributions can put the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Vote against proposals to publish in newspapers and other media a company's political contributions. Such publications could present significant cost to the company without providing commensurate value to shareholders.
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Political Ties
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General Recommendation : Generally vote against proposals asking a company to affirm political nonpartisanship in the workplace, so long as: |
› | There are no recent, significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding the company’s political contributions or trade association spending; and |
› | The company has procedures in place to ensure that employee contributions to company-sponsored political action committees (PACs) are strictly voluntary and prohibit coercion. |
Vote against proposals asking for a list of company executives, directors, consultants, legal counsels, lobbyists, or investment bankers that have prior government service and whether such service had a bearing on the business of the company. Such a list would be burdensome to prepare without providing any meaningful information to shareholders.
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8. MUTUAL FUND PROXIES
Election of Directors
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the election of directors and trustees, following the same guidelines for uncontested directors for public company shareholder meetings. However, mutual fund boards do not usually have compensation committees, so do not withhold for the lack of this committee. |
Converting Closed-end Fund to Open-end Fund
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on conversion proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Past performance as a closed-end fund; |
› | Market in which the fund invests; |
› | Measures taken by the board to address the discount; and |
› | Past shareholder activism, board activity, and votes on related proposals. |
Proxy Contests
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proxy contests, considering the following factors: |
› | Past performance relative to its peers; |
› | Market in which the fund invests; |
› | Measures taken by the board to address the issues; |
› | Past shareholder activism, board activity, and votes on related proposals; |
› | Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents; |
› | Independence of directors; |
› | Experience and skills of director candidates; |
› | Governance profile of the company; |
› | Evidence of management entrenchment. |
Investment Advisory Agreements
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on investment advisory agreements, considering the following factors: |
› | Proposed and current fee schedules; |
› | Fund category/investment objective; |
› | Performance benchmarks; |
› | Share price performance as compared with peers; |
› | Resulting fees relative to peers; |
› | Assignments (where the advisor undergoes a change of control). |
Approving New Classes or Series of Shares
|
General Recommendation : Vote for the establishment of new classes or series of shares. |
Preferred Stock Proposals
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on the authorization for or increase in preferred shares, considering the following factors: |
› | Stated specific financing purpose; |
› | Possible dilution for common shares; |
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› | Whether the shares can be used for antitakeover purposes. |
1940 Act Policies
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on policies under the Investment Advisor Act of 1940, considering the following factors: |
› | Potential competitiveness; |
› | Regulatory developments; |
› | Current and potential returns; and |
› | Current and potential risk. |
Generally vote for these amendments as long as the proposed changes do not fundamentally alter the investment focus of the fund and do comply with the current SEC interpretation.
Changing a Fundamental Restriction to a Nonfundamental Restriction
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to change a fundamental restriction to a non-fundamental restriction, considering the following factors: |
› | The fund's target investments; |
› | The reasons given by the fund for the change; and › The projected impact of the change on the portfolio. |
Change Fundamental Investment Objective to Nonfundamental
|
General Recommendation : Vote against proposals to change a fund’s fundamental investment objective to non-fundamental. |
Name Change Proposals
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on name change proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Political/economic changes in the target market; |
› | Consolidation in the target market; and |
› | Current asset composition. |
Change in Fund's Subclassification
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on changes in a fund's sub-classification, considering the following factors: |
› | Potential competitiveness; |
› | Current and potential returns; |
› | Risk of concentration; |
› | Consolidation in target industry. |
Business Development Companies—Authorization to Sell Shares of Common Stock at a Price below Net Asset Value
|
General Recommendation : Vote for proposals authorizing the board to issue shares below Net Asset Value (NAV) if: |
› | The proposal to allow share issuances below NAV has an expiration date no more than one year from the date shareholders approve the underlying proposal, as required under the Investment Company Act of 1940; |
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› | The sale is deemed to be in the best interests of shareholders by (1) a majority of the company's independent directors and (2) a majority of the company's directors who have no financial interest in the issuance; and |
› | The company has demonstrated responsible past use of share issuances by either: |
› | Outperforming peers in its 8-digit GICS group as measured by one- and three-year median TSRs; or |
› | Providing disclosure that its past share issuances were priced at levels that resulted in only small or moderate discounts to NAV and economic dilution to existing non-participating shareholders. |
Disposition of Assets/Termination/Liquidation
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to dispose of assets, to terminate or liquidate, considering the following factors: |
› | Strategies employed to salvage the company; |
› | The fund’s past performance; |
› | The terms of the liquidation. |
Changes to the Charter Document
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on changes to the charter document, considering the following factors: |
› | The degree of change implied by the proposal; |
› | The efficiencies that could result; |
› | The state of incorporation; |
› | Regulatory standards and implications. |
Vote against any of the following changes:
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to reorganize or terminate the trust or any of its series; |
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement for amendments to the new declaration of trust; |
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to amend the fund's management contract, allowing the contract to be modified by the investment manager and the trust management, as permitted by the 1940 Act; |
› | Allow the trustees to impose other fees in addition to sales charges on investment in a fund, such as deferred sales charges and redemption fees that may be imposed upon redemption of a fund's shares; |
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to engage in and terminate subadvisory arrangements; |
› | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to change the domicile of the fund. |
Changing the Domicile of a Fund
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on re-incorporations, considering the following factors: |
› | Regulations of both states; |
› | Required fundamental policies of both states; |
› | The increased flexibility available. |
Authorizing the Board to Hire and Terminate Subadvisers Without Shareholder Approval
|
General Recommendation : Vote against proposals authorizing the board to hire or terminate subadvisers without shareholder approval if the investment adviser currently employs only one subadviser. |
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Distribution Agreements
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General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on distribution agreement proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Fees charged to comparably sized funds with similar objectives; |
› | The proposed distributor’s reputation and past performance; |
› | The competitiveness of the fund in the industry; |
› | The terms of the agreement. |
Master-Feeder Structure
|
General Recommendation : Vote for the establishment of a master-feeder structure. |
Mergers |
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on merger proposals, considering the following factors: |
› | Resulting fee structure; |
› | Performance of both funds; |
› | Continuity of management personnel; |
› | Changes in corporate governance and their impact on shareholder rights. |
Shareholder Proposals for Mutual Funds
Establish Director Ownership Requirement
|
General Recommendation : Generally vote against shareholder proposals that mandate a specific minimum amount of stock that directors must own in order to qualify as a director or to remain on the board. |
Reimburse Shareholder for Expenses Incurred
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. When supporting the dissidents, vote for the reimbursement of the proxy solicitation expenses. |
Terminate the Investment Advisor
|
General Recommendation : Vote case-by-case on proposals to terminate the investment advisor, considering the following factors: |
› | Performance of the fund’s Net Asset Value (NAV); |
› | The fund’s history of shareholder relations; |
› | The performance of other funds under the advisor’s management. |
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This document and all of the information contained in it, including without limitation all text, data, graphs, and charts (collectively, the "Information") is the property of Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (ISS), its subsidiaries, or, in some cases third party suppliers.
The Information has not been submitted to, nor received approval from, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory body. None of the Information constitutes an offer to sell (or a solicitation of an offer to buy), or a promotion or recommendation of, any security, financial product or other investment vehicle or any trading strategy, and ISS does not endorse, approve, or otherwise express any opinion regarding any issuer, securities, financial products or instruments or trading strategies.
The user of the Information assumes the entire risk of any use it may make or permit to be made of the Information.
ISS MAKES NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION AND
EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ORIGINALITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, NON-INFRINGEMENT, COMPLETENESS, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS for A PARTICULAR PURPOSE) WITH RESPECT TO ANY OF THE INFORMATION.
Without limiting any of the foregoing and to the maximum extent permitted by law, in no event shall ISS have any liability regarding any of the Information for any direct, indirect, special, punitive, consequential (including lost profits), or any other damages even if notified of the possibility of such damages. The foregoing shall not exclude or limit any liability that may not by applicable law be excluded or limited.
The Global Leader In Corporate Governance
www.issgovernance.com
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Exhibit Q
Proxy Voting
Policy
Prime has adopted the following proxy voting policy and procedures that are designed to reasonably ensure that it votes proxies in the best interest of clients. Prime utilizes the services of Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”), an unaffiliated proxy firm, to help manage the proxy voting process and to research and vote proxies on behalf of Prime’s clients who have instructed Prime to vote proxies on their behalf. Unless a client provides a client specific voting criteria to be followed when voting proxies on behalf of holdings in their portfolio, each vote is made according to predetermined guidelines agreed to between the proxy service firm and Prime. Prime believes that utilizing this proxy service firm helps Prime vote in the best interest of clients and insulates Prime’s voting decisions from any potential conflicts of interest.
Prime reserves the right to override ISS vote recommendations under certain circumstances. Prime will only do so if they believe that voting contrary to the ISS recommendation is in the best interest of clients. All overrides will be approved by an Officer of Prime and will be documented with the reasons for voting against the ISS recommendation.
Background
Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders and reasonable care and diligence must be undertaken to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised.
Investment advisers registered with the SEC, and which exercise voting authority with respect to client securities, are required by Rule 206(4)-6 of the Advisers Act to (a) adopt and implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that client securities are voted in the best interests of clients, which must include how an adviser addresses material conflicts that may arise between an adviser's interests and those of its clients; (b) to disclose to clients how they may obtain information from the adviser with respect to the voting of proxies for their securities; (c) to describe to clients a summary of its proxy voting policies and procedures and, upon request, furnish a copy to its clients; and (d) maintain certain records relating to the adviser's proxy voting activities when the adviser does have proxy voting authority.
Responsibility
Prime's Chief Compliance Officer, or his designee, has the responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of our proxy policy and to ensure that the firm does not accept or exercise any proxy voting authority on behalf of clients without an appropriate review and change of the firm's policy with appropriate regulatory requirements being met and records maintained.
Procedure
Prime has adopted various procedures to implement the firm's policy and reviews to monitor and insure the firm's policy is observed, implemented properly and amended or updated, as appropriate, which include the following:
Conflicts of Interest
Occasions may arise during the voting process in which the best interest of the client conflicts with Prime’s interests. In these situations, ISS will continue to follow the same predetermined guidelines as formally agreed upon between Prime and ISS before such conflict of interest existed. Conflicts of interest generally include (i) business relationships where Prime has a substantial business relationship with, or is actively soliciting business from, a company soliciting proxies, or (ii) personal or family relationships whereby an employee of Prime has a family member or other personal relationship that is affiliated with a company soliciting proxies, such as a spouse who serves as a director of a public company. A conflict could also exist if a substantial business relationship exists with a proponent or opponent of a particular initiative.
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If Prime learns that a conflict of interest exists, its Proxy Coordinator will prepare a report for review with a compliance officer, and senior management if needed, that identifies (i) the details of the conflict of interest, (ii) whether or not the conflict is material, and (iii) procedures to ensure that Prime makes proxy voting decisions based on the best interests of clients. If Prime determines that a material conflict exists, it will defer to ISS to vote the proxy in accordance with the predetermined voting policy.
Voting Policies
Prime has adopted the proxy voting policies developed by ISS, summaries of which can be found
at http://www.issgovernance.com/policy and which are deemed to be incorporated herein. The policies have been developed based on ISS’ independent, objective analysis of leading corporate governance practices and their support of long-term shareholder value. Prime may change its proxy voting policy from time to time without providing notice of changes to clients.
Voting Process
Prime has appointed the Head of Operations to act as Proxy Coordinator. The Proxy Coordinator acts as coordinator with ISS including ensuring proxies Prime is responsible to vote are forwarded to ISS, overseeing that ISS is voting assigned client accounts and maintaining appropriate authorization and voting records.
After ISS is notified by the custodian of a proxy that requires voting and/or after ISS cross references their database with a routine download of Prime holdings and determines a proxy requires voting, ISS will review the proxy and make a voting proposal based on the recommendations provided by their research group. Any electronic proxy votes will be communicated to the proxy solicitor by ISS Global Proxy Distribution Service and Broadridge’s Proxy Edge Distribution Service, while non-electronic ballots, or paper ballots, will be faxed, telephoned or sent via Internet. ISS assumes responsibility for the proxies to be transmitted for voting in a timely fashion and maintains a record of the vote, which is provided to Prime on a monthly basis. Proxy voting records specific to a client’s account are available to each client upon request.
Proxy Voting Record
Prime’s Proxy Coordinator will maintain a record containing the following information regarding the voting of proxies: (i) the name of the issuer, (ii) the exchange ticker symbol, (iii) the CUSIP number, (iv) the shareholder meeting date, (v) a brief description of the matter brought to vote; (vi) whether the proposal was submitted by management or a shareholder, (vii) how Prime/ ISS voted the proxy (for, against, abstained) and (viii) whether the proxy was voted for or against management.
Obtaining a Voting Proxy Report
Clients may request a copy of these policies and procedures and/or a report on how their individual securities were voted by contacting Prime at (425) 202-2000 or by email
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Exhibit R
BAIRD EQUITY ASSET MANAGEMENT
BAIRD EQUITY AM’S PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
Revised Effective January 22, 2018
I. | BACKGROUND |
Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”) requires that, for an investment adviser to exercise voting authority with respect to client securities, the adviser must:
• | adopt and implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that the adviser votes clients securities in the best interest of clients, which procedures must include how the adviser addresses material conflicts that may arise between the adviser’s interests and those of the adviser’s clients; |
• | disclose to clients how they may obtain information from the adviser about how the adviser voted with respect to their securities; and |
• | describe to clients the adviser’s proxy voting policies and procedures and, upon request, furnish a copy of the policies and procedures to the requesting client. |
Rule 204-2 of the Advisers Act requires that registered investment advisers maintain records of its proxy voting policies and procedures; proxy statements received; votes cast on behalf of clients; client requests for proxy voting information; and documents prepared by the investment adviser that were material to making a voting decision.
II. | POLICY |
The Baird Equity Asset Management department (“Baird Equity AM”) of Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated (the “Advisor” or “Baird”) exercises voting authority with respect to securities held by advisory clients that have executed advisory agreements with Baird and that have delegated proxy voting authority to Baird. Baird owes these clients duties of care and loyalty. Baird’s duty of loyalty requires Baird to vote the proxies in a manner consistent with the best interests of advisory clients. While Baird uses its best efforts to vote proxies, there are instances when voting is not practical or is not, in Baird or the portfolio manager’s view, in the best interest of clients.
As a fiduciary, Baird will ascertain whether the independent proxy voting service has the capacity and competency to analyze proxy issues, which may include considering: the adequacy and quality of the independent proxy voting service’s staffing and personnel; the robustness of its policies and procedures regarding its ability to (i) ensure that its proxy voting recommendations are based on current and accurate information and (ii) identify and address any conflicts of interest. Further, Baird should ensure that these voting guidelines or recommendation policies are generally appropriate for the clients whose proxies are being voted.
III. | PROXY VOTING COMMITTEE |
Baird has established a Proxy Voting Committee (the “Committee”) to oversee Baird’s proxy voting practices, including oversight of the independent proxy voting service. The Committee has established a Proxy Committee Charter to describe its responsibilities under these policies and procedures. The Committee will review, at least annually, these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures and its Charter. Further, the Committee will appoint a Sub-Committee for Baird’s Asset Management groups to consider proxy voting challenges made by its portfolio managers.
IV. | PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES |
Baird utilizes an independent provider of proxy voting and corporate governance service to analyze proxy materials and votes and make independent voting recommendations (the “independent proxy voting service”). Baird’s independent proxy voting service is currently Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (“ISS”).The independent proxy voting service provides proxy voting guidelines regarding its position on various matters presented by companies to their shareholders for consideration. Baird will typically vote shares in accordance with the recommendations made by the independent proxy voting service. However, the independent proxy voting service’s guidelines are not exhaustive, do not address all potential voting issues, and do not necessarily correspond with the opinions of the portfolio managers.
In the event the portfolio manager believes the independent proxy voting service recommendation is not in the best interest of the client, he/she will bring the issue (a “proxy challenge”) to the Sub-Committee by completing a Proxy Vote Challenge Form, which describes, among other things, the issue(s) up for vote and the portfolio manager’s rationale for voting against the voting recommendation of the independent proxy voting service. The Sub-Committee will consider what is in the best interest of clients when evaluating the proxy challenge, including an evaluation of the portfolio manager’s rationale and any potential conflicts of interest. The decision made by the Sub-Committee on the proxy challenge will apply to all advisory accounts managed by the portfolio manager (or team of portfolio managers) that submitted the Proxy Voting Challenge Form, unless the client has directed Baird to utilize specific voting guidelines (e.g., Taft-Hartley guidelines). The decision on the issue will be communicated to the portfolio manager and, if the proxy challenge is approved, the Baird’s Proxy Support team will be notified to cast the votes in accordance with the Sub-Committee’s instructions.
For those matters for which the independent proxy voting service does not provide a specific voting recommendation, the portfolio manager will be responsible for casting the vote in a manner he/she believes is in the best interest of clients.
V. | PROXY VOTING EXCEPTIONS |
There are instances when voting is not practical or is not, in Baird or the portfolio manager’s view, in the best interest of clients. Some examples of these types of situations are described below:
Certain Foreign Companies . Voting proxies of companies located in some jurisdictions may involve several issues that can restrict or prevent the ability to vote such proxies or entail additional costs, including, but not limited to: (i) requirements to vote proxies in person; (ii) restrictions on the sale of the securities for a period of time in proximity to the shareholder meeting; (iii) proxy statements and ballots being written in a language other than English; (iv) untimely notice of shareholder meetings; (v) restrictions on a foreigner’s ability to exercise votes; and (vi) requirements to provide local agents with a power of attorney to facilitate voting instructions. Baird will use a best efforts basis to vote proxies in these situations after weighing the costs and benefits of voting such proxies.
Securities Lending Program . The voting rights for shares that are out on loan are transferred to the borrower and therefore the lender is not entitled to vote the lent shares at the shareholder meeting. In general, Baird believes the revenue received from the lending program outweighs the ability to vote. Therefore, when a client has into a securities lending program, Baird generally will not seek to recall the securities on loan for the purpose of voting the securities; however, Baird reserves the right to recall the shares on loan on a best efforts basis if the portfolio manager becomes aware of a proxy proposal where the proxy vote is materially important to the client’s account.
VI. | CONFLICTS OF INTEREST |
There may be instances where Baird’s interests conflict, or appear to conflict, with advisory client interests. For example, Baird (or a Baird affiliate) may manage a pension plan, administer employee benefit plans, or provide brokerage, underwriting, insurance or banking services to a company whose management is soliciting proxies. Or, for example, Baird (or Baird’s senior executive officers) may have business or personal relationships with corporate directors or candidates for directorship. There may be a concern that we would vote in favor of management because of our relationship with the company.
We generally believe a material conflict exists if a portfolio manager (or team of portfolio managers) (i) manages or is pursuing management of accounts that are affiliated with the company soliciting proxies, (ii) is aware of investment banking or other relationships that the Advisor has or is pursuing with the company soliciting proxies (or its senior officers) that may give Baird an incentive to vote as recommended by the company, or (iii) has been asked or directed by persons associated with the Advisor or the company soliciting proxies to vote proxies in a certain manner in order to maintain or develop a relationship between the Advisor and the company. The Sub-Committee may also determine a material conflict of interest exists for other reasons.
Baird’s duty is to vote proxies in the best interests of advisory clients. As noted above under the Proxy Voting Guidelines section, Baird will typically vote shares in accordance with the recommendations made by the independent proxy voting service, which generally mitigates conflicts. However, in situations where there is a conflict of interest and the independent proxy voting service does not provide a recommendation or there is a proxy challenge, the Sub-Committee will determine the nature and materiality of the conflict.
• | If the conflict is determined to not be material, the Sub-Committee will vote the proxy in a manner the Sub-Committee believes is in the best interests of the client and without consideration of any benefit to the Advisor or its affiliates. |
• | If the conflict is determined to be material, the Sub-Committee will take one of the following steps to resolve the conflict: |
1. | Vote the securities in accordance with the recommendations of an independent third party, such as ISS; |
2. | Refer the proxy to the advisory client or to a fiduciary of the advisory client for voting purposes; |
3. | Suggest that the advisory client engage another party to determine how the proxy should be voted; |
4. | If the matter is not addressed by the independent proxy voting service, vote in accordance with management’s recommendation; or |
5. | Abstain from voting. |
VII. | PROCEDURES |
The portfolio managers (or portfolio manager team) are responsible for:
• | casting the vote in a manner he/she believes is in the best interest of clients; |
• | being familiar with the proxy voting guidelines of the independent proxy voting services; and |
• | completing the Proxy Voting Challenge Form and submitting on a timely basis the Proxy Voting Challenge Form to the Proxy Voting Sub-Committee when he/she believes the independent proxy voting service recommendation is not in the best interest of the client. |
Baird Equity AM Operations is responsible for:
• | ensuring a copy of the proxy voting guidelines (and/or changes made to such guidelines) established by the independent proxy voting service are distributed, at least annually, to the portfolio managers (or portfolio management teams); |
• | distributing periodic reports to the portfolio managers (or portfolio management teams) on upcoming shareholder meetings to assist the portfolio managers in identifying proposals that may not necessarily correspond with the opinions of the portfolio managers (e.g., recommendations against management); |
• | coordinating with the portfolio manager (or portfolio manager team) the voting recommendation for those matters for which the independent proxy voting service does not provide a specific voting recommendation; |
• | coordinating, with the assistance of the Compliance Department as needed, any Proxy Voting Sub-Committee meetings; |
• | ensuring a conflicts check is performed in situations where there is a proxy challenge or the independent proxy voting service does not provide a recommendation or there is a proxy challenge; |
• | ensuring the results of any Sub-Committee meetings are communicated to the portfolio manager (or portfolio manager teams) and, if the proxy challenge is approved by the Sub-Committee, notifying Baird’s Proxy Support team to cast the votes in accordance with the Sub-Committee’s instructions; |
• | confirming, when possible prior to the voting cut-off date, that Baird’s Proxy Support team properly recorded into the voting instructions into the proxy voting system (currently, ISS) for any approved proxy challenge or for any matters where the independent proxy voting service did not provide a recommendation; and |
• | notifying the Proxy Support area of Baird’s Operations group when advisory client request for information on how Baird voted proxies on the advisory client’s behalf. |
The Proxy Support area of Baird’s Operations group is responsible for:
• | sending to the Baird Equity AM Operations any proposals in which the third party proxy voting services has not provided a recommendation, and |
• | recording or updating, based on the instructions received, the voting instructions in the proxy voting system for (i) any approved proxy voting challenges and (ii) any matters where the proxy voting service did not provide instructions. |
VIII. | DISCLOSURE TO CLIENTS |
Baird will disclose to clients how they can obtain information from us on how client portfolio securities were voted. At the same time, we will provide a summary of these proxy voting policies and procedures to clients and, upon request, will provide them with a copy of the same. These disclosures will be made in Baird’s Form ADV Part 2A (Brochure).
IX. | RECORDKEEPING |
The applicable department or department unit will maintain the following records with respect to proxy voting:
• | a copy of the proxy voting policies and procedures is maintained by the Compliance Department; |
• | a copy of all proxy statements received is maintained through the proxy voting system (currently, ISS), the SEC’s EDGAR system or by the Proxy Support team; |
• | a record of each vote cast on behalf of an advisory client is maintained through the proxy voting system (currently, ISS) or by the Proxy Support team |
• | a copy of any document prepared by Baird that was material to making a voting decision or that memorializes the basis for that decision is maintained as part of the records of the Proxy Voting Sub-Committee; |
• | a copy of each written advisory client request for information on how Baird voted proxies on the advisory client’s behalf is maintained by Baird Equity AM Operations; and |
• | a copy of any written response to any advisory client request (written or oral) for information on how proxies were voted on behalf of the requesting advisory client is maintained by Baird Equity AM Operations. |
These books and records shall be made and maintained in accordance with the requirements and time periods provided in Rule 204-2 of the Advisers Act.
Exhibit S
THORNBURG INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
THORNBURG INVESTMENT TRUST
Proxy Voting Policy
March 2018
Policy Objectives
This Policy has been adopted by Thornburg Investment Management, Inc. (“ TIM ”) and Thornburg Investment Trust (the “ Trust ”) to facilitate the voting of proxies relating to portfolio securities in what it perceives to be the best interests of persons for whom TIM performs investment management services and is authorized and required to vote or consider voting proxies.
The Trust has delegated to TIM the authority to vote proxies relating to its portfolio securities in accordance with this Policy.
This Policy is intended by TIM to constitute “written policies and procedures” as described in Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “ Advisers Act ”). This Policy is intended by the Trust to constitute proxy voting policies and procedures referred to in Item 17 of Form N-1A adopted under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “ Investment Company Act ”).
See the Glossary of Terms for definitions of terms used in this Policy.
Voting Objectives
This Policy defines procedures for voting securities in each Account managed by TIM, for the benefit of and in the best interest of the Investment Client. The objective of voting a security in each case under this Policy is to seek to enhance the value of the security, or to reduce potential for a decline in the security’s value. This Policy does not prescribe voting requirements or specific voting considerations. Instead, this Policy provides procedures for assembling voting information and applying the informed expertise and judgment of TIM’s personnel on a timely basis in pursuit of the above stated voting objectives.
A further element of this Policy is that while voting on all issues presented should be considered, voting on all issues is not required by this Policy unless specifically directed or required by an Investment Client. Some issues presented for a vote of security holders may not be relevant to this Policy’s voting objectives, or it may not be reasonably possible to ascertain what effect, if any, a vote on a given issue may have on the value of an investment. Accordingly, unless an Investment Client and TIM have agreed that TIM shall vote a specific security or all securities in an Account, TIM may abstain from voting or decline to vote in those cases where there appears to be no relationship between the issue and the enhancement or preservation of an investment’s value, when TIM believes the costs of voting exceed the likely benefit to the Investment Client, or when TIM believes other factors indicate that the objectives of the Policy are less likely to be realized by voting a security.
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Policies and Procedures Manual
It is also important to the pursuit of the Policy’s voting objectives that TIM be able to substitute its judgment in any specific situation for a presumption in this Policy where strict adherence to the presumption could reasonably be expected by TIM, based upon the information then available (including but not limited to media and expert commentary and outside professional advice and recommendations sought by TIM on the issue), to be inconsistent with the objectives of this Policy. Accordingly, TIM understands that it may substitute its judgment in a specific voting situation described in the preceding sentence, except where explicitly prohibited by agreement with the Investment Client or this Policy.
TIM is not responsible for voting proxies relating to proxy materials that are not forwarded on a timely basis, nor does TIM control the setting of record dates, shareholder meeting dates, or the timing of distribution of proxy materials and ballots relating to shareholder votes. In addition, administrative matters beyond TIM’s control may at times prevent TIM from voting proxies in certain non-US markets (see “Voting Restrictions in Certain Non-US Markets,” below).
ERISA Accounts
Portfolio managers should recognize, in considering proxy votes for ERISA Accounts:
(a) | Plan trustees are ordinarily responsible for voting securities held by a plan, unless the plan documents direct TIM or another person to vote the proxies; |
(b) | If TIM is delegated authority to vote proxies, voting may be subject to specific written guidelines issued by the plan’s trustees or other officials; and |
(c) | TIM may not delegate authority to vote proxies, unless the plan documents or other written agreement expressly permit delegation. |
Proxy Voting Coordinator
The President shall appoint a Proxy Voting Coordinator. The Proxy Voting Coordinator shall discharge the following functions in effectuating this Policy:
(a) | Collecting and assembling proxy statements and other communications pertaining to proxy voting, together with proxies or other means of voting or giving voting instructions, and providing those materials to the appropriate portfolio managers to permit timely voting of proxies; |
(b) | Collecting recommendations, analysis, commentary and other information respecting subjects of proxy votes, from service providers engaged by TIM and other services specified by portfolio managers, and providing this information to the President or the appropriate portfolio managers to permit evaluation of proxy voting issues; |
(c) | Providing to appropriate portfolio managers any specific voting instructions from Investment Clients; |
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(d) | Collecting proxy votes or instructions from portfolio managers, and transmitting the votes or instructions to the appropriate custodians, brokers, nominees or other persons (which may include proxy voting services or agents engaged by TIM); |
(e) | Accumulating Voting Results as set forth in this Policy (which may be performed by proxy voting services or agents engaged by TIM) and transmitting or arranging for the transmission of that information in accordance with “Communicating Votes,” below; and |
(f) | Recordkeeping in accordance with “Recordkeeping,” below. |
The Proxy Voting Coordinator may, with the President’s approval, delegate any portion or all of any one or more of these functions to one or more other individuals employed by TIM. Any portion or all of any one or more of these functions may be performed by service providers engaged by TIM.
Assembling Voting Information
The Proxy Voting Coordinator shall obtain proxy statements and other communications pertaining to proxy voting, together with proxies or other means of voting or giving voting instructions to custodians, brokers, nominees, tabulators or others in a manner to permit voting on relevant issues in a timely manner. TIM may engage service providers and other third parties to assemble this information, digest or abstract the information where necessary or desirable, and deliver it to the portfolio managers or others to evaluate proxy voting issues.
Portfolio Managers
The portfolio manager responsible for management of a specific Account is responsible for timely voting (or determining not to vote in appropriate cases) proxies relating to securities in the Account in accordance with this Policy. The President may exercise this authority in any instance. The portfolio manager or President may delegate voting responsibilities to one or more other portfolio managers or other individuals. Persons exercising voting authority under this paragraph are authorized to consider voting recommendations and other information and analysis from service providers (including proxy voting services) engaged by TIM.
Accumulating Voting Results
The Proxy Voting Coordinator is responsible for accumulating the information similar to the following as to each matter relating to a portfolio security held by any Account, considered at any shareholder meeting, and with respect to which the Account was entitled to vote:
(a) | The name of the issuer of the portfolio security; |
(b) | An industry standard security identifier; |
(d) | The shareholder meeting date; |
(e) | A brief identification of the matter voted on; |
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(f) | Whether a vote was cast on the matter; |
(g) | How we cast the vote (e.g., “for,” “against,” “abstain,” or “withhold regarding election of directors”); and |
(h) | Whether we cast the vote for or against management. |
TIM may use service providers to record and cumulate the foregoing information. The Proxy Voting Coordinator may, with the President’s approval, delegate any portion or all of these functions to one or more other individuals employed by TIM.
Resolution of Conflicts of Interest
In any case where a portfolio manager determines that a proxy vote involves an actual Conflict of Interest, and the proxy vote relates to the election of a director in an uncontested election or ratification of selection of independent accountants, the portfolio manager shall vote the proxy in accordance with the recommendation of any proxy voting service engaged by TIM. If no such recommendation is available, or if the proxy vote involves any other matters, the portfolio manager shall immediately refer the vote to the Investment Client (or in the case of any Investment Company as to which TIM is the adviser or subadviser and is authorized to vote proxies, to the chairman of its audit committee) for direction on the voting of the proxy or consent to vote in accordance with the portfolio manager’s recommendation. In all cases where such a vote is referred to the Investment Client, TIM shall disclose the Conflict of Interest to the Investment Client.
Communicating Votes
The Proxy Voting Coordinator shall (i) communicate to TIM’s Fund Administration staff proxy voting information respecting votes on portfolio securities held by Investment Clients which are Investment Companies, sufficient to permit Fund Administration to prepare Form N-PX filings for the Investment Companies; and (ii) provide in writing to any Investment Client requesting information on voting of proxies with respect to portfolio securities, the information described under the caption “Accumulating Voting Results,” for the period or periods specified by the Investment Client. If the information requested by the Investment Client pertains to a period which is not readily available, or is not described above under the caption “Accumulating Voting Results,” the Proxy Voting Coordinator will confer with the Chief Compliance Officer. The Proxy Voting Coordinator may, with the President’s approval, delegate any portion or all of this function to one or more individuals employed by TIM. TIM may engage one or more service providers to facilitate timely communication of proxy votes.
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Record of Voting Delegation
The Proxy Voting Coordinator shall maintain a list of all Accounts, with a specification as to each Account whether or not TIM is authorized to vote proxies respecting the Account’s portfolio securities.
Comment on Voting
It is the Policy of TIM not to comment on specific proxy votes with respect to securities in an Account in response to inquiries from persons who are not specifically authorized representatives as to the Account. Attention is directed in this regard to the Thornburg Investment Management Internal Confidentiality and Privacy Protection Policy and the Thornburg Investment Trust Policy and Procedures for Disclosure of Portfolio Securities Holdings, as in effect from time to time. Customer service representatives and other persons who may receive such inquiries should advise persons presenting the inquiries that TIM does not comment on proxy voting, and that as to Investment Companies for which TIM is required to disclose proxy votes, the information is available on the Investment Company’s website and filed with the SEC. The President may authorize comments in specific cases, in his or her discretion.
Joining Insurgent or Voting Committees
It is the policy of TIM, for itself and the Accounts, not to join any insurgent or voting committee or similar group. The President may approve participation in any such committee or group in his or her discretion, and shall advise the authorized representatives for the Account of any such action.
Social Issues
It is the presumption of this Policy that proxies shall not be voted on Social Issues except that TIM may substitute its judgment in any specific situation involving a Social Issue as provided in the third paragraph under the caption “Voting Objectives.”
Voting Restrictions in Certain Non-US Markets
Proxy voting in certain countries requires “share blocking.” During a “share blocking” period, shares that will be voted at a meeting may not be sold until the meeting has taken place and the shares are returned to the Investment Client’s custodian bank. TIM may choose not to vote an Investment Client’s shares in a “share blocking” market if TIM believes that the benefit to the Investment Client of being able to sell the shares during this “share blocking” period outweighs the benefit of exercising the vote. TIM will exercise its judgment subject to any specific voting instructions agreed to between TIM and the Investment Client.
Certain non-US markets require that TIM provide a power of attorney to give local agents authority to carry out TIM’s voting instructions. While TIM will make efforts to comply with relevant local market rules, TIM frequently does not provide a power of attorney for the following reasons that include but are not limited to: (i) TIM may not have the required Investment Client information that the local market requires, (ii) TIM may deem the expense too great, or (iii) TIM may determine not to provide a power of attorney based upon advice of legal counsel. Failure to provide an effective power of attorney in a non-US market may prevent TIM from being able to vote an Investment Client’s shares in that market.
Periodic Review of Policy Function
Pursuant to the review requirements of Rule 206(4)-7 under the Advisers Act and Rule 38a-1 under the Investment Company Act, the Chief Compliance Officer, or a Designated Compliance Officer, shall conduct a periodic review, no less often than once per calendar year, which shall comprise the following elements:
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(a) | Review a sample of the record of voting delegation maintained by the Proxy Voting Coordinator against Voting Results to determine if TIM is exercising its authority to vote proxies on portfolio securities held in the selected Accounts; |
(b) | Request and review voting data to determine if timely communication of proxy votes is reasonably accomplished during the period reviewed; |
(c) | Meet with the Proxy Voting Coordinator to review the voting of proxies, communication of proxy votes, accumulation of Voting Results and the general functioning of this Policy; |
(d) | Evaluate the performance of any proxy voting services or agents employed by TIM, including whether or not the service or agent maintains its independence with respect to companies the securities of which are the subject of voting recommendations, information or analysis from the service or agent; and |
(e) | Prepare written reports respecting the foregoing items to the President, the Trustees of the Trust, and any Investment Company Clients for which such a report is required. |
Recordkeeping
The Proxy Voting Coordinator shall maintain the following records:
(a) | A copy of each proxy statement that TIM receives regarding Investment Client securities. In maintaining a record of proxy statements referred to in this item, the Proxy Voting Coordinator may rely on obtaining copies from the Securities and Exchange Commission’s EDGAR system or similar accessible database; |
(b) | Voting Results for each Investment Client; |
(c) | A copy of any document created by TIM that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies on behalf of an Investment Client or that memorializes the basis for that decision; |
(d) | A copy of each written Investment Client request for information on how TIM voted proxies on behalf of the Investment Client, and a copy of any written response by TIM to any (written or oral) Investment Client request for information on how TIM voted proxies on behalf of the requesting Investment Client; and |
(e) | Communications to Investment Clients respecting Conflicts of Interest. |
The Chief Compliance Officer, or a Designated Compliance Officer, shall maintain the following records:
(a) | Copies of this Policy as from time to time is revised or supplemented; |
(b) | All written reports arising from annual reviews of policy function; and |
(c) | Chronological record of proxy voting records reviewed by quarter. |
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All records shall be maintained and preserved pursuant to the separately adopted Document Retention and Destruction Policy for the time period indicated in the current Books and Records Matrix.
The President may authorize the Proxy Voting Coordinator to engage one or more service providers to perform any portion of this recordkeeping function provided (1) the function is performed in compliance with then applicable governmental regulations, and (2) each service provider provides a written undertaking to furnish the records to TIM promptly upon request.
Glossary of Terms
“ Account ” means any discrete account or portfolio as to which TIM has discretionary investment authority. An Investment Client may have multiple Accounts. Each series of any Investment Company as to which TIM is the adviser or subadviser is an Account.
“ Chief Compliance Officer ” means the Chief Compliance Officer of TIM.
“ Conflict of Interest ” means as to any Account, any conflict between a pecuniary interest of TIM or any affiliate, and the duties of TIM to the Investment Client who is the owner of the Account.
“ ERISA ” means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1975, as amended. Reference to an “ERISA Account” means an account for an employee benefit plan governed by ERISA.
“ Investment Client ” means any person with whom TIM has a contract to perform discretionary investment management services, including a series of an Investment Company, and for whom TIM is authorized by the contract or required by applicable law to vote or consider voting securities in the Investment Client’s Account.
“ Investment Company ” means a company registered as such under the Investment Company Act.
“ President ” means the president of TIM, or in the event of his or her unavailability any individual who is a vice president and managing director of TIM.
“ Proxy Voting Coordinator ” means the individual appointed from time to time by the President to perform the proxy voting coordination functions described in this Policy.
“ Social Issues ” means any issue presented for a vote of holders of any security which is held in an Account, which may reasonably be interpreted as (i) unrelated in any substantial respect to the voting objectives of this Policy, and (ii) intended to promote directly or indirectly the interests of persons who are not holders of the security.
“ TIM ” means Thornburg Investment Management, Inc.
“ Voting Results ” means the specific information described under the caption “Accumulating Voting Results.”
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THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
EDGEWOOD GROWTH FUND
INSTITUTIONAL SHARES TICKER SYMBOL: EGFIX
RETAIL SHARES TICKER SYMBOL: EGFFX
SERVICE SHARES TICKER SYMBOL: EGFSX
PROSPECTUS |
MARCH 1, 2019 |
Investment Adviser:
Edgewood Management LLC
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-800-791-4226. Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus |
This prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
As of the date of this prospectus, Service Shares are not available for purchase.
The investment objective of the Edgewood Growth Fund (the “Fund”) is to provide long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below. Shares of the Fund are available in other share classes that have different fees and expenses.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional Shares |
Management Fees |
1.00% |
Other Expenses |
0.06% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.06% |
Less Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.06)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.00% |
1 | Edgewood Management LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses and non-routine expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Institutional Shares until February 28, 2020 (the “contractual expense limit”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This agreement may be terminated by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) or by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020, provided that, in the case of termination by the Adviser, such action shall be authorized by resolution of a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust. |
1
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Shares |
$102 |
$331 |
$579 |
$1,289 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 19% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The Fund is non-diversified and primarily invests in a core group of 15-35 equity securities, including both common stocks and sponsored American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), which are certificates typically issued by a bank or trust company that represent ownership interests in securities of non-U.S. companies. The Fund is flexibly managed, with the ability to invest in equity securities of a smaller number of issuers and/or sectors than diversified mutual funds. The Fund focuses on U.S. companies that the Adviser believes are quality companies with stock that offer the potential for future price appreciation.
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser seeks to identify companies possessing fundamentally strong market positions in growing industries, exceptional earnings power, and consistency of earnings performance, with a particular focus on growing companies experiencing superior rates of return over varying economic cycles. Investment decisions are based upon a fundamental analysis that emphasizes company-specific research. The goal of the process is to
2
invest in growth companies in both established and growing industries that display the following characteristics: a record of consistent earnings power; an earnings growth rate in excess of the S&P 500 Growth Index; a dominant market position or proven strength; attractive fundamental financial valuation; superior management; management/insider ownership; and an industry growth rate in excess of the growth of gross domestic product (“GDP”). The Fund’s investments are expected to have a bias toward larger capitalization issuers (those with market capitalizations in excess of $10 billion), but the Fund may also invest in small-capitalization (between $100 million and $4 billion) and medium-capitalization (between $4 billion and $10 billion) companies.
The Fund intends to buy and hold securities for the long-term and seeks to keep moderate portfolio turnover. However, the Adviser may sell a security in response to deterioration in a company’s business prospects, performance or financial strength, when the security’s price is no longer justifiable or if the security demonstrates earnings disappointments.
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Non-Diversification Risk – The Fund is non-diversified and its investment strategy often results in a core group of stocks of companies that it believes hold the most growth potential. As a result, poor performance or adverse economic events affecting one or more of these companies could have a greater impact on the Fund than it would on another mutual fund with a broader range of investments.
Small- and Medium-Capitalization Company Risk – To the extent that the Fund invests in small- and medium-capitalization companies, the Fund may be subject to additional risk. The small- and mid-
3
capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Foreign Company Risk – When the Fund invests in foreign securities, it will be subject to risks not typically associated with domestic securities. Although ADRs are an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies, they are also subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. Foreign investments can be riskier and more volatile than investments in the United States. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make it difficult for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes will have above-average rates of earnings growth and which, therefore, may experience above-average increases in stock prices. Over time, a growth investing style may go in and out of favor, causing the Fund to sometimes underperform other equity funds that use differing investing styles.
Cyber Security Risk – The Fund and its service providers may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from a breach in cyber security, including cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential company information, impede redemptions, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial
4
losses, and cause reputational damage. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund invests.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since the Fund’s inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.edgewoodfunds.com or by calling 1-800-791-4226.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
18.65% |
(15.85)% |
(09/30/2010) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad based indices.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
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|
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Fund Return Before Taxes |
2.31% |
12.59% |
16.18% |
10.25% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
1.25% |
11.71% |
15.69% |
9.85% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
2.19% |
10.21% |
14.06% |
8.77% |
S&P 500 Growth Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(0.01)% |
10.55% |
14.81% |
9.16% |
S&P 500 Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(4.38)% |
8.49% |
13.12% |
7.61% |
Edgewood Management LLC
Mr. Alan W. Breed, President and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Lawrence G. Creel, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Scott Edwardson, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Alexander Farman-Farmaian, Vice Chairman and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Peter Jennison, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Kevin R. Seth, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Nicholas A. Stephens, CFA, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 20 of the prospectus.
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The investment objective of the Edgewood Growth Fund (the “Fund”) is to provide long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Retail Shares |
|
Management Fees |
1.00% |
|
Distribution and/or Service (12b-1) Fees |
0.25% |
|
Other Expenses |
0.21% |
|
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.15% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
0.06% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.46% |
|
Less Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.06)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.40% |
1 | Edgewood Management LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Distribution and/or Service (12b-1) Fees, Shareholder Servicing Fees, acquired fund fees and expenses and non-routine expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Retail Shares until February 28, 2020 (the “contractual expense limit”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This agreement may be terminated by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) or by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020, provided that, in the case of termination by the Adviser, such action shall be authorized by resolution of a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust. |
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Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Retail Shares |
$143 |
$456 |
$792 |
$1,741 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 19% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The Fund is non-diversified and primarily invests in a core group of 15-35 equity securities, including both common stocks and sponsored American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), which are certificates typically issued by a bank or trust company that represent ownership interests in securities of non-U.S. companies. The Fund is flexibly managed, with the ability to invest in equity securities of a smaller number of issuers and/or sectors than diversified mutual funds. The Fund focuses on U.S. companies that the Adviser believes are quality companies with stock that offer the potential for future price appreciation.
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser seeks to identify companies possessing fundamentally strong market positions in growing industries, exceptional earnings power, and consistency of earnings performance, with a particular focus on growing companies experiencing superior rates of return over varying economic cycles. Investment decisions are based upon a fundamental analysis that emphasizes company-specific research. The goal of the process is to
8
invest in growth companies in both established and growing industries that display the following characteristics: a record of consistent earnings power; an earnings growth rate in excess of the S&P 500 Growth Index; a dominant market position or proven strength; attractive fundamental financial valuation; superior management; management/insider ownership; and an industry growth rate in excess of the growth of gross domestic product (“GDP”). The Fund’s investments are expected to have a bias toward larger capitalization issuers (those with market capitalizations in excess of $10 billion), but the Fund may also invest in small-capitalization (between $100 million and $4 billion) and medium-capitalization (between $4 billion and $10 billion) companies.
The Fund intends to buy and hold securities for the long-term and seeks to keep moderate portfolio turnover. However, the Adviser may sell a security in response to deterioration in a company’s business prospects, performance or financial strength, when the security’s price is no longer justifiable or if the security demonstrates earnings disappointments.
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Non-Diversification Risk – The Fund is non-diversified and its investment strategy often results in a core group of stocks of companies that it believes hold the most growth potential. As a result, poor performance or adverse economic events affecting one or more of these companies could have a greater impact on the Fund than it would on another mutual fund with a broader range of investments.
Small- and Medium-Capitalization Company Risk – To the extent that the Fund invests in small- and medium-capitalization companies, the Fund may be subject to additional risk. The small- and mid-
9
capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Foreign Company Risk – When the Fund invests in foreign securities, it will be subject to risks not typically associated with domestic securities. Although ADRs are an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies, they are also subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. Foreign investments can be riskier and more volatile than investments in the United States. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make it difficult for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes will have above-average rates of earnings growth and which, therefore, may experience above-average increases in stock prices. Over time, a growth investing style may go in and out of favor, causing the Fund to sometimes underperform other equity funds that use differing investing styles.
Cyber Security Risk – The Fund and its service providers may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from a breach in cyber security, including cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential company information, impede redemptions, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial
10
losses, and cause reputational damage. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund invests.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Retail Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Retail Shares’ average annual returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since the Fund’s inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.edgewoodfunds.com or by calling 1-800-791-4226.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
18.97% |
(15.94)% |
(09/30/2010) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Retail Shares’ average annual total returns for periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad based indices.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
11
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Fund Return Before Taxes |
1.90% |
12.15% |
15.96% |
9.91% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
0.80% |
11.25% |
15.45% |
9.51% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
1.96% |
9.82% |
13.84% |
8.46% |
S&P 500 Growth Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(0.01)% |
10.55% |
14.81% |
9.16% |
S&P 500 Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(4.38)% |
8.49% |
13.12% |
7.61% |
Edgewood Management LLC
Mr. Alan W. Breed, President and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Lawrence G. Creel, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Scott Edwardson, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Alexander Farman-Farmaian, Vice Chairman and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Peter Jennison, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Kevin R. Seth, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Nicholas A. Stephens, CFA, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 20 of the prospectus.
12
Edgewood Growth Fund – Service Shares |
The investment objective of the Edgewood Growth Fund (the “Fund”) is to provide long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Service Shares |
|
Management Fees |
1.00% |
|
Other Expenses |
0.31% |
|
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.25% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
0.06% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.31% |
|
Less Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.06)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.25% |
1 | Edgewood Management LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Shareholder Servicing Fees, acquired fund fees and expenses and non-routine expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Service Shares until February 28, 2020 (the “contractual expense limit”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This agreement may be terminated by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) or by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020, provided that, in the case of termination by the Adviser, such action shall be authorized by resolution of a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust. |
13
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Service Shares |
$127 |
$409 |
$712 |
$1,574 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 19% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The Fund is non-diversified and primarily invests in a core group of 15-35 equity securities, including both common stocks and sponsored American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), which are certificates typically issued by a bank or trust company that represent ownership interests in securities of non-U.S. companies. The Fund is flexibly managed, with the ability to invest in equity securities of a smaller number of issuers and/or sectors than diversified mutual funds. The Fund focuses on U.S. companies that the Adviser believes are quality companies with stock that offer the potential for future price appreciation.
In selecting investments for the Fund, the Adviser seeks to identify companies possessing fundamentally strong market positions in growing industries, exceptional earnings power, and consistency of earnings performance, with a particular focus on growing companies experiencing superior rates of return over varying economic cycles. Investment decisions are based upon a fundamental analysis that emphasizes company-specific research. The goal of the process is to
14
invest in growth companies in both established and growing industries that display the following characteristics: a record of consistent earnings power; an earnings growth rate in excess of the S&P 500 Growth Index; a dominant market position or proven strength; attractive fundamental financial valuation; superior management; management/insider ownership; and an industry growth rate in excess of the growth of gross domestic product (“GDP”). The Fund’s investments are expected to have a bias toward larger capitalization issuers (those with market capitalizations in excess of $10 billion), but the Fund may also invest in small-capitalization (between $100 million and $4 billion) and medium-capitalization (between $4 billion and $10 billion) companies.
The Fund intends to buy and hold securities for the long-term and seeks to keep moderate portfolio turnover. However, the Adviser may sell a security in response to deterioration in a company’s business prospects, performance or financial strength, when the security’s price is no longer justifiable or if the security demonstrates earnings disappointments.
PRINCIPAL RISKS OF INVESTING IN THE FUND
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Non-Diversification Risk – The Fund is non-diversified and its investment strategy often results in a core group of stocks of companies that it believes hold the most growth potential. As a result, poor performance or adverse economic events affecting one or more of these companies could have a greater impact on the Fund than it would on another mutual fund with a broader range of investments.
Small- and Medium-Capitalization Company Risk – To the extent that the Fund invests in small- and medium-capitalization companies, the Fund may be subject to additional risk. The small- and mid-
15
capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Foreign Company Risk – When the Fund invests in foreign securities, it will be subject to risks not typically associated with domestic securities. Although ADRs are an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies, they are also subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. Foreign investments can be riskier and more volatile than investments in the United States. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make it difficult for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes will have above-average rates of earnings growth and which, therefore, may experience above-average increases in stock prices. Over time, a growth investing style may go in and out of favor, causing the Fund to sometimes underperform other equity funds that use differing investing styles.
Cyber Security Risk – The Fund and its service providers may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from a breach in cyber security, including cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential company information, impede redemptions, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial
16
losses, and cause reputational damage. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund invests.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since the Fund’s inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance.
The Fund’s Service Shares had not commenced operations as of the date of this prospectus, and, therefore, the Fund’s Service Shares’ performance information is not presented. The performance information provided shows the returns of the Fund’s Retail Shares, which are also offered in this prospectus. The Service Shares would have substantially similar performance as the Retail Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would differ only to the extent that the expenses of the Service Shares are lower than the expenses of the Retail Shares.
Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.edgewoodfunds.com or by calling 1-800-791-4226.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
18.97% |
(15.94)% |
(09/30/2010) |
(12/31/2018) |
17
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad based indices.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Fund Return Before Taxes |
1.90% |
12.15% |
15.96% |
9.91% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
0.80% |
11.25% |
15.45% |
9.51% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
1.96% |
9.82% |
13.84% |
8.46% |
S&P 500 Growth Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(0.01)% |
10.55% |
14.81% |
9.16% |
S&P 500 Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(4.38)% |
8.49% |
13.12% |
7.61% |
Edgewood Management LLC
Mr. Alan W. Breed, President and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Lawrence G. Creel, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Scott Edwardson, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
18
Mr. Alexander Farman-Farmaian, Vice Chairman and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Peter Jennison, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Kevin R. Seth, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Nicholas A. Stephens, CFA, Partner and Member of the Board of Managers, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 20 of the prospectus.
19
Summary Information about the Purchase and
Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial
Intermediary Compensation
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000 for Institutional Shares (including for IRAs) and at least $3,000 for Retail Shares and Service Shares ($2,000 for IRAs). The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion. There are no minimums for subsequent investments. As of the date of this prospectus, Service Shares are not available for purchase.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-800-791-4226.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
Tax Information
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s web site for more information.
20
Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings. The Fund is non-diversified, meaning that it may invest a large percentage of its assets in a single issuer or a relatively small number of issuers.
Equity Risk – Equity securities include publicly and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock and convertible securities, as well as instruments that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Investments in equity securities and equity derivatives in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of such securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Non-Diversification Risk – The Fund is classified as “non-diversified,” which means it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund. To the extent that the Fund invests its assets in a smaller number of issuers, the Fund will be more susceptible to negative events affecting those issuers than a diversified fund.
Small- and Medium-Capitalization Company Risk – To the extent that the Fund invests in small- and medium-capitalization companies,
21
the Fund may be subject to additional risk. The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Foreign Security Risk – Investments in securities of foreign companies or governments (including direct investments as well as through ADRs) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies or governments. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes is recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes will have above-average rates of earnings growth and which, therefore, may experience above-average increases in stock prices. Over time, a growth investing style may go in and out of favor, causing the Fund to sometimes underperform other equity funds that use differing investing styles.
Cyber Security Risk – The Fund and its service providers may be subject to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data
22
maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized release of confidential information or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber-attacks affecting the Fund or its service providers may adversely impact the Fund. For instance, cyber-attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential company information, impede redemptions, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses, and cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund invests, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investment in such portfolio companies to lose value.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT FUND INVESTMENTS
The investment objective of the Fund is to provide long-term growth of capital. This investment objective may be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. In the event that the Adviser determines that securities meeting the Fund’s investment objective are not readily available for purchase, the Fund may hold uninvested assets in cash or money market instruments in order to maintain liquidity. In addition, during unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only make temporary defensive investments if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for growth of total return.
This prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this prospectus, the Fund also may invest to a lesser extent in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategy. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this prospectus, are described in detail in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) (for information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI see the back cover of this prospectus). Of course, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment goal.
23
INFORMATION ABOUT PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
The Fund generally publishes a complete alphabetical list of its portfolio holdings on a quarterly basis, forty-five (45) days after the end of the fiscal quarter. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/edgewood. The information will generally remain available until replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund. Please consult the Fund’s SAI for a full description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE INVESTMENT ADVISER
Edgewood Management LLC is a New York limited liability company formed in 2006 and is the successor to Edgewood Management Company, founded in 1974. The Adviser is located at 535 Madison Avenue, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10022. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $24.97 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 1.00% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, distribution and/or service (12b-1) fees, shareholder servicing fees, acquired fund fees and expenses and non-routine expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until February 28, 2020 (the “contractual expense limit”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This agreement may be terminated by the Board or by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice, effective as of the close of business
24
on February 28, 2020, provided that, in the case of termination by the Adviser, such action shall be authorized by resolution of a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid 0.94% of its average daily net assets (after fee waivers) in advisory fees to the Adviser.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
The Edgewood Growth Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals. The following members of the investment team are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund and have served on the portfolio management team of the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Alan W. Breed joined the Adviser in 1994 as a Partner and has served as President of the Adviser since June 1998, after serving as a Managing Director from January 1994 to June 1998. Mr. Breed has more than 35 years of investment experience.
Mr. Lawrence G. Creel has served as a Partner of the Adviser since February 1997. Mr. Creel has more than 33 years of investment experience.
Mr. Scott Edwardson has served as a Partner of the Adviser since December 2016, after serving as a Managing Director from December 2010 to December 2016 and a Senior Research Analyst from May 2000 to December 2010. Mr. Edwardson has more than 20 years of investment experience.
Mr. Alexander Farman-Farmaian has served as Vice Chairman and Partner of the Adviser since January 2006. Mr. Farman-Farmaian has more than 32 years of investment experience.
Mr. Peter Jennison has served as a Partner of the Adviser since January 2006. Mr. Jennison has more than 33 years of investment experience.
Mr. Kevin R. Seth has served as a Partner of the Adviser since February 1995. Mr. Seth has more than 35 years of investment experience.
Mr. Nicholas A. Stephens, CFA, has served as a Partner of the Adviser since January 1993. Mr. Stephens has more than 34 years of investment experience.
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The Fund’s SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
PURCHASING, SELLING AND EXCHANGING FUND SHARES
This section tells you how to purchase and sell (sometimes called “redeem”) Retail, Institutional and Service Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers three classes of shares to investors: Institutional Shares, Retail Shares and Service Shares. Each share class has its own shareholder eligibility criteria, investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Shares, Retail Shares and Service Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them. As of the date of this prospectus, Services Shares are not available for purchase.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment
|
Fees |
Institutional Shares |
Primarily institutional investors |
Initial – $100,000, including for IRAs
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee
No shareholder servicing fee |
Retail Shares |
Primarily individual investors |
Initial – $3,000
Subsequent – None |
0.25% 12b-1 Fee
Shareholder servicing fee in an amount not to exceed 0.25% |
Service Shares |
Generally purchased through an account with financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisors, broker-dealers or other financial institutions |
Initial – $3,000
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee
Shareholder servicing fee in an amount not to exceed 0.25% |
Institutional Shares, Retail Shares and Service Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through
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certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisors, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Certain classes provide for higher 12b-1 fees and/or shareholder servicing fees to be paid to financial intermediaries. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing a financial intermediary to offer such classes, even though less expensive classes could increase the return on your investment. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept initial investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-800-791-4226.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Fund reserves the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Fund is not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
Regular Mail Address
Edgewood Growth Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009
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Express Mail Address
Edgewood Growth Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-800-791-4226 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name, the share class and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA#: 101000695
Edgewood Growth Fund
DDA# 9870523965
Ref: account number/account name/share class
Retail Shares — By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. Purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually in amounts of at least $100. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: Edgewood Growth Fund, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Edgewood Growth Fund, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies
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and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such transactions will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share (the offering price) will be the next-determined NAV per share after the Fund or authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund is provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of the Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time
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to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class. In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the
30
Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price such securities at fair value–for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. Foreign securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any foreign securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the foreign markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider any relevant information related to the securities, such as the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation or securities market movements in the United States.
Minimum Investments
To purchase Institutional Shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA, you must invest at least $100,000. To purchase Retail and Service Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $3,000 ($2,000 for an IRA). There are no minimums for subsequent investments. The Fund may accept initial investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
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Fund Codes
The Fund’s reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Edgewood Growth Fund |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Retail Shares |
EGFFX |
0075W0742 |
2130 |
Institutional Shares |
EGFIX |
0075W0759 |
2131 |
Service Shares |
EGFSX |
0075W0437 |
2132 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund’s transfer agent directly by mail or telephone at 1-800-791-4226.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require
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additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-800-791-4226 for more information.
The sale price will be the next-determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); |
● |
The share class; and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
Edgewood Growth Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Edgewood Growth Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
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By Telephone
To redeem shares by telephone, you must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privileges) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-800-791-4226 to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank by either Fed wire or ACH.
Retail Shares — By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the
34
securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $1,000 because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing and selling Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
How to Exchange Your Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert one class of shares of the Fund directly to another class of shares of the Fund by writing to or calling the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of such other class of shares, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in such other class of shares, as set forth in this prospectus. You may only convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). A conversion between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies,
35
registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information, please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Retail Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Retail Shares of the Fund is 0.25%.
Shareholder Servicing Plan
The Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.25% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Retail Shares and Service Shares. The services for which financial intermediaries are compensated may include record-keeping, transaction processing for shareholders’ accounts and other shareholder services.
Other Payments by the Fund
The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, distribution or shareholder services fees the Fund may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Fund’s distribution plan or shareholder servicing plan.
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Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
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Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Fund may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of their Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair value. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than four “round trips” into or out of the Fund over any rolling 12 month period. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service |
38
providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund.
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed
39
by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund.
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Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; and/or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly
41
with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-800-791-4226.
The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional
42
shares of the Fund may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less, or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such
43
shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent that the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund consist of foreign securities, the Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. The Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
44
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this prospectus, the SAI nor any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
45
The tables that follow present performance information about the Institutional and Retail Shares of the Fund. This information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in each table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-800-791-4226.
Because Service Shares of the Fund had not commenced operations during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, financial highlights are not available for Service Shares of the Fund.
46
Institutional Shares |
||||||||||||||||||||
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended October 31, |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 29.35 | $ | 22.41 | $ | 22.67 | $ | 21.35 | $ | 17.46 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (Loss) (1) |
(0.11 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.04 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain |
3.70 | 7.51 | 0.52 | 2.34 | 4.16 | |||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
3.59 | 7.42 | 0.45 | 2.32 | 4.12 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
— | — | (0.00 | ) * | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(0.38 | ) | (0.48 | ) | (0.71 | ) | (1.00 | ) | (0.23 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.38 | ) | (0.48 | ) | (0.71 | ) | (1.00 | ) | (0.23 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 32.56 | $ | 29.35 | $ | 22.41 | $ | 22.67 | $ | 21.35 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
12.37 | % | 33.75 | % | 2.15 | % | 11.37 | % | 23.89 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 12,789,768 | $ | 10,290,880 | $ | 6,069,112 | $ | 4,753,281 | $ | 3,403,172 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.00 | % | 1.00 | % | 1.00 | % | 1.00 | % | 1.00 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.06 | % | 1.07 | % | 1.08 | % | 1.09 | % | 1.10 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Loss to Average Net Assets |
(0.32 | )% | (0.36 | )% | (0.33 | )% | (0.10 | )% | (0.20 | )% | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
19 | % | 13 | % | 31 | % | 24 | % | 41 | % |
† |
Return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived and assumed by the Adviser during the period. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Calculated using average shares. |
* |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
47
Retail Shares |
||||||||||||||||||||
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended October 31, |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 28.33 | $ | 21.74 | $ | 22.09 | $ | 20.91 | $ | 17.13 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (Loss) (1) |
(0.23 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.15 | ) | (0.10 | ) | (0.10 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain |
3.58 | 7.26 | 0.51 | 2.28 | 4.11 | |||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
3.35 | 7.07 | 0.36 | 2.18 | 4.01 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(0.38 | ) | (0.48 | ) | (0.71 | ) | (1.00 | ) | (0.23 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.38 | ) | (0.48 | ) | (0.71 | ) | (1.00 | ) | (0.23 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 31.30 | $ | 28.33 | $ | 21.74 | $ | 22.09 | $ | 20.91 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
11.97 | % | 33.17 | % | 1.77 | % | 10.92 | % | 23.71 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 429,537 | $ | 508,244 | $ | 309,421 | $ | 297,947 | $ | 211,175 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.40 | % | 1.40 | % | 1.39 | % | 1.39 | % | 1.35 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.46 | % | 1.47 | % | 1.47 | % | 1.48 | % | 1.45 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Loss to Average Net Assets |
(0.73 | )% | (0.75 | )% | (0.71 | )% | (0.49 | )% | (0.53 | )% | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
19 | % | 13 | % | 31 | % | 24 | % | 41 | % |
† |
Return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived and assumed by the Adviser during the period. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(1) |
Calculated using average shares. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
48
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
EDGEWOOD GROWTH FUND
Investment Adviser
Edgewood Management LLC
535 Madison Avenue, 15th Floor
New York, New York 10022
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about the Fund and The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about strategies and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI or Annual or Semi-Annual Report or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-800-791-4226 |
By Mail: |
Edgewood Growth Fund
|
By Internet: |
www.edgewoodfunds.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
EMC-PS-001-1500
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
EDGEWOOD GROWTH FUND
(Institutional Class Shares Ticker Symbol: EGFIX)
(Retail Shares Ticker Symbol: EGFFX)
(Service Shares Ticker Symbol: EGFSX)
a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
EDGEWOOD MANAGEMENT LLC
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. It is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the Edgewood Growth Fund (the “Fund”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (“Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Fund, which includes the Fund’s audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Fund at P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009 or calling toll-free at 1-800-791-4226.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
As of the date of this SAI, Service Shares of the Fund are not available for purchase.
March 1, 2019 | EMC-SX-001-1400 |
ii
General. The Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. The Fund pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the Fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Fund in Institutional Shares, Retail Shares and Service Shares. The different classes provide for variations in certain distribution and shareholder servicing expenses and in the minimum initial investment requirements and investor eligibility. Minimum investment requirements and investor eligibility are described in the Prospectus. For more information on distribution and shareholder servicing expenses, see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in this SAI. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. The Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each, a “Trustee” and together, the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate the Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if the Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES
The Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus. For a description of certain permitted investments discussed below, see “Description of Permitted Investments” in this SAI.
S- 1
Non-Diversification. The Fund is classified as a “non-diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), which means that a relatively high percentage of assets of the Fund may be invested in obligations of a limited number of issuers. The value of the shares of the Fund may be more susceptible to any single economic, political or regulatory occurrence that the shares of a diversified investment company would be. The Fund intends to satisfy the diversification requirements necessary to qualify as a regulated investment company ("RIC") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), which generally requires that the Fund be diversified (i.e., that it will not invest more than 5% of its assets in the securities of any one issuer) with respect to 50% of its assets.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The following are descriptions of the permitted investments and investment practices of the Fund and the associated risk factors. The Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
American Depositary Receipts. American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. The underlying shares are held in trust by a custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Investments in the securities of foreign issuers may subject the Fund to investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in securities of U.S. issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, possible imposition of withholding taxes on income, possible seizure, nationalization or expropriation of foreign deposits, possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source or greater fluctuation in value due to changes in exchange rates. Foreign issuers of securities often engage in business practices different from those of domestic issuers of similar securities, and there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers. In addition, foreign issuers are, generally speaking, subject to less government supervision and regulation and different accounting treatment than are those in the United States.
ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
S- 2
Equity Securities. Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company or partnership and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock and securities convertible into common stock. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the net asset value of the Fund to fluctuate. The Fund purchases equity securities traded in the United States on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
• | Common Stock. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock. |
• | Preferred Stock. Preferred stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer that pays dividends at a specified rate and that has precedence over common stock in the payment of dividends. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take precedence over the claims of those who own preferred and common stock. |
• | Warrants. Warrants are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments. |
• | Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party. |
Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain or loss than common stocks. Convertible securities generally provide yields higher than the underlying common stocks, but generally lower than comparable non-convertible securities. Because of this higher yield, convertible securities generally sell at a price above their “conversion value,” which is the current market value of the stock to be received upon conversion. The difference between this conversion value and the price of convertible securities will vary over time depending on changes in the value of the underlying common stocks and interest rates. When the underlying common stocks decline in value, convertible securities will tend not to decline to the same extent because of the interest or dividend payments and the repayment of principal at maturity for certain types of convertible securities. However, securities that are convertible other than at the option of the holder generally do not limit the potential for loss to the same extent as securities convertible at the option of the holder. When the underlying common stocks rise in value, the value of convertible securities may also be expected to increase. At the same time, however, the difference between the market value of convertible securities and their conversion value will narrow, which means that the value of convertible securities will generally not increase to the same extent as the value of the underlying common stocks. Because convertible securities may also be interest-rate sensitive, their value may increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
• | Small and Medium Capitalization Issuers. Investing in equity securities of small and medium capitalization companies often involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in larger capitalization companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of smaller size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of depth of management. The securities of smaller companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and even if listed on a national securities exchange may not be traded in volumes typical for that exchange. Consequently, the securities of smaller companies are less likely to be liquid, may have limited market stability, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than securities of larger, more established growth companies or the market averages in general. |
S- 3
Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”). ETFs are investment companies whose shares are bought and sold on a securities exchange. An ETF holds a portfolio of securities designed to track a particular market segment or index. Some examples of ETFs are SPDRs ® , DIAMONDS SM , NASDAQ 100 Index Tracking Stock SM (“QQQs SM ”), and iShares ® . The Fund could purchase an ETF to temporarily gain exposure to a portion of the U.S. or foreign market while awaiting an opportunity to purchase securities directly. The risks of owning an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the securities comprising the index which an index ETF is designed to track or the other holdings of an active or index ETF, although lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in it being more volatile than the tracked index or underlying holdings, and ETFs have management fees that increase their costs versus the costs of owning the underlying holdings directly. See also “Securities of Other Investment Companies” below.
Fixed Income Securities. Fixed income securities include bonds, notes, debentures and other interest-bearing securities that represent indebtedness. The market value of the fixed income investments in which the Fund invests will change in response to interest rate changes and other factors. During periods of falling interest rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities generally rise. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the values of such securities generally decline. Moreover, while securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields, the prices of longer maturity securities are also subject to greater market fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. Changes by recognized agencies in the rating of any fixed income security and in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of these securities will not necessarily affect cash income derived from these securities but will affect the Fund’s net asset value.
Foreign Securities. Foreign securities include equity securities of foreign entities, obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of foreign banks, including, without limitation, European Certificates of Deposit, European Time Deposits, European Bankers’ Acceptances, Canadian Time Deposits, Europaper and Yankee Certificates of Deposit, and investments in Canadian Commercial Paper and foreign securities. These instruments have investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in obligations of U.S. domestic issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, the possible imposition of withholding taxes on interest or other income, possible seizure, nationalization, or expropriation of foreign deposits, the possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source, greater fluctuations in value due to changes in exchange rates, or the adoption of other foreign governmental restrictions which might adversely affect the payment of principal and interest on such obligations. Such investments may also entail higher custodial fees and sales commissions than domestic investments. Foreign issuers of securities or obligations are often subject to accounting treatment and engage in business practices different from those respecting domestic issuers of similar securities or obligations. Foreign branches of U.S. banks and foreign banks may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks.
Money Market Securities. Money market securities include: short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by a nationally recognized statistical ratings organization (“NRSRO”), such as Standard & Poor’s Rating Services (“S&P”) or Moody’s Investor Service (“Moody’s”), or determined by Edgewood Management LLC (the “Adviser”) to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described in this SAI. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” to this SAI.
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U.S. Government Securities. The Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Fund’s shares.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover agreement, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10 percent annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
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U.S. Treasury Obligations. U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”). The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately.
Commercial Paper. Commercial paper is the term used to designate unsecured short-term promissory notes issued by corporations and other entities. Maturities on these issues vary from a few to 270 days.
Bank Obligations. The Fund may invest in obligations issued by banks and other savings institutions. Investments in bank obligations include obligations of domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks. Such investments in domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks may involve risks that are different from investments in securities of domestic branches of U.S. banks. These risks may include future unfavorable political and economic developments, possible withholding taxes on interest income, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations, or other governmental restrictions which might affect the payment of principal or interest on the securities held by the Fund. Additionally, these institutions may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting and recordkeeping requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Bank obligations include the following:
• | Bankers’ Acceptances. Bankers’ acceptances are bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Corporations use bankers’ acceptances to finance the shipment and storage of goods and to furnish dollar exchange. Maturities are generally six months or less. |
• | Certificates of Deposit. Certificates of deposit are interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity. They are issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds and normally can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit with penalties for early withdrawal will be considered illiquid. |
• | Time Deposits. Time deposits are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds. Like a certificate of deposit, it earns a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. Time deposits with a withdrawal penalty or that mature in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid investments. |
Repurchase Agreements. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which the Fund acquires a security from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities if the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Fund follows certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of the Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by the Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
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Securities of Other Investment Companies. The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Fund. The Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
For hedging or other purposes, the Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange-Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Fund may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Fund otherwise complies with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Securities Lending. The Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of the Fund (including the loan collateral). The Fund will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund.
The Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund’s securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, the Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments, or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects the Fund to market risk. The Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by the Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. The Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
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Futures and Options on Futures. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a specific security at a specified future time and at a specified price. An option on a futures contract gives the purchaser the right, in exchange for a premium, to assume a position in a futures contract at a specified exercise price during the term of the option. The Fund will reduce the risk that it will be unable to close out a futures contract by only entering into futures contracts that are traded on a national futures exchange regulated by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”). The Fund may use futures contracts and related options for bona fide hedging; attempting to offset changes in the value of securities held or expected to be acquired or be disposed of; attempting to minimize fluctuations in foreign currencies; attempting to gain exposure to a particular market, index or instrument; or other risk management purposes. To the extent futures and/or options on futures are employed by the Fund, such use will be in accordance with Rule 4.5 of the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”).
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Fund is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. As a result, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Fund’s investment strategies and may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
An index futures contract is a bilateral agreement pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to a specified dollar amount times the difference between the index value at the close of trading of the contract and the price at which the futures contract is originally struck. No physical delivery of the securities comprising the index is made; generally contracts are closed out prior to the expiration date of the contract.
When the Fund purchases or sells a futures contract, or sells an option thereon, the Fund is required to “cover” its position in order to limit leveraging and related risks. With respect to futures contracts that are contractually required to “cash settle,” the Fund may cover its position by maintaining with its custodian bank (and marking-to-market on a daily basis), a segregated account consisting of cash or liquid securities that, when added to any amounts deposited with a futures commission merchant as margin, are equal to the market value of the futures contract, rather than the notional value of the contract, or otherwise “cover” its position in a manner consistent with the 1940 Act or the rules and SEC interpretations thereunder. The segregated account functions as a practical limit on the amount of leverage which the Fund may undertake and on the potential increase in the speculative character of the Fund’s outstanding portfolio securities. Additionally, such segregated accounts will generally assure the availability of adequate funds to meet the obligations of the Fund arising from such investment activities. However, by segregating assets in an amount equal to the net obligation rather than the notional amount of cash settled futures, the Fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if it set aside cash or other liquid securities equal to the notional amount of the contract, which may increase the risk associated with such transactions.
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The Fund may also cover its long position in a futures contract by purchasing a put option on the same futures contract with a strike price (i.e., an exercise price) as high or higher than the price of the futures contract. In the alternative, if the strike price of the put is less than the price of the futures contract, the Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to the difference between the strike price of the put and the price of the futures contract. The Fund may also cover its long position in a futures contract by taking a short position in the instruments underlying the futures contract, or by taking positions in instruments with prices which are expected to move relatively consistently with the futures contract. The Fund may cover its short position in a futures contract by taking a long position in the instruments underlying the futures contracts, or by taking positions in instruments with prices which are expected to move relatively consistently with the futures contract.
The Fund may cover its sale of a call option on a futures contract by taking a long position in the underlying futures contract at a price less than or equal to the strike price of the call option. In the alternative, if the long position in the underlying futures contract is established at a price greater than the strike price of the written (sold) call, the Fund will maintain in a segregated account cash or liquid securities equal in value to the difference between the strike price of the call and the price of the futures contract. The Fund may also cover its sale of a call option by taking positions in instruments with prices which are expected to move relatively consistently with the call option. The Fund may cover its sale of a put option on a futures contract by taking a short position in the underlying futures contract at a price greater than or equal to the strike price of the put option, or, if the short position in the underlying futures contract is established at a price less than the strike price of the written put, the Fund will maintain in a segregated account cash or liquid securities equal in value to the difference between the strike price of the put and the price of the futures contract. The Fund may also cover its sale of a put option by taking positions in instruments with prices which are expected to move relatively consistently with the put option.
There are significant risks associated with the Fund’s use of futures contracts and related options, including the following: (1) the success of a hedging strategy may depend on the Adviser’s ability to predict movements in the prices of individual securities, fluctuations in markets and movements in interest rates; (2) there may be an imperfect or no correlation between the changes in market value of the securities held by the Fund and the prices of futures and options on futures; (3) there may not be a liquid secondary market for a futures contract or option; (4) trading restrictions or limitations may be imposed by an exchange; and (5) government regulations may restrict trading in futures contracts and options on futures. In addition, some strategies reduce the Fund’s exposure to price fluctuations, while others tend to increase its market exposure.
Options. The Fund may purchase and write put and call options on indices and enter into related closing transactions. A put option on a security gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell, and the writer of the option the obligation to buy, the underlying security at any time during the option period. A call option on a security gives the purchaser of the option the right to buy, and the writer of the option the obligation to sell, the underlying security at any time during the option period. The premium paid to the writer is the consideration for undertaking the obligations under the option contract.
The Fund may purchase and write put and call options on foreign currencies (traded on U.S. and foreign exchanges or over-the-counter markets) to manage its exposure to exchange rates. Call options on foreign currency written by the Fund will be “covered,” which means that the Fund will own an equal amount of the underlying foreign currency.
Put and call options on indices are similar to options on securities except that options on an index give the holder the right to receive, upon exercise of the option, an amount of cash if the closing level of the underlying index is greater than (or less than, in the case of puts) the exercise price of the option. This amount of cash is equal to the difference between the closing price of the index and the exercise price of the option, expressed in dollars multiplied by a specified number. Thus, unlike options on individual securities, all settlements are in cash, and gain or loss depends on price movements in the particular market represented by the index generally, rather than the price movements in individual securities.
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All options written on indices or securities must be covered. When the Fund writes an option on a security, an index or a foreign currency, it will establish a segregated account containing cash or liquid securities in an amount at least equal to the market value of the option and will maintain the account while the option is open or will otherwise cover the transaction.
The Fund may trade put and call options on securities, securities indices and currencies, as the Adviser determines is appropriate in seeking the Fund’s investment objective, and except as restricted by the Fund’s investment limitations. See “Investment Limitations” below.
The initial purchase (sale) of an option contract is an “opening transaction.” In order to close out an option position, the Fund may enter into a “closing transaction,” which is simply the sale (purchase) of an option contract on the same security with the same exercise price and expiration date as the option contract originally opened. If the Fund is unable to effect a closing purchase transaction with respect to an option it has written, it will not be able to sell the underlying security until the option expires or the Fund delivers the security upon exercise.
The Fund may purchase put and call options on securities to protect against a decline in the market value of the securities in its portfolio or to anticipate an increase in the market value of securities that the Fund may seek to purchase in the future. The Fund purchasing put and call options pays a premium therefore. If price movements in the underlying securities are such that exercise of the options would not be profitable for the Fund, loss of the premium paid may be offset by an increase in the value of the Fund’s securities or by a decrease in the cost of acquisition of securities by the Fund.
The Fund may write covered call options on securities as a means of increasing the yield on its assets and as a means of providing limited protection against decreases in its market value. When the Fund writes an option, if the underlying securities do not increase or decrease to a price level that would make the exercise of the option profitable to the holder thereof, the option generally will expire without being exercised and the Fund will realize as profit the premium received for such option. When a call option of which the Fund is the writer is exercised, the Fund will be required to sell the underlying securities to the option holder at the strike price, and will not participate in any increase in the price of such securities above the strike price. When a put option of which the Fund is the writer is exercised, the Fund will be required to purchase the underlying securities at a price in excess of the market value of such securities.
The Fund may purchase and write options on an exchange or over-the-counter. Over-the-counter options (“OTC” options) differ from exchange-traded options in several respects. They are transacted directly with dealers and not with a clearing corporation, and therefore entail the risk of non-performance by the dealer. OTC options are available for a greater variety of securities and for a wider range of expiration dates and exercise prices than are available for exchange-traded options. Because OTC options are not traded on an exchange, pricing is done normally by reference to information from a market maker. It is the SEC’s position that OTC options are generally illiquid.
The market value of an option generally reflects the market price of an underlying security. Other principal factors affecting market value include supply and demand, interest rates, the pricing volatility of the underlying security and the time remaining until the expiration date.
Risks associated with options transactions include: (1) the success of a hedging strategy may depend on an ability to predict movements in the prices of individual securities, fluctuations in markets and movements in interest rates; (2) there may be an imperfect correlation between the movement in prices of options and the securities underlying them; (3) there may not be a liquid secondary market for options; and (4) while the Fund will receive a premium when it writes covered call options, it may not participate fully in a rise in the market value of the underlying security.
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Illiquid Investments. Illiquid investments are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Because of their illiquid nature, illiquid investments must be priced at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures approved by the Board. Despite such good faith efforts to determine fair value prices, the Fund’s illiquid investments are subject to the risk that the investment’s fair value price may differ from the actual price which the Fund may ultimately realize upon its sale or disposition. Difficulty in selling illiquid investments may result in a loss or may be costly to the Fund. Under the supervision of the Board, the Adviser determines the liquidity of the Fund’s investments. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets.
Restricted Securities. Restricted securities are securities that may not be sold freely to the public absent registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), or an exemption from registration. As consistent with the Fund’s investment objective, the Fund may invest in Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper. Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper is issued in reliance on an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act and is generally sold to institutional investors who purchase for investment. Any resale of such commercial paper must be in an exempt transaction, usually to an institutional investor through the issuer or investment dealers who make a market in such commercial paper.
Short Sales. As is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective, the Fund may engage in short sales that are either “uncovered” or “against the box.” A short sale is “against the box” if at all times during which the short position is open, the Fund owns at least an equal amount of the securities or securities convertible into, or exchangeable without further consideration for, securities of the same issue as the securities that are sold short. A short sale against the box is a taxable transaction to the Fund with respect to the securities that are sold short.
Uncovered short sales are transactions under which the Fund sells a security it does not own. To complete such a transaction, the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund then is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of the replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay the lender amounts equal to any dividends or interest that accrue during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The proceeds of the short sale will be retained by the broker, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Until the Fund closes its short position or replaces the borrowed security, the Fund will: (a) maintain a segregated account containing cash or liquid securities at such a level that the amount deposited in the account plus the amount deposited with the broker as collateral will equal the current value of the security sold short or (b) otherwise cover the Fund’s short position.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks. As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
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Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that the Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
The Fund may not:
1. | Concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
2. | Borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | Make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | Underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objective of the Fund, the following investment limitations of the Fund are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The Fund may not:
1. | Purchase any securities which would cause 25% or more of the total assets of the Fund to be invested in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry, provided that this limitation does not apply to investments in obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities. For purposes of this limitation: (i) utility companies will be classified according to their services, for example, gas distribution, gas transmission, electric and telephone will each be considered a separate industry; and (ii) financial service companies will be classified according to the end users of their services, for example, automobile finance, bank finance and diversified finance will each be considered a separate industry. |
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2. | Borrow money from a bank in an amount exceeding 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets, provided that, for purposes of this limitation, investment strategies that either obligate the Fund to purchase securities or require the Fund to segregate assets are not considered to be borrowing. Asset coverage of at least 300%, including the amount borrowed, is required for all borrowing, except where the Fund has borrowed money for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of its total assets. |
3. | Make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) lend its securities. |
4. | Purchase or sell real estate, real estate limited partnership interests, physical commodities or commodities contracts except that the Fund may purchase: (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including real estate investment trusts), commodities or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances cause the Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitations within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Concentration . The SEC staff has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s total assets in an industry or group of industries, with certain exceptions. For purposes of the Fund’s concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as short sales, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, a fund may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
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Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Commodities and Real Estate . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in commodities or real estate, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
General. Edgewood Management LLC, located at 535 Madison Avenue, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10022, serves as the investment adviser to the Fund. The Adviser is a New York limited liability company formed in 2006 and is the successor to Edgewood Management Company, founded in 1974. Alan Breed is the largest shareholder of Edgewood Management Company I, Inc., the majority owner of the Adviser. The Adviser is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $24.97 billion in assets under management.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement, dated February 27, 2006 (the “Advisory Agreement”). Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as investment adviser and makes the investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Board.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, or, by the Adviser, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 1.00% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, distribution and/or service (12b-1) fees, shareholder servicing fees, acquired fund fees and expenses and non-routine expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the average daily net assets of each of the Fund’s share classes until February 28, 2020 (the “contractual expense limit”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the contractual expense limit to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the contractual expense limit (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This agreement may be terminated by the Board or by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020, provided that, in the case of termination by the Adviser, such action shall be authorized by resolution of a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Adviser the following advisory fees:
Contractual Advisory Fees |
Fees Waived by the Adviser |
Total Fees Paid to the Adviser (After Waivers) |
||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$56,502,294 | $86,183,209 | $128,536,744 | $4,697,353 | $6,073,930 | $7,643,612 | $51,804,941 | $80,109,279 | $120,893,132 |
This section includes information about the Fund’s portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
Compensation. The Adviser compensates the Fund’s portfolio managers for their management of the Fund and other accounts managed by the Adviser. Each of the Fund’s portfolio mangers’ compensation consists of a fixed cash salary and retirement plan benefits. The portfolio managers are also paid a discretionary cash bonus which takes into account performance of the products they manage and profitability of the firm. In general, the discretionary cash bonus is determined based on the Fund’s and the other accounts’ pre-tax performance as compared to a particular benchmark over varying time-periods and economic cycles. The bonus also is based on other subjective factors, such as leadership, ideas and overall contributions to the investment team.
Fund Shares Owned by Portfolio Managers. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Alan W. Breed | Over $1,000,000 |
Lawrence G. Creel | $100,001–$500,000 |
Scott Edwardson | $100,001–$500,000 |
Alexander Farman-Farmaian | $100,001–$500,000 |
Peter Jennison | Over $1,000,000 |
Kevin R. Seth | Over $1,000,000 |
Nicholas A. Stephens | Over $1,000,000 |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
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Name |
Registered Investment Companies |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts | Total Assets (Millions) | Number of Accounts | Total Assets (Millions) | Number of Accounts | Total Assets (Millions) | |
Alan W. Breed | 0 | $0 | 2 | $27 | 319¹ | $2,943 |
Lawrence G. Creel | 0 | $0 | 2 | $58 | 258 | $2,192 |
Scott Edwardson | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 |
Alex Farman-Farmaian | 0 | $0 | 5 | $5,427 | 110¹ | $548 |
Peter Jennison | 0 | $0 | 3 | $28 | 110¹ | $749 |
Kevin R. Seth | 0 | $0 | 2 | $11 | 133 | $1,105 |
Nicholas A. Stephens | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 220 | $1,340 |
1 | Includes 7 accounts that are subject to a performance-based advisory fee with aggregated assets under management of $477 million. |
Conflicts of Interest. The Adviser also manages other accounts. The investment process is the same for similar accounts, including the Fund, and is driven by proprietary team-oriented, in-depth, fundamental research. The investment research team is organized by industry coverage and supports all of the accounts managed in each of the Adviser’s investment strategies. Each of the Adviser’s investment strategies is managed by a portfolio team. Weekly research meetings provide a forum where the Adviser’s investment professionals discuss current investment ideas. Generally, the entire portfolio team, or a sub-set of the team, then debates the merits of recommendations, taking into account the prevailing market environment, the portfolio’s current composition, and the relative value of alternative investments. Investment decisions are made by majority agreement of the portfolio team.
The portfolio managers’ management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as the Fund. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby the portfolio manager could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio managers’ knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby a portfolio manager could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of the Fund. However, the Adviser has established policies and procedures to ensure that the purchase and sale of securities among all accounts it manages are fairly and equitably allocated.
Personal accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest. The Adviser’s employees will, from time to time, for their own account, purchase, sell, hold or own securities or other assets which may be recommended for purchase, sale or ownership for one or more clients. The Adviser has a Code of Ethics which regulates trading in personal accounts. Personal accounts are reported to compliance and certain personal transactions are pre-approved by compliance. Compliance also reviews personal trading activity regularly.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
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Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement, dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Fund, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following amounts for these services:
Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$2,797,965 | $3,408,718 | $4,224,727 |
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”). The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Distribution Plan. The Trust has adopted a Distribution Plan with respect to the Retail Shares (the “Plan”) in accordance with the provisions of Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, which regulates circumstances under which an investment company may directly or indirectly bear expenses relating to the distribution of its shares. Continuance of the Plan must be approved annually by a majority of the Trustees and by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan (“Qualified Trustees”). The Plan requires that quarterly written reports of amounts spent under the Plan and the purposes of such expenditures be furnished to and reviewed by the Trustees. The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the amount that may be spent thereunder without approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. All material amendments of the Plan will require approval by a majority of the Trustees and of the Qualified Trustees.
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The Plan provides a method of paying for distribution and shareholder services, which may help the Fund grow or maintain asset levels to provide operational efficiencies and economies of scale, provided by the Distributor or other financial intermediaries that enter into agreements with the Distributor. The Fund may make payments to financial intermediaries, such as banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, investment counselors, broker-dealers, mutual fund “supermarkets” and the Distributor’s affiliates and subsidiaries, as compensation for services, reimbursement of expenses incurred in connection with distribution assistance or provision of shareholder services. The Distributor may, at its discretion, retain a portion of such payments to compensate itself for distribution services and distribution related expenses such as the costs of preparation, printing, mailing or otherwise disseminating sales literature, advertising, and prospectuses (other than those furnished to current shareholders of the Fund), promotional and incentive programs, and such other marketing expenses that the Distributor may incur.
Under the Plan, the Distributor or financial intermediaries may receive up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Retail Shares as compensation for distribution and shareholder services. The Plan is characterized as a compensation plan since the distribution fee will be paid to the Distributor without regard to the distribution or shareholder service expenses incurred by the Distributor or the amount of payments made to financial intermediaries. The Trust intends to operate the Plan in accordance with its terms and with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules concerning sales charges.
Payments Under the Distribution Plan. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Distributor the following fees:
Share Class | 12b-1 Fees Paid | 12b-1 Fees Retained by the Distributor | ||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Retail Shares | $752,774 | $984,375 | $1,084,814 | $10,558 | $10,023 | $18,360 |
Shareholder Servicing Plan. The Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which shareholder servicing fees of up to 0.25% of average daily net assets of the Retail Shares and Service Shares will be paid to financial intermediaries. Under the plan, financial intermediaries may perform, or may compensate other financial intermediaries for performing, certain shareholder and/or administrative services or similar non-distribution services, including: (i) maintaining shareholder accounts; (ii) arranging for bank wires; (iii) responding to shareholder inquiries relating to the services performed by the financial intermediaries; (iv) responding to inquiries from shareholders concerning their investment in the Fund; (v) assisting shareholders in changing dividend options, account designations and addresses; (vi) providing information periodically to shareholders showing their position in the Fund; (vii) forwarding shareholder communications from the Fund such as proxies, shareholder reports, annual reports, and dividend and capital gain distribution and tax notices to shareholders; (viii) processing purchase, exchange and redemption requests from shareholders and placing orders with the Fund or its service providers; (ix) providing sub-accounting services; (x) processing dividend and capital gain payments from the Fund on behalf of shareholders; (xi) preparing tax reports; and (xii) providing such other similar non-distribution services as the Fund may reasonably request to the extent that the financial intermediary is permitted to do so under applicable laws or regulations.
Other Payments by the Fund. The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, distribution or shareholder services fees the Fund may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Fund’s distribution plan or shareholder servicing plan.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Fund and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
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These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Fund, the Distributor or shareholders of the Fund through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Fund in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Fund; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Fund by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 W. 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
U.S. Bank National Association, 800 Nicollett Mall, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55402-4302 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Fund. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
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Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
BNP Paribas, acting through its New York Branch, serves as the Fund’ securities lending agent (“Securities Lending Agent”). The services provided to the Fund by the Securities Lending Agent include (i) entering into loans subject to guidelines or restrictions provided by the Fund; (ii) establishing and maintaining collateral accounts; (iii) monitoring daily the value of the loaned securities and collateral; (iv) seeking additional collateral as necessary from borrowers, and returning collateral to borrowers; (v) receiving and holding collateral from borrowers, and facilitating the investment and reinvestment of cash collateral; (vi) negotiating loan terms; (vii) selecting securities to be loaned subject to guidelines or restrictions provided by the Fund; (viii) recordkeeping and account servicing; (ix) monitoring dividend and proxy activity relating to loaned securities; and (x) arranging for return of loaned securities to the Fund at loan termination. Fees for all services provided to the Fund by the Securities Lending Agent are included in the revenue split.
The following table provides the income earned, and fees and/or compensation paid, by the Fund in connection with securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
Edgewood Growth Fund |
|
Gross income from securities lending activities (including income from cash collateral reinvestment) |
$305,735.40 |
Fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities and related services |
|
Fees paid to Securities Lending Agent from a revenue split |
$68,115.48 |
Fees paid for cash collateral management services (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) not included in the revenue split |
None |
Administrative fees not included in the revenue split | None |
Indemnification fees not included in the revenue split | None |
Rebates (paid to borrowers) | None |
Other fees not included in the revenue split | None |
Aggregate fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities | $68,115.48 |
Net income from securities lending activities | $237,619.92 |
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
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The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
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The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
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Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952)
|
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018.
|
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018)
|
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager – Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016.
|
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds.
|
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President – Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999)
|
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017.
|
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Fund as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
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Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Fund is the only fund in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate Compensation from the Trust |
Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation from the Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for the officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
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Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Fund adheres to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities . Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Fund will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Fund will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Fund calculates net asset value, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which the Fund calculates its net asset value. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value the Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Fund are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Fund are valued at fair value.
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Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Fund calculates net asset value. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. The discussion is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a RIC, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that it timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to certain gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
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Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed.
If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers for individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. The Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
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Distributions to Shareholders. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals currently set at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund’s assets before it calculates the net asset value) with respect to such dividend, (ii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in the Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income.
Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, the Fund’s distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation.
To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the net asset value of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the net asset value of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
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The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held your shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales, Exchanges or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange, or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged, or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as its default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
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Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a real estate investment trust that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from the retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisors about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a 24% withholding rate and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$2,897,727 | $2,024,610 | $2,072,540 |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Fund.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used in connection with the account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
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From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Fund, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. FINRA has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser:
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
$616,492 | $986,943,041 |
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Fund may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Fund or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Fund for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Fund, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Fund is required to identify any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not hold any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers.”
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which the Fund may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one-year. The Fund may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rates were as follows:
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 |
13% | 19% |
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The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Fund’s Adviser, principal underwriter or any affiliated person of the Fund, the Adviser, or its principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (the “Authorized Person”) to authorize the release of the Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Authorized Person reports at least quarterly to the Board regarding the implementation of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Fund is required to disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31). The Fund discloses a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to the Fund’s shareholders. The Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters will be available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters will be available in shareholder reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR. Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders, but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
The Fund provides information about its complete portfolio holdings on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/edgewood. This information is provided on a quarterly basis, forty-five (45) days after the end of the fiscal quarter, and is publicly available to all shareholders until updated to reflect the next applicable period. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund. The Fund may provide ratings and rankings organizations with the same information at the same time it is filed with the SEC or one day after it is made available on the internet web site.
The Fund’s policies and procedures provide that the Authorized Person may authorize disclosure of portfolio holdings information to third parties at differing times and/or with different lag times than the information posted to the internet, provided that the recipient is, either by contractual agreement or otherwise by law, (i) required to maintain the confidentiality of the information and (ii) prohibited from using the information to facilitate or assist in any securities transactions or investment program. No compensation or other consideration is paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Fund, Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Fund’s portfolio holdings information. The Fund will review a third party’s request for portfolio holdings information to determine whether the third party has legitimate business objectives in requesting such information. Legitimate business objectives may include but are not necessarily limited to: disclosure for required due diligence purposes; disclosure to a newly hired investment adviser or sub-adviser; or disclosure to a rating agency for use in developing a rating.
The Adviser currently has an arrangement to provide Fund portfolio holdings information to a third party prior to the date on which portfolio holdings information is posted on the Fund’s web site. Under this arrangement, the Adviser provides Fund portfolio holdings information as of the end of each calendar quarter, generally within 10 days after the quarter end, to Dakota Funds Group. The information provided to this third party, until made publicly available, is considered confidential and will not be distributed to the public nor traded upon. The Fund believes this disclosure serves a legitimate business purpose. No compensation is received by the Fund or the Adviser in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information. The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
In addition, the Fund’s service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator and Transfer Agent, may receive portfolio holdings information as frequently as daily in connection with their services to the Fund. In addition to any contractual provisions relating to confidentiality of information that may be included in the service providers contract with the Trust, these arrangements impose obligations on the Fund’s service providers that would prohibit them from disclosing or trading on the Fund’s non-public information. Financial printers and pricing information vendors may receive portfolio holdings information, as necessary, in connection with their services to the Fund.
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The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of the Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Board may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
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The Trust is required to disclose annually the Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-800-791-4226; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics (each a “Code of Ethics” and together the “Codes of Ethics”) apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“access persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by access persons. Under each Code of Ethics, access persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain access persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of any class of the shares of the Fund. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the persons below in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of the Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling the Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
A- 1
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
A- 2
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
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BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
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B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
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Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
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Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
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APPEND IX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | XIX. Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures |
XIX. | Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures |
Rule 206(4)-6
In accordance with Rule 206(4)-6 under the Advisers Act, as a registered investment adviser with voting authority over proxies for clients’ securities, Edgewood must adopt policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that Edgewood votes proxies in the best interest of clients; discloses information to clients about those policies and procedures; and describe to clients how they may obtain information about how Edgewood has voted the clients’ proxies.
As indicated below, Julianne Mulhall has been designated as the Proxy Officer and is primarily responsible for compliance with the Firm’s proxy voting policies.
A. | When Edgewood has discretion to vote the proxies of its clients, it will vote those proxies in the best interest of its clients unless the client has specifically retained voting authority. |
B. | Where Edgewood has an obligation to vote, (1) the Proxy Officer will vote all stock, by proxy or in person, pursuant to Edgewood’s Voting Guidelines, (2) a written record of such voting will be kept by Edgewood, and (3) Edgewood’s Investment Committee (the “Committee”) will supervise the voting of stock (subject to the review of Edgewood's Chief Compliance Officer and senior management) and will establish and maintain Voting Guidelines to carry out this function consistent with the foregoing principles. Edgewood may retain a third party to assist it in coordinating and voting proxies with respect to client securities. If so, the Proxy Officer shall monitor the third party to assure that all proxies are being properly voted and appropriate records are being retained. |
C. | Edgewood will vote proxies in accordance with client instructions. In the absence of specific voting guidelines from the client or material conflicts, Edgewood will vote proxies in what it judges are the best interests of its client. |
D. | The Committee has adopted general positions regarding selected proxy proposals that periodically are considered at annual meetings. Edgewood will generally vote in favor of routine corporate housekeeping proposals, including election of directors (where no corporate governance issues are implicated), selection of auditors, and increases in or reclassification of common stock. Edgewood will generally vote against proposals that make it more difficult to replace members of the issuer’s board of directors, including proposals to stagger the board, cause management to be overrepresented on the board, introduce cumulative voting, introduce unequal voting rights, and create supermajority voting. |
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | XIX. Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures |
E. | For other proposals not addressed in the following guidelines, the Committee shall determine whether a proposal is in the best interests of its clients. Decisions are made exclusively in accordance with the economic interests of the account. Except where required under the terms of the governing instrument, social interests are not among the criteria employed by the Committee. The Committee’s opinion concerning the management and prospects of the issuer may be taken into account, where appropriate, with special consideration given to the Master List issuers held in Edgewood's model portfolios. The Committee may take into account, among other things, the effect of the proposal on the underlying value of the securities (including the effect on marketability of the securities, potential legal issues arising from the proposal, and the effect of the proposal on future prospects of the issuer), the makeup of the issuer's Board of Directors, including the number and quality of both management and non-management directors, the likelihood of a change in such makeup or quality of directors, the necessity of providing the directors with sufficient tools and flexibility to properly discharge their duties as directors, the desirability of providing directors with sufficient time to carefully consider any proposals made to the issuer that might significantly affect the result or nature of activities or ownership of the issuer, and the quality of communications from the corporation to its shareholders. In considering anti-takeover provisions, consideration may be given to whether or not the proposal is part of a package of anti-takeover proposals or whether other anti-takeover measures are already in place. Insufficient information or vague or ambiguous wording may indicate that a vote against a proposal is appropriate even though the Committee agrees with the principle of the proposal. Conversely, a vote in support of a well-principled proposal may be appropriate despite inferior format or ambiguity in language or provisions. |
F. | The Chief Compliance Officer will identify any conflicts that exist between the interests of Edgewood and its clients. This examination will include a review of the relationship of the firm with the issuer of each security to determine if the issuer is a client of Edgewood or has some other relationship with Edgewood or one of its clients. |
G. | If a material conflict exists, Edgewood will vote in accordance with the Voting Guidelines. In the absence of applicable guidelines, Edgewood will vote based on an independent third party recommendation. The firm will also determine whether it is appropriate to disclose the conflict to the affected Clients, give ERISA clients the opportunity to vote the proxies themselves, or Edgewood will engage a third party to vote the proxies involved. |
H. | Edgewood will disclose in its Form ADV Part 2 that clients may contact the Proxy Officer, Julianne Mulhall, via e-mail at jmulhall@edgewood.com or telephone at 212-652-9100 in order to obtain information on how Edgewood voted such client’s proxies, and to request a copy of these policies and procedures. If a client requests this information, the Proxy Officer will prepare a written response to the client that lists, with respect to each voted proxy that the client has inquired about, (1) the name of the issuer; (2) the proposal voted upon and (3) how Edgewood voted the client’s proxy. |
I. | A concise summary of these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures will be included in Edgewood’s Form ADV Part 2, and will be updated whenever these policies and procedures are changed. |
J. | The Proxy Officer will maintain records relating to Edgewood’s proxy voting procedures. These may include electronic records. Records will be maintained and preserved for five years from the end of the fiscal year during which the last entry was made on a record, with records for the first two years kept in the firm’s offices. Edgewood will retain the following records: |
1. | Edgewood’s proxy voting policies and procedures, and any amendments thereto; |
2. | Proxy statements received by Edgewood concerning securities held in Edgewood accounts, provided however that Edgewood may rely on retention in the SEC EDGAR system, the CDS SEDAR system or other publicly available electronic repository for those proxy statements that are so available; |
3. | A record of each vote that Edgewood casts; |
4. | A copy of any document Edgewood created that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies, or that memorializes that decision; and |
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | XIX. Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures |
5. | A copy of each written client request for information on how Edgewood voted such client’s proxies, and a copy of any written response to any (written or oral) client request for information on how the firm voted its proxies. |
K. | Proxy Voting Guidelines |
1. | Eliminate preemptive rights: Generally in favor. Preemptive rights may result in a loss of financing flexibility and could prevent management from raising capital advantageously. There is potential for abuse if new equity securities are issued at a discount to the market price of existing securities. This may result in a transfer of value from existing to new shareholders. However, instances of abuse are unusual and there are expenses involved in issuing securities on a preemptive basis. |
2. | Indemnification of directors, i.e., limiting or eliminating liability for monetary damages for violating the duty of care: Generally in favor. Indemnification is generally necessary to attract qualified Board nominees in a litigious corporate environment. Monetary liability generally is not eliminated or limited for any breach of duty of loyalty, acts or omissions not in good faith, and any transactions in which the director derived an improper personal benefit. |
3. | Cumulative voting: Generally opposed. Cumulative voting may prevent the majority of shareholders from electing a majority of the Board. Cumulative voting requires fewer votes to obtain a Board seat. Therefore it promotes single interest representation on the Board, which may not represent the interest or concerns of all shareholders. |
4. | Executive stock option plans: Generally opposed if exercise price is below market price or if dilution under the plan would be greater than 10%, particularly if the company is mature or executive compensation is excessive. For rapidly growing, cash-short issuers where executive salaries are reasonable may approve a plan where dilution exceeds 10%. |
5. | Shareholder action by written consent: Generally opposed to proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders' ability to take action by written consent. Shareholders may lose the ability to remove directors or initiate a shareholder resolution if they have to wait for the next scheduled meeting. |
6. | Shareholder right to call a special meeting: Generally opposed to proposals to eliminate the right of shareholders to call a special meeting or to require the petition of more than 25% of shareholders to call a special meeting. Shareholders may lose the right to remove directors or initiate a shareholder resolution if they cannot take action until the next regularly scheduled meeting. This is especially troublesome if shareholders do not have the right to act by written consent. |
7. | Super-majority vote requirements: Generally opposed to proposals requiring that a vote of more than two-thirds be required to amend any bylaw or charter provision, or approve a merger or other business combination. Super-majority vote provisions may stifle bidder interest in the issuer and thereby devalue its stock. |
8. | Anti-greenmail provision: Generally opposed. Favor equal treatment for all shareholders, but anti- greenmail provisions may severely limit management’s flexibility, for example, with respect to share repurchase programs or ability to issue shares with special features. |
9. | Approval of Poison Pills: Generally in favor. However, Edgewood would generally be opposed when poison pills are utilized to prevent takeover bids that would be in the best interest of shareholders or when accompanied by super-majority requirements or inequitable voting provisions. Certain shareholder rights plans, however, protect the interest of shareholders by enabling the Board to respond in a considered manner to unsolicited bids. |
10. | Blank-check preferred stock: Generally opposed. Does provide in financing but also can be used as an entrenchment device. Can be used as a poison pill when distributed to stockholders with rights attached or can be issued with superior voting rights to friendly parties. |
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | XIX. Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures |
11. | Classified/Staggered Boards of Directors – Greater-Than-Annual Election of Directors: Generally opposed. Classified Boards do provide stability and continuity; but, if someone wins proxy fights and replaces a third of the directors, because of the difficulties involved in running the issuer with a Board of Directors that is a third hostile and because the vote would be seen as a loss of confidence in management, the remaining directors might put the issuer up for sale or accommodate the wishes of the dissident group. A staggered Board could mean that a director who failed to attend meetings or who voted in favor of actions that were harmful to shareholders could not be removed for up to three years. |
12. | Majority vote election of directors: Generally in favor. Permits removal of non-performing, unpopular or ineffective directors. |
13. | Recapitalization Plan - Eliminate inequitable voting rights: Generally in favor. Fair voting provisions are critical elements of shareholder ownership. One share = One vote structure promotes Management and Board accountability. |
14. | Establish term limits for directors: Generally opposed. Experience and continuity in Board representation fosters acute and prudent oversight of Management. |
15. | Increase required number/percentage of independent and/or industry-experienced Board members: Generally in favor. Edgewood favors independent Compensation Committees and industry- experienced Board members to promote prudent management and effective Board oversight. Edgewood generally opposes arbitrary restrictions, percentages or minimum independent representation that may be impractical or potentially remove effective Board members. Anti-Trust statutes may inhibit recruitment of qualified, industry-experienced Board members. Comprehensive Board orientations can provide the requisite exposure to the business model. |
16. | Separation of Board Chairman and CEO Roles: Generally in favor. Separation of the primary Management (CEO) and Oversight (Board Chairman) roles promotes accountability and objective evaluation of performance. |
17. | Increase Director / Senior Management Liability: Generally opposed. Management or Board liability in excess of legal or statutory requirements would disadvantage the company in attracting and retaining talented and qualified persons. Sarbanes-Oxley imposes mandatory penalties against the CEO and CFO pursuant to misstatements and omissions of material facts. |
18. | Confidential voting: Generally in favor. Confidential voting eliminates the opportunity for management to apply pressure to Institutional shareholders with which a business relationship exists. It should be noted that the Department of Labor's "Avon Letter” and the Department of Labor’s investigation of proxy voting violations in 1988 might have lessened the need for confidential voting. |
19. | Fair price provisions: No general policy. Generally opposed when accompanied by super-majority provision, i.e., a clause requiring a super majority shareholder vote to alter or repeal the fair price provision, in excess of two-thirds. Also generally opposed if the pricing formula is such that the price required is unreasonably high. Generally in favor if provisions are designed to prevent two-tier, front- end-loaded hostile tender offer; where no shareholder wants to get caught in the second tier, so that effectively all shareholders are coerced into accepting the offer. |
20. | Management / Board Compensation: Generally opposed to excessive, unearned or unwarranted leadership compensation. Generally in favor of establishing reasonable or standardized compensation practices. Generally in favor of compensation reflecting or contingent on achievement of challenging performance objectives. Generally in favor of guidelines reflecting compensation in comparable leadership roles and/or compensation to internal non-managerial employees. Generally in favor of compensation in the form of restricted stock and above market options that vest with performance and/or tenure. It would be difficult for an issuer to attract, retain and motivate top managers without competitive compensation packages. Shareholder approval is appropriate to deviate from guidelines. |
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | XIX. Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures |
21. | Golden parachutes: Generally opposed to excessive, unearned or unwarranted leadership severance. Generally in favor of establishing reasonable or standardized severance practices. Generally in favor of severance calculations reflecting past/present annual compensation and performance. It would be difficult for an issuer considered likely to be taken over to attract and retain top managers without severance packages for involuntary termination or significant reduction in compensation, duties or relocation after a change in control. Shareholder approval is appropriate to deviate from guidelines. |
22. | Reincorporation: Generally in favor of reincorporation within the United States to potentially exploit favorable regulatory or tax treatment or environmental conditions. Generally opposed to reincorporation outside of the United States. Should examine whether change of state of incorporation would increase the capacity of management to resist hostile takeovers. |
23. | “Say on Pay”: Generally in favor of Say on Pay, Say on Frequency and Say on Golden Parachute issues. In support of annual advisory shareholder votes and in support of management compensation not deemed excessive. |
The following proposals are generally approved :
1. | Election of management's nominees for Directors; |
2. | Appointment of Auditors; |
3. | Change in the date or location of annual meetings; |
4. | For investment companies, continuation of company management, investment advisers or distribution contracts; |
5. | Transaction of such other business as may properly come before the meeting; |
6. | Receiving and/or approving financial reports; |
7. | Indemnification of Directors; |
8. | Change of control provisions; |
9. | Stock splits and stock dividends; |
10. | Equity & Incentive Plans (Including, but not limited to: Stock Incentive Plans, Restricted Stock Plans, Management Stock Ownership Plans, Senior Executive Incentive Plans, Employee Stock Purchase Plans, Long-Term Incentive Plans, Performance Incentive Plans, Non-Employee Directors Stock Compensation Plans, Share Purchase & Option Plans); |
11. | Authority to issue additional debt; |
12. | Change in the number of authorized common shares; |
13. | Corporate name change; |
14. | Change in investment company agreements with advisers; |
15. | Stock option plans, unless exercise price is less than the market price at the time of the grant or excessive dilution would occur under the plan; |
16. | Removal of a Director only for cause; |
17. | Recoup unearned management bonuses; |
18. | Waiver of preemptive rights; |
19. | Fair pricing amendments unless accompanied by a super-majority provision in excess of two-thirds; |
20. | Equal access proposals; |
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | XIX. Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures |
21. | Technical amendments to by-laws or charters; |
22. | Share repurchases; and |
23. | Spin-offs. |
The following proposals are generally opposed :
1. | Creation of a second class of stock with unequal voting rights; |
2. | Fair pricing provisions when accompanied by a super-majority provision in excess of two-thirds; |
3. | Amendment to bylaws by Board of Directors without shareholder approval; |
4. | Elimination of shareholder right to call a special meeting or requiring more than 25% of shareholders to call a special meeting; |
5. | Elimination of shareholder action by written consent; |
6. | "Stakeholder" proposals; |
7. | Loans or guarantees of loans to Officers and Directors; |
8. | Super-majority provisions in excess of two-thirds; |
9. | A greater vote requirement to repeal a provision than to adopt it; |
10. | Permit cumulative voting; and |
11. | Preparation of reports concerning social issues (Including, but not limited to: Employment Diversity, Equitable Compensation, Employment Discrimination, Environmental Impact, Biodiversity Impact, Climate Change Science, Toxic Substances, Human Rights, Social Responsibility, Labor Ethics, Foreign Relationships/Arrangements, Animal Testing, Regulatory & Litigation Risk, Political Contributions/ Affiliations, Regional/Geographical Issues, or Diseases). |
When the Committee decides to vote against a proposal that is generally approved or to vote in favor of a proposal that is generally opposed, the reason for the exception will be recorded.
There is no general policy with respect to mergers or other combinations, such proposals will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund
Ticker Symbol: HAVGX
Prospectus |
March 1, 2019 |
Investment Adviser: | |
Haverford Financial Services, Inc. |
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-866-301-7212. Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus |
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
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Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
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The Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Management Fees |
0.60% |
Other Expenses |
0.22% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
0.82% |
1 |
Haverford Financial Services, Inc. (“Haverford” or the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$84 |
$262 |
$455 |
$1,014 |
1
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 21% of the average value of its portfolio.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund focuses on U.S. listed common stocks issued by companies with large market capitalizations that the Adviser believes are quality companies with stock that offers the potential for future price appreciation. The Adviser considers quality growth companies to: have a history of predictable and consistent earnings growth; have regular, growing dividend payments; and be industry leaders in their respective categories. After screening companies based on these criteria, the Adviser invests in companies that it believes offer exceptional financial strength, industry position, franchise recognition, and consistent and predictable growth in earnings and dividends. Using this strategy, the Fund will ordinarily expect to hold stocks of 25 to 35 different companies.
The Fund seeks to buy and hold its securities for the long term and seeks to keep portfolio turnover to a minimum. However, the Adviser may sell a security for the following reasons: in response to deterioration in a company’s business prospects, performance, or financial strength; when it becomes over-valued or comprises too large of a position in the Fund’s portfolio; or when better opportunities are available among similar companies.
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As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Although the Fund is diversified, its investment strategy often results in a relatively focused portfolio of stocks of companies that it believes hold the most growth potential. As a result, poor performance or adverse economic events affecting one or more of these companies could have a greater impact on the Fund than it would on another mutual fund with a broader range of investments.
The Fund is also subject to the risk that large-cap growth stocks may underperform other equity market segments or the equity market as a whole.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.haverfordfunds.com or by calling 1-866-301-7212.
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BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
14.19% |
(15.22)% |
(06/30/2009) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(5.81)% |
5.62% |
9.50% |
5.17% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(6.95)% |
4.77% |
8.91% |
4.69% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(2.69)% |
4.42% |
7.97% |
4.26% |
S&P 500 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(4.38)% |
8.49% |
13.12% |
7.79% |
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Haverford Financial Services, Inc.
Joseph J. McLaughlin, Jr., Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President and Member of the Investment Selection Committee and Board of Directors, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2004.
Binney H.C. Wietlisbach, Executive Vice President and Member of the Investment Selection Committee and Board of Directors, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2004.
Henry B. Smith, Vice President, Co-Chief Investment Officer and Chairperson of the Investment Selection Committee, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2004.
John H. Donaldson, Vice President, Director of Fixed Income and Member of the Investment Selection Committee, has managed the Fund since 2009.
Timothy A. Hoyle, Co-Chief Investment Officer, Vice President and Member of the Investment Selection Committee, has managed the Fund since 2009.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA, you must invest at least $2,500. There is no minimum for subsequent investments. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or by telephone at 1-866-301-7212.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
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The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
PAYMENTS TO BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
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MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUND’S OBJECTIVE AND INVESTMENTS
The investment objective of the Fund is long-term growth of capital. The investment objective of the Fund cannot be changed without shareholder approval.
This Prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this Prospectus. The Fund has adopted a non-fundamental policy to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities. This non-fundamental policy may be changed upon 60 days’ written notice to shareholders. Equity securities include public and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock and convertible securities, shares of American Depositary Receipts, as well as instruments that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategy. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in detail in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”). (For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI see the back cover of this Prospectus.) Of course, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment goal.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only make temporary defensive investments if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for growth of capital.
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Investing in the Fund involves risk, and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
INFORMATION ABOUT PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI. The Fund posts its ten largest portfolio holdings as of the end of the most recent calendar month on the internet at www.haverfordfunds.com. This information is generally provided within two days of each month end. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund. The portfolio holdings information placed on the website generally will remain there until replaced by new postings as described above.
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Haverford Financial Services, Inc., founded in 2003, serves as Adviser to the Fund. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at Three Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450, Radnor, PA 19087-4546. The Adviser is wholly owned by Drexel Morgan & Co. and is an affiliate of The Haverford Trust Company (“Haverford Trust”). Founded in 1979, Haverford Trust offers investment management, trust and estate services, and private banking. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $269 million in assets under management. The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities.
For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.60%, based on the average daily net assets of the Fund. The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep the Fund’s net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. The contractual expense limitation agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap, to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid 0.60% of its average daily net assets in advisory fees to the Adviser.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement is available in the Fund’s Annual Report to Shareholders dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.
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The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Joseph J. McLaughlin, Jr., Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President and Member of the Investment Selection Committee and Board of Directors, joined Haverford in 2004 and has over 30 years of investment experience. Mr. McLaughlin received a B.S. from St. Joseph’s University.
Binney H.C. Wietlisbach, Executive Vice President and Member of the Investment Selection Committee and Board of Directors, joined Haverford in 2004 and has over 30 years of investment experience. Ms. Wietlisbach received a B.S. from Penn State University.
Henry B. Smith, Vice President, Co-Chief Investment Officer and Chairperson of the Investment Selection Committee, joined Haverford in 2004 and has over 30 years of investment experience. Mr. Smith received a B.A. from Franklin & Marshall College.
John H. Donaldson, Vice President, Director of Fixed Income and Member of the Investment Selection Committee, joined Haverford in 2008 and has over 40 years of investment experience. Mr. Donaldson holds a Chartered Financial Analyst designation and received a B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania.
Timothy A. Hoyle, Co-Chief Investment Officer, Vice President and Member of the Investment Selection Committee, joined Haverford in 2004 and has 18 years of investment experience. Mr. Hoyle holds a Chartered Financial Analyst designation and received a B.S. from Drexel University.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE DATA OF THE ADVISER
The following table represents the performance information for all the private accounts managed by Haverford Trust with investment objectives, policies and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund, as well as a comparison to the Fund’s performance benchmark. These private accounts were managed by the same team of investment professionals that currently manage the investments of the Fund. These similarly managed private accounts are referred to as Haverford Trust’s “Quality Equity Composite.”
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Haverford Trust has prepared and presented its performance results in compliance with the performance presentation standards of Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS ® ”). The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Quality Equity Composite differs from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) standardized method of calculating performance for mutual funds. The performance of the Quality Equity Composite (net of fees) reflects Haverford Trust’s applicable account fees and expenses, however the Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the accounts included in the Quality Equity Composite. If the Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the accounts included in the Quality Equity Composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. For example, the Quality Equity Composite does not reflect custody fees or other expenses normally paid by mutual funds. Further, the accounts included in the Quality Equity Composite were not subject to the investment limitations, diversification requirements and other legal and tax restrictions that are applicable to the Fund. If these limitations and restrictions were imposed on the accounts included in the Quality Equity Composite, it could have adversely affected their performance.
The information in the table does not represent the historical performance of the Fund. It shows the performance of similar accounts managed by the Adviser. The performance of the Quality Equity Composite is no guarantee of the future performance of the Fund.
Average Annual Total Return for the
|
||||
Composite/Benchmark |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since
|
Quality Equity Composite (gross of fees) |
(4.90)% |
6.45% |
10.32% |
12.04% |
Quality Equity Composite (net of fees) |
(5.84)% |
5.39% |
9.22% |
10.92% |
S&P 500 Index 2 |
(4.38)% |
8.49% |
13.12% |
11.53% |
1 |
Inception date is 1/1/1979. |
2 |
The S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged capitalization-weighted index of 500 stocks designed to measure performance of the broad domestic economy through changes in the aggregate market value of 500 stocks representing all major industries. |
11
PURCHASING AND SELLING FUND SHARES
This section tells you how to purchase and sell (sometimes called “redeem”) shares of the Fund.
The Fund is for individual and institutional investors.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-866-301-7212.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Fund reserves the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Fund is not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number and the Fund’s name. Make your check payable to “Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
12
Express Mail Address
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-866-301-7212 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA #101000695
The Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund
DDA Acct. #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/account number/account name
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $25. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for
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purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed.
The Fund’s price per share will be the next determined NAV per share after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund (or an authorized institution) must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the
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time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding.
In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under
15
the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price such securities at fair value – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
Minimum Purchases
You can open an account (including an IRA) with a minimum initial investment of $2,500. There is no minimum for subsequent investments. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The Fund’s reference information, which is listed below, will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily NAV, or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund |
HAVGX |
0075W0866 |
1225 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-301-7212.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
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If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-866-301-7212 for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next-determined NAV after the Fund (or an authorized institution) receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
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All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sale orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sale order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privileges) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-866-301-7212 to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
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The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution. To participate in this service you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Redemptions In Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in kind). The Fund may also redeem in kind to discourage short term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $2,500 because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirement in its sole discretion.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
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Telephone Transactions
Purchasing and selling Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably |
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believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund.
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading
21
by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application, your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed
22
to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-866-301-7212.
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PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Payments by the Fund
The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial
24
Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
The Fund distributes its net investment income quarterly and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Fund. The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary does not
25
apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of shares of the Fund may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss generally will be treated as short term if you held the shares 12 months or less, long term if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated
26
as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
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The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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The table that follows presents performance information about the Fund. This information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-866-301-7212.
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Financial Highlights
|
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended October 31, |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period |
$ | 16.47 | $ | 14.06 | $ | 14.05 | $ | 14.73 | $ | 12.78 | ||||||||||
Income from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (1) |
0.21 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain |
1.11 | 2.41 | 0.02 | 0.01 | (2) | 2.04 | ||||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
1.32 | 2.60 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 2.21 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.21 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.18 | ) | (0.16 | ) | (0.17 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized Gains |
(0.25 | ) | — | — | (0.70 | ) | (0.09 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.46 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.18 | ) | (0.86 | ) | (0.26 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period |
$ | 17.33 | $ | 16.47 | $ | 14.06 | $ | 14.05 | $ | 14.73 | ||||||||||
Total Return * |
8.10 | % | 18.59 | % | 1.33 | % | 1.05 | % | 17.41 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Period (Thousands) |
$ | 196,179 | $ | 187,147 | $ | 169,221 | $ | 174,213 | $ | 163,297 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (including waivers, reimbursements, and fees paid indirectly) |
0.82 | % | 0.82 | % | 0.83 | % | 0.83 | % | 0.84 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (excluding waivers, reimbursements, and fees paid indirectly) |
0.82 | % | 0.82 | % | 0.83 | % | 0.83 | % | 0.84 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.24 | % | 1.26 | % | 1.21 | % | 1.18 | % | 1.23 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
21 | % | 12 | % | 15 | % | 17 | % | 16 | % |
(1) |
Per share data calculated using average shares method. |
(2) |
The amount shown for a share outstanding throughout the year does not accord with the aggregate net losses on investments for the year because of the sales and repurchases of Fund shares in relation to fluctuating market value of the investments of the Fund. |
* |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund
Investment Adviser
Haverford Financial Services, Inc.
Three Radnor Corporate Center
Suite 450
Radnor, Pennsylvania 19087-4546
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about the Fund and The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-866-301-7212 |
By Mail: |
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund
|
By Internet: |
www.haverfordfunds.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
HIM-PS-001-1600
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
HAVERFORD QUALITY GROWTH STOCK FUND
(Ticker Symbol: HAVGX)
a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
HAVERFORD FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund (the “Fund”). This SAI is incorporated by reference and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Fund, which includes the Fund’s audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Fund at Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or by calling the Fund at 1-866-301-7212.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | HIM-SX-001-1600 |
ii
General. The Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. The Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each a “Trustee” and together, the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate the Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if the Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES
The Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus. For a description of certain permitted investments discussed below, see “Description of Permitted Investments” in this SAI.
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund. The Fund seeks long-term growth of capital. This investment objective is fundamental, and may not be changed without the consent of shareholders. There can be no assurance that the Fund will be able to achieve its investment objective. The Fund is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).
S- 1
As its principal investment strategy, the Fund invests primarily in equity securities as described in the Prospectus. Consistent with Rule 35d-1 of the 1940 Act regarding the use of certain mutual fund names, the Fund has adopted a “non-fundamental” policy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, under normal circumstances, in equity securities. This non-fundamental policy may be changed by the Board upon at least 60 days’ written notice to Fund shareholders.
Although the Fund will normally be as fully invested as practicable in equity securities, as secondary investment strategies and consistent with its investment objective, the Fund may to a lesser extent invest in warrants, rights to purchase common stocks, debt securities convertible into common stocks and preferred stocks. A portion of the Fund’s assets may also be invested in investment grade fixed income securities, cash and money market securities. Investment grade fixed income securities either are debt securities rated in one of the four highest rating categories (“investment grade”) by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (an “NRSRO”) or that the Fund’s investment adviser, Haverford Financial Services, Inc. (“HFS” or the “Adviser”) determines are of comparable quality. The Fund may also make limited use of equity index futures contracts for liquidity purposes. In order to generate additional income, the Fund may lend securities that it owns as well as invest in repurchase agreements.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The following are descriptions of the Fund’s permitted investments and investment practices and the associated risk factors. The Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
Equity Securities. Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, and securities convertible into common stock. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the net asset value (“NAV”) of the Fund to fluctuate. The Fund purchases equity securities traded in the United States on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
• | Common Stock. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock. |
• | Preferred Stock. Preferred stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer that pays dividends at a specified rate and that has precedence over common stock in the payment of dividends. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take precedence over the claims of those who own preferred and common stock. |
• | Warrants. Warrants are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments. |
• | Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party. |
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Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain or loss than common stocks. Convertible securities generally provide yields higher than the underlying common stocks, but generally lower than comparable non-convertible securities. Because of this higher yield, convertible securities generally sell at a price above their “conversion value,” which is the current market value of the stock to be received upon conversion. The difference between this conversion value and the price of convertible securities will vary over time depending on changes in the value of the underlying common stocks and interest rates. When the underlying common stocks decline in value, convertible securities will tend not to decline to the same extent because of the interest or dividend payments and the repayment of principal at maturity for certain types of convertible securities. However, securities that are convertible other than at the option of the holder generally do not limit the potential for loss to the same extent as securities convertible at the option of the holder. When the underlying common stocks rise in value, the value of convertible securities may also be expected to increase. At the same time, however, the difference between the market value of convertible securities and their conversion value will narrow, which means that the value of convertible securities will generally not increase to the same extent as the value of the underlying common stocks. Because convertible securities may also be interest-rate sensitive, their value may increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
• | Small and Medium Capitalization Issuers. Investing in equity securities of small and medium capitalization companies often involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in larger capitalization companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of smaller size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of depth of management. The securities of smaller companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and even if listed on a national securities exchange may not be traded in volumes typical for that exchange. Consequently, the securities of smaller companies are less likely to be liquid, may have limited market stability, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than securities of larger, more established growth companies or the market averages in general. |
American Depositary Receipts. American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. Depositary receipts are securities that evidence ownership interests in a security or a pool of securities that have been deposited with a “depository” and may be sponsored or unsponsored. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. The underlying shares are held in trust by a custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
For ADRs, the depository is typically a U.S. financial institution and the underlying securities are issued by a foreign issuer. For other depositary receipts, the depository may be a foreign or a U.S. entity, and the underlying securities may have a foreign or a U.S. issuer. Depositary receipts will not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as their underlying securities. Generally, ADRs are issued in registered form, denominated in U.S. dollars, and designed for use in the U.S. securities markets. Other depositary receipts, such as GDRs and EDRs, may be issued in bearer form and denominated in other currencies, and are generally designed for use in securities markets outside the U.S. While the two types of depositary receipt facilities (unsponsored or sponsored) are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services.
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Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholders meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequency is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
For purposes of the Fund’s investment policies, investments in depositary receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities. Thus, a depositary receipt representing ownership of common stock will be treated as common stock. Depositary receipts do not eliminate all of the risks associated with directly investing in the securities of foreign issuers.
Investments in the securities of foreign issuers may subject the Fund to investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in securities of U.S. issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, possible imposition of withholding taxes on income, possible seizure, nationalization or expropriation of foreign deposits, possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source or greater fluctuation in value due to changes in exchange rates. Foreign issuers of securities often engage in business practices different from those of domestic issuers of similar securities, and there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers. In addition, foreign issuers are, generally speaking, subject to less government supervision and regulation and different accounting treatment than are those in the United States.
Real Estate Investment Trusts. A real estate investment trust (“REIT”) is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Fund invests may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent. The above factors may adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
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Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act.
Money Market Securities. Money market securities include short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by an NRSRO, such as Standard & Poor’s Ratings Service (“S&P”) or Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), or determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described below. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” to this SAI.
U.S. Government Securities. The Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Fund’s shares.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
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On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10 percent annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
U.S. Treasury Obligations. U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”). The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately.
Commercial Paper. Commercial paper is the term used to designate unsecured short-term promissory notes issued by corporations and other entities. Maturities on these issues vary from a few to 270 days.
Obligations of Domestic Banks, Foreign Banks and Foreign Branches of U.S. Banks. The Fund may invest in obligations issued by banks and other savings institutions. Investments in bank obligations include obligations of domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks. Such investments in domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks may involve risks that are different from investments in securities of domestic branches of U.S. banks. These risks may include future unfavorable political and economic developments, possible withholding taxes on interest income, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations, or other governmental restrictions which might affect the payment of principal or interest on the securities held by the Fund. Additionally, these institutions may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting and recordkeeping requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Bank obligations include the following:
• | Bankers’ Acceptances. Bankers’ acceptances are bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Corporations use bankers’ acceptances to finance the shipment and storage of goods and to furnish dollar exchange. Maturities are generally six months or less. |
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• | Certificates of Deposit. Certificates of deposit are interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity. They are issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds and normally can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit with penalties for early withdrawal will be considered illiquid. |
• | Time Deposits. Time deposits are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds. Like a certificate of deposit, it earns a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. Time deposits with a withdrawal penalty or that mature in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid investments. |
Repurchase Agreements. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Fund follows certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of the Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by the Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
Securities of Other Investment Companies. The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Fund. The Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) investments.
For hedging or other purposes, the Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
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Pursuant to orders issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Fund may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Fund otherwise complies with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Securities Lending. The Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of the Fund (including the loan collateral). The Fund will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund.
The Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund’s securities lending agent, but the Fund will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, the Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects the Fund to market risk. The Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by the Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. The Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Derivatives
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Fund is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. As a result, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Fund’s investment strategies and may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
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Types of Derivatives:
Futures . A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily NAV, each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
The Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options. An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
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▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When the Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). The Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that the Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. The Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When the Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when the Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
The Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive the Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. The Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
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The Fund is permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, the Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, the Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
The Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. The Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
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The Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, the Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, the Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, the Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Fund than if it had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to make or lose substantially more than it invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities the Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices. The Fund’s ability to hedge its securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities the Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, the Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
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Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Fund. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity. Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, the Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, the Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Fund intends to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, the Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, the Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk. Successful use of derivatives by the Fund is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if the Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk. At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if the Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
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Margin. Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to the Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, the Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. The Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage. The Fund’s use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Fund will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Fund does not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches that value, the Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation. The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Fund by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Fund trades. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Fund’s use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objectives. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
Illiquid Investments. Illiquid investments are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Because of their illiquid nature, illiquid investments must be priced at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures approved by the Board. Despite such good faith efforts to determine fair value prices, the Fund’s illiquid investments are subject to the risk that the investment's fair value price may differ from the actual price which the Fund may ultimately realize upon its sale or disposition. Difficulty in selling illiquid investments may result in a loss or may be costly to the Fund. Under the supervision of the Board, the Adviser determines the liquidity of the Fund’s investments. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets.
Restricted Securities. Restricted securities are securities that may not be sold freely to the public absent registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”) or an exemption from registration. As consistent with the Fund’s investment objective, the Fund may invest in Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper. Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper is issued in reliance on an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act and is generally sold to institutional investors who purchase for investment. Any resale of such commercial paper must be in an exempt transaction, usually to an institutional investor through the issuer or investment dealers who make a market in such commercial paper.
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Special Risks of Cyber Attacks. As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objective of the Fund, the following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that the Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy; or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
The Fund may not:
1. | Purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
2. | Concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | Borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
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5. | Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | Underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
The following limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The Fund may not:
1. | Purchase securities of any issuer (except securities of other investment companies, securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities) if, as a result, more than 5% of the total assets of the Fund would be invested in the securities of such issuer; or acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. This restriction applies to 75% of the Fund’s total assets. |
2. | Purchase any securities which would cause 25% or more of the total assets of the Fund to be invested in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry, provided that this limitation does not apply to investments in obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities. For purposes of this limitation, (i) utility companies will be classified according to their services, for example, gas distribution, gas transmission, electric and telephone will each be considered a separate industry; and (ii) financial service companies will be classified according to the end users of their services, for example, automobile finance, bank finance and diversified finance will each be considered a separate industry. |
3. | Borrow money in an amount exceeding 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets, provided that, for purposes of this limitation, investment strategies that either obligate the Fund to purchase securities or require the Fund to segregate assets are not considered to be borrowing. Asset coverage of at least 300% is required for all borrowing, except where the Fund has borrowed money for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of its total assets. |
4. | Make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) lend its securities. |
5. | Purchase or sell real estate, real estate limited partnership interests, physical commodities or commodities contracts except that the Fund may purchase commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
Further,
6. | Under normal circumstances, the Fund shall invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities. This non-fundamental policy may be changed by the Board upon at least 60 days’ notice to Fund shareholders. |
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Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances cause the Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitations within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
General. Haverford Financial Services, Inc., a Pennsylvania Corporation located at Three Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450, Radnor, PA 19087, is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. The Adviser, founded in 2003, is wholly owned by Drexel Morgan & Co. and is an affiliate of The Haverford Trust Company (“Haverford Trust”). Haverford Trust was founded in 1979 and offers investment management, trust and estate services and private banking. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $269 million in assets under management.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement, dated May 28, 2004 (the “Advisory Agreement”), with respect to the Fund. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as the investment adviser and makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Board.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund or, by the Adviser, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.60% of the average daily net assets of the Fund. The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep the Fund’s net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. This agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the preceding three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Adviser the following advisory fees:
Contractual Advisory Fees | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$1,018,561 | $1,080,155 | $1,173,145 |
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This section includes information about the Fund’s portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
Compensation. Haverford Trust compensates the Fund’s portfolio managers for their management of the Fund. The portfolio managers’ compensation consists of a salary and bonus. The portfolio managers’ overall compensation is designed to be competitive with similar investment advisers and to compensate the portfolio managers for their contributions to the Adviser and its investment products. Compensation is not based upon Fund or account performance, but is based on quantitative and qualitative factors. These may include the Adviser’s and its affiliates’ profitability, investment ideas, teamwork, leadership and overall contributions.
Fund Shares Owned by Portfolio Managers. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Joseph J. McLaughlin, Jr. | $500,001 - $1,000,000 |
Binney H.C. Wietlisbach | $100,001 - $500,000 |
Henry B. Smith | $500,001 - $1,000,000 |
John H. Donaldson | $100,001 - $500,000 |
Timothy A. Hoyle | $10,001 - $50,000 |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, certain portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Name | Registered Investment Companies | Other Pooled Investment Vehicles | Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts | Total Assets | Number of Accounts |
Total
Assets
(in millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (in millions) |
|
Joseph J. McLaughlin, Jr. | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 176 | $662 |
Binney H.C. Wietlisbach | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 327 | $752 |
Henry B. Smith | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 30 | $163 |
John H. Donaldson | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 1 | $23 |
Timothy A. Hoyle | 0 | $0 | 1 | $18 | 3 | $144 |
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Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers’ management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as the Fund. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby a portfolio manager could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio managers’ knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby a portfolio manager could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of the Fund. However, the Adviser has established policies and procedures to ensure that the purchase and sale of securities among all accounts it manages are fairly and equitably allocated.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Fund, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following amounts for these services:
Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$203,713 | $216,032 | $234,630 |
General. The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”) whereby the Distributor acts as principal underwriter for the Trust’s shares. The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
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PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Payments by the Fund. The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Fund and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Fund, the Distributor or shareholders of the Fund through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Fund in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Fund; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Fund by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 W. 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
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U.S. Bank National Association, 800 Nicollett Mall, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55402-4302 (the “Custodian”), acts as the custodian of the Fund. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Fund did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Board. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objective, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
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The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
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The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name
and Year of
Birth |
Position
with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other
Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952)
|
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018.
|
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018)
|
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager – Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
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Name
and Year of
Birth |
Position
with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other
Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds.
|
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President – Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
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Name
and Year of
Birth |
Position
with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other
Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999)
|
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Fund as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the Fund provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the Fund, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
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Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Fund is the only fund in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate
Compensation
from the Trust |
Pension
or Retirement
Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated
Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total
Compensation from the Trust and
Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for the officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
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Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Fund adheres to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities . Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or are determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Fund will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Fund will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Fund calculates NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which the Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value the Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Fund are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Fund are valued at fair value.
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Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Fund calculates NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that it timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income, (which includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any, to its shareholders (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of another RIC) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of other RICs) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
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Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed.
If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals which provide that such losses are carried over by the Fund indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. The Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
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Distributions to Shareholders. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend, (ii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in the Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Fund receives from a REIT will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such REIT.
Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, the Fund’s distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation.
To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
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A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held your shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a long-term capital gain distribution are subsequently sold or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the long-term capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as its default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
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The Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from futures and options contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, options contracts and swaps to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Accordingly, in order to avoid certain income and excise taxes, the Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so.
The Fund may invest in REITs. Investments in REIT equity securities may require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. The Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to the Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to the Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Fund may rely, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which the Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
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Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
Fund shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distribution from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from its retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a 24% withholding rate and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
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In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$30,644 | $23,960 | $36,624 |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Fund.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used by the Adviser in connection with the Fund or any other specific client account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
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From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Fund, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid no commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser.
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Fund may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Fund or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Fund for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Fund, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Fund is required to identify any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund did not hold any securities of its regular brokers or dealers.
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which the Fund may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one-year. The Fund may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rates were as follows:
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 |
12% | 21% |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, on the one hand, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders and those of the Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund, the Adviser, or its principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (“Authorized Person”) to authorize the release of the Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Authorized Person, either directly or through reports by the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
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Pursuant to applicable law, the Fund is required to disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). The Fund will disclose a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s NAV (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. The Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters is available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarter is available in Semi-Annual and Annual Reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should the Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-301-7212.
In addition, the Adviser’s website also provides information about the Fund’s ten largest portfolio holdings, as of the end of the most recent calendar month. The portfolio information can be found on the internet at www.haverfordfunds.com. This information is provided at the end of each calendar month generally within two days of the month end. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund. The portfolio holdings information placed on the website generally will remain there until replaced by new postings as described above. The information on the Adviser’s website is publicly available to all categories of persons.
In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator or Transfer Agent, in connection with their services to the Fund. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Fund. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of the Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics. The lag time for such disclosures will vary. The Fund believes that these third parties have legitimate objectives in requesting such portfolio holdings information.
The Fund’s policies and procedures provide that the Authorized Person may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Authorized Person must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders and that to the extent conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders and those of the Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund exist, such conflicts are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no earlier than 10 days after each calendar quarter end to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, the Fund requires any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank the Fund, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
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The Fund’s policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Fund, the Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Fund’s portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of the Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that portfolio with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the portfolio. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any funds and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
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The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-301-7212; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Administrator and the Distributor have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 (each a “Code of Ethics” and together the “Codes of Ethics”). These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by Access Persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain Access Persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of the shares of the Fund. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of the Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling the Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund | |
Name and Address | % of Fund |
HTC & CO OMNIBUS ACCOUNT REINVEST 3 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR STE 450 RADNOR, PA 19087-4580 |
71.53% |
HTC & CO OMNIBUS ACCOUNT CASH 3 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR STE 450 RADNOR, PA 19087-4580 |
17.66% |
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
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Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
A- 2
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A- 3
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
A- 4
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
A- 5
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
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Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
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APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
Haverford Financial Services, Inc. |
Proxy Voting Policy |
Intention of the Proxy Voting Policy
Haverford Financial Services, Inc. (HFS) considers the power to vote on proposals presented to shareholders through the proxy solicitation process to be an integral part of an investment manager’s responsibility. HFS recognizes that certain proposals, if implemented, may have a substantial impact on the market valuation of portfolio securities and that in such situations the right to vote is considered an asset. The Proxy Voting Policy is designed to ensure that:
1. | Proxies for which HFS has ultimate voting authority are voted consistently and solely in the best economic interests of the beneficiaries of these equity investments, and not in the interests of HFS or any associated parties other than the clients. |
2. | Any real or perceived material conflicts that may arise between the interests of HFS or any of its associate parties and those of the clients are properly addressed and resolved. |
Third Party Proxy Voting Services
To assist the company in voting proxies, HFS has retained Egan-Jones Proxy Services ("Egan-Jones") . Egan-Jones is an independent adviser that specializes in providing a variety of fiduciary-level proxy-related services to institutional investment managers, plan sponsors, custodians, consultants, and other institutional investors. The services provided to HFS by Egan-Jones include in-depth research, voting recommendations, vote execution, and record keeping. Egan-Jones also assists HFS in its reporting and record keeping relating to proxy voting.
Proxy Voting Guidelines
HFS has adopted the following specific voting guidelines:
1. | HFS will typically vote client proxies in line with the recommendations made by Egan-Jones, except in circumstances detailed in (2) of this section. Egan-Jones’ recommendations focus on voting proxies in the best economic interest of shareholders, and as such align well with the goals of HFS’ clients. Egan-Jones’ specific proxy voting policies are available upon request. |
2. | HFS’ Investment Selection Committee reserves the right to vote a proxy contrary to Egan-Jones’s recommendation with a majority vote. Issues that can trigger a review by the Committee for the purpose of voting against Egan-Jones include, but are not limited to: |
• | Mergers and acquisitions |
• | Spin-offs, split-offs, or IPOs |
• | Significant alterations of the capital structure of the company |
• | Other significant corporate actions |
3. | Should any real or perceived material conflicts arise between the interests of HFS or any of its associated parties and those of its clients, HFS’ Investment Selection Committee will forego its right to vote a proxy contrary to Egan-Jones’s recommendation. |
January 2019
B-1
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
ICM Small Company Portfolio
Ticker Symbol: ICSCX
Institutional Class Shares Prospectus |
March 1, 2019 |
Investment Adviser:
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus |
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
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Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
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The ICM Small Company Portfolio (the “Fund”) seeks maximum, long-term total return, consistent with reasonable risk to principal, by investing primarily in common stocks of smaller companies measured in terms of revenues and assets and, more importantly, in terms of market capitalization.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Management Fees |
0.70% |
Other Expenses |
0.23% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.93% |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$95 |
$296 |
$515 |
$1,143 |
1
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 31% of the average value of its portfolio.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in common stocks of companies that have market capitalizations within the range of the Russell 2000 ® Value Index at the time of purchase. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund may invest in equity securities listed on a national securities exchange or traded in the over-the-counter markets. The Fund invests primarily in common stocks, but it may also invest in other types of equity securities, including real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) and American Depository Receipts (“ADRs”).
In selecting investments for the Fund, Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC (“ICM” or the “Adviser”) typically looks to invest in companies with leading market share positions, shareholder oriented managements, and strong balance sheet and cash flow ratios. Usually, the shares of the companies the Adviser buys are selling at a price to earnings ratio below the average price to earnings ratio of the stocks that comprise the Russell 2000 ® Index. In addition, the companies selected by the Adviser usually have higher returns on equity and capital than the average company in the Russell 2000 ® Index. The Adviser screens the Fund’s universe of potential investments to identify potentially undervalued securities based on factors such as financial strength, earnings valuation, and earnings quality. The Adviser further narrows the list of potential investments through traditional fundamental security analysis, which may include interviews with company management and a review of the assessments and opinions of outside analysts and consultants. Securities are sold when the Adviser believes the shares have become relatively overvalued or it finds more attractive alternatives. The Adviser generally will not sell a security merely due to market appreciation outside the Fund’s target capitalization range if it believes the company has growth potential.
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As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. This could occur because its strategy failed to produce the intended results or because the Adviser did not implement its strategy properly. The Fund’s shares are not bank deposits and are not guaranteed, endorsed or insured by any financial institution, government authority or the FDIC.
Equity Risk — Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
REIT Risk — REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this prospectus.
Foreign Securities Risk — The Fund’s investments in ADRs are subject to foreign securities risk. ADRs are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer that are issued by depositary banks and traded on U.S. exchanges. Although ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies, they continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign securities, especially those of companies in emerging markets, can be riskier and more volatile than domestic securities. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make it harder for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Securities of foreign companies may
3
not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Small-Capitalization Company Risk — The small-capitalization companies in which the Fund will invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.icomd.com or by calling 1-866-234-5426.
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During the periods shown in the chart, the highest return for a quarter was 28.17% (quarter ended 06/30/2009) and the lowest return for a quarter was (22.05)% (quarter ended 09/30/2011).
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
ICM SMALL COMPANY PORTFOLIO |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Fund Return Before Taxes |
(13.96)% |
4.95% |
12.28% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(17.09)% |
2.05% |
10.14% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(7.04)% |
3.33% |
10.04% |
Russell 2000 ® Value Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(11.01)% |
4.41% |
11.97% |
Russell 2000 ® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(12.86)% |
3.61% |
10.40% |
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC
William V. Heaphy, CFA, Principal, has managed the Fund since 1999.
Gary J. Merwitz, Principal, has managed the Fund since 2004.
5
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA, you must invest at least $2,500,000. Subsequent investments must be at least $1,000. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: ICM Small Company Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail: ICM Small Company Portfolio c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-866-234-5426.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
PAYMENTS TO BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
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For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Fund reserves the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Fund is not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number and the Fund name.
Regular Mail Address
ICM Small Company Portfolio
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
ICM Small Company Portfolio
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
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The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-866-234-5426 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA# 101000695
The ICM Small Company Portfolio
DDA Acct. # 9871063178
Ref: account number/account name
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. Purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually in amounts of at least $100 to meet the minimum investment amount. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: ICM Small Company Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121 (Express Mail Address: ICM Small Company Portfolio, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted
8
by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Minimum Investments
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA, you must invest at least $2,500,000. Subsequent investments must be at least $1,000. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The Fund’s reference information, which is listed below, will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily net asset value per share (“NAV”) or obtain additional information.
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
ICSCX |
00758M220 |
1229 |
Payment of Redemption Proceeds
Redemption proceeds can be mailed to your account address, sent to your bank by ACH transfer or wired to your bank account (provided that your bank information is already on file). Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request in proper form, meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation (such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.). The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds.
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds
9
sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-866-234-5426 for more information. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation.
If you redeem shares that were purchased by check or through ACH, you will not receive your redemption proceeds until the check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed, which may take up to 15 days from the purchase date.
By Mail
You may contact the Fund directly by mail at: ICM Small Company Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121 (Express Mail Address: ICM Small Company Portfolio, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives
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the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
All registered share owner(s) must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Certain shareholders may need to include additional documents or provide a signature guarantee to redeem shares.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application.
Call 1-866-234-5426 to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank by either Federal Reserve wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in liquid securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale, as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until the securities are sold.
General Policies
You may buy or sell shares of the Fund on any Business Day at a price equal to its NAV next-computed after the Fund, or an authorized
11
institution (as defined below), receives and accepts your order in proper form. The Fund calculates NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your order in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.) before the close of trading on the NYSE that day. Otherwise, you will receive the NAV that is calculated at the close of trading on the following Business Day. If the NYSE closes early – as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading – the Fund will calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days.
Calculating Your Share Price
The NAV of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”). Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price securities at fair value – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
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Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s NAV next- computed after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact them directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow their procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell
13
Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing and selling Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Rights Reserved by the Fund
Purchases
At any time and without notice, the Fund may:
● |
Stop offering shares; |
● |
Reject any purchase order; or |
● |
Bar an investor engaged in a pattern of excessive trading from buying shares (excessive trading can hurt performance by disrupting management and increasing expenses). The Fund will consider various factors in determining whether an investor has engaged in excessive trading. These factors include, but are not limited to, the investor’s historic trading patterns, the number of transactions, the size of the transactions, the time between transactions and the percentage of the investor’s account involved in each transaction. For more information about the Fund’s policies on excessive trading, please see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.” |
Redemptions
At any time and without notice, the Fund may change or eliminate any of the redemption methods described above, except redemption by mail. The Fund may suspend your right to redeem your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
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Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Fund invests in small-capitalization securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than two (2) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per quarter (90-day period). If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders.
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The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to
16
obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.), or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application, your investment will be received and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification are part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close
17
your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-866-234-5426.
Small Accounts
The Fund may redeem your shares without your permission if the value of your account falls below 50% of the required minimum initial investment. This provision does not apply:
● |
To retirement accounts and certain other accounts; or |
● |
When the value of your account falls because of market fluctuations and not your redemptions. |
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The Fund will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to allow you time to add to your account and avoid the sale of your shares.
Dividends and Distributions
Normally, the Fund distributes its net investment income quarterly and its net capital gains at least once a year. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Fund.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions
19
of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors. Call 1-866-234-5426 to find out when the Fund expects to make a distribution to shareholders.
Each sale of shares of the Fund may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss generally will be treated as short term if you held the shares 12 months or less, long term if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis
20
methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use a default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Fund shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund consist of foreign securities, the Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. The Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
The Fund may invest in REITs. The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Fund may rely, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which the Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary
21
to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
22
The Fund’s investment objective is to seek maximum long-term total return, consistent with reasonable risk to principal, by investing primarily in common stocks of smaller companies measured in terms of revenues and assets and, more importantly, in terms of market capitalization. The Fund may change its investment objective without shareholder approval.
In addition to its principal investment strategies, the Fund may use the investment strategies described below. The Fund may also employ investment practices that this prospectus does not describe, such as participating in repurchase agreements, when-issued and forward commitment transactions, lending of securities, borrowing and other techniques. For more information concerning these and any of the Fund’s other investment practices and their risks, you should read the SAI.
Derivatives
The Fund may invest in forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures, options and swaps to protect its investments against changes resulting from market conditions (a practice called “hedging”), to reduce transaction costs or to manage cash flows. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures, options and swaps are called derivatives because their value is based on an underlying asset or economic factor. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect the Fund’s ability to achieve its objectives with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends on the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. The Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold.
Short-Term Investing
The investments and strategies described in this prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal circumstances. During unusual economic, market, political or other circumstances, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in short-term, high quality debt instruments, such as U.S. government securities. These instruments would not ordinarily be consistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and may prevent the Fund from achieving its investment objective. The Fund
23
will use a temporary strategy if the Adviser believes that pursuing the Fund’s investment objective will subject it to a significant risk of loss. The Fund has a policy requiring it to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in particular types of securities as described in the Fund’s principal investment strategy, and will not change this policy without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. In addition to the temporary defensive measures discussed above, the Fund may also temporarily deviate from this 80% policy in other limited, appropriate circumstances, such as if the Fund experiences large cash inflows or redemptions.
When the Adviser pursues a temporary defensive strategy, the Fund may not profit from favorable developments that it would have otherwise profited from if it were pursuing its normal strategies.
The Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings on a monthly basis, fifteen (15) days after the end of the previous month. For example, the Fund’s investments as of the end of January would ordinarily be published on February 15. The Fund also publishes a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/icm. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund. Please consult the SAI for a full description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
Investment Adviser
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company located at 300 E. Lombard Street, Suite 810, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of the Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis, subject to oversight by the Board. The Adviser is
24
owned in part by Old ICM, Inc., formerly Investment Counselors of Maryland, Inc. (the “Former Adviser”) and ICM Management LLC, a company wholly-owned by six officers of the Adviser. BrightSphere Investment Group plc, a NYSE listed company, through its ownership of the Former Adviser, retains an ownership interest in the Adviser. The Adviser continued the business of the Former Adviser. The Adviser and the Former Adviser have provided investment management services to corporations, foundations, endowments, pension and profit sharing plans, trusts, estates and other institutions and individuals since 1972. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $1.8 billion in assets under management.
For its services, the Fund pays the Adviser a management fee equal to 0.70% of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid 0.70% of its average daily net assets in advisory fees to the Adviser.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
Portfolio Managers
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals. The following portfolio managers are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Mr. William V. Heaphy, CFA and Principal, joined ICM in 1994 and has over 25 years of investment experience. Mr. Heaphy earned his B.S. degree from Lehigh University in 1989 and his law degree from the University of Maryland in 1993.
Mr. Gary J. Merwitz, Principal, joined ICM in 2004 and has over 22 years of investment experience. Mr. Merwitz earned his B.S. degree in accounting at the University of Maryland in 1992 and an M.B.A. from the Fuqua School of Business in 1999.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
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The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Payments by the Fund
The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list,
26
or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares.
Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to
27
purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
The table that follows presents performance information about the Fund. The information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund, assuming all dividends and distributions were reinvested. The information provided below has been audited by BBD, LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, whose report, along with the Fund’s financial statements, is included in the Fund’s Annual Report. You can obtain the Annual Report, which contains more performance information, at no charge by calling 1-866-234-5426.
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ICM Small Company Portfolio
|
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Year Ended October 31, |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 35.04 | $ | 27.27 | $ | 28.15 | $ | 34.94 | $ | 36.60 | ||||||||||
Income from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income * |
0.06 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(1.00 | ) | 8.61 | 1.99 | 0.10 | (1) | 1.98 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.94 | ) | 8.67 | 2.10 | 0.21 | 2.07 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.09 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.10 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.14 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(2.48 | ) | (0.87 | ) | (2.88 | ) | (6.92 | ) | (3.59 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(2.57 | ) | (0.90 | ) | (2.98 | ) | (7.00 | ) | (3.73 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 31.53 | $ | 35.04 | $ | 27.27 | $ | 28.15 | $ | 34.94 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
(3.06 | )% | 32.07 | % | 8.79 | % | 0.47 | % | 6.21 | % | ||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 738,558 | $ | 768,329 | $ | 772,925 | $ | 948,137 | $ | 1,120,433 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (2) |
0.93 | % | 0.95 | % | 0.95 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.96 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
0.16 | % | 0.17 | % | 0.41 | % | 0.37 | % | 0.26 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
31 | % | 30 | % | 32 | % | 27 | % | 24 | % |
* |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the year. |
† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Portfolio distributions or the redemption of shares. |
|
Amounts designated as “—” are either not applicable, $0 or have been rounded to $0. |
(1) |
Realized and unrealized gains and losses per share in this caption are balancing amounts necessary to reconcile the change in net asset value per share for the period, and may not reconcile with the aggregate gains and losses in the Statement of Operations due to share transactions for the period. |
(2) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets excludes the effect of fees paid indirectly. If these expense offsets were included, the ratio would have been the same as the ratio reported. |
29
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
ICM Small Company Portfolio
Investors who are interested in receiving more information about the Fund should read the Fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports and the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “SAI”). The Annual and Semi-Annual Reports of the Fund provide additional information about its investments. In the Annual Report, you will also find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the performance of the Fund during the last fiscal year. The SAI contains additional detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the Fund and is incorporated by reference into (is legally part of) this prospectus.
Investors can receive free copies of the SAI, shareholder reports and other information about the Fund at www.icomd.com. Investors can also receive these documents, as well as make shareholder inquiries, by writing to or calling:
ICM Small Company Portfolio
|
You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act of 1940 file number is 811-06400.
ICM-PS-001-1800
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
ICM SMALL COMPANY PORTFOLIO
(Ticker Symbol: ICSCX)
a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the ICM Small Company Portfolio (the “Fund”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Fund, which includes the Fund’s audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Fund at P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009 or by calling the Fund at 1-866-234-5426.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | ICM-SX-001-1800 |
i
General. The Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each Fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate SAIs. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Fund in Institutional Class Shares. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares.
History of the Fund. The ICM Small Company Portfolio is the successor to the UAM Funds, Inc. ICM Small Company Portfolio (the “Predecessor Fund”). The Predecessor Fund was managed by Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC (“ICM” or the “Adviser”) using the same investment objective, strategies, policies and restrictions as those of the Fund. The Predecessor Fund’s date of inception was April 19, 1989. The Predecessor Fund dissolved and reorganized into the ICM Small Company Portfolio on June 24, 2002. Substantially, all of the assets of the Predecessor Fund were transferred to its successor in connection with the Fund’s commencement of operations on June 24, 2002.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. The Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of the Trust’s Board of Trustees (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the trustees have the power to liquidate the Fund without shareholder approval. While the trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if the Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
S- 1
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The Fund is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus.
Debt Securities
Corporations and governments use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero-coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
U.S. Government Securities – The Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Fund’s shares.
S- 2
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality, as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
Corporate Bonds – Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest, and repay the principal amount of the bond or note.
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated.
Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The Adviser will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets its investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
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Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Government National Mortgage Association – Ginnie Mae is the principal governmental guarantor of mortgage-related securities. Ginnie Mae is a wholly-owned corporation of the U.S. government within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Securities issued by Ginnie Mae are treasury securities, which means the full faith and credit of the U.S. government backs them. Ginnie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by Ginnie Mae and backed by pools of Federal Housing Administration-insured or Veterans Administration-guaranteed mortgages. Ginnie Mae does not guarantee the market value or yield of mortgage-backed securities or the value of the Fund’s shares. To buy Ginnie Mae securities, the Fund may have to pay a premium over the maturity value of the underlying mortgages, which the Fund may lose if prepayment occurs.
Federal National Mortgage Association - Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders. Fannie Mae is regulated by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Fannie Mae purchases conventional mortgages from a list of approved sellers and service providers, including state and federally-chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. Securities issued by Fannie Mae are agency securities, which means Fannie Mae, but not the U.S. government, guarantees their timely payment of principal and interest.
Freddie Mac – Freddie Mac is a stockholder-owned corporation established by the U.S. Congress to create a continuous flow of funds to mortgage lenders. Freddie Mac supplies lenders with the money to make mortgages and packages the mortgages into marketable securities. The system is designed to create a stable mortgage credit system and reduce the rates paid by homebuyers. Freddie Mac, not the U.S. government, guarantees timely payment of principal and interest.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers – Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities – Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are:
▪ | payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly); and |
▪ | falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing the Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. |
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In addition to the risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. If the prepayment rates increase, the Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
Other Asset-Backed Securities – These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Fund may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
Short-Term Investments – To earn a return on uninvested assets, meet anticipated redemptions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in the short-term securities listed below, U.S. government securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. Unless otherwise specified, a short-term debt security has a maturity of one year or less.
Bank Obligations – The Fund will only invest in a security issued by a commercial bank if the bank:
• | Has total assets of at least $1 billion, or the equivalent in other currencies (based on the most recent publicly available information about the bank); and |
• | Is a U.S. bank and a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; or is a foreign branch of a U.S. bank and the Adviser believes the security is of an investment quality comparable with other debt securities that the Fund may purchase. |
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Time Deposits – Time deposits are non-negotiable deposits, such as savings accounts or certificates of deposit, held by a financial institution for a fixed term with the understanding that the depositor can withdraw its money only by giving notice to the institution. However, there may be early withdrawal penalties depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. The Fund may only purchase time deposits maturing from two business days through seven calendar days.
Certificates of Deposit – Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank or savings and loan association for a definite period of time and earning a specified return.
Bankers’ Acceptance – A bankers’ acceptance is a time draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower, usually in connection with an international commercial transaction (to finance the import, export, transfer or storage of goods).
Commercial Paper – Commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a maturity ranging from 1 to 270 days issued by banks, corporations and other borrowers. Such investments are unsecured and usually discounted. The Fund may invest in commercial paper rated A-1 or A-2 by Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) or Prime-1 or Prime-2 by Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), or, if not rated, issued by a corporation having an outstanding unsecured debt issue rated A or better by Moody’s or by S&P. See “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” for a description of commercial paper ratings.
Yankee Bonds – Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds issued inside the United States by foreign entities. Investments in these securities involve certain risks that are not typically associated with investing in domestic securities. See “Foreign Securities.”
Zero Coupon Bonds – These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount from and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. The Fund’s investments in pay-in-kind, delayed and zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
These securities may include treasury securities, such as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”), that have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities ( i.e. , unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
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Terms to Understand:
Maturity – Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (principal) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (call dates). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
Mutual funds that invest in debt securities have no real maturity. Instead, they calculate their weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the effective or anticipated maturity of each debt security held by the mutual fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the mutual fund it represents.
Duration – Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or of a mutual fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. It measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years — the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities – The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
▪ | Interest Rates |
The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates ( i.e. , if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa).
▪ | Prepayment Risk |
This risk affects mainly mortgage-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. The Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of the Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of the Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund.
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▪ | Extension Risk |
The other side of prepayment risk occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause the Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This would increase the sensitivity of the Fund to rising rates and its potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of U.S. government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
▪ | Credit Rating |
Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from comparable treasury securities.
Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” Since an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called investment-grade because its issuer is more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, the Adviser may determine that it is of investment-grade. The Adviser may retain securities that are downgraded, if it believes that keeping those securities is warranted.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade (“junk bonds”) are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a junk bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, junk bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the junk bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of junk bonds and may cause the Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value junk bonds accurately.
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Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. The Fund currently uses ratings compiled by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch Inc. Credit ratings are only an agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk.
The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
The Adviser may use ratings produced by ratings agencies as guidelines to determine the rating of a security at the time the Fund buys it. A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. The Adviser monitors the rating of the security and will take such action, if any, it believes appropriate when it learns that a rating agency has reduced the security’s rating. The Fund is not obligated to dispose of securities whose issuers subsequently are in default or which are downgraded below the above-stated ratings.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Fund may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Fund may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting itself from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, the Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Fund to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and is legally permissible, the Fund may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by the Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when the Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
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Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Fund is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. As a result, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Fund’s investment strategies and may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures – A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily net asset value (“NAV”), each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
The Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options – An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
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▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When the Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). The Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that the Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. The Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When the Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when the Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, it may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
The Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive the Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
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The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. The Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
The Fund is permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, the Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, the Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
• | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
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▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
The Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. The Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
The Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, the Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Fund may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Fund may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which it could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which the Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if the Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Fund could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
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▪ | Combined Positions |
The Fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, the Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, the Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts – A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect the Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. The Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
The Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
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Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
The Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, the Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities – The Fund may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements – A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of the Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. The Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, the Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Fund will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
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A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Fund may cover its current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that the Fund will be committed to pay.
▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to the Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
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As with a traditional investment in a debt security, the Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. The Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the breakeven inflation rate) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by the Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
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Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Fund than if it had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to make or lose substantially more than it invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities the Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices – The Fund’s ability to hedge its securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities the Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, the Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Fund. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
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Lack of Liquidity – Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, the Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, the Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Fund intends to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, the Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, the Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk – Successful use of derivatives by the Fund is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if the Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk – At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if the Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin – Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to the Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, the Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. The Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
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Volatility and Leverage – The Fund’s use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Fund will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Fund does not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches that value, the Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation – The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Fund by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Fund trades. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Fund’s use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objectives. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
Equity Securities
Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, and securities convertible into common stock. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the NAV of the Fund to fluctuate. The Fund purchases equity securities traded in the U.S. on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
Common Stocks – Common stocks represent units of ownership in a company. Common stocks usually carry voting rights and earn dividends. Unlike preferred stocks, which are described below, dividends on common stocks are not fixed but are declared at the discretion of the company’s board of directors.
Preferred Stocks – Preferred stocks are also units of ownership in a company. Preferred stocks normally have preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of the company. However, in all other respects, preferred stocks are subordinated to the liabilities of the issuer. Unlike common stocks, preferred stocks are generally not entitled to vote on corporate matters. Types of preferred stocks include adjustable-rate preferred stock, fixed dividend preferred stock, perpetual preferred stock, and sinking fund preferred stock. Generally, the market values of preferred stock with a fixed dividend rate and no conversion element varies inversely with interest rates and perceived credit risk.
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Convertible Securities – Convertible securities are securities that may be exchanged for, converted into, or exercised to acquire a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s common stock at the Fund’s option during a specified time period (such as convertible preferred stocks, convertible debentures and warrants). A convertible security is generally a fixed income security that is senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure, but is usually subordinated to similar non-convertible securities. In exchange for the conversion feature, many corporations will pay a lower rate of interest on convertible securities than debt securities of the same corporation. In general, the market value of a convertible security is at least the higher of its “investment value” ( i.e. , its value as a fixed income security) or its “conversion value” ( i.e., its value upon conversion into its underlying common stock).
Convertible securities are subject to the same risks as similar securities without the convertible feature. The price of a convertible security is more volatile during times of steady interest rates than other types of debt securities. The price of a convertible security tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, whereas it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying common stock declines.
A synthetic convertible security is a combination investment in which the Fund purchases both (i) high-grade cash equivalents or a high grade debt obligation of an issuer or U.S. government securities and (ii) call options or warrants on the common stock of the same or different issuer with some or all of the anticipated interest income from the associated debt obligation that is earned over the holding period of the option or warrant.
While providing a fixed income stream (generally higher in yield than the income derivable from common stock but lower than that afforded by a similar non-convertible security), a convertible security also affords an investor the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation attendant upon a market price advance in the convertible security’s underlying common stock. A synthetic convertible position has similar investment characteristics, but may differ with respect to credit quality, time to maturity, trading characteristics, and other factors. Because the Fund will create synthetic convertible positions only out of high grade fixed income securities, the credit rating associated with the Fund’s synthetic convertible investments is generally expected to be higher than that of the average convertible security, many of which are rated below high grade. However, because the options used to create synthetic convertible positions will generally have expirations between one month and three years of the time of purchase, the maturity of these positions will generally be shorter than average for convertible securities. Since the option component of a convertible security or synthetic convertible position is a wasting asset (in the sense of losing “time value” as maturity approaches), a synthetic convertible position may lose such value more rapidly than a convertible security of longer maturity; however, the gain in option value due to appreciation of the underlying stock may exceed such time value loss, the market price of the option component generally reflects these differences in maturities, and the Adviser takes such differences into account when evaluating such positions. When a synthetic convertible position “matures” because of the expiration of the associated option, the Fund may extend the maturity by investing in a new option with longer maturity on the common stock of the same or different issuer. If the Fund does not so extend the maturity of a position, it may continue to hold the associated fixed income security.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) – A REIT is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
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REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs in which the Fund invests may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Fund invests may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent.
Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders.
In addition to these risks, Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts, while Mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. Further, Equity and Mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally may not be diversified. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Equity and Mortgage REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act. The above factors may also adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
Rights and Warrants – A right is a privilege granted to existing shareholders of a corporation to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is issued. Rights normally have a short life, usually two to four weeks, are freely transferable and entitle the holder to buy the new common stock at a lower price than the public offering price. Warrants are securities that are usually issued together with a debt security or preferred stock and that give the holder the right to buy proportionate amount of common stock at a specified price. Warrants are freely transferable and are traded on major exchanges. Unlike rights, warrants normally have a life that is measured in years and entitles the holder to buy common stock of a company at a price that is usually higher than the market price at the time the warrant is issued. Corporations often issue warrants to make the accompanying debt security more attractive.
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An investment in warrants and rights may entail greater risks than certain other types of investments. Generally, rights and warrants do not carry the right to receive dividends or exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. In addition, their value does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities, and they cease to have value if they are not exercised on or before their expiration date. Investing in rights and warrants increases the potential profit or loss to be realized from the investment as compared with investing the same amount in the underlying securities.
Risks of Investing in Equity Securities:
General Risks of Investing in Stocks – While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors must accept the risks of ownership. Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations. Stockholders of a company that fares poorly can lose money.
Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
▪ | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
▪ | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
▪ | Changes in financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates. |
Because preferred stock is generally junior to debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
Small and Medium-Sized Companies – Investors in small and medium-sized companies typically take on greater risk and price volatility than they would by investing in larger, more established companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of their small or medium size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of management depth. The securities of small and medium-sized companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and might not be traded in volumes typical of securities traded on a national securities exchange. Thus, the securities of small and medium capitalization companies are likely to be less liquid, and subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements, than securities of larger, more established companies.
Technology Companies – Stocks of technology companies have tended to be subject to greater volatility than securities of companies that are not dependent upon or associated with technological issues. Technology companies operate in various industries. Since these industries frequently share common characteristics, an event or issue affecting one industry may significantly influence other, related industries. For example, technology companies may be strongly affected by worldwide scientific or technological developments and their products and services may be subject to governmental regulation or adversely affected by governmental policies.
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Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”) – The Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities of companies offering shares in IPOs. IPOs may have a magnified performance impact on a fund with a small asset base. The Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time, which may increase the turnover of the Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses for the Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, the Fund may realize taxable gains it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for the Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Holders of IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
The Fund’s investment in IPO shares may include the securities of unseasoned companies (companies with less than three years of continuous operations), which presents risks considerably greater than common stocks of more established companies. These companies may have limited operating histories and their prospects for profitability may be uncertain. These companies may be involved in new and evolving businesses and may be vulnerable to competition and changes in technology, markets and economic conditions. They may be more dependent on key managers and third parties and may have limited product lines.
Master Limited Partnerships (“MLPs”) – MLPs are limited partnerships or limited liability companies, whose partnership units or limited liability interests are listed and traded on a U.S. securities exchange, and are treated as publicly traded partnerships for federal income tax purposes. To qualify to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes, an MLP must receive at least 90% of its income from qualifying sources as set forth in Section 7704(d) of the Code. These qualifying sources include activities such as the exploration, development, mining, production, processing, refining, transportation, storage and marketing of mineral or natural resources. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are concentrated in a particular industry or sector, such as the energy sector, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry or sector.
MLPs that are formed as limited partnerships generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners, while MLPs that are formed as limited liability companies generally have two analogous classes of owners, the managing member and the members. For purposes of this section, references to general partners also apply to managing members and references to limited partners also apply to members.
The general partner is typically owned by a major energy company, an investment fund, the direct management of the MLP or is an entity owned by one or more of such parties. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an equity interest of as much as 2% in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. A holder of general partner interests can be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of the holder’s investment in the general partner interest. General partner interests are not publicly traded and generally cannot be converted into common units. The general partner interest can be redeemed by the MLP if the MLP unitholders choose to remove the general partner, typically with a supermajority vote by limited partner unitholders.
Limited partners own the remainder of the MLP through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the MLP’s operations and management. Common units are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges, with their value fluctuating predominantly based on prevailing market conditions and the success of the MLP. Unlike owners of common stock of a corporation, owners of common units have limited voting rights and have no ability annually to elect directors. In the event of liquidation, common units have preference over subordinated units, but not over debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP.
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MLPs are typically structured such that common units and general partner interests have first priority to receive quarterly cash distributions up to an established minimum amount (“minimum quarterly distributions” or “MQD”). Common and general partner interests also accrue arrearages in distributions to the extent the MQD is not paid. Once common and general partner interests have been paid, subordinated units receive distributions of up to the MQD; however, subordinated units do not accrue arrearages. Distributable cash in excess of the MQD paid to both common and subordinated units is distributed to both common and subordinated units generally on a pro rata basis. The general partner is also eligible to receive incentive distributions if the general partner operates the business in a manner which results in distributions paid per common unit surpassing specified target levels. As the general partner increases cash distributions to the limited partners, the general partner receives an increasingly higher percentage of the incremental cash distributions. A common arrangement provides that the general partner can reach a tier where it receives 50% of every incremental dollar paid to common and subordinated unit holders. These incentive distributions encourage the general partner to streamline costs, increase capital expenditures and acquire assets in order to increase the partnership’s cash flow and raise the quarterly cash distribution in order to reach higher tiers. Such results benefit all security holders of the MLP.
Foreign Securities
Types of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities that are traded in markets outside of the U.S. The markets in which these securities are located can be developed or emerging. The Fund can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways:
▪ | The Fund can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency; |
▪ | The Fund can invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and other similar global instruments; and |
▪ | The Fund can invest in investment funds. |
American Depositary Receipts – The Fund may invest up to 20% of its total assets in ADRs. ADRs, as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including EDRs and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. European Depositary Receipts are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
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Emerging Markets – An “emerging market country” is generally a country that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank”) and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNP”) than more developed countries.
Investment Funds – Some emerging countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If the Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their NAV.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors – Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
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▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit the Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval, limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest. Other countries may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s investments.
Information and Supervision – There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk – The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | have substantially less volume; |
▪ | trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
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▪ | may have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards. |
▪ | adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis. |
▪ | in general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated. |
▪ | economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights. |
▪ | restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk – While the Fund denominates its NAV in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including U.S. dollars, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes – Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for the Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
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Emerging Markets – Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”)
The Fund may invest in ETFs. ETFs may be structured as investment companies that are registered under the 1940 Act, typically as open-end funds or unit investment trusts. These ETFs are generally based on specific domestic and foreign market securities indices. An “index-based ETF” seeks to track the performance of an index by holding in its portfolio either the contents of the index or a representative sample of the securities in the index. Alternatively, ETFs may be structured as grantor trusts or other forms of pooled investment vehicles that are not registered or regulated under the 1940 Act. These ETFs typically hold commodities, precious metals, currency or other non-securities investments. ETFs, like mutual funds, have expenses associated with their operation, such as advisory and custody fees. When the Fund invests in an ETF, in addition to directly bearing expenses associated with its own operations, including the brokerage costs associated with the purchase and sale of shares of the ETF, the Fund will bear a pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses. In addition, it may be more costly to own an ETF than to directly own the securities or other investments held by the ETF because of ETF expenses. The risks of owning shares of an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the underlying securities or other investments held by the ETF, although lack of liquidity in the market for the shares of an ETF could result in the ETF’s value being more volatile than the underlying securities or other investments.
Investment Company Shares
The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Fund. The Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
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For hedging or other purposes, the Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indices or portions of specific indices. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange-Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the SEC to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Fund may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Fund otherwise complies with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Fund follows certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of the Fund, not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by that Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which the Fund sells portfolio securities to financial institutions, such as banks and broker-dealers, and agrees to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon date and price that is higher than the original sale price. Reverse repurchase agreements are similar to a fully collateralized borrowing by the Fund. At the time the Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will earmark on the books of the Fund or place in a segregated account cash or liquid securities having a value equal to the repurchase price (including accrued interest) and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained.
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Reverse repurchase agreements involve risks. Reverse repurchase agreements are a form of leverage, and the use of reverse repurchase agreements by the Fund may increase the Fund’s volatility. Reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to the risk that the other party to the reverse repurchase agreement will be unable or unwilling to complete the transaction as scheduled, which may result in losses to the Fund. Reverse repurchase agreements also involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by the Fund may decline below the price at which it is obligated to repurchase the securities. In addition, when the Fund invests the proceeds it receives in a reverse repurchase transaction, there is a risk that those investments may decline in value. In this circumstance, the Fund could be required to sell other investments in order to meet its obligations to repurchase the securities.
Restricted and Illiquid Investments
While the Fund does not anticipate doing so, it may purchase illiquid investments, including investments that are not readily marketable and investments that are not registered (“restricted securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. Illiquid investments are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment.
Illiquid investments may include a wide variety of investments, such as repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, OTC options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements), fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or do not provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits), participation interests in loans, commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act, and securities whose disposition is restricted under the federal securities laws. Illiquid investments include restricted, privately placed securities that, under the federal securities laws, generally may be resold only to qualified institutional buyers. If a substantial market develops for a restricted security (or other illiquid investment) held by the Fund, it may be treated as a liquid security, in accordance with procedures and guidelines approved by the Board.
Securities Lending
The Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of the Fund (including the loan collateral). The Fund will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund.
The Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund’s securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
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By lending its securities, the Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects the Fund to market risk. The Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by the Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. The Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Short Sales
Description of Short Sales:
Selling a security short is when an investor sells a security it does not own. To sell a security short an investor must borrow the security from someone else to deliver to the buyer. The investor then replaces the security it borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or before the time of replacement. Until it replaces the security, the investor repays the person that lent it the security for any interest or dividends that may have accrued during the period of the loan.
Investors typically sell securities short to:
▪ | Take advantage of an anticipated decline in prices. |
▪ | Protect a profit in a security it already owns. |
The Fund can lose money if the price of the security it sold short increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. Likewise, the Fund can profit if the price of the security declines between those dates. Because the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could also be subject to a theoretically unlimited loss.
To borrow the security, the Fund may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The Fund will also incur transaction costs in effecting short sales. The Fund’s gains and losses will be decreased or increased, as the case may be, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest, or expenses the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale.
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The broker will retain the net proceeds of the short sale, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Short Sales Against the Box – In addition, the Fund may engage in short sales “against the box.” In a short sale against the box, the Fund agrees to sell at a future date a security that it either currently owns or has the right to acquire at no extra cost. The Fund will incur transaction costs to open, maintain and close short sales against the box. For tax purposes, a short sale against the box may be taxable event to the Fund.
Restrictions on Short Sales:
The Fund will not short sell a security if:
▪ | After giving effect to such short sale, the total market value of all securities sold short would exceed 25% of the value of the Fund’s net assets. |
▪ | The market value of the securities of any single issuer that have been sold short by the Fund would exceed two percent (2%) of the value of the Fund’s net assets. |
▪ | Any security sold short would constitute more than two percent (2%) of any class of the issuer’s securities. |
Whenever the Fund sells a security short, the Fund segregates an amount of cash or liquid securities equal to the difference between (a) the current market value of the securities sold short and (b) any cash or U.S. government securities the Fund is required to deposit with the broker in connection with the short sale (not including the proceeds from the short sale). The segregated assets are marked to market daily in an attempt to ensure that the amount deposited in the segregated account plus the amount deposited with the broker is at least equal to the current market value of the securities.
When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward-Delivery Transactions
A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which has not been issued. In a forward-delivery transaction, the Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities the Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. The Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
The Fund uses when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward-delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When the Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, the Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-delivery basis, the Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because the Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to the risks associated with its other investments.
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The Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions. The Fund will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of the commitments.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks
As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
INVESTMENT POLICIES OF THE FUND
Fundamental Policies
The following investment policies are fundamental, which means that the Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less. Unless otherwise noted, the Fund will determine compliance with the investment limitation percentages below (with the exception of a limitation relating to borrowing) and other applicable investment requirements immediately after and as a result of its acquisition of such security or other asset. Accordingly, the Fund generally will not consider changes in values, net assets or other circumstances when determining whether the investment complies with its investment limitations.
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The Fund will not:
▪ | Make any investment inconsistent with its classification as a diversified series of an open-end investment company under the 1940 Act. This restriction does not, however, apply when the Fund is classified as a non-diversified series of an open-end investment company under the 1940 Act. |
▪ | Borrow money, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Fund’s prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. |
▪ | Issue senior securities, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction. |
▪ | Underwrite securities of other issuers, except insofar as the Fund may technically be deemed to be an underwriter under the 1933 Act in connection with the purchase or sale of its portfolio securities. |
▪ | Concentrate its investments in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities). |
▪ | Purchase or sell real estate, except (1) to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction, (2) that the Fund may invest in securities of issuers that deal or invest in real estate and (3) that the Fund may purchase securities secured by real estate or interests therein. |
▪ | Purchase or sell commodities or contracts on commodities except that the Fund may engage in financial futures contracts and related options and currency contracts and related options and may otherwise do so in accordance with applicable law and without registering as a commodity pool operator under the Commodity Exchange Act. |
▪ | Make loans to other persons, except that the Fund may lend its portfolio securities in accordance with applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Fund’s prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. The acquisition of investment securities or other investment instruments shall not be deemed to be the making of a loan. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objective of the Fund, the following investment limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The Fund may:
▪ | Not purchase securities of any issuer (except securities of other investment companies, securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities) if, as a result, more than 5% of the total assets of the Fund would be invested in the securities of such issuer; or acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. This restriction applies to 75% of the Fund’s total assets. |
▪ | Not borrow money, except that (1) the Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the 1940 Act) or enter into reverse repurchase agreements, in amounts up to 33 1 / 3 % of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (2) the Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (3) the Fund may obtain such short-term credit as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, and (4) the Fund may purchase securities on margin and engage in short sales to the extent permitted by applicable law. |
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Notwithstanding the investment restrictions above, the Fund may not borrow amounts in excess of 33 1 / 3 % of its total assets, taken at market value, and then only from banks as a temporary measure for extraordinary or emergency purposes such as the redemption of Fund shares. The Fund will not purchase securities while borrowings are outstanding except to exercise prior commitments and to exercise subscription rights.
▪ | Purchase and sell currencies or securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-commitment basis. |
▪ | Purchase and sell foreign currency, purchase options on foreign currency and foreign currency exchange contracts. |
▪ | Invest in the securities of foreign issuers. |
▪ | Purchase shares of other investment companies to the extent permitted by applicable law. The Fund may, notwithstanding any fundamental policy or other limitation, invest all of its investable assets in securities of a single open-end management investment company with substantially the same investment objectives, policies and limitations. |
The 1940 Act currently permits the Fund to invest up to 10% of its total assets in the securities of other investment companies. However, the Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one investment company or acquire more than 3% of the outstanding securities of any one investment company, unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder.
▪ | Write covered call options and may buy and sell put and call options. |
▪ | Enter into repurchase agreements. |
▪ | Lend portfolio securities to registered broker-dealers or other institutional shareholders. These loans may not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Fund’s total assets taken at market value. In addition, the Fund must receive at least 100% collateral. |
▪ | Sell securities short and engage in short sales “against the box.” |
▪ | Enter into swap transactions. |
Further, the Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in common stocks of companies that have market capitalizations within the range of the Russell 2000® Value Index at the time of purchase, without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
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General. Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company located at 300 East Lombard Street, Suite 810 Baltimore, Maryland 21202, serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of the Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis. The Adviser and its predecessor, Old ICM, Inc., formerly Investment Counselors of Maryland, Inc. (the “Former Adviser”), have provided investment management services to corporations, foundations, endowments, pensions and profit sharing plans, trusts, estates and other institutions and individuals since 1972. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $1.8 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser is owned in part by the Former Adviser and ICM Management LLC, a company wholly-owned by six officers of the Adviser. BrightSphere Investment Group plc ("BSIG"), a NYSE listed company, through its ownership of the Former Adviser, retains an ownership interest in the Adviser. BSIG is a holding company for the purpose of acquiring and owning firms engaged primarily in institutional investment management. Currently, BSIG has a number of affiliates who are SEC registered investment advisers. The affiliated firms provide investment management services to private accounts, mutual funds and other institutional and sophisticated investors. Investment strategies employed and securities selected by affiliated firms are separately chosen by each of them. Several affiliated firms also act as investment advisers to separate series or funds in the Trust.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement dated June 24, 2002, as amended (the “Advisory Agreement”) with respect to the Fund. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as investment adviser and makes the investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Trustees.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser, or, by the Adviser, on 90 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.70% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Adviser the following advisory fees:
Advisory Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$6,219,343 | $5,110,241 | $5,575,286 |
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This section includes information about the Fund’s portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
Compensation. The Fund is managed by a team of portfolio managers who are each responsible for researching investment opportunities for the Fund. Each team member also manages separately managed accounts that share the same investment objective as the Fund and are managed in tandem with the Fund.
Each team member receives an annual salary and discretionary cash bonus from the Adviser. The portfolio managers’ compensation is not linked to the Fund’s or separate accounts’ performance. Instead, bonuses are determined based on the Adviser’s overall profitability, which may relate to the Fund and/or separate accounts’ asset levels, as well as other factors. These factors may include a team member’s investment ideas and strategies, and overall contribution to the success of the Adviser and its investment products. In addition to salary and bonuses, four of the Fund’s team members (portfolio managers William Heaphy and Gary Merwitz, and analysts Matthew Fleming and Joshua Overholt), are members of ICM Management LLC, which owns a portion of the Adviser. Through these interests, Messrs. Heaphy, Merwitz, Fleming and Overholt also receive a 1/6 interest of the Adviser’s income distributions to ICM Management LLC.
Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
William V. Heaphy | Over $1,000,000 |
Gary J. Merwitz | $100,001 - $500,000 |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
1 | Includes one account with assets under management of $632 million that is subject to a performance based advisory fee. |
Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers’ management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts include separately managed small cap portfolios (the “Small Cap Portfolios”). The Small Cap Portfolios have the same investment objective as the Fund and are managed in tandem with the Fund. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby the portfolio managers could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio managers’ knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby a portfolio manager could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of the Fund. It is also possible that a potential conflict of interest may arise because the portfolio managers manage an account with a performance-based management fee in addition to the Fund and other accounts without a performance-based fee. In addition, Mr. Heaphy also manages a similar strategy, which includes a non-fee paying, proprietary account. This similar strategy invests in both Small and Mid-Cap stocks. However, the Adviser has established policies and procedures to ensure that the purchase and sale of securities among all accounts it manages are fairly and equitably allocated.
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THE ADMINISTRATOR
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Fund, subject to certain minimums.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following amounts for these services:
Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$509,747 | $462,192 | $486,349 |
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The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”). The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Payments by the Fund. The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Fund and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Fund, the Distributor or shareholders of the Fund through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Fund in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Fund; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
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Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Fund by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 W. 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Fund. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
BBD, LLP, 1835 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as the independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by BBD, LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Fund did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
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The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
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From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, positions with the Trust and length of time served, and principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952)
|
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018.
|
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018)
|
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager – Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
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Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016.
|
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds.
|
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President – Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
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Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999)
|
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017.
|
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Fund as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
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Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
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Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Fund is the only fund in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year.
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Name |
Aggregate Compensation
from the Trust |
Pension or
Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated
Annual Benefits
|
Total Compensation from the
Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, positions with the Trust and length of time served, and principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
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Name and
Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and
Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie (Born: 1965) |
President (since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors (Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
Dianne M. Descoteaux (Born: 1977) |
Vice President and Secretary (since 2011) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2010. Associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, from 2006 to 2010. |
Russell Emery (Born: 1962) |
Chief Compliance Officer (since 2006) |
Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP from 2007 to 2013. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018.
|
Matthew M. Maher (Born: 1975) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2018) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2018. Attorney, Blank Rome LLP, from 2015 to 2018. Assistant Counsel & Vice President, Bank of New York Mellon, from 2013 to 2014. Attorney, Dilworth Paxson LLP, from 2006 to 2013. |
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all of the funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Fund adheres to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities . Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Fund will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Fund will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Fund calculates NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which the Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value the Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Fund are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
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Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Fund are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Fund calculates NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that it timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
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In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”), and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. The Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
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Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year, at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Fund will be eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. Distributions by the Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend, (ii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in the Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Fund receives from a REIT will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such REIT.
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Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, the Fund’s distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation.
To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of its tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held your shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a long-term capital gain distribution are subsequently sold or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the long-term capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period.
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U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use a default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
The Fund may invest in REITs. Investments in REIT equity securities may require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. The Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to the Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to the Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
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The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Fund may rely, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which the Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
If the Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs,” the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund's pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. The Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues. The Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Fund intends to monitor its transactions, intends to make the appropriate tax elections, and intends to make the appropriate entries in its books and records when it acquires any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
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Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, the Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If the Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If the Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by the Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in the Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Fund.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
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Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a 24% withholding rate and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$810,072 | $604,084 | $549,301 |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Fund.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used in connection with the account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to, and not in lieu of, the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
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From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Fund, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser:
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage
Commissions for Research Services |
Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
$345,220 | $275,545,637 |
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Fund may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Fund or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Fund for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Fund, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Fund is required to identify any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that it held during its most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not hold any securities of “regular brokers and dealers.”
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. The Fund may at times hold investments in short-term instruments, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the portfolio turnover rates for the Fund were as follows:
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 |
30% | 31% |
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The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund, its Adviser, or its principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (“Adviser CCO”) to authorize the release of the Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser CCO, either directly or through reports by the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Fund is required to disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). The Fund discloses a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s NAV (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. The Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters is available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters, is available in shareholder reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should the Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual or Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-234-5426. In addition, the Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings on a monthly basis, fifteen (15) days after the end of the previous month. For example, the Fund’s investments as of the end of January would ordinarily be published on February 15. The Fund also publishes a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/icm. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund.
In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator or Transfer Agent, in connection with their services to the Fund.
The Fund’s policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Fund, the Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Fund’s portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of the Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
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The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-234-5426; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
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The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have each adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics (each a “Code of Ethics” and together the “Codes of Ethics”) apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“access persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by access persons. Under each Code of Ethics, access persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain access persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of the shares of the Fund. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of the Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling the Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
Name and Address | % of Fund |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 4 JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995
|
27.56% |
NORTHERN TRUST AS TRUSTEE FBO OHIOHEALTH CORPORATION A/C# 26-33353 PO BOX 92956 CHICAGO, IL 60675-2994
|
13.48% |
IHC HEALTH SERVICES INC 36 S STATE ST STE 2300 SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84111-1471
|
11.07% |
WSSC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT PLAN ATTN ROBERT HOLMES 14501 SWEITZER LN FL 11 LAUREL, MD 20707-5901
|
8.43% |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY REINVEST ACCOUNT FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104-4151
|
5.75% |
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
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Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
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Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
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An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
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D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
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Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
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For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
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Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
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APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
INVESTMENT COUNSELORS OF MARYLAND, LLC
PROXY VOTING POLICY AND PROCEDURE
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC (ICM) as Adviser to the ICM Small Company Portfolio assumes a fiduciary responsibility to vote proxies in the best interest of the shareholders of the Portfolio. So that it may fulfill these fiduciary responsibilities to the Portfolio and its shareholders, ICM has adopted and implemented these written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it votes proxies in the best interest of the Portfolio and its shareholders.
PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND POLICIES
ICM acknowledges it has a duty of care that requires it to monitor corporate events and vote proxies of the companies held in the Portfolio. ICM has determined that the best and most efficient way to exercise this duty is to engage the services of a third party proxy advisory and voting service. To that effect, ICM has engaged the Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) to provide research on proxy issues and to recommend how ICM should vote on the specific issues contained in the proxies for the companies held in the Portfolio. ICM believes that the ISS has the capacity and competency to adequately analyze proxy issues based on ICM’s review of ISS policies and procedures and experience with ISS’s professional staff.
ICM has determined that ISS’s Proxy Voting Policies and Guidelines represent a very reasoned approach to the primary goal of enhancing long-term shareholder value and ensuring, as best as possible, that the companies owned by the Portfolio are adhering to leading corporate governance practices. In light of this determination, ICM has adopted these policies and guidelines as its own, and a copy of these policies and guidelines is attached.
These policies and guidelines are not rigid policy positions and most issues are decided on a case-by-case basis. ICM’s experience with ISS’s advisory service has demonstrated to ICM that ISS’s recommendations are consistent and well reasoned.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Occasions may arise during the voting process in which the best interest of the Portfolio and its shareholders conflicts with ICM’s interests. Conflicts of interest generally include (i) business relationships where ICM has a substantial business relationship with, or is actively soliciting business from, a company soliciting proxies, or (ii) personal or family relationships whereby an employee of ICM has a family member or other personal relationship who is affiliated with a company soliciting proxies, such as a spouse who serves as a director of a public company. A conflict could also exist if a substantial business relationship exists with a proponent or opponent of a particular initiative.
If ICM learns that a conflict of interest exists, the Chief Compliance Officer will prepare a report to the Compliance Committee that identifies; (i) the details of the conflict of interest, (ii) whether or not the conflict is material; and (iii) procedures to ensure that ICM makes proxy voting decisions based on the best interest of the Portfolio and its shareholders. If ICM determines that a material conflict of interest exists, ICM will disclose the conflict to the Board of Directors (the Board) of the Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund or their appointed representatives and vote the proxy as directed by the Board or its representative. ICM also recognizes that ISS itself may encounter potential conflicts of interest which would preclude ISS from issuing vote recommendations and voting the Portfolio’s proxies. In those very rare cases, ICM would instruct ISS how to vote those particular proxies.
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ICM believes that by consistently applying our voting policies and guidelines and by informing the Portfolio’s shareholders and the managements of companies owned by the Portfolio of those policies, potential conflicts of interest can be minimized.
ICM may override ISS recommendations when ICM believes that doing so is in the best interest of the Portfolio. In those cases, both the portfolio manager and CCO or designated compliance officer approve the override.
VOTING PROCESS
ICM has instructed the Portfolio’s custodian to forward or have forwarded the Portfolio’s proxy ballots to ISS for voting and record keeping purposes. The Portfolio will have a separate account at ISS so that ISS can identify the proxies being voted on behalf of the Portfolio. ISS is periodically informed of the securities held in the Portfolio so that ISS can match the proxy ballots with the Portfolio holdings.
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United States
Proxy Voting Guidelines
Benchmark Policy Recommendations
Effective for Meetings on or after February 1, 2019
Published December 18, 2018
www.issgovernance.com
© 2018 ISS | Institutional Shareholder Services
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U.S. Concise Proxy Voting Guidelines |
The policies contained herein are a sampling only of selected key ISS U.S. proxy voting guidelines, and are not intended to be exhaustive. The complete guidelines can be found at:
https://www.issgovernance.com/policy-gateway/voting-policies/
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for director nominees, except under the following circumstances: |
Independence
Vote against 1 or withhold from non-independent directors (Executive Directors and Non-Independent Non-Executive Directors per ISS’ Classification of Directors) when:
› | Independent directors comprise 50 percent or less of the board; |
› | The non-independent director serves on the audit, compensation, or nominating committee; |
› | The company lacks an audit, compensation, or nominating committee so that the full board functions as that committee; or |
› | The company lacks a formal nominating committee, even if the board attests that the independent directors fulfill the functions of such a committee. |
Composition
Attendance at Board and Committee Meetings: Generally vote against or withhold from directors (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case 2 ) who attend less than 75 percent of the aggregate of their board and committee meetings for the period for which they served, unless an acceptable reason for absences is disclosed in the proxy or another SEC filing. Acceptable reasons for director absences are generally limited to the following:
› | Medical issues/illness; |
› | Family emergencies; and |
› | Missing only one meeting (when the total of all meetings is three or fewer). |
In cases of chronic poor attendance without reasonable justification, in addition to voting against the director(s) with poor attendance, generally vote against or withhold from appropriate members of the nominating/governance committees or the full board.
If the proxy disclosure is unclear and insufficient to determine whether a director attended at least 75 percent of the aggregate of his/her board and committee meetings during his/her period of service, vote against or withhold from the director(s) in question.
1 | In general, companies with a plurality vote standard use “Withhold” as the contrary vote option in director elections; companies with a majority vote standard use “Against”. However, it will vary by company and the proxy must be checked to determine the valid contrary vote option for the particular company. |
2 | New nominees who served for only part of the fiscal year are generally exempted from the attendance policy. |
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Overboarded Directors: Generally vote against or withhold from individual directors who:
› | Sit on more than five public company boards; or |
› | Are CEOs of public companies who sit on the boards of more than two public companies besides their own— withhold only at their outside boards 3 . |
Diversity: Highlight boards with no gender diversity. For 2019 meetings, no adverse vote recommendations will be made due to a lack of gender diversity.
For companies in the Russell 3000 or S&P 1500 indices, effective for meetings on or after Feb. 1, 2020, generally vote against or withhold from the chair of the nominating committee (or other directors on a case-by-case basis) at companies when there are no women on the company's board. Mitigating factors include:
› | A firm commitment, as stated in the proxy statement, to appoint at least one female to the board in the near term; |
› | The presence of a female on the board at the preceding annual meeting; or |
› | Other relevant factors as applicable. |
Responsiveness
Vote case-by-case on individual directors, committee members, or the entire board of directors as appropriate if:
› | The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares cast in the previous year or failed to act on a management proposal seeking to ratify an existing charter/bylaw provision that received opposition of a majority of the shares cast in the previous year. Factors that will be considered are: |
› | Disclosed outreach efforts by the board to shareholders in the wake of the vote; |
› | Rationale provided in the proxy statement for the level of implementation; |
› | The subject matter of the proposal; |
› | The level of support for and opposition to the resolution in past meetings; |
› | Actions taken by the board in response to the majority vote and its engagement with shareholders; |
› | The continuation of the underlying issue as a voting item on the ballot (as either shareholder or management proposals); and |
› | Other factors as appropriate. |
› | The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of shares are tendered; |
› | At the previous board election, any director received more than 50 percent withhold/against votes of the shares cast and the company has failed to address the issue(s) that caused the high withhold/against vote. |
Vote case-by-case on Compensation Committee members (or, in exceptional cases, the full board) and the Say on Pay proposal if:
› | The company’s previous say-on-pay received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast. Factors that will be considered are: |
› | The company's response, including: |
› | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors, including the frequency and timing of engagements and the company participants (including whether independent directors participated); |
› | Disclosure of the specific concerns voiced by dissenting shareholders that led to the say-on-pay opposition; |
› | Disclosure of specific and meaningful actions taken to address shareholders' concerns; |
› | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
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Although all of a CEO’s subsidiary boards with publicly-traded common stock will be counted as separate boards, ISS will not recommend a withhold vote for the CEO of a parent company board or any of the controlled (>50 percent ownership) subsidiaries of that parent but may do so at subsidiaries that are less than 50 percent controlled and boards outside the parent/subsidiary relationships. |
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› | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
› | The company's ownership structure; and |
› | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
› | The board implements an advisory vote on executive compensation on a less frequent basis than the frequency that received the plurality of votes cast. |
Accountability
Vote against or withhold from the entire board of directors (except new nominees 4 , who should be considered case-by-case) for the following:
Problematic Takeover Defenses/Governance Structure
Poison Pills: Vote against or withhold from all nominees (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if:
› | The company has a poison pill that was not approved by shareholders 5 . However, vote case-by-case on nominees if the board adopts an initial pill with a term of one year or less, depending on the disclosed rationale for the adoption, and other factors as relevant (such as a commitment to put any renewal to a shareholder vote). |
› | The board makes a material adverse modification to an existing pill, including, but not limited to, extension, renewal, or lowering the trigger, without shareholder approval. |
Classified Board Structure: The board is classified, and a continuing director responsible for a problematic governance issue at the board/committee level that would warrant a withhold/against vote recommendation is not up for election. All appropriate nominees (except new) may be held accountable.
Removal of Shareholder Discretion on Classified Boards : The company has opted into, or failed to opt out of, state laws requiring a classified board structure.
Director Performance Evaluation: The board lacks mechanisms to promote accountability and oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers. Sustained poor performance is measured by one-, three-, and five-year total shareholder returns in the bottom half of a company’s four-digit GICS industry group (Russell 3000 companies only). Take into consideration the company’s operational metrics and other factors as warranted. Problematic provisions include but are not limited to:
› | A classified board structure; |
› | A supermajority vote requirement; |
› | Either a plurality vote standard in uncontested director elections, or a majority vote standard in contested elections; |
› | The inability of shareholders to call special meetings; |
› | The inability of shareholders to act by written consent; |
› | A multi-class capital structure; and/or |
› | A non-shareholder-approved poison pill. |
4 | A “new nominee” is any current nominee who has not already been elected by shareholders and who joined the board after the problematic action in question transpired. If ISS cannot determine whether the nominee joined the board before or after the problematic action transpired, the nominee will be considered a “new nominee” if he or she joined the board within the 12 months prior to the upcoming shareholder meeting. |
5 | Public shareholders only, approval prior to a company’s becoming public is insufficient. |
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Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments and Problematic Capital Structures: Generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if the board amends the company's bylaws or charter without shareholder approval in a manner that materially diminishes shareholders' rights or that could adversely impact shareholders, considering the following factors:
› | The board's rationale for adopting the bylaw/charter amendment without shareholder ratification; |
› | Disclosure by the company of any significant engagement with shareholders regarding the amendment; |
› | The level of impairment of shareholders' rights caused by the board's unilateral amendment to the bylaws/charter; |
› | The board's track record with regard to unilateral board action on bylaw/charter amendments or other entrenchment provisions; |
› | The company's ownership structure; |
› | The company's existing governance provisions; |
› | The timing of the board's amendment to the bylaws/charter in connection with a significant business development; and |
› | Other factors, as deemed appropriate, that may be relevant to determine the impact of the amendment on shareholders. |
Unless the adverse amendment is reversed or submitted to a binding shareholder vote, in subsequent years vote case-by-case on director nominees. Generally vote against (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if the directors:
› | Classified the board; |
› | Adopted supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter; or |
› | Eliminated shareholders' ability to amend bylaws. |
Problematic Governance Structure - Newly public companies : For newly public companies, generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if, prior to or in connection with the company's public offering, the company or its board adopted bylaw or charter provisions materially adverse to shareholder rights, or implemented a multi-class capital structure in which the classes have unequal voting rights considering the following factors:
› | The level of impairment of shareholders' rights; |
› | The disclosed rationale; |
› | The ability to change the governance structure (e.g., limitations on shareholders’ right to amend the bylaws or charter, or supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter); |
› | The ability of shareholders to hold directors accountable through annual director elections, or whether the company has a classified board structure; |
› | Any reasonable sunset provision; and |
› | Other relevant factors. |
Unless the adverse provision and/or problematic capital structure is reversed or removed, vote case-by-case on director nominees in subsequent years.
Management Proposals to Ratify Existing Charter or Bylaw Provisions: Vote against/withhold from individual directors, members of the governance committee, or the full board, where boards ask shareholders to ratify existing charter or bylaw provisions considering the following factors:
› | The presence of a shareholder proposal addressing the same issue on the same ballot; |
› | The board's rationale for seeking ratification; |
› | Disclosure of actions to be taken by the board should the ratification proposal fail; |
› | Disclosure of shareholder engagement regarding the board’s ratification request; |
› | The level of impairment to shareholders' rights caused by the existing provision; |
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› | The history of management and shareholder proposals on the provision at the company’s past meetings; |
› | Whether the current provision was adopted in response to the shareholder proposal; |
› | The company's ownership structure; and |
› | Previous use of ratification proposals to exclude shareholder proposals. |
Restrictions on Shareholders’ Rights
Restricting Binding Shareholder Proposals: Generally vote against or withhold from the members of the governance committee if:
› | The company’s governing documents impose undue restrictions on shareholders’ ability to amend the bylaws. Such restrictions include but are not limited to: outright prohibition on the submission of binding shareholder proposals or share ownership requirements or time holding requirements in excess of SEC Rule 14a-8. Vote against on an ongoing basis. |
Problematic Audit-Related Practices
Generally vote against or withhold from the members of the Audit Committee if:
› | The non-audit fees paid to the auditor are excessive ; |
› | The company receives an adverse opinion on the company’s financial statements from its auditor; or |
› | There is persuasive evidence that the Audit Committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm. |
Vote case-by-case on members of the Audit Committee and potentially the full board if:
› | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a level of serious concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; and material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures. Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence, and duration, as well as the company’s efforts at remediation or corrective actions, in determining whether withhold/against votes are warranted. |
Problematic Compensation Practices
In the absence of an Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (Say on Pay) ballot item or in egregious situations, vote against or withhold from the members of the Compensation Committee and potentially the full board if:
› | There is an unmitigated misalignment between CEO pay and company performance ( pay for performance ); |
› | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices ; or |
› | The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders. |
Generally vote against or withhold from the Compensation Committee chair, other committee members, or potentially the full board if:
› | The company fails to include a Say on Pay ballot item when required under SEC provisions, or under the company’s declared frequency of say on pay; or |
› | The company fails to include a Frequency of Say on Pay ballot item when required under SEC provisions. |
Generally vote against members of the board committee responsible for approving/setting non-employee director compensation if there is a pattern (i.e. two or more years) of awarding excessive non-employee director compensation without disclosing a compelling rationale or other mitigating factors.
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Problematic Pledging of Company Stock:
Vote against the members of the committee that oversees risks related to pledging, or the full board, where a significant level of pledged company sto1ck by executives or directors raises concerns. The following factors will be considered:
› | The presence of an anti-pledging policy, disclosed in the proxy statement, that prohibits future pledging activity; |
› | The magnitude of aggregate pledged shares in terms of total common shares outstanding, market value, and trading volume; |
› | Disclosure of progress or lack thereof in reducing the magnitude of aggregate pledged shares over time; |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement that shares subject to stock ownership and holding requirements do not include pledged company stock; and |
› | Any other relevant factors. |
Governance Failures
Under extraordinary circumstances, vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board, due to:
› | Material failures of governance, stewardship, risk oversight 6 , or fiduciary responsibilities at the company; |
› | Failure to replace management as appropriate; or |
› | Egregious actions related to a director’s service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company. |
Voting on Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Vote-No Campaigns
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General Recommendation: In cases where companies are targeted in connection with public “vote-no” campaigns, evaluate director nominees under the existing governance policies for voting on director nominees in uncontested elections. Take into consideration the arguments submitted by shareholders and other publicly available information. |
Proxy Contests/Proxy Access — Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the election of directors in contested elections, considering the following factors: |
› | Long-term financial performance of the company relative to its industry; |
› | Management’s track record; |
› | Background to the contested election; |
› | Nominee qualifications and any compensatory arrangements; |
› | Strategic plan of dissident slate and quality of the critique against management; |
› | Likelihood that the proposed goals and objectives can be achieved (both slates); and |
› | Stock ownership positions. |
In the case of candidates nominated pursuant to proxy access, vote case-by-case considering any applicable factors listed above or additional factors which may be relevant, including those that are specific to the company, to the nominee(s) and/or to the nature of the election (such as whether there are more candidates than board seats).
6 | Examples of failure of risk oversight include but are not limited to: bribery; large or serial fines or sanctions from regulatory bodies; significant adverse legal judgments or settlement; or hedging of company stock. |
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Independent Chair (Separate Chair/CEO)
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by an independent director, taking into consideration the following: |
› | The scope of the proposal; |
› | The company's current board leadership structure; |
› | The company's governance structure and practices; |
› | Company performance; and |
› | Any other relevant factors that may be applicable. |
Regarding the scope of the proposal, consider whether the proposal is precatory or binding and whether the proposal is seeking an immediate change in the chairman role or the policy can be implemented at the next CEO transition.
Under the review of the company's board leadership structure, ISS may support the proposal under the following scenarios absent a compelling rationale: the presence of an executive or non-independent chair in addition to the CEO; a recent recombination of the role of CEO and chair; and/or departure from a structure with an independent chair. ISS will also consider any recent transitions in board leadership and the effect such transitions may have on independent board leadership as well as the designation of a lead director role.
When considering the governance structure, ISS will consider the overall independence of the board, the independence of key committees, the establishment of governance guidelines, board tenure and its relationship to CEO tenure, and any other factors that may be relevant. Any concerns about a company's governance structure will weigh in favor of support for the proposal.
The review of the company's governance practices may include, but is not limited to, poor compensation practices, material failures of governance and risk oversight, related-party transactions or other issues putting director independence at risk, corporate or management scandals, and actions by management or the board with potential or realized negative impact on shareholders. Any such practices may suggest a need for more independent oversight at the company thus warranting support of the proposal.
ISS' performance assessment will generally consider one-, three-, and five-year TSR compared to the company's peers and the market as a whole. While poor performance will weigh in favor of the adoption of an independent chair policy, strong performance over the long term will be considered a mitigating factor when determining whether the proposed leadership change warrants support.
Proxy Access
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for management and shareholder proposals for proxy access with the following provisions: |
› | Ownership threshold: maximum requirement not more than three percent (3%) of the voting power; |
› | Ownership duration: maximum requirement not longer than three (3) years of continuous ownership for each member of the nominating group; |
› | Aggregation: minimal or no limits on the number of shareholders permitted to form a nominating group; |
› | Cap: cap on nominees of generally twenty-five percent (25%) of the board. |
Review for reasonableness
any other restrictions on the right of proxy access.
Generally vote against proposals that are more restrictive than these guidelines.
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SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS & DEFENSES
Ratification Proposals: Management Proposals to Ratify Existing Charter or Bylaw Provisions
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against management proposals to ratify provisions of the company’s existing charter or bylaws, unless these governance provisions align with best practice. |
In addition, voting against/withhold from individual directors, members of the governance committee, or the full board may be warranted, considering:
› | The presence of a shareholder proposal addressing the same issue on the same ballot; |
› | The board's rationale for seeking ratification; › Disclosure of actions to be taken by the board should the ratification proposal fail; |
› | Disclosure of shareholder engagement regarding the board’s ratification request; |
› | The level of impairment to shareholders' rights caused by the existing provision; |
› | The history of management and shareholder proposals on the provision at the company’s past meetings; |
› | Whether the current provision was adopted in response to the shareholder proposal; › The company's ownership structure; and |
› | Previous use of ratification proposals to exclude shareholder proposals. |
CAPITAL/RESTRUCTURING
Common Stock Authorization
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares where the primary purpose of the increase is to issue shares in connection with a transaction on the same ballot that warrants support. |
Vote against proposals at companies with more than one class of common stock to increase the number of authorized shares of the class of common stock that has superior voting rights.
Vote against proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares if a vote for a reverse stock split on the same ballot is warranted despite the fact that the authorized shares would not be reduced proportionally.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance. Take into account company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
› | Past Board Performance: |
› | The company's use of authorized shares during the last three years; |
› | The Current Request: |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of the specific purposes of the proposed increase; |
› | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific and severe risks to shareholders of not approving the request; and |
› | The dilutive impact of the request as determined relative to an allowable increase calculated by ISS (typically 100 percent of existing authorized shares) that reflects the company's need for shares and total shareholder returns. |
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ISS will apply the relevant allowable increase below to requests to increase common stock that are for general corporate purposes (or to the general corporate purposes portion of a request that also includes a specific need):
A. | Most companies: 100 percent of existing authorized shares. |
B. | Companies with less than 50 percent of existing authorized shares either outstanding or reserved for issuance: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
C. | Companies with one- and three-year total shareholder returns (TSRs) in the bottom 10 percent of the U.S. market as of the end of the calendar quarter that is closest to their most recent fiscal year end: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
D. | Companies at which both conditions (B and C) above are both present: 25 percent of existing authorized shares. |
If there is an acquisition, private placement, or similar transaction on the ballot (not including equity incentive plans) that ISS is recommending FOR, the allowable increase will be the greater of (i) twice the amount needed to support the transactions on the ballot, and (ii) the allowable increase as calculated above.
Mergers and Acquisitions
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on mergers and acquisitions. Review and evaluate the merits and drawbacks of the proposed transaction, balancing various and sometimes countervailing factors including: |
› | Valuation - Is the value to be received by the target shareholders (or paid by the acquirer) reasonable? While the fairness opinion may provide an initial starting point for assessing valuation reasonableness, emphasis is placed on the offer premium, market reaction, and strategic rationale. |
› | Market reaction - How has the market responded to the proposed deal? A negative market reaction should cause closer scrutiny of a deal. |
› | Strategic rationale - Does the deal make sense strategically? From where is the value derived? Cost and revenue synergies should not be overly aggressive or optimistic, but reasonably achievable. Management should also have a favorable track record of successful integration of historical acquisitions. |
› | Negotiations and process - Were the terms of the transaction negotiated at arm's-length? Was the process fair and equitable? A fair process helps to ensure the best price for shareholders. Significant negotiation "wins" can also signify the deal makers' competency. The comprehensiveness of the sales process (e.g., full auction, partial auction, no auction) can also affect shareholder value. |
› | Conflicts of interest - Are insiders benefiting from the transaction disproportionately and inappropriately as compared to non-insider shareholders? As the result of potential conflicts, the directors and officers of the company may be more likely to vote to approve a merger than if they did not hold these interests. Consider whether these interests may have influenced these directors and officers to support or recommend the merger. The CIC figure presented in the "ISS Transaction Summary" section of this report is an aggregate figure that can in certain cases be a misleading indicator of the true value transfer from shareholders to insiders. Where such figure appears to be excessive, analyze the underlying assumptions to determine whether a potential conflict exists. |
› | Governance - Will the combined company have a better or worse governance profile than the current governance profiles of the respective parties to the transaction? If the governance profile is to change for the worse, the burden is on the company to prove that other issues (such as valuation) outweigh any deterioration in governance. |
COMPENSATION
Executive Pay Evaluation
Underlying all evaluations are five global principles that most investors expect corporations to adhere to in designing and administering executive and director compensation programs:
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1. | Maintain appropriate pay-for-performance alignment, with emphasis on long-term shareholder value: This principle encompasses overall executive pay practices, which must be designed to attract, retain, and appropriately motivate the key employees who drive shareholder value creation over the long term. It will take into consideration, among other factors, the link between pay and performance; the mix between fixed and variable pay; performance goals; and equity-based plan costs; |
2. | Avoid arrangements that risk “pay for failure”: This principle addresses the appropriateness of long or indefinite contracts, excessive severance packages, and guaranteed compensation; |
3. | Maintain an independent and effective compensation committee: This principle promotes oversight of executive pay programs by directors with appropriate skills, knowledge, experience, and a sound process for compensation decision-making ( e.g. , including access to independent expertise and advice when needed); |
4. | Provide shareholders with clear, comprehensive compensation disclosures: This principle underscores the importance of informative and timely disclosures that enable shareholders to evaluate executive pay practices fully and fairly; |
5. | Avoid inappropriate pay to non-executive directors: This principle recognizes the interests of shareholders in ensuring that compensation to outside directors is reasonable and does not compromise their independence and ability to make appropriate judgments in overseeing managers’ pay and performance. At the market level, it may incorporate a variety of generally accepted best practices. |
Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation—Management Proposals (Management Say-on-Pay)
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on ballot items related to executive pay and practices, as well as certain aspects of outside director compensation. |
Vote against Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation (Say-on-Pay or “SOP”) if:
› | There is an unmitigated misalignment between CEO pay and company performance ( pay for performance ); |
› | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices ; |
› | The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders. |
Vote against or withhold from the members of the Compensation Committee and potentially the full board if:
› | There is no SOP on the ballot, and an against vote on an SOP would otherwise be warranted due to pay-for-performance misalignment, problematic pay practices, or the lack of adequate responsiveness on compensation issues raised previously, or a combination thereof; |
› | The board fails to respond adequately to a previous SOP proposal that received less than 70 percent support of votes cast; |
› | The company has recently practiced or approved problematic pay practices, such as option repricing or option backdating; or |
› | The situation is egregious. |
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Primary Evaluation Factors for Executive Pay
Pay-for-Performance Evaluation
ISS annually conducts a pay-for-performance analysis to identify strong or satisfactory alignment between pay and performance over a sustained period. With respect to companies in the S&P1500, Russell 3000, or Russell 3000E Indices 7 , this analysis considers the following:
1. | Peer Group 8 Alignment: |
› | The degree of alignment between the company's annualized TSR rank and the CEO's annualized total pay rank within a peer group, each measured over a three-year period. |
› | The rankings of CEO total pay and company financial performance within a peer group, each measured over a three-year period. |
› | The multiple of the CEO's total pay relative to the peer group median in the most recent fiscal year. |
2. | Absolute Alignment 9 – the absolute alignment between the trend in CEO pay and company TSR over the prior five fiscal years – i.e., the difference between the trend in annual pay changes and the trend in annualized TSR during the period. |
If the above analysis demonstrates significant unsatisfactory long-term pay-for-performance alignment or, in the case of companies outside the Russell indices, misaligned pay and performance are otherwise suggested, our analysis may include any of the following qualitative factors, as relevant to evaluating how various pay elements may work to encourage or to undermine long-term value creation and alignment with shareholder interests:
› | The ratio of performance- to time-based incentive awards; |
› | The overall ratio of performance-based compensation; |
› | The completeness of disclosure and rigor of performance goals; |
› | The company's peer group benchmarking practices; |
› | Actual results of financial/operational metrics, both absolute and relative to peers; |
› | Special circumstances related to, for example, a new CEO in the prior FY or anomalous equity grant practices (e.g., bi-annual awards); |
› | Realizable pay 10 compared to grant pay; and |
› | Any other factors deemed relevant. |
Problematic Pay Practices
The focus is on executive compensation practices that contravene the global pay principles, including:
› | Problematic practices related to non-performance-based compensation elements; |
› | Incentives that may motivate excessive risk-taking or present a windfall risk; and |
› | Pay decisions that circumvent pay-for-performance, such as options backdating or waiving performance requirements. |
7 | The Russell 3000E Index includes approximately 4,000 of the largest U.S. equity securities. |
8 | The revised peer group is generally comprised of 14-24 companies that are selected using market cap, revenue (or assets for certain financial firms), GICS industry group, and company's selected peers' GICS industry group, with size constraints, via a process designed to select peers that are comparable to the subject company in terms of revenue/assets and industry, and also within a market-cap bucket that is reflective of the company's. For Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels companies, market cap is the only size determinant. |
9 | Only Russell 3000 Index companies are subject to the Absolute Alignment analysis. |
10 | ISS research reports include realizable pay for S&P1500 companies. |
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Problematic Pay Practices related to Non-Performance-Based Compensation Elements
Pay elements that are not directly based on performance are generally evaluated case-by-case considering the context of a company's overall pay program and demonstrated pay-for-performance philosophy. Please refer to ISS' U.S. Compensation Policies FAQ document for detail on specific pay practices that have been identified as potentially problematic and may lead to negative recommendations if they are deemed to be inappropriate or unjustified relative to executive pay best practices. The list below highlights the problematic practices that carry significant weight in this overall consideration and may result in adverse vote recommendations:
› | Repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/SARS without prior shareholder approval (including cash buyouts and voluntary surrender of underwater options); |
› | Extraordinary perquisites or tax gross-ups; |
› | New or materially amended agreements that provide for: |
› | Excessive termination or CIC severance payments (generally exceeding 3 times base salary and average/target/most recent bonus); |
› | CIC severance payments without involuntary job loss or substantial diminution of duties ("single" or "modified single" triggers) or in connection with a problematic Good Reason definition; |
› | CIC excise tax gross-up entitlements (including "modified" gross-ups); |
› | Multi-year guaranteed awards that are not at risk due to rigorous performance conditions; |
› | Liberal CIC definition combined with any single-trigger CIC benefits; |
› | Insufficient executive compensation disclosure by externally-managed issuers (EMIs) such that a reasonable assessment of pay programs and practices applicable to the EMI's executives is not possible; |
› | Any other provision or practice deemed to be egregious and present a significant risk to investors. |
Compensation Committee Communications and Responsiveness
Consider the following factors case-by-case when evaluating ballot items related to executive pay on the board’s responsiveness to investor input and engagement on compensation issues:
› | Failure to respond to majority-supported shareholder proposals on executive pay topics; or |
› | Failure to adequately respond to the company's previous say-on-pay proposal that received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast, taking into account: |
› | The company's response, including: |
› | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors, including the frequency and timing of engagements and the company participants (including whether independent directors participated); |
› | Disclosure of the specific concerns voiced by dissenting shareholders that led to the say-on-pay opposition; |
› | Disclosure of specific and meaningful actions taken to address shareholders' concerns; |
› | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
› | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
› | The company's ownership structure; and |
› | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
Equity-Based and Other Incentive Plans
Please refer to ISS' U.S. Equity Compensation Plans FAQ document for additional details on the Equity Plan Scorecard policy.
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on certain equity-based compensation plans 11 depending on a combination of certain plan features and equity grant practices, where positive factors may counterbalance negative factors, and vice versa, as evaluated using an "Equity Plan Scorecard" (EPSC) approach with three pillars: |
› | Plan Cost: The total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers, measured by the company's estimated Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) in relation to peers and considering both: |
› | SVT based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; and |
› | SVT based only on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants. |
› | Plan Features: |
› | Quality of disclosure around vesting upon a change in control (CIC); |
› | Discretionary vesting authority; |
› | Liberal share recycling on various award types; |
› | Lack of minimum vesting period for grants made under the plan; |
› | Dividends payable prior to award vesting. |
› | Grant Practices: |
› | The company’s three-year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers; |
› | Vesting requirements in CEO’s recent equity grants (3-year look-back); |
› | The estimated duration of the plan (based on the sum of shares remaining available and the new shares requested, divided by the average annual shares granted in the prior three years); |
› | The proportion of the CEO's most recent equity grants/awards subject to performance conditions; |
› | Whether the company maintains a sufficient claw-back policy; |
› | Whether the company maintains sufficient post-exercise/vesting share-holding requirements. |
Generally vote against the plan proposal if the combination of above factors indicates that the plan is not, overall, in shareholders' interests, or if any of the following egregious factors (“overriding factors”) apply:
› | Awards may vest in connection with a liberal change-of-control definition; |
› | The plan would permit repricing or cash buyout of underwater options without shareholder approval (either by expressly permitting it – for NYSE and Nasdaq listed companies – or by not prohibiting it when the company has a history of repricing – for non-listed companies); |
› | The plan is a vehicle for problematic pay practices or a significant pay-for-performance disconnect under certain circumstances; |
› | The plan is excessively dilutive to shareholders' holdings; or |
› | Any other plan features are determined to have a significant negative impact on shareholder interests. |
SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Global Approach
Issues covered under the policy include a wide range of topics, including consumer and product safety, environment and energy, labor standards and human rights, workplace and board diversity, and corporate political issues. While a variety of factors goes into each analysis, the overall principle guiding all vote recommendations focuses on how the proposal may enhance or protect shareholder value in either the short or long term.
11 | Proposals evaluated under the EPSC policy generally include those to approve or amend (1) stock option plans for employees and/or employees and directors, (2) restricted stock plans for employees and/or employees and directors, and (3) omnibus stock incentive plans for employees and/or employees and directors; amended plans will be further evaluated case-by-case. |
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General Recommendation: Generally vote case-by-case, examining primarily whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder value. The following factors will be considered: |
› | If the issues presented in the proposal are more appropriately or effectively dealt with through legislation or government regulation; |
› | If the company has already responded in an appropriate and sufficient manner to the issue(s) raised in the proposal; |
› | Whether the proposal's request is unduly burdensome (scope or timeframe) or overly prescriptive; |
› | The company's approach compared with any industry standard practices for addressing the issue(s) raised by the proposal; |
› | Whether there are significant controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company's environmental or social practices; |
› | If the proposal requests increased disclosure or greater transparency, whether reasonable and sufficient information is currently available to shareholders from the company or from other publicly available sources; and |
› | If the proposal requests increased disclosure or greater transparency, whether implementation would reveal proprietary or confidential information that could place the company at a competitive disadvantage. |
Climate Change/Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for resolutions requesting that a company disclose information on the financial, physical, or regulatory risks it faces related to climate change on its operations and investments or on how the company identifies, measures, and manages such risks, considering: |
› | Whether the company already provides current, publicly-available information on the impact that climate change may have on the company as well as associated company policies and procedures to address related risks and/or opportunities; |
› | The company's level of disclosure compared to industry peers; and |
› | Whether there are significant controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company's climate change-related performance. |
Generally vote for proposals requesting a report on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from company operations and/or products and operations, unless:
› | The company already discloses current, publicly-available information on the impacts that GHG emissions may have on the company as well as associated company policies and procedures to address related risks and/or opportunities; |
› | The company's level of disclosure is comparable to that of industry peers; and |
› | There are no significant, controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company's GHG emissions. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals that call for the adoption of GHG reduction goals from products and operations, taking into account:
› | Whether the company provides disclosure of year-over-year GHG emissions performance data; |
› | Whether company disclosure lags behind industry peers; |
› | The company's actual GHG emissions performance; |
› | The company's current GHG emission policies, oversight mechanisms, and related initiatives; and |
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› | Whether the company has been the subject of recent, significant violations, fines, litigation, or controversy related to GHG emissions. |
Board Diversity
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for requests for reports on a company's efforts to diversify the board, unless: |
› | The gender and racial minority representation of the company’s board is reasonably inclusive in relation to companies of similar size and business; and |
› | The board already reports on its nominating procedures and gender and racial minority initiatives on the board and within the company. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals asking a company to increase the gender and racial minority representation on its board, taking into account:
› | The degree of existing gender and racial minority diversity on the company’s board and among its executive officers; |
› | The level of gender and racial minority representation that exists at the company’s industry peers; |
› | The company’s established process for addressing gender and racial minority board representation; |
› | Whether the proposal includes an overly prescriptive request to amend nominating committee charter language; |
› | The independence of the company’s nominating committee; |
› | Whether the company uses an outside search firm to identify potential director nominees; and |
› | Whether the company has had recent controversies, fines, or litigation regarding equal employment practices. |
Gender Pay Gap
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General Recommendation: Generally vote case-by-case on requests for reports on a company's pay data by gender, or a report on a company’s policies and goals to reduce any gender pay gap, taking into account: |
› | The company's current policies and disclosure related to both its diversity and inclusion policies and practices and its compensation philosophy and fair and equitable compensation practices; |
› | Whether the company has been the subject of recent controversy, litigation, or regulatory actions related to gender pay gap issues; and |
› | Whether the company's reporting regarding gender pay gap policies or initiatives is lagging its peers. |
› | How the company's recycling programs compare to similar programs of its industry peers. |
Sustainability Reporting
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms related to social, economic, and environmental sustainability, unless: |
› | The company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies such as an environment, health, and safety (EHS) report; a comprehensive code of corporate conduct; and/or a diversity report; or |
› | The company has formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines or a similar standard within a specified time frame. |
Lobbying
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting information on a company’s lobbying (including direct, indirect, and grassroots lobbying) activities, policies, or procedures, considering: |
› | The company’s current disclosure of relevant lobbying policies, and management and board oversight; |
Enabling the financial community to manage governance risk for the benefit of shareholders.
© 2018 ISS | Institutional Shareholder Services | 16 of 18 |
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U.S. Concise Proxy Voting Guidelines |
› | The company’s disclosure regarding trade associations or other groups that it supports, or is a member of, that engage in lobbying activities; and |
› | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding the company’s lobbying-related activities. |
Political Contributions
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting greater disclosure of a company's political contributions and trade association spending policies and activities, considering: |
› | The company's policies, and management and board oversight related to its direct political contributions and payments to trade associations or other groups that may be used for political purposes; |
› | The company's disclosure regarding its support of, and participation in, trade associations or other groups that may make political contributions; and |
› | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation related to the company's political contributions or political activities. |
Vote against proposals barring a company from making political contributions. Businesses are affected by legislation at the federal, state, and local level; barring political contributions can put the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Vote against proposals to publish in newspapers and other media a company's political contributions. Such publications could present significant cost to the company without providing commensurate value to shareholders.
Enabling the financial community to manage governance risk for the benefit of shareholders.
© 2018 ISS | Institutional Shareholder Services | 17 of 18 |
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U.S. Concise Proxy Voting Guidelines |
This document and all of the information contained in it, including without limitation all text, data, graphs, and charts (collectively, the "Information") is the property of Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (ISS), its subsidiaries, or, in some cases third party suppliers.
The Information has not been submitted to, nor received approval from, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory body. None of the Information constitutes an offer to sell (or a solicitation of an offer to buy), or a promotion or recommendation of, any security, financial product or other investment vehicle or any trading strategy, and ISS does not endorse, approve, or otherwise express any opinion regarding any issuer, securities, financial products or instruments or trading strategies.
The user of the Information assumes the entire risk of any use it may make or permit to be made of the Information.
ISS MAKES NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ORIGINALITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, NON-INFRINGEMENT, COMPLETENESS, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS for A PARTICULAR PURPOSE) WITH RESPECT TO ANY OF THE INFORMATION.
Without limiting any of the foregoing and to the maximum extent permitted by law, in no event shall ISS have any liability regarding any of the Information for any direct, indirect, special, punitive, consequential (including lost profits), or any other damages even if notified of the possibility of such damages. The foregoing shall not exclude or limit any liability that may not by applicable law be excluded or limited.
The Global Leader In Corporate Governance
www.issgovernance.com
Enabling the financial community to manage governance risk for the benefit of shareholders.
© 2018 ISS | Institutional Shareholder Services | 18 of 18 |
about this prospectus
This prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
page |
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loomis sayles full discretion institutional securitized fund |
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loomis sayles full discretion institutional securitized fund
The investment objective of the Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund (the “Fund”) is to provide current income and the potential for total return.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional Class Shares |
|
Management Fees 1 |
None |
Other Expenses |
0.18% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 2 |
0.18% |
1 |
The Fund does not pay a management fee. Shares of the Fund are only available to institutional advisory clients of Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. (“Loomis Sayles” or the “Adviser”), the Fund’s Adviser. The institutional advisory clients of the Adviser pay the Adviser or its affiliates a fee for their investment advisory services. |
2 |
The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (“excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.20% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average daily net assets. This Agreement may only be terminated by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”). |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$18 |
$58 |
$101 |
$230 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 53% of the average value of its portfolio.
1
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund primarily invests in asset-backed securities (including collateralized loan obligations), commercial mortgage-backed securities, agency mortgage-backed securities and non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities, which are not issued, guaranteed, or backed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities. The Fund may invest in both fixed-rate and adjustable rate securities.
The securities the Fund invests in may be issued by U.S. or non-U.S. issuers, including corporations, partnerships and trusts, and governments, including their agencies, instrumentalities and sponsored entities. There is no limit to the amount of Fund assets which may be invested in non-U.S. issuers. Securities issued by non-U.S. issuers must be U.S. dollar denominated. The Fund may invest in securities of any maturity.
In addition to direct investments in securitized assets, the Fund may also invest in structured notes, which are instruments that are expected to provide economic exposure equivalent to securitized assets in which the Fund may invest directly. These investments are taken into account when determining compliance with the Fund’s 80% investment policy described above. The Fund may invest up to 20% of its assets, based on market value, in structured notes. The Fund may also invest up to 10% of its assets in cash and cash equivalents, including commercial paper, repurchase agreements and short-term fixed-income instruments.
The average duration and dollar weighted average maturity of the Fund will vary depending on the Adviser’s strategy for the Fund and its analysis of market and economic conditions.
The Fund may invest without limit in securities of any credit quality, including securities that are rated below investment grade (“high yield” or “junk” bonds) and those in default, but seeks to maintain a minimum dollar weighted average portfolio quality equivalent to B- or higher as determined at the time of purchase. The Fund uses the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poor’s Rating Services, Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Fitch, Inc. If none of those ratings agencies assign ratings to a particular security or issuer, the Adviser will use its internal rating to determine credit quality. The Fund may continue to hold securities that are downgraded in credit rating subsequent to their purchase if the Adviser believes it would be advantageous to do so.
The portfolio management team will seek to identify and purchase securitized assets that offer a high level of income and/or capital appreciation potential. The return potential and relative attractiveness of each security will be assessed on a potential loss-adjusted basis, with particular emphasis on scenario analysis aimed at assessing the risk-return profile of each security. The credit rating assigned by a nationally recognized rating agency will not be a key consideration in the security selection process, except for the need to maintain the minimum rating requirement of the Fund.
The Adviser has full discretion in determining which investments to make and pursues a strategy of investing in securitized assets unconstrained with respect to sectors and ratings. In purchasing securities for the Fund, the Adviser uses a fundamental, top down approach to evaluate each sector in the securitized market, and then determines the sector allocation within each sector and the capital structure allocations for the Fund’s portfolio. The Adviser utilizes a bottom up approach to the individual security selection process, aimed at assigning an independent credit rating to a security and determining its risk/return profile. In evaluating a security, the Adviser utilizes a mix of third party and proprietary research models to generate performance expectations for the collateral backing the security (e.g., pooled mortgages in a mortgage-backed security) and the risks associated with such collateral. Qualitative factors such as the originator of the collateral, the servicer of the pool of assets and other key corporate connections of the security are also evaluated. The Adviser then compares the collateral performance expectations with the security’s structure to determine its ability to make interest and principal payments to its holders, and stress-tests the security across a broad range of scenarios to determine an internal credit rating and a risk/return profile for a security.
The Adviser may sell a security when there is a change in the relative valuation of a security, the Adviser’s assessment of a particular sector, and/or the Adviser’s analysis of the credit or risk/return of a security.
The Fund has adopted a policy to concentrate its investments (invest at least 25% of its assets) in the asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities group of industries. Due to its investment strategies, the Fund may buy and sell securities frequently. This may result in higher transaction costs and additional capital gains tax liabilities than a fund with a buy and hold strategy.
2
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Interest Rate Risk. As with most funds that invest in fixed-income securities, changes in interest rates are one of the most important factors that could affect the value of your investment. Rising interest rates tend to cause the prices of fixed-income securities (especially those with longer maturities and durations) and the Fund’s share price to fall. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
A related risk is basis risk, which is the risk that a change in prevailing interest rates will change the price of a company’s interest-bearing liabilities disproportionately to the price of interest-bearing assets. This would have the effect of increasing liabilities and decreasing assets, resulting in a loss.
Credit Risk. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a fixed-income debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the perceived risk that the issuer will fail to pay interest fully and return principal in a timely manner. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the security may lose some or all of its value. The issuer of an investment-grade security is considered by the ratings agency to be more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal.
Concentration Risk. Due to the Fund’s concentration in the asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities group of industries, events that affect an industry or industries within this group will have a greater effect on the Fund than they would on a fund that is more widely diversified among a number of unrelated industries. While the Fund will invest more than 25% of its assets in, collectively, the asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and residential mortgage-backed securities industries, it is expected that the Fund’s investments in any one or more of these industries may, from time to time, be significantly greater than 25%.
Inflation/Deflation Risk. The value of assets or income from investments may be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the present value of future payments. Conversely, prices throughout the economy may decline over time due to deflation. Deflation may have an adverse effect on the creditworthiness of issuers and may make issuer default more likely, which may result in a decline in the value of the Fund’s portfolio.
Rating Agencies Risk. Ratings are not an absolute standard of quality, but rather general indicators that reflect only the view of the originating rating agencies from which an explanation of the significance of such ratings may be obtained. There is no assurance that a particular rating will continue for any given period of time or that any such rating will not be revised downward or withdrawn entirely if, in the judgment of the agency establishing the rating, circumstances so warrant. A downward revision or withdrawal of such ratings, or either of them, may have an effect on the liquidity or market price of the securities in which the Fund invests. The ratings of securitized assets may not adequately reflect the credit risk of those assets due to their structure. Rating agencies may fail to make timely changes in credit ratings and an issuer’s current financial condition may be better or worse than a rating indicates. In addition, rating agencies are subject to an inherent conflict of interest because they are often compensated by the same issuers whose securities they grade.
High Yield Bond Risk. High yield, or “junk,” bonds are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. Compared with investment-grade bonds, high yield bonds are considered to carry a greater degree of risk and are considered to be less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Some may even be in default. Market developments and the financial and business conditions of the corporation issuing these securities generally influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the high yield bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of high yield bonds and may cause the Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value high yield bonds accurately.
Generally, the lower rated the security, as determined by rating agencies, the more vulnerable the security is to nonpayment. Securities rated below “B” are often dependent upon favorable financial and business conditions to meet their financial obligations, or may lack the capacity to make payments regardless of financial and business conditions. Default becomes more likely over the long or short term the lower rated the security.
Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in both residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities. A mortgage-backed security represents an interest in a pool of assets such as mortgage loans and matures when all the mortgages in the pool mature or are prepaid. While mortgage-backed securities do have fixed maturities, their expected durations may vary when interest rates rise or fall. Because the timing and speed of principal payments may vary, the cash flow on mortgage-backed securities is irregular. The value of mortgage-backed securities generally is more sensitive to changes in interest rates than other types of fixed-income securities. Rising interest rates tend to extend the maturities of mortgage-backed securities, causing the securities to
3
exhibit additional volatility and their value to decrease more significantly. This is known as extension risk. In addition, mortgage-backed securities are subject to prepayment risk. When interest rates decline, borrowers may pay off their mortgages sooner than expected. This can reduce the returns of the Fund because the Fund will have to reinvest that money at the lower prevailing interest rates. While residential mortgagors in the United States have the option to pay more principal than required at each payment interval, commercial mortgages are often set for a fixed term and therefore experience a lower degree of prepayment risk.
The Fund may invest in residential mortgage-backed securities that represent interests in pools of adjustable rate mortgages (“ARMs”), including payment option ARMs. Payment option ARMs give the borrower the option to pay less than the interest only amount, resulting in an increase in the principal balance of a loan as interest owed is added to the principal (known as “negative amortization payments”). While such instruments permit the borrower to avoid paying currently a portion of the interest accruing on the instrument and make the instrument more affordable to the borrower in the short term, they increase the risk that the borrower will be unable to make the resulting higher payment or payments that become due at the maturity of the loan.
The Fund may invest a substantial amount of its assets in privately issued mortgage-backed securities that are not issued, guaranteed, or backed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities and may bear a greater risk of nonpayment than securities that are backed by the U.S. Treasury.
An asset-backed security is a security backed by non-mortgage assets such as company receivables, truck and auto loans, leases and credit card receivables. Asset-backed securities are subject to risks similar to those associated with mortgage-backed securities, including extension and prepayment risks, as well as additional risks associated with the nature of the assets and the servicing of those assets. Some asset-backed securities present credit risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. This is because some asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in collateral that is comparable in quality to mortgage assets. Other asset-backed securities, such as credit card receivables, may not have the benefit of an underlying physical asset or security interest in collateral at all. If the issuer of an asset-backed security defaults on its payment obligations, there is the possibility that, in some cases, the Fund will be unable to possess and sell the underlying collateral and that the Fund’s recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on the security. In the event of a default, the Fund may suffer a loss if it cannot sell collateral quickly and receive the amount it is owed. The value of the collateral may also be insufficient to cover the principal amount.
During periods of declining asset value, difficult or frozen credit markets, interest rate changes, or deteriorating economic conditions, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities may decline in value, face valuation difficulties, become more volatile and/or become illiquid. Additionally, the value of these securities may fluctuate in response to the market’s perception of the credit worthiness of the issuers. Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are subject to the risk that an issuer will fail to make timely payments of interest or principal, or will default on payments. Such a risk is generally higher in the case of mortgage-backed securities that include so-called ‘sub-prime’ or “Alt-A” loans, which are loans made to borrowers with weakened credit histories or with a lower capacity to make timely payments on their loans. There is also a risk that the value of the underlying asset (e.g., a home) securing an obligation may not be sufficient to cover the amount of the obligation. Residential mortgage-backed securities in which the Fund may invest may have a loan to value ratio which exceeds 100%, meaning that the mortgage amount is greater than the appraised value of the underlying property. Certain commercial mortgage-backed securities may be backed by pools of mortgages of properties that have special purposes, which may be difficult to sell or liquidate.
Collateralized Loan Obligations (“CLOs”) Risk. CLOs are securities backed by an underlying portfolio of debt and loan obligations, respectively. CLOs issue classes or “tranches” that vary in risk and yield and may experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, decrease in market value due to collateral defaults and removal of subordinate tranches, market anticipation of defaults and investor aversion to CLO securities as a class. The risks of investing in CLOs depend largely on the tranche invested in and the type of the underlying debts and loans in the tranche of the CLO, respectively, in which the Fund invests. CLOs also carry risks including, but not limited to, interest rate risk and credit risk, which are described above. For example, a liquidity crisis in the global credit markets could cause substantial fluctuations in prices for leveraged loans and high-yield debt securities and limited liquidity for such instruments. When the Fund invests in CLOs, in addition to directly bearing the expenses associated with its own operations, it may bear a pro rata portion of the CLO’s expenses.
Credit Crisis Liquidity Risk. Certain types of credit instruments, such as investments in high-yield bonds, debt issued in leveraged buyout transactions (acquisition of a company using a substantial amount of debt and loans), mortgage- and asset-backed securities, and short-term asset-backed commercial paper, became very illiquid in the latter half of 2007. General market uncertainty and consequent re-pricing of risk led to market imbalances of sellers and buyers, which in turn resulted in significant valuation uncertainties in mortgage and credit-related securities and other instruments. These conditions resulted, and in many cases continue to result in, greater volatility, less liquidity, widening credit spreads and a lack of price transparency, with many instruments remaining illiquid and of uncertain value. Such market conditions, and the above factors, may make valuation uncertain and/or result in sudden and significant valuation declines.
Structured Notes Risk . Structured notes are debt obligations issued by industrial corporations, financial institutions or governmental or international agencies that obligate the issuer to pay amounts of principal or interest that are determined by reference to changes in some external factor or factors, or may vary from the stated rate because of changes in these factors. Investment in structured
4
notes involves certain risks, including the risk that the issuer may be unable or unwilling to satisfy its obligations to pay principal or interest, which is separate from the risk that the note’s reference instruments may move in a manner that is disadvantageous to the holder of the note. Structured notes, which are often illiquid, are also subject to additional risk such as market risk, liquidity risk and interest rate risk. The terms of certain structured notes may provide that a decline in the reference instrument may result in the interest rate or principal amount being reduced to zero. Structured notes may be more volatile than the underlying reference instruments or traditional debt instruments. In addition, structured notes may charge fees and administrative expenses.
A credit-linked note is a type of structured note whose value is linked to an underlying reference asset. Credit-linked notes typically provide periodic payments of interest as well as payment of principal upon maturity, the value of which is tied to the underlying reference asset. Like structured notes generally, investments in credit-linked notes are subject to the risk of loss of the principal investment and/or periodic interest payments expected to be received from an investment in a credit-linked note in the event that one or more of the underlying obligations of a note default or otherwise become non-performing. To the extent the Fund invests in a credit-linked note that represents an interest in a single issuer or limited number of issuers, a credit event with respect to that issuer or limited number of issuers presents a greater risk of loss to the Fund than if the credit-linked note represented an interest in underlying obligations of multiple issuers.
U.S. Government Securities Risk. The Fund’s investment in U.S. government obligations may include securities issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. government, or its agencies or instrumentalities. Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency, while other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. There can be no assurance that the U.S. government would provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities (including government-sponsored enterprises) where it is not obligated to do so. In addition, U.S. government securities are not guaranteed against price movements due to changing interest rates.
Agency Securities Risk. Certain obligations issued by U.S. government-sponsored agencies are backed solely by that agency’s own resources. As a result, investments in securities issued by the government sponsored agencies that are not backed by the U.S. Treasury are subject to higher credit risk than those that are.
Foreign Security Risk. Investing in securities of foreign issuers and governments poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect foreign securities markets and their issuers. Political events (civil unrest, national elections, changes in political conditions and foreign relations, imposition of exchange controls and repatriation restrictions), social and economic events (labor strikes, rising inflation) and natural disasters occurring in a country where the Fund invests could cause the Fund’s investments in that country to experience gains or losses. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The Fund may buy and sell investments frequently. Such a strategy often involves higher expenses, including brokerage commissions, and may increase the amount of capital gains (in particular, short term gains) realized by the Fund. Shareholders may pay tax more frequently on capital gains and will indirectly incur additional expenses related to a fund with a higher portfolio turnover.
Liquidity Risk. Liquidity risk exists when particular investments are difficult to purchase or sell, possibly preventing the Fund from selling these illiquid securities at an advantageous price or at the time desired. A lack of liquidity also may cause the value of investments to decline. Illiquid investments also may be difficult to value.
State-Specific Risk. While the Fund does not expect to invest in single state pools of mortgages, underlying properties of mortgages of certain states may represent a significant percentage of the underlying mortgages in which the Fund invests as a whole. When the Fund invests in this manner, it is subject to the risk that the economy of the states in which it invests, and the value of properties within the states, may decline. Investing significantly in securities whose values are economically tied to a single state means that the Fund is more exposed to negative political or economic events affecting that state than a fund that invests more widely. Certain states have experienced significant declines in property values in recent years.
It is anticipated that the Fund will invest more than 25% of its assets in mortgage-backed securities with underlying properties in California. Investing in such a manner subjects the Fund to economic conditions and government policies within California. As a result, the Fund may be more susceptible to factors that adversely affect the California property, housing and mortgage markets than a mutual fund that does not have as great a concentration in California.
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The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling 1-800-343-2029.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
9.79% |
(0.79)% |
(09/30/2012) |
(03/31/2016) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund Institutional Class |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Return Before Taxes |
4.69% |
5.86% |
8.68% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
2.61% |
3.32% |
5.88% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
2.08% |
3.05% |
5.54% |
BofA Merrill Lynch US ABS & CMBS Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
2.84% |
2.01% |
2.81% |
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.
Mr. Alessandro Pagani, CFA, Vice President, Head of the Mortgage and Structured Finance team, and Co-Portfolio Manager for Securitized Investment Strategies, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Mr. Stephen L'Heureux, CFA, Vice President, Global Commercial Real Estate and Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities Strategist for the Mortgage and Structured Finance team, and Co-Portfolio Manager for Select Securitized Credit Investment Strategies, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
There is no minimum initial investment to purchase shares of the Fund for the first time. There is also no minimum for subsequent investments. The Fund reserves the right to create investment minimums at its sole discretion.
Shares of the Fund are offered exclusively to institutional advisory clients of the Adviser or its affiliates. Shares normally can be redeemed only by contacting your client service manager or calling 1-800-343-2029.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
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Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goals. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which it trades. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Credit Risk. Credit risk involves the risk that an issuer or guarantor of a fixed-income security, or the counterparty to an over-the-counter transaction, may be unable or unwilling to make timely payments of interest or principal or to otherwise honor its obligations. The Fund may be subject to credit risk to the extent that it invests in fixed-income securities or is a party to over-the-counter transactions. A fund that invests in lower-rated fixed-income securities (“junk bonds”) is subject to greater credit risk (because such securities are subject to a greater risk of default) and market risk than a fund that invests in higher-quality fixed-income securities. Lower rated fixed-income securities are considered predominantly speculative with respect to the ability of the issuer to make timely principal and interest payments. A fund that invests in fixed-income securities issued in connection with corporate restructurings by highly-leveraged issuers or in fixed-income securities that are not current in the payment of interest or principal (i.e., in default) will be subject to greater credit risk. A fund that invests in non-U.S. securities is subject to increased credit risk, for example, because of the difficulties of requiring non-U.S. entities to honor their contractual commitments and because financial reporting and other standards are often less robust in foreign countries.
High Yield (“Junk”) Bond Risk. High yield, or “junk,” bonds involve greater risks of default or downgrade and are more volatile than investment grade securities. High yield bonds involve greater risk of price declines than investment grade securities due to actual or perceived changes in an issuer’s creditworthiness. In addition, issuers of high yield bonds may be more susceptible than other issuers to economic downturns. High yield bonds are subject to the risk that the issuer may not be able to pay interest or dividends and ultimately to repay principal upon maturity. Discontinuation of these payments could substantially adversely affect the market value of the security. The volatility of high yield bonds is even greater since the prospects for repayment of principal and interest of many of these securities is speculative. Some may even be in default.
Interest Rate Risk. Changes in interest rates will affect the value of the Fund’s investments in fixed-income securities, such as bonds, notes, asset-backed securities and other income producing securities. Fixed-income securities are obligations of the issuer to make payments of principal and/or interest on future dates. During periods of rising interest rates, the values of outstanding fixed-income securities generally decrease. Current market conditions may pose heightened risks for the Fund. While interest rates in the U.S. are near historic lows, changes in government policy, including the Federal Reserve ending its quantitative easing program and beginning to raise the federal funds rate, have increased the risk that interest rates will continue to rise in the near future. A rise in interest rates may, in turn, increase volatility and reduce liquidity in the fixed income markets, and result in a decline in the value of the fixed income investments held by the Fund. In addition, reductions in dealer market-making capacity as a result of structural or regulatory changes could further decrease liquidity and/or increase volatility in the fixed income markets. As a result of these conditions, the Fund’s value may fluctuate and/or the Fund may experience increased redemptions from shareholders, which may impact the Fund’s liquidity or force the Fund to sell securities into a declining or illiquid market.
Even funds that generally invest a significant portion of their assets in high quality fixed-income securities are subject to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is greater for funds, such as the Fund, that generally invest a significant portion of their respective assets in lower rated fixed-income securities or comparable unrated securities (commonly known as “junk bonds”). The Fund will be subject to increased interest rate risk to the extent that it invests in fixed-income securities with longer maturities or durations, as compared to if it invested in fixed-income securities with shorter maturities or durations. Interest rate risk is compounded for funds that invest a significant portion of their assets in mortgage-related or other asset-backed securities because the value of mortgage-related securities and asset-backed securities generally is more sensitive to changes in interest rates than other types of fixed-income securities. When interest rates rise, the maturities of mortgage-related and asset-backed securities tend to lengthen, and the value of the securities decreases more significantly. In addition, these types of securities are subject to the risk of prepayment when interest rates fall, which generally results in lower returns because funds that hold these types of securities must reinvest assets previously invested in these types of securities in fixed-income securities with lower interest rates. The Fund also faces increased interest rate risk when it invests in interest-only securities or fixed-income securities paying no current interest, such as zero-coupon securities, principal-only securities and fixed-income securities paying non-cash interest in the form of other fixed-income securities.
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Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk. Mortgage-backed securities differ from traditional fixed-income securities. Among the major differences are that interest and principal payments are made more frequently, usually monthly, and that principal may be prepaid at any time because the underlying mortgage loans generally may be prepaid at any time. As a result, if the Fund purchases these assets at a premium, a faster than expected prepayment rate will reduce yield to maturity and a slower-than-expected prepayment rate will increase yield to maturity. If the Fund purchases mortgage-related securities at a discount, faster-than-expected prepayments will increase and slower-than-expected prepayments will reduce, yield to maturity. Prepayments and resulting amounts available for reinvestment by the Fund, are likely to be greater during a period of declining interest rates and, as a result, are likely to be reinvested at lower interest rates. Accelerated prepayments on securities purchased at a premium may result in a loss of principal if the premium has not been fully amortized at the time of prepayment. These securities will decrease in value as a result of increases in interest rates generally, and they are likely to appreciate less than other fixed-income securities when interest rates decline because of the risk of prepayments.
The value of some mortgage-backed securities in which the Fund invests may be particularly sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates, and the ability of the Fund to successfully utilize these instruments may depend in part upon the ability of the Adviser to forecast interest rates and other economic factors correctly. The risk of non-payment is greater for mortgage-related securities that are backed by mortgage pools that contain “subprime” or “Alt-A” loans (loans made to borrowers with weakened credit histories or with a lower capacity to make timely payments on their loans), but a level of risk exists for all loans. Market factors adversely affecting mortgage loan repayments may include a general economic turndown, high unemployment, a general slowdown in the real estate market, a drop in the market prices of real estate or an increase in interest rates resulting in higher mortgage payments by holders of adjustable-rate mortgages. The market for mortgage-backed securities (and other asset-backed securities) has experienced high volatility and a lack of liquidity. As a result, the value of many of these securities has significantly declined. There can be no assurance that these markets will become more liquid or less volatile, and it is possible that the value of these securities could decline further.
Collateralized Loan Obligations (“CLOs”) Risk. CLO securities are non-recourse obligations of their issuer payable solely from the related underlying collateral or its proceeds. Therefore, as a holder of CLOs, the Fund must rely only on distributions on the underlying collateral or related proceeds for payment. If distributions on the underlying collateral are insufficient to make payments on the CLO securities, no other assets will be available for payment of the deficiency. As a result, the amount and timing of interest and principal payments in respect of CLO securities will depend on the performance and characteristics of the related underlying collateral.
Legislation such as the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which was signed into law on July 21, 2010, together with uncertainty about the nature and timing of regulations that will be promulgated to implement such legislation, may continue to create uncertainty in the credit and other financial markets. Given that all applicable final implementing rules and regulations have not yet been published or are not yet in effect, the potential impact of these actions on CLOs that may be owned by the Fund is unknown. If existing transactions are not exempted from the new rules or regulations, compliance with those rules and regulations could impose significant costs on the issuers of CLOs and ultimately adversely impact the holders (including the Fund) of those types of securities.
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more information about the fund’s objective and investments
The investment objective of the Fund is to provide current income and the potential for total return. The investment objective of the Fund may be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in short-term, liquid, high-grade debt instruments, which may include U.S. government securities, bank deposits, money market instruments and other short-term debt instruments, including notes and bonds, or the Fund may hold its assets in cash. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only do so if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity to pursue its investment objective.
This prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies and principal risks, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities and other investments described in this prospectus. In addition to the securities and other investments described in this prospectus, the Fund also may invest to a lesser extent in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this prospectus, are described in detail in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) (for information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI see the back cover of this prospectus).
The Fund may receive instruments not contemplated herein through the conversion or exchange of an investment or as a result of the reorganization or bankruptcy of the issuer of an otherwise permissible investment and may create wholly- or substantially owned entities to hold such instruments. The Adviser may hold or dispose of these investments at its discretion.
Of course, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment goal.
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Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, serves as the investment adviser to the Fund. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at One Financial Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111-2621. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $249.7 billion in assets under management. Loomis Sayles was founded in 1926. Loomis Sayles is a subsidiary of Natixis US, which is part of Natixis Investment Managers.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities.
An investor in the Fund will pay a fee to the Adviser or its affiliates under a separate client agreement for advisory services. The Fund does not pay the Adviser for investment advisory services, but does pay other expenses of the Fund such as administration fees, custody fees and general operating expenses. The Adviser has contractually agreed to reimburse expenses in order to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.20% of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement is available in the Fund’s Annual Report to Shareholders dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals. The following portfolio managers are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Alessandro Pagani, CFA, Vice President, Portfolio Manager and Head of the Mortgage and Structured Finance team, joined the Adviser in 2008 and has over 21 years of investment management experience. Mr. Pagani leads the group in developing investment strategies for mortgage pass-through, asset-backed, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities across all Loomis Sayles’ fixed-income products. He is also a co-manager of Loomis Sayles’ securitized investment strategies. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Pagani was co-head of global research and credit with Cambridge Place Investment Management, a specialty manager of credit sensitive structured securities. Mr. Pagani also worked as director of asset-backed securities research at Banc One Capital Markets. He earned a doctoral degree in Economics and Commerce from the University of Brescia in Italy.
Stephen L'Heureux, CFA, Vice President, Global Commercial Real Estate and Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities Strategist for the Mortgage and Structured Finance team, and Co-Portfolio Manager for Select Securitized Credit Investment Strategies, joined the Adviser in 2008 and has over 33 years of investment management experience. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. L'Heureux was a senior credit analyst for US commercial real estate, commercial mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities at Cambridge Place Investment Management. Previously, Mr. L'Heureux worked for 8 years at AEW Capital Management, where he was a portfolio manager specializing in structured debt. Mr. L'Heureux also spent three years at Hancock Real Estate Advisors supporting direct equity real estate investment programs and five years building econometric models of the nation's real estate markets for DRI/FW Dodge. He earned a B.A. from McGill University and an M.A. from the University of Toronto.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
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Purchasing and Selling Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase and sell (sometimes called “redeem”) Institutional Class Shares of the Fund. Institutional Class Shares are for individual and institutional investors.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Purchase Fund Shares
Shares of the Fund are offered exclusively to institutional advisory clients of the Adviser or its affiliates.
Additional shares can be purchased if authorized by the Adviser and payment must be wired in federal funds to the Fund’s transfer agent, DST Asset Manager Solutions, Inc. except when shares are purchased in exchange for securities acceptable to the Fund.
Purchases of Fund shares will normally be made only in full shares, but may be made in fractional shares under certain circumstances. Certificates for shares will not be issued. The payment for shares to be purchased shall be wired to DST Asset Manager Solutions, Inc.
The Fund reserves the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Fund is not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days that either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The Fund’s price per share will be the next determined net asset value per share (“NAV”) after the Fund or authorized institution receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of the Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding. In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
When valuing fixed-income securities with remaining maturities of more than 60 days, the Fund uses the value of the security provided by pricing services. The values provided by a pricing service may be based upon market quotations for the same security, securities expected to trade in a similar manner or a pricing matrix. When valuing fixed-income securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less, the Fund may use the security’s amortized cost. Amortized cost and the use of a pricing matrix in valuing fixed-income securities are forms of fair value pricing.
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With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Minimum Purchases
There is no minimum initial investment to purchase shares of the Fund for the first time. There is also no minimum for subsequent investments. The Fund reserves the right to create investment minimums at its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund |
00769G774 |
3456 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
Shares normally can be redeemed only by contacting your client service manager or calling 1-800-343-2029.
The sale price will be the next determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Redemption proceeds will be sent by wire only.
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold. The Fund agrees to redeem shares solely in cash up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Fund’s net assets during any 90-day period for any one shareholder.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund
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investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs. However, the Fund is also mindful that shareholders may have valid reasons for periodically purchasing and redeeming fund shares.
Because the Fund is designed to be a component of a separate institutional advisory client account that also invests in individual securities and other investments, its shares may be purchased or redeemed on a frequent basis for rebalancing purposes, to invest new monies, or to accommodate reductions in account size. The Fund is managed in a manner that is consistent with its role in the separate institutional advisory account. Because all purchase and redemption orders are initiated by the Adviser, separate institutional advisory account clients are not in a position to effect purchase or redemption orders and are, therefore, unable to directly trade in shares of the Fund.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control.
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund.
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur.
In addition, because the Fund may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair value. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
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In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; and/or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-800-343-2029.
The Fund distributes its net investment income, if any, at least monthly and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. Dividends and distributions are generally taxable to you whether you receive them in the form of cash or in additional Fund shares. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an individual retirement account or other tax-qualified plans, which are not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the U.S. federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Fund.
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The recently enacted tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). It is not anticipated that any distributions by the Fund will be eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less, or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of Fund shares).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the first-in, first-out method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Because the Fund may invest in foreign securities it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest that the Fund receives from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund consist of foreign securities, the Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. The Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
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The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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The table that follows presents performance information about the Fund. The information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total return in the table represents the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. The information provided below has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm whose report, along with the Fund’s financial statements, is included in the Fund’s 2018 Annual Report. You can obtain the Annual Report, which contains more performance information, at no charge by calling 1-800-343-2029.
For a share outstanding throughout the years
Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund
(a) |
Per share net investment income has been calculated using the average shares outstanding during the year. |
(b) |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Had certain expenses not been waived/reimbursed during the year, if applicable, total returns would have been lower. |
(c) |
The investment adviser agreed to waive its fees and/or reimburse a portion of the Fund’s expenses during the year. Without this waiver/reimbursement, if applicable, expenses would have been higher. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
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THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
LOOMIS SAYLES FULL DISCRETION INSTITUTIONAL SECURITIZED FUND
Investment Adviser
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.
One Financial Center
Boston, Massachusetts 02111-2621
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about the Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund and The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-800-343-2029 |
By Mail: |
Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund
|
By Internet: |
The Fund does not have a website, but you can obtain the SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report by mail or telephone. |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
LOOMIS SAYLES FULL DISCRETION INSTITUTIONAL SECURITIZED FUND
a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
LOOMIS, SAYLES & COMPANY, L.P.
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund (the “Fund”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Fund, which includes the Fund’s audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by calling the Fund at 1-800-343-2029.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019
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General. The Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its: (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses; and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. The Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each a “Trustee” and together, the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate the Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if the Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The Fund is diversified, as that term is defined under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus.
The following are descriptions of the permitted investments and investment practices of the Fund and the associated risk factors. The Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
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Equity Securities
Types of Equity Securities:
Preferred Stocks - Preferred stocks are also units of ownership in a company. Preferred stocks normally have preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of the company. However, in all other respects, preferred stocks are subordinated to the liabilities of the issuer. Unlike common stocks, preferred stocks are generally not entitled to vote on corporate matters. Types of preferred stocks include adjustable-rate preferred stock, fixed dividend preferred stock, perpetual preferred stock, and sinking fund preferred stock. Generally, the market value of preferred stock with a fixed dividend rate and no conversion element varies inversely with interest rates and perceived credit risk.
Convertible Securities - Convertible securities are securities that may be exchanged for, converted into, or exercised to acquire a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s common stock at the Fund’s option during a specified time period (such as convertible preferred stocks, convertible debentures and warrants). A convertible security is generally a fixed income security that is senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure, but is usually subordinated to similar non-convertible securities. In exchange for the conversion feature, many corporations will pay a lower rate of interest on convertible securities than debt securities of the same corporation. In general, the market value of a convertible security is at least the higher of its “investment value” (i.e., its value as a fixed income security) or its “conversion value” (i.e., its value upon conversion into its underlying common stock).
Convertible securities are subject to the same risks as similar securities without the convertible feature. The price of a convertible security is more volatile during times of steady interest rates than other types of debt securities. The price of a convertible security tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, whereas it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying common stock declines.
A synthetic convertible security is a combination investment in which the Fund purchases both (i) high-grade cash equivalents or a high grade debt obligation of an issuer or U.S. government securities and (ii) call options or warrants on the common stock of the same or different issuer with some or all of the anticipated interest income from the associated debt obligation that is earned over the holding period of the option or warrant.
While providing a fixed income stream (generally higher in yield than the income derivable from common stock but lower than that afforded by a similar non-convertible security), a convertible security also affords an investor the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation attendant upon a market price advance in the convertible security’s underlying common stock. A synthetic convertible position has similar investment characteristics, but may differ with respect to credit quality, time to maturity, trading characteristics, and other factors. Because the Fund will create synthetic convertible positions only out of high grade fixed income securities, the credit rating associated with the Fund’s synthetic convertible investments is generally expected to be higher than that of the average convertible security, many of which are rated below high grade. However, because the options used to create synthetic convertible positions will generally have expirations between one month and three years of the time of purchase, the maturity of these positions will generally be shorter than average for convertible securities. Since the option component of a convertible security or synthetic convertible position is a wasting asset (in the sense of losing “time value” as maturity approaches), a synthetic convertible position may lose such value more rapidly than a convertible security of longer maturity; however, the gain in option value due to appreciation of the underlying stock may exceed such time value loss, the market price of the option component generally reflects these differences in maturities, and Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. (the "Adviser") takes such differences into account when evaluating such positions. When a synthetic convertible position “matures” because of the expiration of the associated option, the Fund may extend the maturity by investing in a new option with longer maturity on the common stock of the same or different issuer. If the Fund does not so extend the maturity of a position, it may continue to hold the associated fixed income security.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) - A REIT is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs in which the Fund invests may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Fund invests may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent.
Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders.
In addition to these risks, Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts, while Mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. Further, Equity and Mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally may not be diversified. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Equity and Mortgage REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act. The above factors may also adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
Rights and Warrants - A right is a privilege granted to existing shareholders of a corporation to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is issued. Rights normally have a short life of usually two to four weeks, are freely transferable and entitle the holder to buy the new common stock at a lower price than the public offering price. Warrants are securities that are usually issued together with a debt security or preferred stock and that give the holder the right to buy proportionate amount of common stock at a specified price. Warrants are freely transferable and are traded on major exchanges. Unlike rights, warrants normally have a life that is measured in years and entitles the holder to buy common stock of a company at a price that is usually higher than the market price at the time the warrant is issued. Corporations often issue warrants to make the accompanying debt security more attractive.
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An investment in warrants and rights may entail greater risks than certain other types of investments. Generally, rights and warrants do not carry the right to receive dividends or exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. In addition, their value does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities, and they cease to have value if they are not exercised on or before their expiration date. Investing in rights and warrants increases the potential profit or loss to be realized from the investment as compared with investing the same amount in the underlying securities.
Risks of Investing in Equity Securities:
General Risks of Investing in Stocks - While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors must accept the risks of ownership. Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations. Stockholders of a company that fares poorly can lose money.
Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
▪ | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
▪ | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
▪ | Changes in general financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates. |
Because preferred stock is generally junior to debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
Fixed Income Securities
Fixed income securities, otherwise known as “debt securities”, consist primarily of debt obligations issued by governments, corporations, municipalities and other borrowers, and also include structured securities that provide for participation interests in debt obligations. Issuers use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
U.S. Government Securities - The Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
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Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Fund’s shares.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10 percent annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
U.S. Treasury Obligations - U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”). The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately.
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Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (“TIPS”) - TIPS are fixed income securities whose principal value is periodically adjusted according to the rate of inflation. The interest rate on TIPS is fixed at issuance, but over the life of the bond this interest may be paid on an increasing or decreasing principal value that has been adjusted for inflation. Although repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity is guaranteed, the market value of TIPS is not guaranteed, and will fluctuate.
Government National Mortgage Association - Ginnie Mae is the principal governmental guarantor of mortgage-related securities. Ginnie Mae is a wholly owned corporation of the U.S. government within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Securities issued by Ginnie Mae are treasury securities, which means the full faith and credit of the U.S. government backs them. Ginnie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by Ginnie Mae and backed by pools of Federal Housing Administration-insured or Veterans Administration-guaranteed mortgages. Ginnie Mae does not guarantee the market value or yield of mortgage-backed securities or the value of the Fund’s shares. To buy Ginnie Mae securities, the Fund may have to pay a premium over the maturity value of the underlying mortgages, which the Fund may lose if prepayment occurs.
Federal National Mortgage Association - Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders. Fannie Mae is regulated by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Fannie Mae purchases conventional mortgages from a list of approved sellers and service providers, including state and federally-chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. Securities issued by Fannie Mae are agency securities, which means Fannie Mae, but not the U.S. government, guarantees their timely payment of principal and interest.
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation - Freddie Mac is stockholder-owned corporation established by the U.S. Congress to create a continuous flow of funds to mortgage lenders. Freddie Mac supplies lenders with the money to make mortgages and packages the mortgages into marketable securities. The system is designed to create a stable mortgage credit system and reduce the rates paid by homebuyers. Freddie Mac, not the U.S. government, guarantees timely payment of principal and interest.
Corporate Bonds - Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest, and repay the principal amount of the bond or note.
Mortgage-Backed Securities - The Fund may invest in mortgage-backed securities, including commercial and non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities. Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated. Investing in mortgage-backed securities involves the risks typically associated with investing in traditional fixed income securities (including interest rate and credit risk) and certain additional risks and special considerations (including the risk of principal prepayment and the risk of investing in real estate). Further, non-agency mortgage-backed securities are issued by private banks and financial companies, and are not associated with a government agency.
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Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The Adviser will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets its investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities - Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are:
▪ | Payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly); and |
▪ | Falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing the Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. |
In addition to risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. The rate of prepayments on underlying mortgages affects the price and volatility of a mortgage-backed security, and may have the effect of shortening or extending the effective maturity beyond what was anticipated. If the prepayment rates increase, the Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities. Conversely, in a rising interest rate environment, a declining prepayment rate will extend the average life of many mortgage-backed securities, which in turn lengthens their duration, known as extension risk.
Credit Crisis Liquidity Risk - Certain types of credit instruments, such as investments in collateralized debt obligations, high-yield bonds, debt issued in leveraged buyout transactions, mortgage- and asset-backed securities, and short-term asset-backed commercial paper, became very illiquid in the latter half of 2007. General market uncertainty and consequent re-pricing of risk led to market imbalances of sellers and buyers, which in turn resulted in significant valuation uncertainties in mortgage and credit-related securities and other instruments. These conditions resulted, and in many cases continue to result in, greater volatility, less liquidity, widening credit spreads and a lack of price transparency, with many instruments remaining illiquid and of uncertain value. Such market conditions, and the above factors, may make valuation uncertain and/or result in sudden and significant valuation declines.
Adjustable Rate Mortgage Securities (“ARMs”) - An ARM, like a traditional mortgage security, is an interest in a pool of mortgage loans that provides investors with payments consisting of both principal and interest as mortgage loans in the underlying mortgage pool are paid off by the borrowers. ARMs have interest rates that are reset at periodic intervals, usually by reference to some interest rate index or market interest rate. Although the rate adjustment feature may act as a buffer to reduce sharp changes in the value of adjustable rate securities, these securities are still subject to changes in value based on changes in market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Since the interest rates are reset only periodically, changes in the interest rate on ARMs may lag behind changes in prevailing market interest rates. In addition, some ARMs (or the underlying mortgages) are subject to caps or floors that limit the maximum change in interest rate during a specified period or over the life of the security. As a result, changes in the interest rate on an ARM may not fully reflect changes in prevailing market interest rates during certain periods. Because of the resetting of interest rates, ARMs are less likely than non-adjustable rate securities of comparable quality and maturity to increase significantly in value when market interest rates fall. In addition, the Fund will not benefit from increases in interest rates to the extent that interest rates rise to the point where they cause the current coupon of the underlying ARM to exceed a cap rate for a particular mortgage.
Mortgage Pass-Through Securities - The Fund may invest in mortgage pass-through securities. In the basic mortgage pass-through structure, mortgages with similar issuer, term and coupon characteristics are collected and aggregated into a “pool” consisting of multiple mortgage loans. The pool is assigned a CUSIP number and undivided interests in the pool are traded and sold as pass-through securities. The holder of the security is entitled to a pro rata share of principal and interest payments (including unscheduled prepayments) from the pool of mortgage loans.
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An investment in a specific pool of pass-through securities requires an analysis of the specific prepayment risk of mortgages within the covered pool (since mortgagors typically have the option to prepay their loans). The level of prepayments on a pool of mortgage securities is difficult to predict and can impact the subsequent cash flows and value of the mortgage pool. In addition, when trading specific mortgage pools, precise execution, delivery and settlement arrangements must be negotiated for each transaction. These factors combine to make trading in mortgage pools somewhat cumbersome.
Most transactions in mortgage pass-through securities occur through the use of “to-be-announced” or “TBA transactions.” “TBA” refers to a commonly used mechanism for the forward settlement of U.S. agency mortgage pass-through securities, and not to a separate type of mortgage-backed security. TBA transactions generally are conducted in accordance with widely-accepted guidelines which establish commonly observed terms and conditions for execution, settlement and delivery. In a TBA transaction, the buyer and seller decide on general trade parameters, such as agency, settlement date, par amount, and price. The actual pools delivered generally are determined two days prior to settlement date. The Fund may use TBA transactions in several ways. For example, the Fund may enter into TBA agreements and “roll over” such agreements prior to the settlement date stipulated in such agreements. This type of TBA transaction is sometimes known as a “TBA roll.” In a “TBA roll” the Fund generally will sell the obligation to purchase the pools stipulated in the TBA agreement prior to the stipulated settlement date and will enter into a new TBA agreement for future delivery of pools of mortgage pass-through securities. In addition, the Fund may enter into TBA agreements and settle such transactions on the stipulated settlement date by accepting actual receipt or delivery of the pools of mortgage pass-through securities stipulated in the TBA agreement.
Default by or bankruptcy of a counterparty to a TBA transaction would expose the Fund to possible loss because of adverse market action, expenses or delays in connection with the purchase or sale of the pools of mortgage pass-through securities specified in the TBA transaction. To minimize this risk, the Fund will enter into TBA transactions only with established counterparties (such as major broker-dealers) and the Adviser will monitor the creditworthiness of such counterparties. The Fund’s use of “TBA rolls” may cause the Fund to experience higher portfolio turnover, higher transaction costs and to pay higher capital gain distributions to shareholders (which may be taxable).
The Fund intends to invest cash pending settlement of any TBA transactions in money market instruments, repurchase agreements, commercial paper (including asset-backed commercial paper) or other high-quality, liquid short-term instruments, which may include money market funds affiliated with the Adviser.
Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities - Stripped mortgage-backed securities are derivative multiple-class mortgage-backed securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities usually have two classes that receive different proportions of interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. Typically, one class will receive some of the interest and most of the principal, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remaining principal. In extreme cases, one class will receive all of the interest (“interest only” or “IO” class) while the other class will receive the entire principal (“principal only” or “PO” class). The cash flow and yields on IOs and POs are extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities. A rapid rate of principal payments may adversely affect the yield to maturity of IOs and could cause the total loss of investment. Slower than anticipated prepayments of principal may adversely affect the yield to maturity of a PO. The yields and market risk of interest only and principal only stripped mortgage-backed securities, respectively, may be more volatile than those of other fixed income securities, including traditional mortgage-backed securities.
Asset-Backed Securities - These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk. Asset-backed securities are also subject to extension risk.
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Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Fund may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which is the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
As with mortgage-backed securities, the market for asset-backed securities has recently experienced high volatility and a lack of liquidity. As a result, the value of many of these securities has significantly declined. There can be no assurance that these markets will become more liquid or less volatile, and it is possible that the value of these securities could decline further.
Collateralized Bond Obligations, Collateralized Loan Obligations and other Collateralized Debt Obligations – The Fund may invest in each of collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”), collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), other collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”) and other similarly structured securities. CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs are types of asset-backed securities. A CBO is a trust which is often backed by a diversified pool of high risk, below investment grade fixed income securities. The collateral can be from many different types of fixed income securities such as high yield debt, residential privately issued mortgage-related securities, commercial privately issued mortgage related securities, trust preferred securities and emerging market debt. A CLO is a trust typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. Other CDOs are trusts backed by other types of assets representing obligations of various parties. CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs may charge management fees and administrative expenses.
For CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs, the cash flows from the trust are split into two or more portions, called tranches, varying in risk and yield. The riskiest portion is the “equity” tranche which bears the bulk of defaults from the bonds or loans in the trust and serves to protect the other, more senior tranches from default in all but the most severe circumstances. Since they are partially protected from defaults, senior tranches from a CBO trust, CLO trust or trust of another CDO typically have higher ratings and lower yields than their underlying securities, and can be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the equity tranche, CBO, CLO or other CDO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default and disappearance of protecting tranches, market anticipation of defaults, as well as aversion to CBO, CLO or other CDO securities as a class.
The risks of an investment in a CBO, CLO or other CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the instrument in which the Fund invests. Normally, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, investments in CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities, however an active dealer market may exist for CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs allowing them to qualify for Rule 144A transactions. In addition to the normal risks associated with fixed income securities discussed elsewhere in this SAI and the Prospectus, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; (iii) the risk that the Fund may invest in CBOs, CLOs or other CDOs that are subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.
General Considerations Relating to Investments in Underlying Properties in a Single State - While the Fund does not expect to invest in single state pools of mortgages, underlying properties of mortgages of certain states may represent a significant percentage of the underlying mortgages in which the Fund invests as a whole. When the Fund invests in this manner, it is subject to the risk that the economy of the states in which it invests, and the value of properties within the states, may decline. Investing significantly in securities the values of which are economically tied to a single state means that the Fund is more exposed to negative political or economic events affecting that state than a fund that invests more widely. Certain states have experienced significant declines in property values in recent years.
Special Considerations Relating to Investment in Underlying Properties in California - The Fund may invest more than 25% of its assets in pools of mortgages the underlying properties of which are located in California. As a result, the Fund may be more vulnerable to unfavorable developments in California than funds that invest a lesser percent of their assets in securities with exposure to the California housing, property and mortgage markets, and the economy as a whole. After hitting a low of approximately 200,000 units (seasonally-adjusted and annualized) in the middle of 2007, sales of existing single-family homes have rebounded to above 400,000 units annually, and by December 2015, the year-over-year rise in home sales was 10.7%. Home prices continued to climb in 2014 and 2015, and were up 7.8% relative to prices during the same period one year earlier. California issued nearly 94,000 residential building permits during fiscal year 2014-15, approximately 10% more than were issued during the previous fiscal year. The number of permits for new residential units increased to an annual pace of 95,000 units as of December 2015, an increase of 11.9% compared to the same period last year. During fiscal year 2014-15, nonresidential construction increased by 4.1%, and the value of nonresidential permits gained 6.5%.
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Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers - Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Short-Term Investments - To earn a return on uninvested assets, meet anticipated redemptions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in the short-term securities listed below, U.S. government securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. Unless otherwise specified, a short-term debt security has a maturity of one year or less.
Bank Obligations
The Fund may invest in obligations issued by banks and other savings institutions. Investments in bank obligations include obligations of domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks. Such investments in domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks may involve risks that are different from investments in securities of domestic branches of U.S. banks. These risks may include future unfavorable political and economic developments, possible withholding taxes on interest income, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations, or other governmental restrictions which might affect the payment of principal or interest on the securities held by the Fund. Additionally, these institutions may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting and recordkeeping requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Bank obligations include the following:
• | Bankers’ Acceptances - Bankers’ acceptances are bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Corporations use bankers’ acceptances to finance the shipment and storage of goods and to furnish dollar exchange. Maturities are generally six months or less. |
• | Certificates of Deposit - Certificates of deposit are interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity. They are issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds and normally can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit with penalties for early withdrawal will be considered illiquid. |
• | Time Deposits - Time deposits are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds. Like a certificate of deposit, it earns a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. Time deposits with a withdrawal penalty or that mature in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid investments. |
Commercial Paper - Commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a maturity ranging from one to 270 days issued by banks, corporations and other borrowers. Such investments are unsecured and usually discounted. The Fund may invest in commercial paper rated A-1 or A-2 by Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) or Prime-1 or Prime-2 by Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”) or, if not rated, issued by a corporation having an outstanding unsecured debt issue rated A or better by Moody’s or by S&P. See “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” for a description of commercial paper ratings.
Yankee Bonds - Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds issued inside the United States by foreign entities. Investments in these securities involve certain risks that are not typically associated with investing in domestic securities. See “Foreign Securities.”
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Step-Coupon Securities - The Fund may invest in step-coupon securities. Step-coupon securities trade at a discount from their face value and pay coupon interest. The coupon rate is low for an initial period and then increases to a higher coupon rate thereafter. Market values of these types of securities generally fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates to a greater degree than conventional interest-paying securities of comparable term and quality. Under many market conditions, investments in such securities may be illiquid, making it difficult for the Fund to dispose of them or determine their current value.
Zero Coupon Bonds - These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. The Fund’s investments in pay-in-kind, delayed and zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
These securities may include treasury securities, such as STRIPS, that have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities (i.e., unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
Terms to Understand:
Maturity - Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (principal) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (call dates). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
Mutual funds that invest in debt securities have no real maturity. Instead, they calculate their weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the stated maturity of each debt security held by the fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the fund it represents.
Duration - Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or of a mutual fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. Duration measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years – the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. Thus, the higher the duration, the more volatile the security. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
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Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities - The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
▪ | Interest Rates |
The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates (i.e., if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa).
▪ | Prepayment Risk |
This risk affects mainly mortgage-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. The Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of the Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of the Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund.
▪ | Extension Risk |
The other side of prepayment risk occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause the Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This relationship would increase both the sensitivity of the Fund to rising rates as well as the potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of U.S. government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
▪ | Credit Rating |
Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from comparable treasury securities.
Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” Since an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
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A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called investment-grade because its issuer is more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, the Adviser may determine that it is of investment-grade. The Adviser may retain securities that are downgraded, if it believes that keeping those securities is warranted.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade (“junk bonds”) are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a junk bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, junk bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the junk bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of junk bonds and may cause the Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value junk bonds accurately.
The Fund may invest in securities of any credit quality, including securities that are rated below investment grade, but seeks to maintain a minimum average portfolio quality of B- or higher as determined at the time of purchase. When assessing the credit quality of the Fund’s portfolio, the Fund uses ratings from S&P, Moody’s and Fitch, Inc. (“Fitch”), each a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) recognized Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”). If the ratings assigned to a security are not the same, the highest rating of S&P, Moody’s and/or Fitch will be used. If a security is not rated by S&P, Moody’s or Fitch, an equivalent rating determined by the Adviser will be used. No more than 30% of the Fund’s market value determined at the time of purchase may be invested in investments not rated by any SEC recognized NRSRO.
A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. The Adviser monitors the rating of the securities and will take such action, if any, it believes appropriate when it learns that a rating agency has reduced a security’s rating. The Fund is not obligated to dispose of securities whose issuers subsequently are in default or which are downgraded below the above-stated ratings.
Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s current assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. Credit ratings are only an agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk. Ratings assigned by the rating agencies are based upon an analysis completed at the time of the rating of the obligor’s ability to pay interest and repay principal, typically relying to a large extent on historical data, which may not accurately represent present or future circumstances. A credit rating is not a statement of fact or a recommendation to purchase, sell or hold a debt obligation. Also, credit quality can change suddenly and unexpectedly, and credit ratings may not reflect the issuer’s current financial condition or events since the security was last rated. Rating agencies may have a financial interest in generating business, including from the arranger or issuer of the security that normally pays for that rating, and providing a low rating might affect the rating agency’s prospects for future business. While rating agencies have policies and procedures to address this potential conflict of interest, there is a risk that these policies will fail to prevent a conflict of interest from impacting the rating. Additionally, legislation has recently been enacted in an effort to reform rating agencies. Rules have also recently been adopted by the SEC to require rating agencies to provide additional disclosure and reduce conflicts of interest, and further reform has been proposed. It is uncertain how such legislation or additional regulation might impact the ratings agency business and the Adviser’s use of ratings in its investment process.
The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
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Foreign Securities
Types of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities that are traded or issued in markets outside of the U.S. The markets in which these securities are located can be developed or emerging. The Fund can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways, including:
▪ | The Fund can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency; |
▪ | The Fund can invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and other similar global instruments; and |
▪ | The Fund can invest in investment funds. |
American Depositary Receipts - ADRs as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including EDRs and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. EDRs are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
Emerging Markets - An “emerging market country” is generally a country that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNP”) than more developed countries. There are currently over 150 countries that the international financial community generally considers to be emerging or developing countries, approximately 50 of which currently have stock markets.
Sovereign Debt Obligations - Sovereign debt obligations are issued or guaranteed by foreign governments or their agencies. Sovereign debt may be in the form of conventional securities or other types of debt instruments such as loans or loan participations. Governmental entities responsible for repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal and pay interest when due, and may require renegotiation or reschedule of debt payments. In addition, prospects for repayment of principal and payment of interest may depend on political as well as economic factors. Although some sovereign debt, such as Brady Bonds, is collateralized by U.S. government securities, repayment of principal and payment of interest is not guaranteed by the U.S. government.
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Investment Funds - Some emerging countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If the Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their net asset value.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors - Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit the Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval, limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest, or may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s investments.
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Information and Supervision - There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk - The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | Have substantially less volume; |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | May have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards. |
▪ | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis. |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated. |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights. |
▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk - If the Fund invests in foreign securities denominated in foreign currencies, it will be subject to foreign currency risk. While the Fund denominates its net asset value in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
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▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes - Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for the Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets - Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Money Market Securities - Money market securities include short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by a NRSRO, such as S&P or Moody’s, or determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; U.S. dollar denominated money market obligations of foreign banks or of foreign branches or subsidiaries of U.S. banks; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described in this SAI. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” to this SAI.
Structured Notes - The Fund may invest in a broad category of instruments known as “structured notes.” These instruments are debt obligations issued by industrial corporations, financial institutions or governmental or international agencies. Traditional debt obligations typically obligate the issuer to repay the principal plus a specified rate of interest. Structured notes, by contrast, obligate the issuer to pay amounts of principal or interest that are determined by reference to changes in some external factor or factors, or the principal and interest rate may vary from the stated rate because of changes in these factors. For example, the issuer’s obligations could be determined by reference to changes in the value of a commodity (such as gold or oil) or commodity index, a foreign currency, an index of securities (such as the S&P 500 Index) or an interest rate (such as the U.S. Treasury bill rate). In some cases, the issuer’s obligations are determined by reference to changes over time in the difference (or “spread”) between two or more external factors (such as the U.S. prime lending rate and the total return of the stock market in a particular country, as measured by a stock index). In some cases, the issuer’s obligations may fluctuate inversely with changes in an external factor or factors (for example, if the U.S. prime lending rate goes up, the issuer’s interest payment obligations are reduced). In some cases, the issuer’s obligations may be determined by some multiple of the change in an external factor or factors (for example, three times the change in the U.S. Treasury bill rate). In some cases, the issuer’s obligations remain fixed (as with a traditional debt instrument) so long as an external factor or factors do not change by more than the specified amount (for example, if the value of a stock index does not exceed some specified maximum), but if the external factor or factors change by more than the specified amount, the issuer’s obligations may be sharply reduced.
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Structured notes can serve many different purposes in the management of the Fund. For example, they can be used to increase the Fund’s exposure to changes in the value of assets that the Fund would not ordinarily purchase directly (such as currencies traded in a market that is not open to U.S. investors). They can also be used to hedge the risks associated with other investments the Fund holds. For example, if a structured note has an interest rate that fluctuates inversely with general changes in a country’s stock market index, the value of the structured note would generally move in the opposite direction to the value of holdings of stocks in that market, thus moderating the effect of stock market movements on the value of the Fund’s portfolio as a whole.
Structured notes involve special risks. As with any debt obligation, structured notes involve the risk that the issuer will become insolvent or otherwise default on its payment obligations. This risk is in addition to the risk that the issuer’s obligations (and thus the value of the Fund’s investment) will be reduced because of adverse changes in the external factor or factors to which the obligations are linked. The value of structured notes will in many cases be more volatile (that is, will change more rapidly or severely) than the value of traditional debt instruments. Volatility will be especially high if the issuer’s obligations are determined by reference to some multiple of the change in the external factor or factors. Many structured notes have limited or no liquidity, so that the Fund would be unable to dispose of the investment prior to maturity. As with all investments, successful use of structured notes depends in significant part on the accuracy of the Adviser’s analysis of the issuer’s creditworthiness and financial prospects, and of the Adviser’s forecast as to changes in relevant economic and financial market conditions and factors. In instances where the issuer of a structured note is a foreign entity, the usual risks associated with investments in foreign securities (described above) apply. Structured notes may be considered derivative securities.
Credit Linked Notes - A credit linked note (“CLN”) is a type of structured note issued by a special purpose entity (the “Note Issuer”) whose value is linked to an underlying reference asset (the “Reference Instrument”). CLNs typically provide periodic payments of interest as well as payment of principal upon maturity, the value of which is tied to the underlying reference asset. The purchaser of the CLN (the “Note Purchaser”) invests a par amount and receives a payment during the term of the CLN that equals a fixed or floating rate of interest equivalent to a high rated funded asset (such as a bank certificate of deposit) plus an additional premium that relates to taking on the credit risk of the Reference Instrument. Upon maturity of the CLN, the Note Purchaser will receive a payment equal to (i) the original par amount paid to the Note Issuer, if there is neither a designated event of default (an “Event of Default”) with respect to the Reference Instrument nor a restructuring of the issuer of the Reference Instrument (a “Restructuring Event”) or (ii) the value of the Reference Instrument, if an Event of Default or Restructuring Event has occurred. Depending upon the terms of the CLN, it is also possible that the Note Purchaser may be required to take physical delivery of the Reference Instrument in the event of an Event of Default or a Restructuring Event. Most CLNs use a corporate bond (or a portfolio of corporate bonds) as the Reference Instrument(s). However, almost any type of fixed income security (including foreign government securities) or derivative contract (such as a credit default swap) can be used as the Reference Instrument.
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Investments in CLNs are subject to the risk of loss of the principal investment and/or periodic interest payments expected to be received from an investment in a CLN in the event that one or more of the underlying obligations of a note default or otherwise become non-performing. To the extent the Fund invests in a CLN that represents an interest in a single issuer or limited number of issuers, a credit event with respect to that issuer or limited number of issuers presents a greater risk of loss to the Fund than if the CLN represented an interest in underlying obligations of multiple issuers.
Repurchase Agreements - The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Fund follows certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of the Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by the Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant. The Fund will not invest more than 33 1/3% of its assets in repurchase agreements.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements - The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements, which involve the sale of securities with an agreement to repurchase the securities at an agreed-upon price, date and interest payment and have the characteristics of borrowing. Generally, the effect of such a transaction is that the Fund can recover all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities involved during the term of the reverse repurchase agreement, while the Fund will be able to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are advantageous only if the interest cost to the Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. Opportunities to achieve this advantage may not always be available, and the Fund intends to use the reverse repurchase technique only when it will be advantageous to the Fund. The Fund will in each instance establish a segregated account with the Trust’s custodian bank in which the Fund will maintain cash or cash equivalents or other portfolio securities equal in value to the Fund’s obligations in respect of reverse repurchase agreements. The Fund will not invest more than 33 1/3% of its assets in reverse repurchase agreements.
Securities Lending - The Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of the Fund (including the loan collateral). The Fund will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund. The Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund’s securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
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By lending its securities, the Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. The Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. In such instances, the Adviser will vote the securities in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Direct Lending Risk - The Fund may make direct loans and engage in direct lending with unaffiliated third parties. This practice involves certain risks. Direct loans between the Fund and a borrower may not be administered by an underwriter or agent bank. The terms of the direct loans are negotiated with borrowers in private transactions. Furthermore, a direct loan may be secured or unsecured.
There are no restrictions on the credit quality of the Fund’s loans. Loans may be deemed to have substantial vulnerability to default in payment of interest and/or principal. There can be no assurance as to the levels of defaults and/or recoveries that may be experienced on loans in which the Fund has invested. Certain of the loans in which the Fund may invest have large uncertainties or major risk exposures to adverse conditions, and may be considered to be predominantly speculative. Generally, such loans offer a higher return potential than better quality loans, but involve greater volatility of price and greater risk of loss of income and principal. The market values of certain of these loans also tend to be more sensitive to changes in economic conditions than better quality loans.
In determining whether to make a direct loan, the Fund will rely primarily upon the creditworthiness of the borrower and/or any collateral for payment of interest and repayment of principal. In making a direct loan, the Fund is exposed to the risk that the borrower may default or become insolvent and, consequently, that the Fund will lose money on the loan. Furthermore, direct loans may subject the Fund to liquidity and interest rate risk (each of which is discussed elsewhere in this SAI) and certain direct loans may be deemed illiquid. Direct loans are not publicly traded and may not have a secondary market. The lack of a secondary market for direct loans may have an adverse impact on the ability of the Fund to dispose of a direct loan and/or to value the direct loan.
If a loan is foreclosed, the Fund could become part owner of any collateral and would bear the costs and liabilities associated with owning and disposing of the collateral. As a result, the Fund may be exposed to losses resulting from default and foreclosure. Any costs or delays involved in the effectuation of a foreclosure of the loan or a liquidation of the underlying assets will further reduce the proceeds and thus increase the loss. Different types of assets may be used as collateral for the Fund’s loans and, accordingly, the valuation of and risks associated with such collateral will vary by loan. There is no assurance that the Fund will correctly evaluate the value of the assets collateralizing the Fund’s loans or the prospects for a successful reorganization or similar action. In any reorganization or liquidation proceeding relating to a company that the Fund funds, the Fund may lose all or part of the amounts advanced to the borrower or may be required to accept collateral with a value less than the amount of the loan advanced by the Fund to the borrower. Further, there is no assurance that the protection of the Fund’s interests will be adequate, including the validity or enforceability of the loan and the maintenance of the anticipated priority and perfection of the applicable security interests. In addition, there is no assurance that claims will not be asserted that might interfere with enforcement of the Fund’s rights.
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Securities of Other Investment Companies - The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Fund. The Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its exchange-traded fund investments.
For hedging or other purposes, the Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as exchange-traded funds, are traded on a securities exchange. The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the SEC to certain exchange-traded funds ("ETFs") and procedures approved by the Board, the Fund may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Fund otherwise complies with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Restricted and Illiquid Investments - The Fund may invest in investments that are not readily marketable and investments that are not registered (“restricted securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. Illiquid investments are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment.
Illiquid investments may include a wide variety of investments, such as repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, over-the-counter options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements), fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or do not provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits), participation interests in loans, commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act), and securities whose disposition is restricted under the federal securities laws. Illiquid investments include restricted, privately placed securities that, under the federal securities laws, generally may be resold only to qualified institutional buyers. If a substantial market develops for a restricted security (or other illiquid investment) held by the Fund, it may be treated as a liquid security, in accordance with procedures and guidelines approved by the Board.
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Variable and Floating Rate Instruments - Certain of the obligations purchased by the Fund may carry variable or floating rates of interest, may involve a conditional or unconditional demand feature and may include variable amount master demand notes. Such instruments bear interest at rates that are not fixed, but which vary with changes in specified market rates or indices. The interest rates on these securities may be reset daily, weekly, quarterly or some other reset period, and may have a floor or ceiling on interest rate changes. There is a risk that the current interest rate on such obligations may not accurately reflect existing market interest rates. A demand instrument with a demand notice exceeding seven days may be considered illiquid if there is no secondary market for such securities.
When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward Delivery Transactions - A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which have not been issued. In a forward delivery transaction, the Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities the Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. The Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
The Fund uses when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When the Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward delivery transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, the Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward delivery basis, the Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because the Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to the risks associated with its other investments.
The Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward delivery transactions. The Fund will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of the commitments. The Fund’s liquidity and the ability of the Adviser to manage it might be affected in the event its commitments to purchase “when-issued” securities ever exceed 25% of the value of its total assets.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks - As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
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Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that the Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
The Fund may not:
1. | Concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time; provided, however, that the Fund will concentrate its investments in the asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities group of industries. |
2. | Borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | Make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | Underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | Purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objective of the Fund, the following limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
1. | The Fund may not borrow money in an amount exceeding 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), provided that investment strategies which either obligate the Fund to purchase securities or require the Fund to cover a position by segregating assets or entering into an offsetting position shall not be subject to this limitation. To the extent that its borrowings exceed 5% of its assets: (i) all borrowings will be repaid before the Fund makes additional investments; and (ii) asset coverage of at least 300% is required. |
2. | The Fund will concentrate its investments in the asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities group of industries. This means the Fund will invest more than 25% of its assets, collectively, in this group. The Fund’s investments in any single industry in the group, however, may, at any time, be less than 25% of assets, provided that its investments in any one or more of the industries in the group, in the aggregate, continues to represent at least 25% of assets. |
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3. | The Fund may not make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) engage in securities lending. |
4. | The Fund will not purchase or sell real estate, except that the Fund may purchase: (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including REITs). |
5. | The Fund will not purchase or sell physical commodities or commodities contracts, except that the Fund may purchase: (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in commodities or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
6. | The Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus any borrowings for investment purposes) in mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of compliance with this policy, the Fund takes in account investments in structured notes that are expected to provide economic exposure equivalent to securitized assets in which the Fund may invest directly. |
Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances cause the Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitations within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Diversification . Under the 1940 Act and the rules, regulations and interpretations thereunder, a “diversified company,” as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. government or its agencies, or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer’s voting securities would be held by the fund.
Concentration. The SEC staff has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s total assets in an industry or group of industries, with certain exceptions. For purposes of the Fund’s concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain derivatives, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, a fund may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
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Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Real Estate . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in real estate, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
Commodities. The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in commodities, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
General. Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership formed in 1926, located at One Financial Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111-2621, is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. The Adviser is a subsidiary of Natixis US, which is part of Natixis Investment Managers. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $249.7 billion in assets under management.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement, dated June 20, 2011 (the “Advisory Agreement”). Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as the investment adviser and makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Trustees.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, or, by the Adviser, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. An investor in the Fund will pay a fee to the Adviser or its affiliates under a separate client agreement for advisory services. The Fund does not pay the Adviser for investment advisory services, but does pay other expenses of the Fund such as administration fees, custody fees and general operating expenses. The Adviser has contractually agreed to reimburse expenses in order to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.20% of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Adviser $0 in advisory fees.
This section includes information about the Fund’s portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
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Compensation. The Adviser believes that portfolio manager compensation should be driven primarily by the delivery of consistent and superior long-term performance for its clients. Portfolio manager compensation is made up of three main components – base salary, variable compensation and a long-term incentive program. Although portfolio manager compensation is not directly tied to assets under management, a portfolio manager’s base salary and/or variable compensation potential may reflect the amount of assets for which the manager is responsible relative to other portfolio managers. The Adviser also offers a profit sharing plan. Base salary is a fixed amount based on a combination of factors including industry experience, firm experience, job performance and market considerations. Variable compensation is an incentive-based component and generally represents a significant multiple of base salary. It is based on four factors – investment performance, profit growth of the firm, profit growth of the manager’s business unit and personal conduct. Investment performance is the primary component and generally represents at least 60% of the total. The other three factors are used to determine the remainder of variable compensation, subject to the discretion of the Chief Investment Officer (“CIO”) and senior management. The CIO and senior management evaluate these other factors annually.
While mutual fund performance and asset size do not directly contribute to the compensation calculation, investment performance for fixed income managers is measured by comparing the performance of the firm’s institutional composite (pre-tax and net of fees) in the manager’s style to the performance of an external benchmark and a customized peer group. The customized peer group is created by the Adviser and is made up of institutional managers in the particular investment style. A manager’s relative performance for the past five years, or seven years for some products, is used to calculate the amount of variable compensation payable due to performance. To ensure consistency, the Adviser analyzes the five or seven year performance on a rolling three year basis. If a manager is responsible for more than one product, the rankings of each product are weighted based on relative asset size of accounts represented in each product.
The Adviser uses both an external benchmark and a customized peer group as a point of comparison for fixed income manager performance because it believes they represent an appropriate combination of the competitive fixed income product universe and the investment styles offered by the firm.
Additional Information
In addition to the compensation described above, portfolio managers may receive additional compensation based on the overall growth of their strategies.
Most mutual funds do not directly contribute to a portfolio manager’s overall compensation because the Adviser uses the performance of the portfolio manager’s institutional accounts compared to an institutional peer group. However, each fund managed by the Adviser employs strategies endorsed by the Adviser and fits into the product category for the relevant investment style. The Adviser may adjust compensation if there is significant dispersion among the returns of the composite and accounts not included in the composite.
The Adviser has developed and implemented two distinct long-term incentive plans to attract and retain investment talent. The plans supplement existing compensation. The first plan has several important components distinguishing it from traditional equity ownership plans:
• | the plan grants units that entitle participants to an annual payment based on a percentage of company earnings above an established threshold; |
• | upon retirement, a participant will receive a multi-year payout for his or her vested units; and |
• | participation is contingent upon signing an award agreement, which includes a non-compete covenant. |
The second plan is similarly constructed although the participants’ annual participation in company earnings is deferred for two years from the time of award and is only payable if the portfolio manager remains at the Adviser. In this plan, there is no post-retirement payments or non-compete covenants.
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Senior management expects that the variable compensation portion of overall compensation will continue to remain the largest source of income for those investment professionals included in the plan(s). The plan(s) was/were initially offered to portfolio managers and over time, the scope of eligibility widened to include other key investment professionals. Management has full discretion on what units are issued and to whom.
Portfolio managers also participate in the Adviser’s profit sharing plan, in which the Adviser makes a contribution to the retirement plan of each employee based on a percentage of base salary (up to a maximum amount). The portfolio managers may also participate in the Adviser’s defined benefit pension plan, which applies to all employees of the Adviser who joined the firm prior to May 3, 2003. The defined benefit is based on years of service and base compensation (up to a maximum amount).
Fund Shares Owned by Portfolio Managers. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares 1 |
Alessandro Pagani | None |
Stephen L’Heureux | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, certain portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts of interest may arise in the allocation of investment opportunities and the allocation of aggregated orders between the Fund and other accounts managed by the Adviser (including institutional accounts, mutual funds, hedge funds and affiliated accounts). The Adviser potentially could give favorable treatment to some accounts for a variety of reasons, including favoring large accounts, accounts that pay higher fees, accounts that pay performance-based fees, accounts of affiliated companies and accounts in which the portfolio manager has an interest. Such favorable treatment could lead to more favorable investment opportunities or allocations for some accounts. The Adviser makes investment decisions for all accounts based on each account’s availability of other comparable investment opportunities and the Adviser’s desire to treat all accounts fairly and equitably over time. The Adviser maintains trade allocation and aggregation policies and procedures to address these potential conflicts. Conflicts of interest also arise to the extent a portfolio manager short sells a stock in one client account but holds that stock long in other accounts, including the Fund, or sells a stock for some accounts while buying the stock for others, and through the use of “soft dollar arrangements,” which are discussed in the section “Fund Transactions.”
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General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of funds evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Fund, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following amounts for these services:
Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$616,421 | $549,817 | $518,108 |
General. The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments, and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”). The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
DST Asset Manager Solutions, Inc., 2000 Crown Colony Drive, Quincy, MA 02169 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as transfer agent for the Fund under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
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MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94104 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Fund. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Suite 1800, Philadelphia, PA 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Fund did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
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The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
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The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, PA 19456.
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N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018) |
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager – Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
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Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. |
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President – Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
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George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Portfolios. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Fund as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
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Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Fund is the only fund in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate
Compensation from the Trust |
Pension or
Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated
Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation from the
Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
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Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for the officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie
(Born: 1965) |
President (since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors (Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
Dianne M. Descoteaux (Born: 1977) |
Vice President and Secretary (since 2011) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2010. Associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, from 2006 to 2010. |
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. Shares may only be purchased through an investment advisory agreement with the Adviser.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
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The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Fund adheres to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities . Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Fund will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Fund will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Fund calculates net asset value, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which the Fund calculates its net asset value. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value the Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
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Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, CDOs, CLOs and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Fund are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Fund are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Fund calculates net asset value. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
This general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
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The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that it timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any, to its shareholders (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership and (B) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed.
If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
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The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals which provide that such losses are carried over by the Fund indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares. It is not anticipated that any distributions by the Fund will be eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income or for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders.
Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund. The Fund will report annually to its shareholders the federal tax status of all distributions made by the Fund.
To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders.
If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
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A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the net asset value of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital will be taxable to the shareholder. If the net asset value of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held your shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a long-term capital gain distribution are subsequently sold or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the long-term capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the first-in, first-out method as its default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
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With respect to investments in STRIPS, treasury receipts, and other zero coupon securities which are sold at original issue discount and thus do not make periodic cash interest payments, the Fund will be required to include as part of its current income the imputed interest on such obligations even though the Fund has not received any interest payments on such obligations during that period. Because the Fund intends to distribute all of its net investment income to its shareholders, the Fund may have to sell Fund securities to distribute such imputed income which may occur at a time when the Adviser would not have chosen to sell such securities and which may result in taxable gain or loss.
Any market discount recognized on a bond is taxable as ordinary income. A market discount bond is a bond acquired in the secondary market at a price below redemption value or adjusted issue price if issued with original issue discount. Absent an election by the Fund to include the market discount in income as it accrues, gain on the Fund’s disposition of such an obligation will be treated as ordinary income by the Fund rather than capital gain to the extent of the accrued market discount.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, the Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If the Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If the Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by the Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in the Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Fund.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
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The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a 24% withholding rate and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions.
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
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Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Fund.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used by the Adviser in connection with the Fund or any other specific client account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Fund, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not pay any commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser.
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Fund may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Fund or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Fund for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Fund, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected through affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Fund is required to identify any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not hold any securities of its “regular brokers or dealers.”
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. The Fund may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rates were as follows:
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 |
32% | 53% |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser, principal underwriter or any affiliated person of the Fund, the Adviser, or its principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (the “Authorized Person”) to authorize the release of the Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Authorized Person reports at least quarterly to the Board regarding the implementation of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Fund is required to disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31). The Fund discloses a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. The Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters will be available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters will be available in shareholder reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR. Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders, but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. In addition, the Fund’s complete portfolio holdings are available to institutional advisory clients of the Adviser (“eligible investors”) on a monthly basis, within 10 days of the end of each month, on the internet, by logging on to eService on the “Client Login” page at www.loomissayles.com. Eligible investors may obtain login information by contacting their Loomis Sayles client service manager.
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The Fund’s policies and procedures provide that the Authorized Person may authorize disclosure of portfolio holdings information to third parties at differing times and/or with different lag times then the information posted to the internet; provided that the recipient is, either by contractual agreement or otherwise by law, (i) required to maintain the confidentiality of the information and (ii) prohibited from using the information to facilitate or assist in any securities transactions or investment program. The Fund will review a third party’s request for portfolio holdings information to determine whether the third party has legitimate business objectives in requesting such information.
The Trust’s policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Fund, the Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Fund’s portfolio holdings information.
In addition, the Fund’s service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator and Transfer Agent, may receive portfolio holdings information as frequently as daily in connection with their services to the Fund. In addition to any contractual provisions relating to confidentiality of information that may be included in the service providers contract with the Trust, these arrangements impose obligations on the Fund’s service providers that would prohibit them from disclosing or trading on the Fund’s non-public information. Financial printers and pricing information vendors may receive portfolio holdings information, as necessary, in connection with their services to the Fund.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of the Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund, each of which represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any additional funds and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
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The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures (“Procedures”). Decisions made by the Adviser regarding the voting of proxies shall be made solely in the interest of the Fund and its shareholders. The Adviser shall exercise its fiduciary responsibilities to vote proxies with respect to the Fund’s investments that are managed by the Adviser in a prudent manner in accordance with its Procedures. Proposals that, in the opinion of the Adviser, are in the best interests of shareholders are generally voted “for” and proposals that, in the judgment of the Adviser, are not in the best interests of shareholders are generally voted “against.” The Adviser is responsible for maintaining certain records and reporting to the Board in connection with the voting of proxies. Upon request for reasonable periodic review as well as annual reporting to the SEC, the Adviser shall make available to the Fund, or the Administrator, the records and information maintained by the Adviser under its Procedures.
The Adviser uses the services of third parties (“Proxy Voting Services”) to research and administer the vote on proxies for those accounts and funds for which the Adviser has voting authority. One of the Proxy Voting Services, Glass, Lewis & Company (“Glass Lewis”), provides vote recommendations and/or analysis to the Adviser based on Glass Lewis’ own research. The Adviser will generally follow its Procedures with input from Glass Lewis unless the Adviser’s Proxy Committee (the “Proxy Committee”) determines that the client’s best interests are served by voting otherwise.
All issues presented for shareholder vote will be considered under the oversight of the Proxy Committee. All non-routine issues will be directly considered by the Proxy Committee and, when necessary, the equity analyst following the company and/or the portfolio manager of the Fund, and will be voted in the best investment interests of the Fund. All routine issues will be voted according to the Procedures approved by the Proxy Committee unless special factors require that they be considered by the Proxy Committee and, when necessary, the equity analyst following the company and/or the portfolio manager of the Fund. The Proxy Committee has established these routine policies in what it believes are the best investment interests of the Adviser’s clients.
The specific responsibilities of the Proxy Committee include, (1) the development, authorization, implementation and update of the Procedures, including an annual review of the Procedures, existing voting guidelines and the proxy voting process in general; (2) oversight of the proxy voting process, including oversight of the vote on proposals according to the predetermined policies in the Procedures, directing the vote on proposals where there is reason not to vote according to the predetermined policies in the Procedures or where proposals require special consideration and consultation with the portfolio managers and analysts for the Fund when necessary or appropriate; (3) periodic sampling or engaging an outside party to sample proxy votes to ensure they comply with the Procedures and are cast in accordance with the clients’ best interests; and (4) engagement and oversight of third-party vendors, such as Proxy Voting Services, including:
(i) | determining whether a Proxy Voting Service has the capacity and competency to adequately analyze proxy issues by considering: |
a) | the adequacy and quality of the Proxy Voting Service’s staffing and personnel, and |
b) | the robustness of the Proxy Voting Service’s policies and procedures regarding its ability to ensure that its recommendations are based on current and accurate information and to identify and address any relevant conflicts of interest. |
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(ii) | providing ongoing oversight of Proxy Voting Services to ensure that proxies continue to be voted in the best interests of clients; |
(iii) | receiving and reviewing updates from Proxy Voting Services regarding relevant business changes or changes to Proxy Voting Services’ conflict policies and procedures; and |
(iv) | in the event that the Proxy Committee becomes aware that a Proxy Voting Service’s recommendation was based on a material factual error, investigating the error, considering the nature of the error and the related recommendation, and determining whether the Proxy Voting Service has taken reasonable steps to reduce the likelihood of similar errors in the future. |
The Adviser has established several policies to ensure that proxies are voted in its clients’ best interest and are not affected by any possible conflicts of interest. First, except in certain limited instances, the Adviser votes in accordance with its pre-determined policies set forth in the Procedures. Second, where these Procedures allow for discretion, the Adviser will generally consider the recommendations of Glass Lewis in making its voting decisions. However, if the Proxy Committee determines that Glass Lewis’ recommendation is not in the best interest of its clients, then the Proxy Committee may use its discretion to vote against Glass Lewis’ recommendation, but only after taking the following steps: (1) conducting a review for any material conflict of interest the Adviser may have and, (2) if any material conflict is found to exist, excluding anyone at the Adviser who is subject to that conflict of interest from participating in the voting decision in any way. However, if deemed necessary or appropriate by the Proxy Committee after full prior disclosure of any conflict, that person may provide information, opinions or recommendations on any proposal to the Proxy Committee. In such event the Proxy Committee will make reasonable efforts to obtain and consider, prior to directing any vote information, opinions or recommendations from or about the opposing position on any proposal.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-800-343-2029; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board on behalf of the Trust has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Administrator and the Distributor have each adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and each Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by Access Persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to engage in personal transactions, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain Access Persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of the shares of the Fund. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of the Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling the Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
A- 1
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
A- 2
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
A- 3
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
A- 4
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
A- 5
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
A- 6
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
A- 7
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
A- 8
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Value Equity Fund
Institutional Class Shares: LSVEX
Investor Class Shares: LVAEX
PROSPECTUS
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all LSV Funds if you invest directly with the Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these
securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
||
1 | ||
1 | ||
3 | ||
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
5 | |
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies |
||
The LSV Value Equity Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Class Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor Class
|
Management Fees |
0.55% |
0.55% |
12b-1 Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.09% |
0.09% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.64% |
0.89% |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$65 |
$205 |
$357 |
$798 |
Investor Class Shares |
$91 |
$284 |
$493 |
$1,096 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 14% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities. This investment policy can be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are mainly common stocks. Although the Fund may invest in securities of companies of any size, the Fund generally invests in companies with market capitalizations of $1 billion or more at the time of purchase.
1
In selecting securities for the Fund, LSV Asset Management (the “Adviser” or “LSV”) focuses on companies whose securities, in the Adviser’s opinion, are out-of-favor (undervalued) in the marketplace at the time of purchase in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow, but show signs of recent improvement. The Adviser believes that these out-of-favor securities will produce superior future returns if their future growth exceeds the market’s low expectations.
The Adviser uses a quantitative investment model to make investment decisions for the Fund. The investment model ranks securities based on fundamental measures of value (such as the price-to-earnings ratio) and indicators of near-term appreciation potential (such as recent price appreciation). The investment model selects stocks to buy from the higher-ranked stocks and selects stocks to sell from those whose rankings have decreased, subject to overall risk controls.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
The medium- and smaller-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these medium- and small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, medium- and small-capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Since the Fund pursues a “value style” of investing, if the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
There is potential for shortfall in any investment process due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, data and system imperfections, analyst judgment, the complex nature of designing, coding, and maintaining portfolio construction systems, and/or other technology used in a quantitative model. Such shortfalls in systematic or quantitative processes in particular pose broader risk because they may be more pervasive in nature. Furthermore, the Adviser’s systems may not necessarily perform in a manner in which they have historically performed or were intended to perform and the Fund can perform differently from the market as a whole based on the factors used in the Adviser’s quantitative model, the weight placed on each factor and changes from the factors’ historical trends. These issues could negatively impact investment returns. Such risks should be viewed as an inherent element of investing in an investment strategy that relies heavily upon a quantitative model.
2
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year for the past ten years and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5, and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
18.63% |
(19.63)% |
(9/30/2009) |
(9/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for the Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After-tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
Investor Class Shares of the Fund commenced operations on June 10, 2014. As a result, the performance information provided for Investor Class Shares incorporates the returns of Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for periods before June 10, 2014. Investor Class Shares would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
3
LSV VALUE EQUITY FUND |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
|
|
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(14.57)% |
5.36% |
11.85% |
7.50% |
Investor Class Shares |
(14.76)% |
5.11% |
11.55% |
7.24% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
||||
Institutional Class Shares |
(15.79)% |
4.35% |
11.13% |
6.84% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
||||
Institutional Class Shares |
(8.23)% |
4.19% |
10.07% |
6.37% |
Russell 1000 Value Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(8.27)% |
5.95% |
11.18% |
6.16% |
LSV Asset Management
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., CEO, CIO, and Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 1999.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 1999.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2006.
Greg Sleight, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail: LSV Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
4
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
5
Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity securities include common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, as well as shares of exchange-traded funds that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies
The Fund’s investment objective is long-term growth of capital. The investment objective may not be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only make temporary defensive investments if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for total return or capital growth.
This Prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this Prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this Prospectus. For liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in cash, money market instruments or equity index futures contracts. However, the Fund intends to remain as fully invested as practicable regardless of market conditions. Of course, the Fund cannot guarantee that it will achieve its investment goal.
6
Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
More Information about the Investment Adviser
Formed in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership, LSV Asset Management provides active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. The Adviser’s general partners include officers and employees of the Adviser, who collectively own a majority of the Adviser, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $106 billion in assets under management. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, IL 60606.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.55% of the average daily net assets of the Fund. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid 0.55% of its average daily net assets in advisory fees to the Adviser.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., has served as CEO, CIO, Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since its founding in 1994. He has more than 42 years of investment and research experience.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, has served as a portfolio manager for LSV since 1995 and a Partner since 1998. He has more than 27 years of investment and research experience.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, has served as a Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since 2006. He has more than 20 years of investment experience.
Greg Sleight has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2006, a Partner since 2012 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 13 years of investment experience.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2009, a Partner since 2013 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 18 years of investment experience.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
7
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own shareholder eligibility criteria, investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Primarily institutional investors and individual investors who meet the initial investment minimum |
Initial – $100,000
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee. |
Investor Class Shares |
Primarily individual investors |
Initial – $1,000
Subsequent – None |
0.25% 12b-1 Fee. |
Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisers, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-888-FUND-LSV.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
You may also buy shares through accounts with brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. If you invest through an authorized institution, you will have to follow its procedures, which may be different from the procedures for investing directly. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund. You will also generally have to address your correspondence or questions regarding the Fund to your institution.
The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Fund is not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
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By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund’s name and the share class. Make your check payable to “LSV Value Equity Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, first call 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, your account number and the share class).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, NA
ABA #101000695
LSV Funds
DDA Account #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/account name/account number/share class
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $25. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009, (Express Mail Address: LSV Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
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General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is
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required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price such securities at fair value – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
LSV Value Equity Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
LSVEX |
00758M634 |
1500 |
Investor Class Shares |
LVAEX |
00769G337 |
4500 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
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Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-888-FUND-LSV for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sale orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sale order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-888-FUND-LSV to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
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By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $500,000 for Institutional Class Shares or $5,000 for Investor Class Shares, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short-term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100,000 with respect to Institutional Class Shares and $1,000 with respect to Investor Class Shares because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirements in its sole discretion.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert Investor Class Shares of the Fund directly to Institutional Class Shares of the Fund or Institutional Class Shares of the Fund directly to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of the share class you are converting, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in such share class, as set forth in the Prospectus. You may only exchange or convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
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Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund invests in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When
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information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
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Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of the Fund is 0.25%.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
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The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax issues that affect the Fund and its shareholders. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains, but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
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Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for purchases of Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
18
The tables that follow present performance information about the Fund. This information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ past five fiscal years, or, if shorter, the period of a Class’s operations. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
For a share outstanding throughout the year or period ended October 31,
** | Commenced operations on June 10, 2014. All ratios for the period have been annualized |
† | Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Total returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
‡ | Portfolio turnover rate is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
(1) | Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period indicated. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
19
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Funds
Investment Adviser
LSV Asset Management
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the LSV Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) |
By Mail: |
LSV Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.lsvasset.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
LSV-PS-001-2300
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund
Institutional Class Shares: LSVVX
Investor Class Shares: LVAVX
PROSPECTUS
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all LSV Funds if you invest directly with the Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these
securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
||
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
||
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies |
||
The LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Class Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor Class
|
Management Fees |
0.38% |
0.38% |
12b-1 Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.16% |
0.16% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.54% |
0.79% |
Less Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.19)% |
(0.19)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.35% |
0.60% |
1 |
LSV Asset Management (“LSV” or the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.35% and 0.60% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$36 |
$154 |
$283 |
$659 |
Investor Class Shares |
$61 |
$233 |
$420 |
$960 |
1
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 17% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities. This investment policy can be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are mainly common stocks. Although the Fund may invest in securities of companies of any size, the Fund generally invests in companies with market capitalizations of $1 billion or more at the time of purchase.
In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser focuses on companies whose securities, in the Adviser’s opinion, are out-of-favor (undervalued) in the marketplace at the time of purchase in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow, but show signs of recent improvement. The Adviser believes that these out-of-favor securities will produce superior future returns if their future growth exceeds the market’s low expectations.
The Adviser uses a quantitative investment model to make investment decisions for the Fund. The investment model ranks securities based on fundamental measures of value (such as the price-to-earnings ratio) and indicators of near-term appreciation potential (such as recent price appreciation). The investment model selects stocks to buy from the higher-ranked stocks and selects stocks to sell from those whose rankings have decreased, subject to overall risk controls. The Adviser manages the Fund conservatively relative to the LSV Value Equity Fund by further restricting the investment model with respect to (1) industry and sector allocations and (2) security weightings relative to the Russell 1000 ® Value Index benchmark.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund. Although the Fund is managed conservatively, as discussed above, the Fund will be subject to the same degree of volatility as its benchmark, which has been high over various historical periods.
The medium- and smaller-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these medium- and small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, medium- and small-capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
2
Since the Fund pursues a “value style” of investing, if the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
There is potential for shortfall in any investment process due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, data and system imperfections, analyst judgment, the complex nature of designing, coding, and maintaining portfolio construction systems, and/or other technology used in a quantitative model. Such shortfalls in systematic or quantitative processes in particular pose broader risk because they may be more pervasive in nature. Furthermore, the Adviser’s systems may not necessarily perform in a manner in which they have historically performed or were intended to perform and the Fund can perform differently from the market as a whole based on the factors used in the Adviser’s quantitative model, the weight placed on each factor and changes from the factors’ historical trends. These issues could negatively impact investment returns. Such risks should be viewed as an inherent element of investing in an investment strategy that relies heavily upon a quantitative model.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5, and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
17.50% |
(18.01)% |
(06/30/2009) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for the Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After-tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
3
Investor Class Shares of the Fund commenced operations on June 10, 2014. As a result, the performance information provided for Investor Class Shares incorporates the returns of Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for periods before June 10, 2014. Investor Class Shares would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
LSV CONSERVATIVE VALUE EQUITY FUND |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
|
|
|
|
Institutional Class Shares |
(11.08)% |
5.32% |
10.88% |
4.62% |
Investor Class Shares |
(11.32)% |
5.03% |
10.62% |
4.41% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
||||
Institutional Class Shares |
(11.77)% |
4.10% |
10.04% |
3.88% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
||||
Institutional Class Shares |
(6.42)% |
4.03% |
9.12% |
3.65% |
Russell 1000 Value Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(8.27)% |
5.95% |
11.18% |
5.11% |
LSV Asset Management
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., CEO, CIO, and Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2007.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2007.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2007.
Greg Sleight, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail: LSV Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
4
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
5
Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity securities include common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, as well as shares of exchange-traded funds that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies
The Fund’s investment objective is long-term growth of capital. The investment objective may not be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only make temporary defensive investments if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for total return or capital growth.
This Prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this Prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this Prospectus. For liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in cash, money market instruments or equity index futures contracts. However, the Fund intends to remain as fully invested as practicable regardless of market conditions. Of course, the Fund cannot guarantee that it will achieve its investment goal.
6
Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
More Information about the Investment Adviser
Formed in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership, LSV Asset Management provides active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. The Adviser’s general partners include officers and employees of the Adviser, who collectively own a majority of the Adviser, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $106 billion in assets under management. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, IL 60606.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.38% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses of the Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.35% and 0.60% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. The contractual expense limitation agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. To maintain these expense limits, the Adviser may reduce a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Fund. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid 0.19% of its average daily net assets (after fee waivers) in advisory fees to the Adviser.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., has served as CEO, CIO, Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since its founding in 1994. He has more than 42 years of investment and research experience.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, has served as a portfolio manager for LSV since 1995 and a Partner since 1998. He has more than 27 years of investment and research experience.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, has served as a Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since 2006. He has more than 20 years of investment experience.
Greg Sleight has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2006, a Partner since 2012 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 13 years of investment experience.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2009, a Partner since 2013 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 18 years of investment experience.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
7
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own shareholder eligibility criteria, investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Primarily institutional investors and individual investors who meet the initial investment minimum |
Initial – $100,000
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee. |
Investor Class Shares |
Primarily individual investors |
Initial – $1,000
Subsequent – None |
0.25% 12b-1 Fee. |
Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisers, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-888-FUND-LSV.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
You may also buy shares through accounts with brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. If you invest through an authorized institution, you will have to follow its procedures, which may be different from the procedures for investing directly. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund. You will also generally have to address your correspondence or questions regarding the Fund to your institution.
8
The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Fund is not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund’s name and the share class. Make your check payable to “LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, first call 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, your account number and the share class).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, NA
ABA #101000695
LSV Funds
DDA Account #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/account name/account number/share class
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $25. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009, (Express Mail Address: LSV Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
9
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
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If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price such securities at fair value – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
LSVVX |
0075W0676 |
1502 |
Investor Class Shares |
LVAVX |
00769G345 |
4502 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
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Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-888-FUND-LSV for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sale orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sale order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
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By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-888-FUND-LSV to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $500,000 for Institutional Class Shares or $5,000 for Investor Class Shares, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short-term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100,000 with respect to Institutional Class Shares and $1,000 with respect to Investor Class Shares because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirements in its sole discretion.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). More information about this is in the SAI.
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How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert Investor Class Shares of the Fund directly to Institutional Class Shares of the Fund or Institutional Class Shares of the Fund directly to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of the share class you are converting, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in such share class, as set forth in the Prospectus. You may only exchange or convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund invests in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
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Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
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Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of the Fund is 0.25%.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments
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are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax issues that affect the Fund and its shareholders. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
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The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains, but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any
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individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
The tables that follow present performance information about the Fund. This information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ past five fiscal years, or, if shorter, the period of a Class’s operations. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
For a share outstanding throughout the year or period ended October 31,
* * |
Commenced operations on June 10, 2014. All ratios for the period have been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Total returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
‡ |
Portfolio turnover rate is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
(1) |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period indicated. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Funds
Investment Adviser
LSV Asset Management
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the LSV Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) |
By Mail: |
LSV Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.lsvasset.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
LSV-PS-002-1400
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Small Cap Value Fund
Institutional Class Shares: LSVQX
Investor Class Shares: LVAQX
PROSPECTUS
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all LSV Funds if you invest directly with the Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these
securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
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Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
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More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies |
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The LSV Small Cap Value Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Class Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor Class
|
Management Fees |
0.70% |
0.70% |
12b-1 Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.11% |
0.11% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
0.81% |
1.06% |
1 |
LSV Asset Management (“LSV” or the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.85% and 1.10% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$83 |
$259 |
$450 |
$1,004 |
Investor Class Shares |
$108 |
$338 |
$585 |
$1,296 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 31% of the average value of its portfolio.
1
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-capitalization companies. This investment policy can be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of this policy, a small-capitalization company is a company with a market capitalization of less than $2.5 billion, or the highest market capitalization in the Russell 2000 ® Value Index, whichever is greater, at the time of initial purchase. The Fund may also invest, to a lesser extent, in equity securities of companies with larger market capitalizations. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are mainly common stocks.
In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser focuses on companies whose securities, in the Adviser’s opinion, are out-of-favor (undervalued) in the marketplace at the time of purchase in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow, but show signs of recent improvement. The Adviser believes that these out-of-favor securities will produce superior future returns if their future growth exceeds the market’s low expectations.
The Adviser uses a quantitative investment model to make investment decisions for the Fund. The investment model ranks securities based on fundamental measures of value (such as the price-to-earnings ratio) and indicators of near-term appreciation potential (such as recent price appreciation). The investment model selects stocks to buy from the higher-ranked stocks and selects stocks to sell from those whose rankings have decreased, subject to overall risk controls.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Small-capitalization companies in which the Fund invests may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited operating histories, product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small-capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Since the Fund pursues a “value style” of investing, if the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
There is potential for shortfall in any investment process due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, data and system imperfections, analyst judgment, the complex nature of designing, coding, and maintaining portfolio construction systems, and/or other technology used in a quantitative model. Such shortfalls in systematic or quantitative processes in particular pose broader risk because they may be more pervasive in nature. Furthermore, the Adviser’s systems may not necessarily perform in a manner in which they have historically performed or were intended to perform and the Fund can perform differently from the market as a whole based on the factors used in the Adviser’s quantitative model, the weight placed on
2
each factor and changes from the factors’ historical trends. These issues could negatively impact investment returns. Such risks should be viewed as an inherent element of investing in an investment strategy that relies heavily upon a quantitative model.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
15.15% |
(19.58)% |
(12/31/2016) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for the Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After-tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
Investor Class Shares of the Fund commenced operations on June 10, 2014. As a result, the performance information provided for Investor Class Shares incorporates the returns of Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for periods before June 10, 2014. Investor Class Shares would have substantially similar performance as Institutional Class Shares because the shares are invested in the same portfolio of securities and the annual returns would generally differ only to the extent that expenses of Investor Class Shares are higher.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
3
LSV SMALL CAP VALUE FUND |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
(17.35)% |
3.62% |
8.17% |
Investor Class Shares |
(17.52)% |
3.36% |
7.90% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
(18.68)% |
2.23% |
6.51% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
(10.23)% |
2.45% |
6.06% |
Russell 2000 Value Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(12.86)% |
3.61% |
7.17% |
LSV Asset Management
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., CEO, CIO, and Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2013.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2013.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2013.
Greg Sleight, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail: LSV Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
4
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
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Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity securities include common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, as well as shares of exchange-traded funds that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies
The Fund’s investment objective is long-term growth of capital. The investment objective may not be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only make temporary defensive investments if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for total return or capital growth.
This Prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this Prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this Prospectus. For liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in cash, money market instruments or equity index futures contracts. However, the Fund intends to remain as fully invested as practicable regardless of market conditions. Of course, the Fund cannot guarantee that it will achieve its investment goal.
Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
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More Information about the Investment Adviser
Formed in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership, LSV Asset Management provides active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. The Adviser’s general partners include officers and employees of the Adviser, who collectively own a majority of the Adviser, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $106 billion in assets under management. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, IL 60606.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.70% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses of the Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.85% and 1.10% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. The contractual expense limitation agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. To maintain these expense limits, the Adviser may reduce a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Fund. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid 0.70% of its average daily net assets in advisory fees to the Adviser.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., has served as CEO, CIO, Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since its founding in 1994. He has more than 42 years of investment and research experience.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, has served as a portfolio manager for LSV since 1995 and a Partner since 1998. He has more than 27 years of investment and research experience.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, has served as a Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since 2006. He has more than 20 years of investment experience.
Greg Sleight has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2006, a Partner since 2012 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 13 years of investment experience.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2009, a Partner since 2013 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 18 years of investment experience.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
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Related Performance Data of the Adviser
The following tables give the related performance of all the actual separate accounts (each, an “Account”), referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of the Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Adviser claims compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS ® ”) and has prepared and presented the following in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The policies for valuing portfolios, calculating performance, and preparing compliant presentations are available upon request. All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. All fees and expenses, except custodial fees, if any, were included in the calculations. Securities are valued as of trade-date. Each Account was under management by the Adviser for the entire reporting period in which the Account was included in the Composite. The currency used to express performance in the Composite is U.S. dollars. Performance results are presented both net of fees and gross of fees. Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The Accounts that are included in the Composite are not subject to the same type of expenses to which the Fund is subject and are not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the Accounts in the Composite were subject to the same fees and expenses or federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Substantially Similar Composite 1
(February 1, 1997 through December 31, 2018)
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
Russell 2000 Value
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2018 |
(17.81)% |
(17.18)% |
(12.86)% |
39 |
$3,204 |
2017 |
6.09% |
6.89% |
7.84% |
40 |
$3,474 |
2016 |
29.73% |
30.68% |
31.74% |
35 |
$2,548 |
2015 |
(3.73)% |
(3.00)% |
(7.47)% |
31 |
$1,909 |
2014 |
10.76% |
11.58% |
4.22% |
31 |
$2,237 |
2013 |
42.97% |
44.04% |
34.52% |
31 |
$2,267 |
2012 |
15.96% |
16.82% |
18.05% |
33 |
$1,577 |
2011 |
(2.55)% |
(1.81)% |
(5.50)% |
34 |
$1,421 |
2010 |
26.56% |
27.49% |
24.51% |
32 |
$1,370 |
2009 |
32.85% |
33.83% |
20.55% |
31 |
$1,233 |
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Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
Russell 2000 Value
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2008 |
(32.04)% |
(31.51)% |
(28.93)% |
31 |
$1,015 |
2007 |
(13.59)% |
(12.93)% |
(9.77)% |
31 |
$1,967 |
2006 |
18.80% |
19.68% |
23.48% |
32 |
$2,639 |
2005 |
5.27% |
6.06% |
4.70% |
35 |
$2,595 |
2004 |
21.28% |
22.18% |
22.25% |
34 |
$2,528 |
2003 |
47.40% |
48.47% |
46.02% |
34 |
$2,371 |
2002 |
(1.45)% |
(0.71)% |
(11.42)% |
31 |
$1,548 |
2001 |
19.12% |
20.00% |
14.02% |
27 |
$1,476 |
2000 |
26.10% |
26.94% |
22.82% |
26 |
$967 |
1999 |
(5.93)% |
(5.21)% |
(1.49)% |
26 |
$898 |
1998 |
(0.78)% |
(0.03)% |
(6.45)% |
25 |
$859 |
1997 3 |
36.94% |
37.86% |
29.79% |
8 |
$225 |
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 12/31/18) |
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Time Period |
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
Russell 2000 Value Index
2
|
|
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
||
1 Year |
(17.81)% |
(17.18)% |
(12.86)% |
5 Years |
3.82% |
4.60% |
3.61% |
10 Years |
12.60% |
13.44% |
10.40% |
Since Inception 3 |
10.04% |
10.86% |
8.44% |
1 |
Returns include the reinvestment of all income. Net results are calculated using the highest management fee in the Adviser’s standard fee schedule (0.75%), or, if higher, the performance-based management fee charged to an Account, and doing so results in performance figures that are no higher than those that would have resulted if the actual fees had been deducted. Returns are based on fully discretionary accounts under management, including, for certain time periods, those accounts no longer with the Adviser. |
2 |
The Russell 2000 Value Index is a widely-recognized, capitalization-weighted (companies with larger market capitalizations have more influence than those with smaller market capitalizations) index of small-cap U.S. companies with lower price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values. |
3 |
Inception date (the initial date of the Composite’s performance record) of the Composite is February 1, 1997. |
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Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own shareholder eligibility criteria, investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Primarily institutional investors and individual investors who meet the initial investment minimum |
Initial – $100,000
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee. |
Investor Class Shares |
Primarily individual investors |
Initial – $1,000
Subsequent – None |
0.25% 12b-1 Fee. |
Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisers, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-888-FUND-LSV.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
You may also buy shares through accounts with brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. If you invest through an authorized institution, you will have to follow its procedures, which may be different from the procedures for investing directly. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund. You will also generally have to address your correspondence or questions regarding the Fund to your institution.
The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Fund is not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
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The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund’s name and the share class. Make your check payable to “LSV Small Cap Value Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, first call 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, your account number and the share class).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, NA
ABA #101000695
LSV Funds
DDA Account #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/account name/account number/share class
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $25. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009, (Express Mail Address: LSV Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate
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investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
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In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price such securities at fair value – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
LSV Small Cap Value Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
LSVQX |
00769G535 |
1504 |
Investor Class Shares |
LVAQX |
00769G329 |
4504 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
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Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-888-FUND-LSV for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
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The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
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The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sale orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sale order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-888-FUND-LSV to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
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By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $500,000 for Institutional Class Shares or $5,000 for Investor Class Shares, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short-term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100,000 with respect to Institutional Class Shares and $1,000 with respect to Investor Class Shares because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirements in its sole discretion.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert Investor Class Shares of the Fund directly to Institutional Class Shares of the Fund or Institutional Class Shares of the Fund directly to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of the share class you are converting, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in such share class, as set forth in the Prospectus. You may only exchange or convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
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Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund invests in small-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
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Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When
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information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
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Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of the Fund is 0.25%.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
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The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax issues that affect the Fund and its shareholders. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains, but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
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Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for purchases of Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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The tables that follow present performance information about the Fund. This information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years, or, if shorter, the period of a Class’s operations. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
For a share outstanding throughout the year or period ended October 31,
** | Commenced operations on June 10, 2014. All ratios for the period have been annualized. |
† | Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Total returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
‡ | Portfolio turnover rate is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
(1) | Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period indicated. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Funds
Investment Adviser
LSV Asset Management
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the LSV Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) |
By Mail: |
LSV Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.lsvasset.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
LSV-PS-006-0800
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund
Institutional Class Shares: LSVMX
Investor Class Shares: LVAMX
PROSPECTUS
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all LSV Funds if you invest directly with the Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these
securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
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1 | ||
1 | ||
2 | ||
4 | ||
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
5 | |
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies |
||
The LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Class Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor Class
|
Management Fees |
0.45% |
0.45% |
12b-1 Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.20% |
0.20% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.65% |
0.90% |
Less Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.10)% |
(0.10)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.55% |
0.80% |
1 | LSV Asset Management (“LSV” or the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.55% and 0.80% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$56 |
$198 |
$353 |
$803 |
Investor Class Shares |
$82 |
$277 |
$490 |
$1,101 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 28% of the average value of its portfolio.
1
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of U.S. companies. This investment policy can be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are mainly common stocks. Although the Fund may invest in securities of companies of any size, the Fund generally invests in companies with market capitalizations of $100 million or more at the time of purchase.
In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser focuses on companies whose securities, in the Adviser’s opinion, are out-of-favor (undervalued) in the marketplace at the time of purchase in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow, but show signs of recent improvement. The Adviser believes that these out-of-favor securities will produce superior future returns if their future growth exceeds the market’s low expectations. The Adviser seeks to manage volatility by selecting stocks for the Fund’s portfolio whose total returns are not expected to fluctuate as dramatically as those of the equity markets as a whole.
The Adviser uses a quantitative investment model to make investment decisions for the Fund. The investment model ranks securities based on fundamental measures of value (such as price-to-earnings ratio) and indicators of near-term appreciation potential (such as recent price appreciation). Additionally, securities are ranked based on sensitivity to broader market movements or “beta,” standard deviation, and volatility of operating performance (cash flow and earnings) to identify securities that the Adviser believes will have less volatility than the overall equity markets. The investment model is used to select stocks to buy from those with higher expected returns and lower expected volatility and select stocks to sell from those whose expected returns have decreased and expected volatility has increased, subject to overall risk controls.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Although the Fund seeks to manage volatility within its portfolio, there is no guarantee that the Fund will be successful. Securities in the Fund’s portfolio may be subject to price volatility, and the Fund’s share price may not be any less volatile than the market as a whole and could be more volatile. The Adviser’s determinations/expectations regarding volatility may be incorrect or inaccurate, which may also adversely affect the Fund’s actual volatility. The Fund also may underperform other funds with similar investment objectives and strategies. The Fund may provide protection in volatile markets by potentially curbing or mitigating the risk of loss in declining equity markets, but the Fund’s opportunity to achieve returns when the equity markets are rising may also be limited. In general, the greater the protection against downside loss, the lesser the Fund’s opportunity to participate in the returns generated by rising equity markets; however, there is no guarantee that the Fund will be successful in protecting the value of its portfolio in down markets.
The medium- and smaller-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these medium- and small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, medium- and small-capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
2
Since the Fund pursues a “value style” of investing, if the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
There is potential for shortfall in any investment process due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, data and system imperfections, analyst judgment, the complex nature of designing, coding, and maintaining portfolio construction systems, and/or other technology used in a quantitative model. Such shortfalls in systematic or quantitative processes in particular pose broader risk because they may be more pervasive in nature. Furthermore, the Adviser’s systems may not necessarily perform in a manner in which they have historically performed or were intended to perform and the Fund can perform differently from the market as a whole based on the factors used in the Adviser’s quantitative model, the weight placed on each factor and changes from the factors’ historical trends. These issues could negatively impact investment returns. Such risks should be viewed as an inherent element of investing in an investment strategy that relies heavily upon a quantitative model.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
8.26% |
(8.44)% |
9/30/2018 |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for the Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After-tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
3
LSV U.S. MANAGED VOLATILITY FUND |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
|
|
Institutional Class Shares |
(1.75)% |
6.92% |
Investor Class Shares |
(2.11)% |
6.70% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(3.18)% |
5.98% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
0.04% |
5.44% |
S&P 500 Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(4.38)% |
7.80% |
LSV Asset Management
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., CEO, CIO, and Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Greg Sleight, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Jason Karceski, Ph.D., Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail: LSV Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
4
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
5
Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity securities include common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, as well as shares of exchange-traded funds that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies
The Fund’s investment objective is long-term growth of capital. The investment objective may not be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only make temporary defensive investments if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for total return or capital growth.
This Prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this Prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this Prospectus. For liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in cash, money market instruments or equity index futures contracts. However, the Fund intends to remain as fully invested as practicable regardless of market conditions. Of course, the Fund cannot guarantee that it will achieve its investment goal.
6
Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
More Information about the Investment Adviser
Formed in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership, LSV Asset Management provides active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. The Adviser’s general partners include officers and employees of the Adviser, who collectively own a majority of the Adviser, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $106 billion in assets under management. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, IL 60606.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.45% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses of the Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.55% and 0.80% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. The contractual expense limitation agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. To maintain these expense limits, the Adviser may reduce a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Fund. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid 0.35% of its average daily net assets (after fee waivers) in advisory fees to the Adviser.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., has served as CEO, CIO, Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since its founding in 1994. He has more than 42 years of investment and research experience.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, has served as a portfolio manager for LSV since 1995 and a Partner since 1998. He has more than 27 years of investment and research experience.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, has served as a Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since 2006. He has more than 20 years of investment experience.
Greg Sleight has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2006, a Partner since 2012 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 13 years of investment experience.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2009, a Partner since 2013 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 18 years of investment experience.
Jason Karceski, Ph.D., has served as a Senior Research Analyst of LSV since 2009, a Partner since 2012 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 25 years of investment experience.
7
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
Related Performance Data of the Adviser
The following tables give the related performance of all the actual separate accounts (each, an “Account”), referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of the Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Adviser claims compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS ® ”) and has prepared and presented the following in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The policies for valuing portfolios, calculating performance, and preparing compliant presentations are available upon request.
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. All fees and expenses, except custodial fees, if any, were included in the calculations. Securities are valued as of trade-date. Each Account was under management by the Adviser for the entire reporting period in which the Account was included in the Composite. The currency used to express performance in the Composite is U.S. dollars. Performance results are presented both net of fees and gross of fees. Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The Accounts that are included in the Composite are not subject to the same type of expenses to which the Fund is subject and are not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the Accounts in the Composite were subject to the same fees and expenses or federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Substantially Similar Composite 1
(March 1, 2010 through December 31, 2018)
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
S&P 500 Index
2
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2018 |
(1.44)% |
(1.04)% |
(4.38)% |
22 |
$4,306 |
2017 |
14.02% |
14.47% |
21.83% |
24 |
$4,757 |
2016 |
15.15% |
15.61% |
11.96% |
21 |
$4,324 |
2015 |
0.75% |
1.15% |
1.38% |
14 |
$3,241 |
2014 |
18.71% |
19.18% |
13.69% |
11 |
$2,315 |
8
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
S&P 500 Index
2
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2013 |
32.23% |
33.01% |
32.39% |
8 |
$1,682 |
2012 |
11.90% |
12.57% |
16.00% |
5 |
$1,069 |
2011 |
9.56% |
10.22% |
2.12% |
5 |
$670 |
2010 3 |
13.35% |
13.92% |
15.76% |
1 |
$33 |
1 | Returns include the reinvestment of all income. Net results are calculated using the highest management fee in the Adviser’s standard fee schedule (0.40%), or, if higher, the performance-based management fee charged to an Account, and doing so results in performance figures that are no higher than those that would have resulted if the actual fees had been deducted. Returns are based on fully discretionary accounts under management, including, for certain time periods, those accounts no longer with the Adviser. |
2 | The S&P 500 Index includes 500 companies in leading industries of the U.S. economy and captures 80% of the U.S. equity market capitalization. |
3 | Inception date (the initial date of the Composite’s performance record) of the Composite is March 1, 2010. |
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own shareholder eligibility criteria, investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Primarily institutional investors and individual investors who meet the initial investment minimum |
Initial – $100,000
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee. |
Investor Class Shares |
Primarily individual investors |
Initial – $1,000
Subsequent – None |
0.25% 12b-1 Fee. |
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Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisers, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-888-FUND-LSV.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
You may also buy shares through accounts with brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. If you invest through an authorized institution, you will have to follow its procedures, which may be different from the procedures for investing directly. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund. You will also generally have to address your correspondence or questions regarding the Fund to your institution.
The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Fund is not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund’s name and the share class. Make your check payable to “LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
10
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, first call 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, your account number and the share class).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, NA
ABA #101000695
LSV Funds
DDA Account #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/account name/account number/share class
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $25. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009, (Express Mail Address: LSV Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions.
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Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price such securities at fair value – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
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Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
LSVMX |
00769G410 |
4507 |
Investor Class Shares |
LVAMX |
00769G394 |
4508 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-888-FUND-LSV for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
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● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sale orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sale order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-888-FUND-LSV to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $500,000 for Institutional Class Shares or $5,000 for Investor Class Shares, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
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Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short-term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100,000 with respect to Institutional Class Shares and $1,000 with respect to Investor Class Shares because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirements in its sole discretion.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert Investor Class Shares of the Fund directly to Institutional Class Shares of the Fund or Institutional Class Shares of the Fund directly to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of the share class you are converting, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in such share class, as set forth in the Prospectus. You may only exchange or convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund invests in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
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The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
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The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV.
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Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of the Fund is 0.25%.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
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You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax issues that affect the Fund and its shareholders. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains, but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis
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method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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The tables that follow present performance information about the Fund. This information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the period of the Fund’s operations. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
For a share outstanding throughout the year or period ended October 31,
** | Commenced operations on June 25, 2014. All ratios for the period have been annualized. |
† | Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Total returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
‡ | Portfolio turnover rate is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
(1) | Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period indicated. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Funds
Investment Adviser
LSV Asset Management
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the LSV Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) |
By Mail: |
LSV Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.lsvasset.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov . You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
LSV-PS-007-0600
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund
Institutional Class Shares: LSVFX
Investor Class Shares: LVAFX
PROSPECTUS
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all LSV Funds if you invest directly with the Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these
securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
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Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
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More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies |
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The LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Class Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor Class
|
Management Fees |
0.60% |
0.60% |
12b-1 Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.91% |
1.00% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.51% |
1.85% |
Less Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.76)% |
(0.85)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.75% |
1.00% |
1 |
LSV Asset Management (“LSV” or the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.75% and 1.00% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$77 |
$402 |
$750 |
$1,732 |
Investor Class Shares |
$102 |
$499 |
$920 |
$2,097 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 23% of the average value of its portfolio.
1
Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund invests primarily in equity securities of companies located throughout the world. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are mainly common stocks, but may also include American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs” and, together with ADRs, “Depositary Receipts”). Depositary Receipts are certificates issued by a bank or trust company that represent ownership of shares of a foreign issuer and generally trade on an established market, in the United States or elsewhere. Although the Fund may invest in securities of companies of any size, the Fund generally invests in companies with market capitalizations of $100 million or more at the time of purchase.
Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest in at least three countries, including the United States, and at least 40% of its assets will be invested in non-U.S. companies, in both developed and emerging market countries. The Fund considers a company to be a non-U.S. company if (i) the company’s primary issue trades on a non-U.S. exchange; or (ii) the company is organized, maintains its principal place of business, or primarily generates its revenues outside of the United States.
In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser focuses on companies whose securities, in the Adviser’s opinion, are out-of-favor (undervalued) in the marketplace at the time of purchase in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow, but show signs of recent improvement. The Adviser believes that these out-of-favor securities will produce superior future returns if their future growth exceeds the market’s low expectations. The Adviser seeks to manage volatility by selecting stocks for the Fund’s portfolio whose total returns are not expected to fluctuate as dramatically as those of the equity markets as a whole.
The Adviser uses a quantitative investment model to make investment decisions for the Fund. The investment model ranks securities based on fundamental measures of value (such as the price-to-earnings ratio) and indicators of near-term appreciation potential (such as recent price appreciation). Additionally, securities are ranked based on sensitivity to broader market movements or “beta,” standard deviation, and volatility of operating performance (cash flow and earnings) to identify securities that the Adviser believes will have less volatility than the overall equity markets. The investment model is used to select stocks to buy from those with higher expected returns and lower expected volatility and select stocks to sell from those whose expected returns have decreased and expected volatility has increased, subject to overall risk controls.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Although the Fund seeks to manage volatility within its portfolio, there is no guarantee that the Fund will be successful. Securities in the Fund’s portfolio may be subject to price volatility, and the Fund’s share price may not be any less volatile than the market as a whole and could be more volatile. The Adviser’s determinations/expectations regarding volatility may be incorrect or inaccurate, which may also adversely affect the Fund’s actual volatility. The Fund also may underperform other funds with similar investment objectives and strategies. The Fund may provide protection in volatile markets by potentially curbing or mitigating the risk of loss in declining equity markets, but the Fund’s opportunity to achieve returns when the equity markets are rising may also be limited. In general, the greater the protection against downside loss, the lesser the Fund’s opportunity to participate in the returns generated by rising equity markets; however, there is no guarantee that the Fund will be successful in protecting the value of its portfolio in down markets.
2
Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through Depositary Receipts, which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies are generally denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While Depositary Receipts provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in Depositary Receipts continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
The medium- and smaller-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these medium- and small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, medium- and small-capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Since the Fund pursues a “value style” of investing, if the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
There is potential for shortfall in any investment process due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, data and system imperfections, analyst judgment, the complex nature of designing, coding, and maintaining portfolio construction systems, and/or other technology used in a quantitative model. Such shortfalls in systematic or quantitative processes in particular pose broader risk because they may be more pervasive in nature. Furthermore, the Adviser’s systems may not necessarily perform in a manner in which they have historically performed or were intended to perform and the Fund can perform differently from the market as a whole based on the factors used in the Adviser’s quantitative model, the weight placed on each factor and changes from the factors’ historical trends. These issues could negatively impact investment returns. Such risks should be viewed as an inherent element of investing in an investment strategy that relies heavily upon a quantitative model.
3
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
6.36% |
(9.02)% |
(12/31/2017) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for the Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After-tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
LSV GLOBAL MANAGED VOLATILITY FUND |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
|
|
Institutional Class Shares |
(6.25)% |
3.85% |
Investor Class Shares |
(6.46)% |
3.59% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(6.99)% |
2.81% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(3.37)% |
2.81% |
MSCI All Country World Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(9.42)% |
3.43% |
4
LSV Asset Management
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., CEO, CIO, and Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Greg Sleight, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Jason Karceski, Ph.D., Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail: LSV Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
5
Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity securities include common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, Depositary Receipts, as well as shares of exchange-traded funds that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Investments in securities of foreign companies (including direct investments as well as investments through Depositary Receipts) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. These risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the dollar, the value of the Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
6
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies
The Fund’s investment objective is long-term growth of capital. The investment objective may not be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only make temporary defensive investments if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for total return or capital growth.
This Prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this Prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this Prospectus. For liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in cash, money market instruments or equity index futures contracts. However, the Fund intends to remain as fully invested as practicable regardless of market conditions. Of course, the Fund cannot guarantee that it will achieve its investment goal.
Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
More Information about the Investment Adviser
Formed in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership, LSV Asset Management provides active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. The Adviser’s general partners include officers and employees of the Adviser, who collectively own a majority of the Adviser, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $106 billion in assets under management. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, IL 60606.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.60% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses of the Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.75% and 1.00% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. The contractual expense limitation agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. To maintain these expense limits, the Adviser may reduce a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Fund. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not pay any advisory fees (after fee waivers) to the Adviser.
7
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., has served as CEO, CIO, Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since its founding in 1994. He has more than 42 years of investment and research experience.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, has served as a portfolio manager for LSV since 1995 and a Partner since 1998. He has more than 27 years of investment and research experience.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, has served as a Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since 2006. He has more than 20 years of investment experience.
Greg Sleight has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2006, a Partner since 2012 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 13 years of investment experience.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2009, a Partner since 2013 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 18 years of investment experience.
Jason Karceski, Ph.D., has served as a Senior Research Analyst of LSV since 2009, a Partner since 2012 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 25 years of investment experience.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
Related Performance Data of the Adviser
The following tables give the related performance of all the actual separate accounts (each, an “Account”), referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of the Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Adviser claims compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS ® ”) and has prepared and presented the following in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The policies for valuing portfolios, calculating performance, and preparing compliant presentations are available upon request.
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. All fees and expenses, except custodial fees, if any, were included in the calculations. Securities are valued as of trade-date. Each Account was under management by the Adviser for the entire reporting period in which the Account was included in the Composite. The currency used to express performance in the Composite is U.S. dollars. Performance results are presented both net of fees and gross of fees. Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
8
The Accounts that are included in the Composite are not subject to the same type of expenses to which the Fund is subject and are not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the Accounts in the Composite were subject to the same fees and expenses or federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Substantially Similar Composite 1
(April 1, 2012 through December 31, 2018)
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
MSCI All Country
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2018 |
(5.12)% |
(4.59)% |
(9.42)% |
11 |
$3,794 |
2017 |
18.37% |
19.01% |
23.97% |
10 |
$2,990 |
2016 |
10.81% |
11.42% |
7.51% |
4 |
$319 |
2015 |
(3.86)% |
(3.33)% |
(2.36)% |
3 |
$249 |
2014 |
8.67% |
9.27% |
4.16% |
3 |
$173 |
2013 |
22.65% |
23.65% |
22.80% |
2 |
$101 |
2012 3 |
6.95% |
7.47% |
3.80% |
1 |
$5 |
1 |
Returns include the reinvestment of all income. Net results are calculated using the highest management fee in the Adviser’s standard fee schedule (0.50%), or, if higher, the performance-based management fee charged to an Account, and doing so results in performance figures that are no higher than those that would have resulted if the actual fees had been deducted. Returns are based on fully discretionary accounts under management, including, for certain time periods, those accounts no longer with the Adviser. |
2 |
The MSCI All Country World Index captures large- and mid-cap representation across 23 developed market countries and 24 emerging market countries. The index covers approximately 85% of the global investable equity opportunity set. |
3 |
Inception date (the initial date of the Composite’s performance record) of the Composite is April 1, 2012. |
9
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own shareholder eligibility criteria, investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Primarily institutional investors and individual investors who meet the initial investment minimum |
Initial – $100,000
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee. |
Investor Class Shares |
Primarily individual investors |
Initial – $1,000
Subsequent – None |
0.25% 12b-1 Fee. |
Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisers, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-888-FUND-LSV.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
You may also buy shares through accounts with brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. If you invest through an authorized institution, you will have to follow its procedures, which may be different from the procedures for investing directly. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund. You will also generally have to address your correspondence or questions regarding the Fund to your institution.
The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Fund is not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
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The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund’s name and the share class. Make your check payable to “LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, first call 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, your account number and the share class).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, NA
ABA #101000695
LSV Funds
DDA Account #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/account name/account number/share class
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $25. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009, (Express Mail Address: LSV Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation
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policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of the Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
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How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
With respect to non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
There may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
LSVFX |
00769G386 |
4505 |
Investor Class Shares |
LVAFX |
00769G378 |
4506 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
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If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-888-FUND-LSV for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
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The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
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The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sale orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sale order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-888-FUND-LSV to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $500,000 for Institutional Class Shares or $5,000 for Investor Class Shares, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short-term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100,000 with respect to Institutional Class Shares and $1,000 with respect to Investor Class Shares because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirements in its sole discretion.
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Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert Investor Class Shares of the Fund directly to Institutional Class Shares of the Fund or Institutional Class Shares of the Fund directly to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of the share class you are converting, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in such share class, as set forth in the Prospectus. You may only exchange or convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund invests in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
In addition, because the Fund invests in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than a fund investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares by virtue of their Fund share transaction, if those prices reflect the fair value of the foreign securities. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage. For more information about how the Fund uses fair value pricing, see “How the Fund Calculates NAV.”
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
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Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
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The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
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Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service,
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administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of the Fund is 0.25%.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
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Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax issues that affect the Fund and its shareholders. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains, but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their
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tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund at the close of its taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. If the Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
21
The tables that follow present performance information about the Fund. This information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the period of the Fund’s operations. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
For a share outstanding throughout the years or period ended October 31,
(1) | Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period indicated. |
† | Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Total returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
‡ | Portfolio turnover rate is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
** | Commenced operations on June 25, 2014. All ratios for the period have been annualized. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
22
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Funds
Investment Adviser
LSV Asset Management
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the LSV Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) |
By Mail: |
LSV Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.lsvasset.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
LSV-PS-008-0600
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Global Value Fund
Institutional Class Shares: LSVGX
Investor Class Shares: LVAGX
PROSPECTUS
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all LSV Funds if you invest directly with the Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these
securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
||
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
||
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies |
||
The LSV Global Value Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Class Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Investor Class
|
Management Fees |
0.75% |
0.75% |
12b-1 Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
2.42% |
2.43% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
3.17% |
3.43% |
Less Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements1 |
(2.27)% |
(2.28)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.90% |
1.15% |
1 |
LSV Asset Management (“LSV” or the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.90% and 1.15% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$92 |
$764 |
$1,460 |
$3,317 |
Investor Class Shares |
$117 |
$841 |
$1,588 |
$3,560 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 13% of the average value of its portfolio.
1
Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund invests primarily in equity securities of companies located throughout the world. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are mainly common stocks, but may also include American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs” and, together with ADRs, “Depositary Receipts”). Depositary Receipts are certificates issued by a bank or trust company that represent ownership of shares of a foreign issuer and generally trade on an established market, in the United States or elsewhere. Although the Fund may invest in securities of companies of any size, the Fund generally invests in companies with market capitalizations of $100 million or more at the time of purchase.
Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest in at least three countries, including the United States, and at least 40% of its assets will be invested in non-U.S. companies, in both developed and emerging market countries. The Fund considers a company to be a non-U.S. company if (i) the company’s primary issue trades on a non-U.S. exchange; or (ii) the company is organized, maintains its principal place of business, or primarily generates its revenues outside of the United States.
In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser focuses on companies whose securities, in the Adviser’s opinion, are out-of-favor (undervalued) in the marketplace at the time of purchase in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow, but show signs of recent improvement. The Adviser believes that these out-of-favor securities will produce superior future returns if their future growth exceeds the market’s low expectations.
The Adviser uses a quantitative investment model to make investment decisions for the Fund. The investment model ranks securities based on fundamental measures of value (such as the price-to-earnings ratio) and indicators of near-term appreciation potential (such as recent price appreciation). The investment model selects stocks to buy from the higher-ranked stocks and selects stocks to sell from those whose rankings have decreased, subject to overall risk controls.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through Depositary Receipts, which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies are generally denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which would reduce income received from the securities comprising
2
the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While Depositary Receipts provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in Depositary Receipts continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
The medium- and smaller-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these medium- and small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, medium- and small-capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Since the Fund pursues a “value style” of investing, if the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
There is potential for shortfall in any investment process due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, data and system imperfections, analyst judgment, the complex nature of designing, coding, and maintaining portfolio construction systems, and/or other technology used in a quantitative model. Such shortfalls in systematic or quantitative processes in particular pose broader risk because they may be more pervasive in nature. Furthermore, the Adviser’s systems may not necessarily perform in a manner in which they have historically performed or were intended to perform and the Fund can perform differently from the market as a whole based on the factors used in the Adviser’s quantitative model, the weight placed on each factor and changes from the factors’ historical trends. These issues could negatively impact investment returns. Such risks should be viewed as an inherent element of investing in an investment strategy that relies heavily upon a quantitative model.
3
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Best Quarter |
Worst Quarter |
7.12% |
(13.91)% |
(9/30/2016) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for the Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After-tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
LSV GLOBAL VALUE FUND |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
|
|
Institutional Class Shares |
(15.52)% |
1.68% |
Investor Class Shares |
(15.69)% |
1.46% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(16.41)% |
0.85% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
||
Institutional Class Shares |
(9.18)% |
1.10% |
MSCI All Country World Index Return (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(9.42)% |
3.43% |
4
LSV Asset Management
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., CEO, CIO, and Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Greg Sleight, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since 2014.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail: LSV Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
5
Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity securities include common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, Depositary Receipts, as well as shares of exchange-traded funds that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Investments in securities of foreign companies (including direct investments as well as investments through Depositary Receipts) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. These risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the dollar, the value of the Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
6
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies
The Fund’s investment objective is long-term growth of capital. The investment objective may not be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only make temporary defensive investments if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for total return or capital growth.
This Prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this Prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this Prospectus. For liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in cash, money market instruments or equity index futures contracts. However, the Fund intends to remain as fully invested as practicable regardless of market conditions. Of course, the Fund cannot guarantee that it will achieve its investment goal.
Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
More Information about the Investment Adviser
Formed in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership, LSV Asset Management provides active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. The Adviser’s general partners include officers and employees of the Adviser, who collectively own a majority of the Adviser, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $106 billion in assets under management. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, IL 60606.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.75% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses of the Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 0.90% and 1.15% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. The contractual expense limitation agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. To maintain these expense limits, the Adviser may reduce a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Fund. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not pay any advisory fees (after fee waivers) to the Adviser.
7
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., has served as CEO, CIO, Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since its founding in 1994. He has more than 42 years of investment and research experience.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, has served as a portfolio manager for LSV since 1995 and a Partner since 1998. He has more than 27 years of investment and research experience.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, has served as a Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since 2006. He has more than 20 years of investment experience.
Greg Sleight has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2006, a Partner since 2012 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 13 years of investment experience.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2009, a Partner since 2013 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 18 years of investment experience.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
Related Performance Data of the Adviser
The following tables give the related performance of all the actual separate accounts (each, an “Account”), referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of the Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Adviser claims compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS ® ”) and has prepared and presented the following in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The policies for valuing portfolios, calculating performance, and preparing compliant presentations are available upon request.
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. All fees and expenses, except custodial fees, if any, were included in the calculations. Securities are valued as of trade-date. Each Account was under management by the Adviser for the entire reporting period in which the Account was included in the Composite. The currency used to express performance in the Composite is U.S. dollars. Performance results are presented both net of fees and gross of fees. Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The Accounts that are included in the Composite are not subject to the same type of expenses to which the Fund is subject and are not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the Accounts in the Composite were subject to the same fees and expenses or federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
8
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Substantially Similar Composite 1
(July 1, 2006 through December 31, 2018)
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
MSCI All Country
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2018 |
(14.19)% |
(13.53)% |
(8.71)% |
49 |
$16,989 |
2017 |
22.44% |
23.40% |
23.97% |
44 |
$17,544 |
2016 |
12.42% |
13.31% |
7.86% |
20 |
$6,861 |
2015 |
(4.75)% |
(3.98)% |
(2.36)% |
17 |
$5,871 |
2014 |
5.00% |
5.84% |
4.16% |
15 |
$6,351 |
2013 |
29.29% |
30.30% |
22.80% |
12 |
$5,128 |
2012 |
17.24% |
18.17% |
16.13% |
10 |
$3,541 |
2011 |
(7.11)% |
(6.41)% |
(7.36)% |
5 |
$1,354 |
2010 |
12.95% |
13.79% |
12.67% |
4 |
$795 |
2009 |
37.01% |
38.01% |
34.63% |
4 |
$472 |
2008 |
(41.08)% |
(40.61)% |
(42.21)% |
3 |
$224 |
2007 |
5.39% |
6.18% |
11.65% |
1 |
$44 |
2006 3 |
15.07% |
15.52% |
13.97% |
1 |
$41 |
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 12/31/18) |
|||
Time Period |
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
MSCI All Country World
|
|
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
||
1 Year |
(14.19)% |
(13.53)% |
(8.71)% |
5 Years |
3.34% |
4.12% |
4.56% |
10 Years |
9.84% |
10.66% |
9.67% |
Since Inception 3 |
6.59% |
7.38% |
6.17% |
1 |
Returns include the reinvestment of all income. Net results are calculated using the highest management fee in the Adviser’s standard fee schedule (0.75%), or, if higher, the performance-based management fee charged to an Account, and doing so results in performance figures that are no higher than those that would have resulted if the actual fees had been deducted. Returns are based on fully discretionary accounts under management, including, for certain time periods, those accounts no longer with the Adviser. |
2 |
The MSCI All Country World Index captures large- and mid-cap representation across 23 developed market countries and 24 emerging market countries. The index covers approximately 85% of the global investable equity opportunity set. |
3 |
Inception date (the initial date of the Composite’s performance record) of the Composite is July 1, 2006. |
9
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own shareholder eligibility criteria, investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Primarily institutional investors and individual investors who meet the initial investment minimum |
Initial – $100,000 (including for IRAs)
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee. |
Investor Class Shares |
Primarily individual investors |
Initial – $1,000 (including for IRAs)
Subsequent – None |
0.25% 12b-1 Fee. |
Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisers, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-888-FUND-LSV.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
You may also buy shares through accounts with brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. If you invest through an authorized institution, you will have to follow its procedures, which may be different from the procedures for investing directly. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund. You will also generally have to address your correspondence or questions regarding the Fund to your institution.
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The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Fund is not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund’s name and the share class. Make your check payable to “LSV Global Value Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, first call 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, your account number and the share class).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, NA
ABA #101000695
LSV Funds
DDA Account #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/account name/account number/share class
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $25. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009, (Express Mail Address: LSV Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
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Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of the Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
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If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
With respect to non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
There may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
LSV Global Value Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
LSVGX |
00769G352 |
4509 |
Investor Class Shares |
LVAGX |
00769G360 |
4510 |
13
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-888-FUND-LSV for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
14
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sale orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sale order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-888-FUND-LSV to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $500,000 for Institutional Class Shares or $5,000 for Investor Class Shares, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short-term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
15
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100,000 with respect to Institutional Class Shares and $1,000 with respect to Investor Class Shares because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirements in its sole discretion.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert Investor Class Shares of the Fund directly to Institutional Class Shares of the Fund or Institutional Class Shares of the Fund directly to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of the share class you are converting, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in such share class, as set forth in the Prospectus. You may only exchange or convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund invests in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
In addition, because the Fund invests in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than a fund investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares by virtue of their Fund share transaction, if those prices reflect the fair value of the foreign securities. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign
16
securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage. For more information about how the Fund uses fair value pricing, see “How the Fund Calculates NAV.”
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
17
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
18
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of the Fund is 0.25%.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
19
The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax issues that affect the Fund and its shareholders. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains, but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
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U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund at the close of its taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. If the Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
21
The tables that follow present performance information about the Fund. This information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the period of the Fund’s operations. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
For a share outstanding throughout the year or period ended October 31,
* * |
Commenced operations on June 25, 2014. All ratios for the period have been annualized. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived a portion of its fee. Total returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
‡ |
Portfolio turnover rate is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. |
(1) |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period indicated. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0 or have been rounded to $0.
22
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Funds
Investment Adviser
LSV Asset Management
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the LSV Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) |
By Mail: |
LSV Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.lsvasset.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
LSV-PS-009-0600
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund
Institutional Class Shares: LSVZX
Investor Class Shares: LVAZX
PROSPECTUS
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all LSV Funds if you invest directly with the Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these
securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
||
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
||
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies |
||
The LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term growth of capital.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Class Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor Class
|
|
Management Fees |
1.00% |
1.00% |
12b-1 Fees |
None |
0.25% |
Other Expenses 1 |
1.89% |
1.89% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
2.89% |
3.14% |
Less Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(1.69)% |
(1.69)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.20% |
1.45% |
1 |
Other Expenses are based on estimated amounts for the current fiscal year. |
2 |
LSV Asset Management (“LSV” or the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 1.20% and 1.45% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
Institutional Class Shares |
$122 |
$735 |
Investor Class Shares |
$148 |
$810 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual
1
Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. Because the Fund was not in operation as of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, it does not have portfolio turnover information to report.
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of emerging market companies. This investment policy can be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are mainly common stocks, but may also include preferred stocks, American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs” and, together with ADRs, “Depositary Receipts”). Depositary Receipts are certificates issued by a bank or trust company that represent ownership of shares of a foreign issuer and generally trade on an established market, in the United States or elsewhere. Although the Fund may invest in securities of companies of any size, the Fund generally invests in companies with market capitalizations of $50 million or more at the time of initial purchase.
The Fund considers a company to be an emerging market company if: (i) the company’s primary issue trades on the exchange of an emerging markets country; (ii) the company is organized or maintains its principal place of business in an emerging markets country; or (iii) the company primarily generates its revenues in emerging markets countries. The Fund considers an “emerging market country” to include any country that is included in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index (the “Index”) or that is publicly announced to be added to the Index.
In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser focuses on companies whose securities, in the Adviser’s opinion, are out-of-favor (undervalued) in the marketplace at the time of purchase in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow, but show signs of recent improvement. The Adviser believes that these out-of-favor securities will produce superior future returns if their future growth exceeds the market’s low expectations.
The Adviser uses a quantitative investment model to make investment decisions for the Fund. The investment model ranks securities based on fundamental measures of value (such as the price-to-earnings ratio) and indicators of near-term appreciation potential (such as recent price appreciation). The investment model selects stocks to buy from the higher-ranked stocks and selects stocks to sell from those whose rankings have decreased, subject to overall risk controls.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through Depositary Receipts, which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies are generally denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to,
2
events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While Depositary Receipts provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in Depositary Receipts continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
The medium- and smaller-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these medium- and small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, medium- and small-capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
There is potential for shortfall in any investment process due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, data and system imperfections, analyst judgment, the complex nature of designing, coding, and maintaining portfolio construction systems, and/or other technology used in a quantitative model. Such shortfalls in systematic or quantitative processes in particular pose broader risk because they may be more pervasive in nature. Furthermore, the Adviser’s systems may not necessarily perform in a manner in which they have historically performed or were intended to perform and the Fund can perform differently from the market as a whole based on the factors used in the Adviser’s quantitative model, the weight placed on each factor and changes from the factors’ historical trends. These issues could negatively impact investment returns. Such risks should be viewed as an inherent element of investing in an investment strategy that relies heavily upon a quantitative model.
Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations, is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds.
3
The Fund commenced operations on January 17, 2019, and therefore does not have performance history for a full calendar year. Once the Fund has completed a full calendar year of operations, a bar chart and table will be included that will provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing the variability of the Fund’s returns and comparing the Fund’s performance to a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future
Current performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
LSV Asset Management
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., CEO, CIO, and Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018.
Greg Sleight, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, Partner, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail: LSV Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distributions will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
4
Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity securities include common and preferred stocks and Depositary Receipts. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Depositary receipts are described below. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Investments in securities of foreign companies (including direct investments as well as investments through Depositary Receipts) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. These risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the dollar, the value of the Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations, is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
5
More Information about the Fund’s Investment Objective and Strategies
The Fund’s investment objective is long-term growth of capital. The investment objective may not be changed without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only make temporary defensive investments if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for total return or capital growth.
This Prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this Prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”). For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this Prospectus. For liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in cash, money market instruments or equity index futures contracts. However, the Fund intends to remain as fully invested as practicable regardless of market conditions. Of course, the Fund cannot guarantee that it will achieve its investment goal.
Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
More Information about the Investment Adviser
Formed in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership, LSV Asset Management provides active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. The Adviser’s general partners include officers and employees of the Adviser, who collectively own a majority of the Adviser, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $106 billion in assets under management. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, IL 60606.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 1.00% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses of the Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding 1.20% and 1.45% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until February 28, 2020. The contractual expense limitation agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. To maintain these expense limits, the Adviser may reduce a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Fund.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from the Fund’s inception to April 30, 2019.
6
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Josef Lakonishok, Ph.D., has served as CEO, CIO, Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since its founding in 1994. He has more than 42 years of investment and research experience.
Menno Vermeulen, CFA, has served as a portfolio manager for LSV since 1995 and a Partner since 1998. He has more than 27 years of investment and research experience.
Puneet Mansharamani, CFA, has served as a Partner and portfolio manager for LSV since 2006. He has more than 20 years of investment experience.
Greg Sleight has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2006, a Partner since 2012 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 13 years of investment experience.
Guy Lakonishok, CFA, has served as a Quantitative Analyst of LSV since 2009, a Partner since 2013 and portfolio manager since 2014. He has more than 18 years of investment experience.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
Related Performance Data of the Adviser
The following tables give the related performance of all the actual separate accounts (each, an “Account”), referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of the Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Adviser claims compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS ® ”) and has prepared and presented the following in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The policies for valuing portfolios, calculating performance, and preparing compliant presentations are available upon request.
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. All fees and expenses, except custodial fees, if any, were included in the calculations. Securities are valued as of trade-date. Each Account was under management by the Adviser for the entire reporting period in which the Account was included in the Composite. The currency used to express performance in the Composite is U.S. dollars. Performance results are presented both net of fees and gross of fees. The “net of fees” Composite returns are provided net of all actual fees and expenses (including sales loads and account fees, if any) other than custodial fees, if any. Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The Accounts that are included in the Composite are not subject to the same type of expenses to which the Fund is subject and are not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the Accounts in the Composite were subject to the same fees and expenses or federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
7
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Substantially Similar Composite
1
(July 1, 2005 through December 31, 2018)
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
MSCI Emerging
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2018 |
(13.70)% |
(12.82)% |
(14.58)% |
15 |
$6,247 |
2017 |
31.64% |
32.93% |
37.28% |
15 |
$7,220 |
2016 |
17.36% |
18.53% |
11.19% |
13 |
$5,073 |
2015 |
(18.86)% |
(18.03)% |
(14.92)% |
14 |
$4,549 |
2014 |
(0.54)% |
0.46% |
(2.19)% |
14 |
$5,811 |
2013 |
(0.93)% |
0.06% |
(2.60)% |
13 |
$5,192 |
2012 |
21.73% |
22.94% |
18.23% |
12 |
$4,858 |
2011 |
(18.16)% |
(17.32)% |
(18.42)% |
7 |
$2,938 |
2010 |
26.07% |
27.31% |
18.86% |
7 |
$3,164 |
2009 |
93.47% |
95.31% |
78.50% |
6 |
$2,297 |
2008 |
(51.96)% |
(51.44)% |
(53.33)% |
7 |
$690 |
2007 |
45.34% |
46.76% |
39.37% |
7 |
$1,369 |
2006 |
32.70% |
34.00% |
32.16% |
7 |
$876 |
2005 3 |
22.63% |
23.23% |
26.42% |
Five or fewer |
$239 |
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 12/31/18) |
|||
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
|||
Time Period |
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
MSCI Emerging Markets
|
1 Year |
(13.70)% |
(12.82)% |
(14.58)% |
5 Years |
1.48% |
2.50% |
1.65% |
10 Years |
9.99% |
11.80% |
8.02% |
Since Inception 4 |
8.32% |
9.41% |
6.54% |
1 |
Returns include the reinvestment of all income. Net results are calculated using the highest non-performance-based management fee in the Adviser’s standard fee schedule, which is applicable to the majority of the Accounts included in the Composite. Returns are based on fully discretionary accounts under management, including, for certain time periods, those accounts no longer with the Adviser. |
2 |
The MSCI Emerging Markets Index is a free float-adjusted market capitalization index designed to measure the equity market performance of emerging markets. |
3 |
Performance information is for the period July 1, 2005 to December 31, 2005. |
4 |
The Composite was created in July 2005. |
8
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own shareholder eligibility criteria, investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them.
Class Name |
Eligible Investors |
Investment Minimums |
Fees |
Institutional Class Shares |
Primarily institutional investors and individual investors who meet the initial investment minimum |
Initial – $100,000
Subsequent – None |
No 12b-1 Fee. |
Investor Class Shares |
Primarily individual investors |
Initial – $1,000
Subsequent – None |
0.25% 12b-1 Fee. |
Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisers, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-888-FUND-LSV.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
You may also buy shares through accounts with brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. If you invest through an authorized institution, you will have to follow its procedures, which may be different from the procedures for investing directly. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund. You will also generally have to address your correspondence or questions regarding the Fund to your institution.
9
The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Fund is not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund’s name and the share class. Make your check payable to “LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, first call 1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, your account number and the share class).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, NA
ABA #101000695
LSV Funds
DDA Account #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/account name/account number/share class
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $25. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009, (Express Mail Address: LSV Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
10
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of the Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
11
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
With respect to non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000, including for IRAs. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $1,000, including for IRAs. There are no minimum subsequent investment amounts for the Fund. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
LSVZX |
0075W0361 |
4511 |
Investor Class Shares |
LVAZX |
0075W0353 |
4512 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
12
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the
Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-888-FUND-LSV for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
LSV Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
13
Express Mail Address
LSV Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sale orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sale order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-888-FUND-LSV to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $500,000 for Institutional Class Shares or $5,000 for Investor Class Shares, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short-term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
14
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100,000 with respect to Institutional Class Shares and $1,000 with respect to Investor Class Shares because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirements in its sole discretion.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert Investor Class Shares of the Fund directly to Institutional Class Shares of the Fund or Institutional Class Shares of the Fund directly to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of the share class you are converting, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in such share class, as set forth in the Prospectus. You may only exchange or convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund invests in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
In addition, because the Fund invests in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than a fund investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares by virtue of their Fund share transaction, if those prices reflect the fair value of the foreign securities. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign
15
securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage. For more information about how the Fund uses fair value pricing, see “How the Fund Calculates NAV.”
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than four (4) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
16
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV.
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Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of the Fund is 0.25%.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
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The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important U.S. federal income tax issues that affect the Fund and its shareholders. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains, but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).
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The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for purchases of Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund at the close of its taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. If the Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
Because the Fund had not commenced operations during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, financial highlights are not available.
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
LSV Funds
Investment Adviser
LSV Asset Management
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the LSV Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-888-FUND-LSV (1-888-386-3578) |
By Mail: |
LSV Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.lsvasset.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
LSV-PS-010-0200
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
LSV VALUE EQUITY FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: LSVEX)
(Investor Class Shares: LVAEX)
LSV CONSERVATIVE VALUE EQUITY FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: LSVVX)
(Investor Class Shares: LVAVX)
LSV SMALL CAP VALUE FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: LSVQX)
(Investor Class Shares: LVAQX)
LSV U.S. MANAGED VOLATILITY FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: LSVMX)
(Investor Class Shares: LVAMX)
LSV GLOBAL MANAGED VOLATILITY FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: LSVFX)
(Investor Class Shares: LVAFX)
LSV GLOBAL VALUE FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: LSVGX)
(Investor Class Shares: LVAGX)
LSV EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY FUND
(Institutional Class Shares: LSVZX)
(Investor Class Shares: LVAZX)
each, a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
LSV ASSET MANAGEMENT
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the LSV Value Equity Fund, LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund, LSV Small Cap Value Fund, LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Value Fund and LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund (each, a “Fund,” and collectively, the “Funds”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Funds’ prospectuses dated March 1, 2019, as they may be amended from time to time (each, a “Prospectus,” and together, the “Prospectuses”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectuses. The most recent Annual Reports for the Funds, which include the Funds’ audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, are incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectuses or Annual Reports, free of charge, by writing to the Funds at LSV Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: LSV Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 W. 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or calling the Funds at 1-888-FUND-LSV.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | LSV-SX-002-2200 |
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General. Each Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Funds in Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. The different classes provide for variations in certain distribution expenses and minimum investment requirements. Minimum investment requirements and investor eligibility are described in the Prospectuses. For more information on distribution expenses, see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in this SAI. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. Each Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each, a “Trustee” and together, the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate each Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if a Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES
Each Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectuses. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectuses. For a description of certain permitted investments discussed below, see “Description of Permitted Investments” in this SAI.
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Each Fund seeks long-term growth of capital. This goal is fundamental, and may not be changed without the consent of shareholders. There can be no assurance that a Fund will be able to achieve its investment objective. Each Fund is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).
Although each Fund will normally be as fully invested as practicable in equity securities, including warrants, rights to purchase common stocks, debt securities convertible into common stocks and preferred stocks, a portion of a Fund’s assets may also be invested in investment grade fixed income securities, cash and money market securities. Investment grade fixed income securities are debt securities that are rated in one of the four highest rating categories (“investment grade”) by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (an “NRSRO”) or that the Funds’ investment adviser, LSV Asset Management (“LSV” or the “Adviser”), determines are of comparable quality. Each Fund may also make limited use of equity index futures contracts for liquidity purposes. In order to generate additional income, each Fund may lend securities that it owns as well as invest in repurchase agreements.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The following are descriptions of the permitted investments and the associated risk factors. Each Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by its stated investment policies, including those stated below.
Equity Securities. Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, and securities convertible into common stock. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Funds invest will cause the net asset value of the Funds to fluctuate. The Funds purchase equity securities traded in the United States on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
• | Common Stock. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock. |
• | Preferred Stock. Preferred stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer that pays dividends at a specified rate and that has precedence over common stock in the payment of dividends. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take precedence over the claims of those who own preferred and common stock. |
• | Warrants. Warrants are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments. |
• | Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by a Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party. |
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Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain or loss than common stocks. Convertible securities generally provide yields higher than the underlying common stocks, but generally lower than comparable non-convertible securities. Because of this higher yield, convertible securities generally sell at a price above their “conversion value,” which is the current market value of the stock to be received upon conversion. The difference between this conversion value and the price of convertible securities will vary over time depending on changes in the value of the underlying common stocks and interest rates. When the underlying common stocks decline in value, convertible securities will tend not to decline to the same extent because of the interest or dividend payments and the repayment of principal at maturity for certain types of convertible securities. However, securities that are convertible other than at the option of the holder generally do not limit the potential for loss to the same extent as securities convertible at the option of the holder. When the underlying common stocks rise in value, the value of convertible securities may also be expected to increase. At the same time, however, the difference between the market value of convertible securities and their conversion value will narrow, which means that the value of convertible securities will generally not increase to the same extent as the value of the underlying common stocks. Because convertible securities may also be interest-rate sensitive, their value may increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
• | Small and Medium Capitalization Issuers. Investing in equity securities of small and medium capitalization companies often involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in larger capitalization companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of smaller size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of depth of management. The securities of smaller companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and even if listed on a national securities exchange may not be traded in volumes typical for that exchange. Consequently, the securities of smaller companies are less likely to be liquid, may have limited market stability, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than securities of larger, more established growth companies or the market averages in general. |
Foreign Securities
Types of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities that are traded in markets outside of the U.S. The markets in which these securities are located can be developed or emerging. The Funds can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways, including:
▪ | The Funds can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency; |
▪ | The Funds can invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”); European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and other similar global instruments; and |
▪ | The Funds can invest in investment funds. |
American Depositary Receipts. ADRs as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including EDRs and GDRs are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. EDRs are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
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ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
Emerging Markets. An “emerging market” country is any country that is included in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index (the "Index") or that is publicly announced to be added to the Index. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNPs”) than more developed countries. There are currently over 150 countries that the international financial community generally considers to be emerging or developing countries, approximately 50 of which currently have stock markets.
Sovereign Debt Obligations. Sovereign debt obligations are issued or guaranteed by foreign governments or their agencies. Sovereign debt may be in the form of conventional securities or other types of debt instruments such as loans or loan participations. Governmental entities responsible for repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal and pay interest when due, and may require renegotiation or reschedule of debt payments. In addition, prospects for repayment of principal and payment of interest may depend on political as well as economic factors. Although some sovereign debt, such as Brady Bonds, is collateralized by U.S. government securities, repayment of principal and payment of interest is not guaranteed by the U.S. government.
Investment Funds . Some emerging countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If a Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their net asset value.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors. Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
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▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit a Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval, limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest, or may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Funds’ investments.
Information and Supervision. There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk. The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | Have substantially less volume; |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
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▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | May have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards. |
• | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis. |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated. |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights. |
▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk. While each Fund denominates its net asset value in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes. Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for a Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets. Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
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▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Money Market Securities. Money market securities include short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by an NRSRO, such as Standard & Poor’s Ratings Service (“S&P”) or Moody’s Investor Service (“Moody’s”), or determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described below. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” to this SAI.
U.S. Government Securities. Each Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Funds’ shares.
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On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017 the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
U.S. Treasury Obligations. U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”). The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately.
Commercial Paper. Commercial paper is the term used to designate unsecured short-term promissory notes issued by corporations and other entities. Maturities on these issues vary from a few to 270 days.
Obligations of Domestic Banks, Foreign Banks and Foreign Branches of U.S. Banks. The Funds may invest in obligations issued by banks and other savings institutions. Investments in bank obligations include obligations of domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks. Such investments in domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks may involve risks that are different from investments in securities of domestic branches of U.S. banks. These risks may include future unfavorable political and economic developments, possible withholding taxes on interest income, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations, or other governmental restrictions which might affect the payment of principal or interest on the securities held by the Funds. Additionally, these institutions may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting and recordkeeping requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Bank obligations include the following:
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• | Bankers’ Acceptances. Bankers’ acceptances are bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Corporations use bankers’ acceptances to finance the shipment and storage of goods and to furnish dollar exchange. Maturities are generally six months or less. |
• | Certificates of Deposit. Certificates of deposit are interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity. They are issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds and normally can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit with penalties for early withdrawal will be considered illiquid. |
• | Time Deposits. Time deposits are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds. Like a certificate of deposit, it earns a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. Time deposits with a withdrawal penalty or that mature in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid investments. |
Repurchase Agreements. Each Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions in order to increase its income. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Funds follow certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Funds will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Funds, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Funds will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Funds’ right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Funds could suffer a loss. A Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of each Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by the Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Funds in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which a Fund sells portfolio securities to financial institutions, such as banks and broker-dealers, and agrees to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon date and price that is higher than the original sale price. Reverse repurchase agreements are similar to a fully collateralized borrowing by a Fund. At the time a Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will earmark on the books of the Fund or place in a segregated account cash or liquid securities having a value equal to the repurchase price (including accrued interest) and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve risks. Reverse repurchase agreements are a form of leverage, and the use of reverse repurchase agreements by a Fund may increase the Fund’s volatility. Reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to the risk that the other party to the reverse repurchase agreement will be unable or unwilling to complete the transaction as scheduled, which may result in losses to a Fund. Reverse repurchase agreements also involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by a Fund may decline below the price at which it is obligated to repurchase the securities. In addition, when a Fund invests the proceeds it receives in a reverse repurchase transaction, there is a risk that those investments may decline in value. In this circumstance, the Fund could be required to sell other investments in order to meet its obligations to repurchase the securities.
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Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”). Each Fund may invest in ETFs. ETFs may be structured as investment companies that are registered under the 1940 Act, typically as open-end funds or unit investment trusts. These ETFs are generally based on specific domestic and foreign market securities indices. An “index-based ETF” seeks to track the performance of an index by holding in its portfolio either the contents of the index or a representative sample of the securities in the index. Alternatively, ETFs may be structured as grantor trusts or other forms of pooled investment vehicles that are not registered or regulated under the 1940 Act. These ETFs typically hold commodities, precious metals, currency or other non-securities investments. ETFs, like mutual funds, have expenses associated with their operation, such as advisory and custody fees. When a Fund invests in an ETF, in addition to directly bearing expenses associated with its own operations, including the brokerage costs associated with the purchase and sale of shares of the ETF, the Fund will bear a pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses. In addition, it may be more costly to own an ETF than to directly own the securities or other investments held by the ETF because of ETF expenses. The risks of owning shares of an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the underlying securities or other investments held by the ETF, although lack of liquidity in the market for the shares of an ETF could result in the ETF’s value being more volatile than the underlying securities or other investments.
Securities of Other Investment Companies. Each Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by a Fund. A Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
For hedging or other purposes, a Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange-Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Funds may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Funds otherwise comply with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Securities Lending. The Funds may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of a Fund (including the loan collateral). The Funds will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or their affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Funds.
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The Funds may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Funds’ securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending their securities, the Funds may increase their income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects the Funds to market risk. A Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by a Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. Each Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Funds’ ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectuses, the Funds may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Funds may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting themselves from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, a Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Funds to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Funds’ investment objectives and is legally permissible, the Funds may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by a Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the SEC and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when a Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund's exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
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Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), a Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Funds are not subject to registration or regulation as CPOs under the CEA. As a result, the Funds will be limited in their ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Funds’ investment strategies and may adversely affect the Funds’ performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily net asset value, each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
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A Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options. An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When a Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). A Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that a Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. A Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When a Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when a Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
A Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive a Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
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The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. A Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
The Funds are permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, a Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, a Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
▪ | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
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▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
A Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. A Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
A Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, a Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Funds may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Funds may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which they could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which a Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if a Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Funds could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Funds may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, a Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, a Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
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Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts. A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect a Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. A Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
A Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that a Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
A Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
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It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, a Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities. The Funds may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Funds’ restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements. A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of a Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. A Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, a Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Funds will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Funds’ gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Funds may cover their current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that a Fund will be committed to pay.
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▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to a Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
As with a traditional investment in a debt security, a Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. A Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the breakeven inflation rate) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
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▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by a Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Funds than if they had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Funds’ gains or losses, causing them to make or lose substantially more than they invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities a Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices. The Funds’ ability to hedge their securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities a Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, a Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
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▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Funds. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Funds against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Funds’ foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Funds’ investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity. Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, a Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, a Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Funds intend to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, a Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, a Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk. Successful use of derivatives by the Funds is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Funds may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if a Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if a Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk. At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if a Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
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Margin. Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to a Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, a Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. A Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage. The Funds’ use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Funds will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Funds do not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches that value, the Funds may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation. The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Funds by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Funds trade. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Funds’ use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Funds’ ability to achieve their investment objectives. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
Illiquid Investments. Illiquid investments are investments that a Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Because of their illiquid nature, illiquid investments must be priced at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures approved by the Board. Despite such good faith efforts to determine fair value prices, a Fund’s illiquid investments are subject to the risk that the investment’s fair value price may differ from the actual price which the Fund may ultimately realize upon its sale or disposition. Difficulty in selling illiquid investments may result in a loss or may be costly to a Fund. Under the supervision of the Board, the Adviser determines the liquidity of a Fund’s investments. A Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets.
Restricted Securities. Restricted securities are securities that may not be sold freely to the public absent registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”) or an exemption from registration. As consistent with a Fund’s investment objective, the Fund may invest in Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper. Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper is issued in reliance on an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act and is generally sold to institutional investors who purchase for investment. Any resale of such commercial paper must be in an exempt transaction, usually to an institutional investor through the issuer or investment dealers who make a market in such commercial paper.
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Short Sales. As is consistent with a Fund’s investment objective, the Fund may engage in short sales that are either “uncovered” or “against the box.” A short sale is “against the box” if at all times during which the short position is open, a Fund owns at least an equal amount of the securities or securities convertible into, or exchangeable without further consideration for, securities of the same issue as the securities that are sold short. A short sale against the box is a taxable transaction to a Fund with respect to the securities that are sold short.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks. As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Funds, and their service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Funds and their service providers use to service the Funds’ operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Funds and their service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Funds or the Adviser, the Funds’ distributor, custodian, or any other of the Funds’ intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Funds and their shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Funds’ ability to calculate their net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Funds to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Funds may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Funds may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Funds’ investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Funds, the Funds’ service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Funds invest will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objective of each Fund, the following are fundamental policies of each Fund. Fundamental policies cannot be changed without the consent of the holders of a majority of a Fund’s outstanding shares. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of a Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of a Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
Each Fund, except the LSV Value Equity Fund and the LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund, may not:
1. | Purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
2. | Concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
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3. | Borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | Underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
The LSV Value Equity Fund may not:
1. | Purchase securities of any issuer (except securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities) if as a result more than 5% of the total assets of the Fund would be invested in the securities of such issuer. This restriction applies to 75% of the Fund’s total assets. |
2. | Purchase any securities which would cause 25% or more of the total assets of the Fund to be invested in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry, provided that this limitation does not apply to investments in obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities. For purposes of this limitation, (i) utility companies will be classified according to their services, for example, gas distribution, gas transmission, electric and telephone will each be considered a separate industry; and (ii) financial service companies will be classified according to the end users of their services, for example, automobile finance, bank finance and diversified finance will each be considered a separate industry. |
3. | Acquire more than 10% of the voting securities of any one issuer. |
4. | Invest in companies for the purpose of exercising control. |
5. | Issue any class of senior security or sell any senior security of which it is the issuer, except that the Fund may borrow from any bank, provided that immediately after any such borrowing there is asset coverage of at least 300% for all borrowings of the Fund, and further provided that, to the extent that such borrowings exceed 5% of the Fund’s total assets, all borrowings shall be repaid before the Fund makes additional investments. The term “senior security” shall not include any temporary borrowings that do not exceed 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the time the Fund makes such temporary borrowing. In addition, investment strategies that either obligate the Fund to purchase securities or require the Fund to segregate assets will not be considered borrowings or senior securities. This investment limitation shall not preclude the Fund from issuing multiple classes of shares in reliance on SEC rules or orders. |
6. | Make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) lend its securities. |
7. | Purchase or sell real estate, real estate limited partnership interests, physical commodities or commodities contracts except that the Fund may purchase commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
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8. | Make short sales of securities, maintain a short position or purchase securities on margin, except that the Fund may obtain short-term credits as necessary for the clearance of security transactions and sell securities short “against the box.” |
9. | Act as an underwriter of securities of other issuers except as it may be deemed an underwriter in selling the Fund security. |
10. | Purchase securities of other investment companies except as permitted by the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. |
The LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund may:
1. | Purchase securities of an issuer, except if such purchase would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
2. | Not concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time, except that the Fund may invest without limitation in securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities or tax-exempt obligations of state or municipal governments and their political subdivisions. |
3. | Borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Make loans, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | Underwrite securities issued by other persons, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations of each Fund, except the LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund, are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval:
1. | Each of the LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund, LSV Small Cap Value Fund, LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund and LSV Global Value Fund may not make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) lend its securities. |
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2. | Each of the LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund and LSV Global Value Fund may not purchase or sell real estate, physical commodities, or commodities contracts based on physical commodities, except that the Fund may purchase: (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including real estate investment trusts (“REITs”)); or (ii) physical commodities or commodities contracts based on physical commodities. |
3. | Each of the LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund and LSV Small Cap Value Fund will not purchase or sell real estate, physical commodities, or commodities contracts, except that each Fund may purchase: (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including REITs), commodities, or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
4. | Under normal circumstances, each of the LSV Value Equity Fund and LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund shall invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowing for investment purposes, in equity securities. This non-fundamental policy may be changed by the Board upon at least 60 days’ written notice to Fund shareholders. |
5. | Under normal circumstances, the LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund shall invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowing for investment purposes, in equity securities of U.S. companies. This non-fundamental policy may be changed by the Board upon at least 60 days’ written notice to Fund shareholders. |
6. | Under normal circumstances, the LSV Small Cap Value Fund shall invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-capitalization companies. This non-fundamental policy may be changed by the Board upon at least 60 days’ written notice to Fund shareholders. |
The following investment limitations of the LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval:
1. | The Fund may not invest in unmarketable interests in real estate limited partnerships or invest directly in real estate. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing policy does not prevent the Fund from, among other things, purchasing marketable securities of companies that deal in real estate or interests therein (including REITs). |
2. | The Fund may purchase or sell financial and physical commodities, commodity contracts based on (or relating to) physical commodities or financial commodities and securities and derivative instruments whose values are derived from (in whole or in part) physical commodities or financial commodities. |
Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances causes a Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitations within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
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Diversification . Under the 1940 Act, a diversified investment management company, as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agents or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer’s outstanding voting securities would be held by the fund.
Concentration . The 1940 Act requires that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy regarding concentration. The SEC has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s total assets in an industry or group of industries, with certain exceptions. For purposes of a Fund's concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain derivatives, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, a fund may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Commodities and Real Estate . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in commodities or real estate, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
General. LSV Asset Management is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. The Adviser was established in 1994 as a Delaware general partnership to provide active, quantitative value equity management through the application of a proprietary model. LSV’s general partners include officers and employees of LSV, who collectively own a majority of LSV, and SEI Funds, Inc. SEI Investments Company is the parent of SEI Funds, Inc. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $106 billion in assets under management. LSV’s principal business address is 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, IL 60606.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement dated March 15, 1999 (the “Advisory Agreement”) with respect to the Funds. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as the investment adviser and makes investment decisions for the Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Funds, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Trustees.
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After the initial two year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Funds; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or, with respect to any Fund, by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser, or by the Adviser on 90 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at the following annual rates based on the average daily net assets of each Fund:
Fund | Advisory Fee Rate |
LSV Value Equity Fund | 0.55% |
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund | 0.38% |
LSV Small Cap Value Fund | 0.70% |
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund | 0.45% |
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund | 0.60% |
LSV Global Value Fund | 0.75% |
LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund | 1.00% |
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse certain expenses of the following Funds in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses) from exceeding certain levels as set forth below until February 28, 2020. The fee waivers may be renewed by the Adviser on an annual basis. This agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Fund | Class | Expense Limit |
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund | Investor Class | 0.60% |
Institutional Class | 0.35% | |
LSV Small Cap Value Fund | Investor Class | 1.10% |
Institutional Class | 0.85% | |
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund | Investor Class | 0.80% |
Institutional Class | 0.55% | |
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund | Investor Class | 1.00% |
Institutional Class | 0.75% | |
LSV Global Value Fund | Investor Class | 1.15% |
Institutional Class | 0.90% | |
LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund | Investor Class | 1.45% |
Institutional Class | 1.20% |
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the Adviser the following advisory fees:
Fund |
Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived by the Adviser |
Total
Fees Paid to the Adviser
(After Waivers) |
||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
LSV Value Equity Fund | $9,042,089 | $10,982,792 | $14,081,491 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $9,042,089 | $10,982,792 | $14,081,491 |
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund | $343,057 | $404,626 | $460,233 | $220,323 | $224,704 | $231,628 | $122,734 | $179,922 | $228,605 |
LSV Small Cap Value Fund | $1,048,353 | $2,012,134 | $2,740,133 | $46,246 | $0 | $0 | $1,002,107 | $2,012,134 | $2,740,133 |
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund | $158,831 | $339,339 | $389,113 | $111,261 | $107,619 | $88,938 | $47,570 1 | $231,720 | $300,175 |
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund | $25,016 | $45,707 | $99,384 | $25,016 | $45,707 | $99,384 | $0 1 | $0 2 | $0 3 |
LSV Global Value Fund | $20,256 | $27,990 | $38,657 | $20,256 | $27,990 | $38,657 | $0 1 | $0 2 | $0 3 |
LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund | N/A 4 | N/A 4 | N/A 4 | N/A 4 | N/A 4 | N/A 4 | N/A 4 | N/A 4 | N/A 4 |
1 | For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2016, the Adviser additionally reimbursed fees of $4,000, $113,908, and $127,035 for the LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund, and LSV Global Value Fund, respectively, to maintain the stated expense caps under its contractual expense limitation agreement with the Funds. |
2 | For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017, the Adviser additionally reimbursed fees of $84,246 and $106,895 for the LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund and LSV Global Value Fund, respectively, to maintain the stated expense caps under its contractual expense limitation agreement with the Funds. |
3 | For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser additionally reimbursed fees of $25,916 and $78,326 for the LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund and LSV Global Value Fund, respectively, to maintain the stated expense caps under its contractual expense limitation agreement with the Funds. |
4 | Not in operation during the period. |
Investment Management Personnel of the Adviser. Messrs. Lakonishok, Vermeulen, Mansharamani, Sleight, Lakonishok and Karceski have developed a proprietary computer model based on their research of investor behavior and the performance of contrarian investment strategies. The portfolio decision making process is quantitative and driven by (i) a proprietary computer model which ranks securities based on fundamental measures of value, indicators of recent improved performance and volatility, and (ii) a risk control process that controls for residual benchmark risk. Refinements to the model are made as suggested by advances in the Adviser’s research and these refinements are generally incremental in nature. The Adviser may modify the investment model used to manage the Funds at any time without notice.
This section includes information about the Funds’ portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of each Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
Compensation. The Adviser compensates the portfolio managers for their management of the Funds. The portfolio managers’ compensation consists of a salary and discretionary bonus. Each of the portfolio managers is a Partner of the Adviser and thereby receives a portion of the overall profit of the firm as part of his ownership interests. The bonus is based upon the profitability of the firm and individual performance. Individual performance is subjective and may be based on a number of factors, such as the individual’s leadership and contribution to the strategic planning and development of the investment group.
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Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The Funds are required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Fund Shares (All Funds) 1 |
Josef Lakonishok |
Over $1 million (LSV Value Equity Fund) Over $1 million (LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund) Over $1 million (LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund) Over $1 million (LSV Global Value Fund) |
Over $1 million |
Menno Vermeulen |
$500,001 to $1,000,000 (LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund) $500,001 to $1,000,000 (LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund) $100,001 to $500,000 (LSV Global Value Fund) |
Over $1 million |
Puneet Mansharamani | None | None |
Greg Sleight | None | None |
Guy Lakonishok | None | None |
Jason Karceski |
$100,001 to $500,000 (LSV Value Equity Fund) $100,001 to $500,000 (LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund) $10,001 to $50,000 (LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund) |
$100,001 to $500,000 |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Funds, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Name | Registered Investment Companies | Other Pooled Investment Vehicles | Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets (in Billions) |
|
Josef Lakonishok | 33 | $17.96 | 78 1 | $28.35 | 457 2 | $62.91 |
Menno Vermeulen | 33 | $17.96 | 78 1 | $28.35 | 457 2 | $62.91 |
Puneet Mansharamani | 33 | $17.96 | 78 1 | $28.35 | 457 2 | $62.91 |
Greg Sleight | 33 | $17.96 | 78 1 | $28.35 | 457 2 | $62.91 |
Guy Lakonishok | 33 | $17.96 | 78 1 | $28.35 | 457 2 | $62.91 |
Jason Karceski | 5 | $3.71 | 8 | $2.57 | 20 3 | $2.17 |
1 | Includes 38 accounts with aggregated assets under management of $1.28 billion that are subject to performance-based advisory fees. |
2 | Includes 48 accounts with aggregated assets under management of $11.28 billion that are subject to performance-based advisory fees. |
3 | Includes 1 account with assets under management of $317 million that is subject to performance-based advisory fees. |
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Conflicts of Interest. The same team of portfolio managers is responsible for the day-to-day management of all of LSV’s accounts. LSV uses a proprietary quantitative investment model to manage all of LSV’s accounts. LSV relies extensively on its quantitative investment model regarding the advisability of investing in a particular company. Any investment decisions are generally made based on whether a buy or sell signal is received from the proprietary quantitative investment model. Accounts or funds with performance-based fees and accounts or funds in which employees may be invested could create an incentive to favor those accounts or funds over other accounts or funds in the allocation of investment opportunities. In addition, it is possible that a short position may be taken on a security that is held long in another portfolio. LSV seeks to make allocations of investment opportunities in a manner that it considers fair, reasonable and equitable without favoring or disfavoring, consistently or consciously, any particular client. LSV has procedures designed to ensure that all clients are treated fairly and to prevent these potential conflicts from influencing the allocation of investment opportunities among clients. On a quarterly basis, the Forensic Testing Committee, consisting of the Chief Compliance Officer, Compliance Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Compliance Analyst, reviews, among other things, allocations of investment opportunities among clients and allocations of partially-filled block trades to confirm consistency with LSV's policies and procedures.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement, dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following amounts for these services:
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Fund |
Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
LSV Value Equity Fund | $1,085,043 | $1,202,383 | $1,415,443 |
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund | $59,745 | $64,099 | $67,292 |
LSV Small Cap Value Fund | $98,289 | $172,802 | $217,254 |
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund | $23,116 | $45,349 | $48,103 |
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund | $2,745 | $4,578 | $9,105 |
LSV Global Value Fund | $1,788 | $2,544 | $2,863 |
LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”) whereby the Distributor acts as principal underwriter for the Trust’s shares.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Distribution Plan. The Trust has adopted a Distribution Plan with respect to the Investor Class Shares (the “Plan”) in accordance with the provisions of Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, which regulates circumstances under which an investment company may directly or indirectly bear expenses relating to the distribution of its shares. Continuance of the Plan must be approved annually by a majority of the Trustees and by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan (“Qualified Trustees”). The Plan requires that quarterly written reports of amounts spent under the Plan and the purposes of such expenditures be furnished to and reviewed by the Trustees. The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the amount that may be spent thereunder without approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of the affected Fund(s). All material amendments of the Plan will require approval by a majority of the Trustees and of the Qualified Trustees.
The Plan provides a method of paying for distribution and shareholder services, which may help the Fund(s) grow or maintain asset levels to provide operational efficiencies and economies of scale, provided by the Distributor or other financial intermediaries that enter into agreements with the Distributor. The Fund(s) may make payments to financial intermediaries, such as banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, investment counselors, broker-dealers, mutual fund “supermarkets” and the Distributor’s affiliates and subsidiaries, as compensation for services, reimbursement of expenses incurred in connection with distribution assistance or provision of shareholder services. The Distributor may, at its discretion, retain a portion of such payments to compensate itself for distribution services and distribution related expenses such as the costs of preparation, printing, mailing or otherwise disseminating sales literature, advertising, and prospectuses (other than those furnished to current shareholders of a Fund), promotional and incentive programs, and such other marketing expenses that the Distributor may incur.
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Under the Plan, the Distributor or financial intermediaries may receive up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Investor Class Shares as compensation for distribution and shareholder services. The Plan is characterized as a compensation plan since the distribution fee will be paid to the Distributor without regard to the distribution or shareholder service expenses incurred by the Distributor or the amount of payments made to financial intermediaries. The Trust intends to operate the Plan in accordance with its terms and with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules concerning sales charges.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the Distributor the following fees pursuant to the Plan:
Fund |
12b-1 Fees Paid | 12b-1 Fees Retained by the Distributor | ||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2017 | |
LSV Value Equity Fund | $11,861 | $98,157 | $526,895 | $836 | $1,387 | $1,358 |
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund | $109 | $217 | $268 | $10 | $15 | $17 |
LSV Small Cap Value Fund | $7,245 | $46,601 | $84,506 | $33 | $52 | $64 |
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund | $350 | $15,954 | $15,474 | $74 | $28 | $127 |
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund | $1,194 | $431 | $392 | $37 | $108 | $66 |
LSV Global Value Fund | $416 | $904 | $1,220 | $25 | $55 | $32 |
LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Funds and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Funds, the Distributor or shareholders of the Funds through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Funds in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Funds; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
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Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Funds by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 W. 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Funds’ transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
U.S. Bank National Association, 800 Nicollett Mall, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55402-4302 (the “Custodian”), acts as the custodian of the Funds. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Funds as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, as indicated in their reports with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their reports as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Funds did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Funds described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of each Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
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The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objective, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
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Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Interested Trustees | |||
Robert Nesher (Born: 1946) |
Chairman of the Board of Trustees 1 (since 1991) |
SEI employee 1974 to present; currently performs various services on behalf of SEI Investments for which Mr. Nesher is compensated. President, Chief Executive Officer and Trustee of SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. President and Director of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP. President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP, 2007 to 2013. President and Director of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Vice Chairman of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. President, Chief Executive Officer and Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Vice Chairman of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Vice Chairman of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company), The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust and Schroder Global Series Trust to 2018. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Global Master Fund plc, SEI Global Assets Fund plc, SEI Global Investments Fund plc, SEI Investments-Global Funds Services, Limited, SEI Investments Global, Limited, SEI Investments (Europe) Ltd., SEI Investments-Unit Trust Management (UK) Limited, SEI Multi-Strategy Funds PLC and SEI Global Nominee Ltd.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018) |
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager - Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. |
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President - Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Funds as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the Funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the Funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the Funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments Company, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of each of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1, 2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Funds are the only funds in the family of investment companies. |
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Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Funds’ most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate
Compensation from the Trust |
Pension
or
Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated
Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total
Compensation from the
Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for the officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments Company or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
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Name
and
Year of Birth |
Position
with Trust and
Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie (Born: 1965) |
President (since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors (Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
Dianne M. Descoteaux (Born: 1977) |
Vice President and Secretary (since 2011) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2010. Associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, from 2006 to 2010. |
Russell Emery (Born: 1962) |
Chief Compliance Officer (since 2006) |
Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP from 2007 to 2013. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Matthew M. Maher (Born: 1975) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2018) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2018. Attorney, Blank Rome LLP, from 2015 to 2018. Assistant Counsel & Vice President, Bank of New York Mellon, from 2013 to 2014. Attorney, Dilworth Paxson LLP, from 2006 to 2013. |
Robert Morrow (Born: 1968) |
Vice President (since 2017) |
Account Manager, SEI Investments, since 2007. |
Bridget E. Sudall (Born: 1980) |
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and Privacy Officer (since 2015) |
Senior Associate and AML Officer, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2011 to 2015. Investor Services Team Lead, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2007 to 2011. |
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Funds are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by a Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Funds’ securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of any Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Funds adhere to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities . Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over-the-counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Funds’ pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of each Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Funds will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Funds will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Funds calculate net asset value, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which each Fund calculates its net asset value. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value a Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Funds are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Funds are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Funds calculate net asset value. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
Fair Valuation of Foreign Securities Based on U.S. Market Movements. A third party fair valuation vendor provides a fair value for foreign securities held by the LSV Global Value Fund, LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund and LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund based on certain factors and methodologies (involving, generally, tracking valuation correlations between the U.S. market and each foreign security) applied by the fair valuation vendor in the event that there are movements in the U.S. market that exceed a specific threshold that has been established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Fair Value Pricing Committee has also established a “confidence interval” that is used to determine the level of correlation between the value of a foreign security and movements in the U.S. market that is required for a particular security to be fair valued when the threshold is exceeded. In the event that the threshold established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee is exceeded on a specific day, the Funds value the foreign securities in their portfolios that exceed the applicable “confidence interval” based upon the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor. In such event, it is not necessary to hold a Fair Value Pricing Committee meeting. In the event that the Adviser believes that the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor are not reliable, the Adviser can contact the Administrator and request that a meeting of the Fair Value Pricing Committee be held.
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The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Funds and their shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectuses. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Funds or their shareholders, and the discussion here and in each Fund’s Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as a Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. Each Fund intends to qualify and elect to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Funds expect to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which they may be subject. A Fund that qualifies as a RIC will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that the Fund timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, each Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of each Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of each Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of each Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of each Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of each Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that a Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and may distribute their capital gains for any taxable year, the Funds will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. Each Fund is treated as a separate corporation for federal income tax purposes. A Fund therefore is considered to be a separate entity in determining its treatment under the rules for RICs described herein. Losses in one Fund do not offset gains in another and the requirements (other than certain organizational requirements) for qualifying RIC status are determined at the Fund level rather than at the Trust level.
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If a Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, such Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If a Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, such Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, a Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
A Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Funds is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If a Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains), for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. A Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. A Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if a Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires a Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), a Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which a Fund paid no federal income tax). The Funds intend to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. A Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
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Distributions to Shareholders. Each Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of a Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Funds from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Funds are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Funds receive qualified dividend income on the securities they hold and the Funds report the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from each Fund’s assets before it calculates the net asset value) with respect to such dividend, (ii) each Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in a Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Funds’ net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in such Funds.
In the case of corporate shareholders, Fund distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by such Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation.
To the extent that a Fund makes a distribution of income received by such Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If a Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in a Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the net asset value of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the net asset value of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Funds (or their administrative agents) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Funds may report and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Funds.
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Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales, Exchanges or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange, or redemption of shares of the Funds by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged, or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.
The Funds (or their administrative agents) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Funds are also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Funds will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Funds will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Funds may invest in complex securities. These investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect a Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Funds are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Funds and/or defer the Funds’ ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Funds to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of their foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Funds.
A Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require a Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Funds intend to monitor their transactions, intend to make the appropriate tax elections, and intend to make the appropriate entries in their books and records when they acquire any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of a Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
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If a Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs”, the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF”, the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. Each Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by a Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of a Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, such Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If a Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If a Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by such Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by a Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if a Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in a Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by a Fund.
Backup Withholding. A Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a rate of 24% and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
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Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block UBTI from being realized by their tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in a Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
The Funds’ shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from a Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from its retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Funds may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Funds. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. A Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of a Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from a Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described in this paragraph. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Funds are required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends they pay to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by a Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Funds or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in a Fund will need to provide such Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Funds should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as a Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that a Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by a Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders.
Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in a Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, a Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. When a Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down.
In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Funds, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Funds may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Fund |
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
LSV Value Equity Fund | $158,077 | $148,544 | $280,456 |
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund | $4,397 | $7,433 | $5,360 |
LSV Small Cap Value Fund | $58,889 | $82,165 | $102,600 |
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund | $4,833 | $7,095 | $669 |
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund | $1,339 | $2,304 | $6,522 |
LSV Global Value Fund | $468 | $639 | $5,699 |
LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause each Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Funds.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used in connection with the account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
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From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Funds, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. FINRA has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds did not pay commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser.
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Funds may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Funds or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Funds for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds did not pay brokerage commissions to affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Funds are required to identify any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Funds held during their most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds held the following securities of their “regular brokers and dealers”:
Fund | Name of Issuer | Type of Security |
Dollar Amount at Fiscal Year End (000) |
LSV Value Equity Fund | Morgan Stanley | Debt | $11,345 |
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund | Morgan Stanley | Debt | $1,542 |
LSV Small Cap Value Fund | Morgan Stanley | Debt | $9,118 |
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund | Morgan Stanley | Debt | $307 |
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund | Morgan Stanley | Debt | $27 |
LSV Global Value Fund | Morgan Stanley | Debt | $33 |
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which the Funds may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one year. The Funds may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the portfolio turnover rates for each Fund were as follows:
Fund |
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 | |
LSV Value Equity Fund | 15% | 14% |
LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund | 19% | 17% |
LSV Small Cap Value Fund | 23% | 31% |
LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund | 19% | 28% |
LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund | 43% | 23% |
LSV Global Value Fund | 15% | 13% |
LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of the Funds’ portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Funds’ portfolio securities is in the best interests of each of the Fund’s shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of each Fund’s shareholders and those of the Funds’ Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds, the Adviser, or the principal underwriter. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer to authorize the release of the Funds’ portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, either directly or through reports by the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Funds are required to disclose their complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). Each Fund will disclose a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s net asset value (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to the Fund’s shareholders. Each Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters will be available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and each Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters, will be available in shareholder reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to each Fund’s shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should a Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV.
The Adviser’s website, at www.lsvasset.com, also provides information about the Funds’ complete portfolio holdings, including some or all of the following: security description, ticker, security identification number, price per share, par value, and interest rate updated as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter ( i.e. , each March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31). This information on the website is provided within 15 business days at the end of each calendar quarter. The information on the Adviser’s website is publicly available to all categories of persons. The Adviser may exclude any portion of a Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund.
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In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator or Transfer Agent, in connection with their services to the Funds. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Funds. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of a Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics.
The Funds’ policies and procedures provide that the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of the Funds’ shareholders and that conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders and those of the Funds’ Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals.
The Adviser currently has arrangements to provide non-public portfolio holdings information to Marco Consulting Group. The Adviser reports the complete portfolio (including security name, ticker, CUSIP, number of shares, current market value and percentage of portfolio), as well as percentage weightings for the top ten holdings, on a monthly basis, with a three-day lag. The portfolio holdings are used to create 1) a quarterly profile to educate clients and 2) to conduct quarterly due diligence on the Funds. This information is considered confidential and will not be distributed to the public. The Funds believe these disclosures serve a legitimate business purpose. The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, the Funds require any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank the Funds, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
The Funds’ policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Funds, the Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Funds’ portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of a Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of a Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of a Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund, each of which represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any additional funds and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Funds’ shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
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The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Funds to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Funds’ complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-888-FUND-LSV and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by Access Persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by a Fund, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain Access Persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
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PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of any class of the shares of the Funds. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the persons listed below in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of a Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling a Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
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Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
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VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
• | The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation; |
• | The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and |
• | The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights. |
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
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AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
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A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
• | Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and |
• | Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note. |
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
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Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
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BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
A- 7
APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
LSV ASSET MANAGEMENT
PROXY VOTING POLICY
LSV’s standard investment management agreement expressly authorizes LSV to vote proxies on behalf of the client’s account. Therefore, unless the client expressly reserves proxy voting responsibility, it is LSV’s responsibility to vote proxies relating to securities held for the client’s account.
ERISA Clients
With respect to ERISA plan clients, unless proxy voting responsibility has been expressly reserved, LSV, as the investment adviser for the account, must, subject to this policy, seek to vote all proxies relating to securities held for the plan’s account. If LSV is responsible for voting, LSV shall make appropriate arrangements with each account custodian to have proxies forwarded on a timely basis to the appropriate person, and shall endeavor to correct delays or other problems relating to timely delivery of proxies and proxy materials. Fiduciary obligations of prudence and loyalty require an investment adviser with proxy voting responsibility to vote proxies on issues that affect the value of the client’s investment. Proxy voting decisions must be made solely in the best interests of the client’s account. In voting proxies, LSV is required to consider those factors that may affect the value of the client’s investment and may not subordinate the interests of the client to unrelated objectives.
General Policies
LSV has adopted proxy voting guidelines that provide direction in determining how various types of proxy issues are to be voted. LSV has engaged an expert independent third party to design guidelines for client accounts that are updated for current corporate governance issues, helping to ensure that clients’ best interests are served by voting decisions. Clients are sent a copy of their respective guidelines on an annual basis.
LSV’s quantitative investment process does not provide output or analysis that would be functional in analyzing proxy issues. LSV, therefore, has retained an expert independent third party to assist in proxy voting, currently Glass Lewis & Co. (“GLC”). GLC implements LSV’s proxy voting process, provides assistance in developing guidelines and provides analysis of proxy issues on a case-by-case basis. LSV is responsible for monitoring GLC to seek to ensure that proxies are appropriately voted. LSV will vote issues contrary to, or issues not covered by, the guidelines only when LSV believes it is in the best interest of the client. Where the client has provided proxy voting guidelines to LSV, those guidelines will be followed. In certain circumstances, clients are permitted to direct their vote in a particular solicitation. Direction from a client on a particular proxy vote will take precedence over the guidelines. LSV’s use of GLC is not a delegation of LSV’s fiduciary obligation to vote proxies for clients.
Should a material conflict arise between LSV’s interest and that of its clients, LSV will vote the proxies in accordance with the recommendation of the independent third party proxy voting service. A written record will be maintained describing the conflict of interest, and an explanation of how the vote made was in the client’s best interest.
LSV may be unable or may choose not to vote proxies in certain situations. For example, LSV may refrain from voting a proxy if (i) the cost of voting the proxy exceeds the expected benefit to the client, (ii) LSV is not given enough time to process the vote, (iii) voting the proxy requires the security to be “blocked” or frozen from trading or (iv) it is otherwise impractical or impossible to vote the proxy, such as in the case of voting a foreign security that must be cast in person.
B- 1
Clients may receive a copy of this proxy voting policy and LSV’s voting record for their account by request. LSV will additionally provide any mutual fund for which LSV acts as adviser or sub-adviser, a copy of LSV’s voting record for the fund so that the fund may fulfill its obligation to report proxy votes to fund shareholders.
Recordkeeping.
LSV will retain:
(i) | Copies of its proxy voting policies and procedures. |
(ii) | A copy of each proxy statement received regarding client securities (maintained by the proxy voting service and/or available on EDGAR). |
(iii) | A record of each vote cast on behalf of a client (maintained by the proxy voting service). |
(iv) | A copy of any document created that was material to the voting decision or that memorializes the basis for that decision (maintained by the proxy voting service). |
(v) | A copy of clients’ written requests for proxy voting information and a copy of LSV’s written response to a client’s request for proxy voting information for the client’s account. |
(vi) | LSV will ensure that it may obtain access to the proxy voting service’s records promptly upon LSV’s request. |
The above listed information is intended to, among other things, enable clients to review LSV’s proxy voting procedures and actions taken in individual proxy voting situations.
LSV will maintain required materials in an easily accessible place for not less than five years from the end of the fiscal year during which the last entry took place, the first two years in LSV’s principal office.
Consideration of Environmental, Social and Governance Factors
LSV became a signatory to the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) in April 2014. GLC is also a signatory to the PRI. The PRI provides a framework, through its six principles, for consideration of environmental, social and governance ("ESG") factors in portfolio management and investment decision-making. The six principles ask an investment manager, to the extent consistent with its fiduciary duties, to seek to: (1) incorporate ESG issues into investment analysis and decision-making processes; (2) be an active owner and incorporate ESG issues into its ownership policies and practices; (3) obtain appropriate disclosure on ESG issues by the entities in which it invests; (4) promote acceptance and implementation of the PRI principles within the investment industry; (5) work to enhance its effectiveness in implementing the PRI principles; and (6) report on its activities and progress toward implementing the PRI principles.
For clients where LSV has proxy voting authority, certain ESG factors are built into our standard proxy voting guidelines. For example, GLC views the identification, mitigation and management of environmental and social risks as integral components when evaluating a company’s overall risk exposure. In cases where the board or management has failed to sufficiently identify and manage a material environmental or social risk that did or could negatively impact shareholder value, GLC will recommend shareholders vote against directors responsible for risk oversight in consideration of the nature of the risk and the potential effect on shareholder value. In addition, GLC generally recommends supporting shareholder proposals likely to increase and/or protect shareholder value and also those that promote the furtherance of shareholder rights. In evaluating shareholder resolutions regarding environmental and social issues, GLC examines: (1) direct environmental and social risk, (2) risk due to legislation and regulation, (3) legal and reputational risk, and (4) governance risk. Finally, through GLC, LSV is able to offer additional guidelines that provide another level of analysis for clients seeking to vote consistent with widely-accepted enhanced ESG practices. These ESG-specific guidelines are available to clients with a focus on disclosing and mitigating company risk with regard to ESG issues.
B- 2
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
McKee International Equity Portfolio
Ticker Symbol: MKIEX
Institutional Class Shares Prospectus |
March 1, 2019 |
Investment Adviser:
C.S. McKee, L.P.
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-866-625-3346. Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary.
The
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Table of Contents |
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
|
The McKee International Equity Portfolio (the “Fund”) seeks a superior long-term total return over a market cycle by investing primarily in the equity securities of non-U.S. issuers.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if redeemed within six months of purchase) |
1.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Management Fees |
0.70% |
Other Expenses |
0.28% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.98% |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$100 |
$312 |
$542 |
$1,201 |
1
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 8% of the average value of its portfolio.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of companies located in at least three countries other than the United States. This investment strategy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
C.S. McKee, L.P.’s (the “Adviser”) stock selection process begins by screening a broad universe of companies, located in both developed and emerging markets, to identify potentially undervalued securities with improving fundamentals. Such quantitative screens include price to book value ratios and price/earnings to growth ratios. Stocks in the top 30% of each economic sector (a group of industries used to categorize and divide securities) as determined by the above screens will form the Adviser’s focus list. The Adviser looks for companies with strong balance sheets, competent management and comparative business advantages with respect to costs, products and geographical location. Using fundamental security analysis, company management interviews and an assessment of the opinions of street analysts and consultants, the Adviser selects a portfolio of stocks from the focus list with the best combination of value and technical indicators. A stock is generally sold when it falls in the bottom 30% of each economic sector as determined by the above screens.
The Fund will attempt to minimize risk through investment in a range of countries and economic sectors. The Adviser will deliberately allocate the assets of the Fund to most major markets and industries within the MSCI EAFE Index. However, the Fund may buy stocks that are not included in countries and industries comprising the MSCI EAFE Index. The Fund may invest up to 10% of its assets in emerging market securities. Based on this strategy, the Fund will generally hold between 40–60 stocks selected from at least 10 countries.
2
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. This could occur because its strategy failed to produce the intended results or because the Adviser did not implement the Fund’s investment strategy properly. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund. This risk is greater for small- and medium-sized companies, which tend to be more vulnerable to adverse developments than larger companies.
Investing in foreign companies, whether through investments made in foreign markets or made through the purchase of American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”), which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. Political events (civil unrest, national elections, changes in political conditions and foreign relations, imposition of exchange controls and repatriation restrictions), social and economic events (labor strikes, rising inflation) and natural disasters occurring in a country where the Fund invests could cause the Fund’s investments in that country to experience gains or losses. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies are generally denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. While ADRs and EDRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective
3
national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs and EDRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in non-U.S. securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. Differences in tax and accounting standards and difficulties in obtaining information about foreign governments or foreign companies may impair investment decisions. In addition, emerging markets securities may be subject to smaller market capitalization of securities markets, which may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, emerging market governments may have limited ability to raise taxes or authorize appropriations for debt repayment. In addition, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Foreign investments, especially investments in emerging markets, can be riskier and more volatile than investments in the United States. Adverse political and economic developments or changes in the value of foreign currency can make it more difficult for the Fund to sell its securities and could reduce the value of your shares. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the dollar, the value of the Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid
4
fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
Undervalued companies may have experienced adverse business developments or other events that have caused their stocks to be out of favor. If the Adviser’s assessment of the company is inaccurate, or if the market does not recognize the value of the company, the price of its stock may fail to meet expectations and the Fund’s share price may suffer. Value-oriented mutual funds may not perform as well as certain other types of mutual funds using different approaches during periods when value investing is out of favor.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling the Fund at 1-866-625-3346.
Total Returns by Calendar Year
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
30.17% |
(22.22)% |
(06/30/2009) |
(09/30/2011) |
5
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(19.38)% |
(0.63)% |
5.69% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(19.98)% |
(1.16)% |
5.35% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(11.44)% |
(0.22)% |
5.05% |
MSCI EAFE Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(13.79)% |
0.53% |
6.32% |
C.S. McKee, L.P.
Michael J. Donnelly, Senior Vice President of Equities and Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since 2013.
6
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for spousal IRAs). Subsequent investments in the Fund must be at least $100. The Fund reserves the right to waive these minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-625-3346.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
PAYMENTS TO BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
7
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
Institutional Class Shares are for individual and institutional investors. All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Fund reserves the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Fund is not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number and the Fund name.
Regular Mail Address
McKee
International Equity Portfolio
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
McKee
International Equity Portfolio
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
8
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-866-625-3346 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB
Bank, N.A.
ABA#: 101000695
The McKee International Equity Portfolio
DDA Acct. # 9871063178
Ref: account number/account name
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. Purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually in amounts of at least $100 to meet the minimum investment amount. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: McKee International Equity Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121 (Express Mail Address: McKee International Equity Portfolio, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Minimum Investments
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for an IRA and $250 for spousal IRAs). Subsequent investments in the Fund must be at least $100. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum investment amounts in its sole discretion.
9
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Fund Codes
The Fund’s reference information, which is listed below, will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily net asset value per share (“NAV”) or obtain additional information.
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
MKIEX |
00758M188 |
1230 |
Payment of Redemption Proceeds
Redemption proceeds can be mailed to your account address, sent to your bank by ACH transfer or wired to your bank account (provided that your bank information is already on file). Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request in proper form, meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation (such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.). The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds.
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other
10
member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-866-625-3346 for more information.
If you redeem shares that were purchased by check or through ACH, you will not receive your redemption proceeds until the check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed, which may take up to 15 days from the purchase date.
By Mail
You may contact the Fund directly by mail at: McKee International Equity Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121 (Express Mail Address: McKee International Equity Portfolio, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered share owner(s) must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
11
Certain shareholders may need to include additional documents or provide a signature guarantee to redeem shares.
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application.
Call 1-866-625-3346 to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank by either Federal Reserve wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Calculating Your Share Price
You may buy or sell shares of the Fund on any Business Day at a price equal to the Fund’s NAV next computed after it, or an authorized institution (as defined below), receives and accepts your order in proper form. The Fund calculates NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your order in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.) before the close of trading on the NYSE that day. Otherwise, you will receive the NAV that is calculated at the close of trading on the following Business Day. If the NYSE closes early – as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading – the
12
Fund will calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days.
The NAV of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding. In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”). Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
With respect to non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
There may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
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Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s NAV next computed after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell
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Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
Redemption Fee
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, the Fund charges a 1.00% redemption fee on redemptions of shares that have been held for less than 6 months. The redemption fee is deducted from the Fund’s sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of the Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Fund on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Fund requests that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Fund. However, the Fund recognizes that, due to operational requirements, the intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Fund’s.
The Fund reserves the right to reduce all or a portion of the redemption fee in its discretion when it believes such reduction is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic redemptions; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing and selling Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any
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losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions the Fund reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Rights Reserved by the Fund
Purchases
At any time and without notice, the Fund may:
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Stop offering shares; |
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Reject any purchase order; or |
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Bar an investor engaged in a pattern of excessive trading from buying shares. Excessive trading can hurt performance by disrupting management and increasing expenses. The Fund will consider various factors in determining whether an investor has engaged in excessive trading. These factors include, but are not limited to, the investor’s historic trading patterns, the number of transactions, the size of the transactions, the time between transactions and the percentage of the investor’s account involved in each transaction. For more information about the Fund’s policies on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.” |
Redemptions
At any time and without notice, the Fund may change or eliminate any of the redemption methods described above, except redemption by mail. The Fund may suspend your right to redeem your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”).
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital
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gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Fund invests in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than a fund investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares if the price of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair value. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage. For more information about how the Fund uses fair value pricing, see “Calculating Your Share Price.”
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service
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providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
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Shareholders are restricted from making more than two (2) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per month. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
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The Fund assesses a redemption fee of 1.00% on redemptions by shareholders of Fund shares held for less than six months (subject to certain exceptions as discussed in “Redemption Fee”). |
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The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary
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to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting
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documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.), or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application, your investment will be received and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification are part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
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Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-866-625-3346.
Small Accounts
The Fund may redeem your shares without your permission if the value of your account falls below 50% of the required minimum initial investment. This provision does not apply:
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To retirement accounts and certain other accounts; or |
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When the value of your account falls because of market fluctuations and not your redemptions. |
The Fund will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to allow you time to add to your account and avoid the sale of your shares. If your shares are redeemed for this reason within six months of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
Dividends and Distributions
Normally, the Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
The Fund will automatically reinvest dividends and distributions in additional shares of the Fund, unless you elect on your account application to receive them in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
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Taxes
The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Fund.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable
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investors. Call 1-866-625-3346 to find out when the Fund expects to make distributions to shareholders.
Each sale of shares of the Fund may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss generally will be treated as short term if you held the shares 12 months or less, long term if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders should also carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Because the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund
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received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund consist of foreign securities, the Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. The Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Fund’s investment objective is to seek a superior long-term total return over a market cycle by investing primarily in the equity securities of non-U.S. issuers. The Fund may change its investment objective without shareholder approval.
In addition to its principal investment strategies, the Fund may use the investment strategies described below. The Fund may also employ investment practices that this prospectus does not describe, such as participating in repurchase agreements, when-issued and forward commitment transactions, lending of securities, borrowing and other techniques. For more information concerning these and any of the Fund’s other investment practices and their risks, please read the SAI.
Derivatives
The Fund may invest in derivatives, a category of investments that includes forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures, options and swaps to protect its investments against changes resulting from market conditions (a practice called “hedging”), to reduce transaction costs or to manage cash flows. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures and options are called derivatives because their value is based on an underlying asset or economic factor. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect the Fund’s ability to achieve its objectives with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends on the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. The Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market
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value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold.
Short-Term Investing
The investments and strategies described in this prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal circumstances. During unusual economic, market, political or other circumstances, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in short-term, high quality debt instruments, such as U.S. government securities. These instruments would not ordinarily be consistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and may prevent the Fund from achieving its investment objective. The Fund will use a temporary strategy if the Adviser believes that pursuing the Fund’s investment objective will subject it to a significant risk of loss. The Fund has a policy requiring it to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in particular types of securities as described in the Fund’s principal investment strategy, and will not change this policy without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. In addition to the temporary defensive measures discussed above, the Fund may also temporarily deviate from this 80% policy in other limited, appropriate circumstances, such as if the Fund experiences unusually large cash inflows or redemptions. When the Adviser pursues a temporary defensive strategy, the Fund may not profit from favorable developments that it would have otherwise profited from if it were pursuing its normal strategies.
The Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings on a monthly basis, as of the end of the previous month. For example, the Fund’s investments as of the end of January would ordinarily be published at the end of February. The Fund also publishes a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/mckee. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund. Please consult the SAI for a full description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
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Investment Adviser
C.S. McKee, L.P., a Pennsylvania limited partnership located at One Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222, serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $10 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser was formed by certain officers of the Fund’s former adviser, C.S. McKee & Co., Inc. (the “Former Adviser”) to purchase the Former Adviser’s investment advisory business. The Adviser continued the business of the Former Adviser and the Adviser’s acquisition of the Former Adviser did not result in any change in the actual investment management services, administrative functions, supervisory responsibilities or fee arrangements for the Fund. The persons responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund remained the same. The Former Adviser was an affiliate of Old Mutual (US) Holdings Inc. (formerly, United Asset Management Corporation), but the Adviser is not affiliated with Old Mutual (US) Holdings Inc. The Adviser and the Former Adviser have provided investment management services to pension and profit sharing plans, trusts and endowments, 401(k) and thrift plans, corporations and other institutions and individuals since 1972.
The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of the Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis, subject to the oversight of the Board. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.70% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser received advisory fees in the amount of 0.70% of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be found in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
Portfolio Manager
Michael J. Donnelly, the Adviser’s Senior Vice President of Equities and Portfolio Manager of the Fund, is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund. He joined the Adviser in 2013.
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Before joining the Adviser, he was President of Blue Devil Capital, an investment adviser specializing in long/short Emerging Market equity investments. Prior to that, Mr. Donnelly spent 10 years at American Century, where he served as Vice President as well as Senior Equity Portfolio Manager. He was based in New York and led the team that managed $1 billion of Emerging Market long-only mutual fund investments. Prior to American Century, he was an analyst and Portfolio Manager at Federated Investors at their offices in Pittsburgh and New York where he managed Federated’s first global equity portfolio. Mr. Donnelly is a graduate of J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University and holds a bachelor’s degree from Yale University.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio manager’s compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Payments by the Fund
The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary.
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Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
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The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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The table that follows presents performance information about the Fund. The information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. The information provided below has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm whose report, along with the Fund’s financial statements, is included in the Fund’s Annual Report. You can obtain the Annual Report, which contains more performance information, at no charge by calling 1-866-625-3346.
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|
Selected
Per Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
Years Ended October 31, |
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 13.86 | $ | 11.83 | $ | 12.11 | $ | 13.10 | $ | 13.43 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income * |
0.28 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.40 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
(1.64 | ) | 2.49 | (0.25 | ) | (0.56 | ) | (0.52 | ) | |||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
(1.36 | ) | 2.71 | (0.03 | ) | (0.35 | ) | (0.12 | ) | |||||||||||
Redemption Fees |
— | — | — | ** | — | — | ** | |||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.21 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.49 | ) | (0.21 | ) | ||||||||||
Capital Gains |
(0.18 | ) | (0.49 | ) | (0.04 | ) | (0.15 | ) | — | |||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.39 | ) | (0.68 | ) | (0.25 | ) | (0.64 | ) | (0.21 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 12.11 | $ | 13.86 | $ | 11.83 | $ | 12.11 | $ | 13.10 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
(10.14 | )% | 24.26 | % | (0.15 | )% | (2.77 | )% | (0.93 | )% | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 158,662 | $ | 194,816 | $ | 153,678 | $ | 173,085 | $ | 187,025 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (1) |
0.98 | % | 1.00 | % | 1.01 | % | 0.99 | % | 0.97 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
2.06 | % | 1.76 | % | 1.94 | % | 1.67 | % | 2.96 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
8 | % | 5 | % | 7 | % | 8 | % | 13 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are either not applicable, $0 or have been rounded to $0.
* |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period. |
** |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deductions of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Portfolio distributions or the redemption of Portfolio shares. |
(1) |
The ratio of expenses to average net assets excludes the effects of fees paid indirectly. If these expense offsets were included, the ratio would be equal to the ratio presented. |
31
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
McKee International Equity Portfolio
Investors who are interested in receiving more information about the Fund should read the Fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports and the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “SAI”). The Annual and Semi-Annual Reports of the Fund provide additional information about its investments. In the Annual Report, you will also find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the performance of the Fund during its last fiscal year. The SAI contains additional detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the Fund and is incorporated by reference into (is legally part of) this prospectus.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-866-625-3346 |
By Mail: |
McKee
International Equity Portfolio
|
By Internet: |
www.csmckee.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act of 1940 file number is 811-06400.
CSM-PS-001-1800
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
MCKEE INTERNATIONAL EQUITY PORTFOLIO
(Ticker Symbol: MKIEX)
a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
C.S. McKee L.P.
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the McKee International Equity Portfolio (the “Fund”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Fund, which includes the Fund’s audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Fund at P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 or by calling the Fund at 1-866-625-3346.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | CSM-SX-001-1800 |
i
General. The Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate SAIs. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Fund in Institutional Class Shares. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares.
History of the Fund. The McKee International Equity Portfolio is the successor to the UAM Funds, Inc. McKee International Equity Portfolio (the “Predecessor Fund”). The Predecessor Fund was managed by C.S. McKee L.P. (“McKee” or the “Adviser”) using the same investment objective, strategies, policies and restrictions as those of the Fund. The Predecessor Fund’s date of inception was May 26, 1994. The Predecessor Fund dissolved and reorganized into the McKee International Equity Portfolio on June 24, 2002. All of the assets and liabilities of the Predecessor Fund were transferred to its successor in connection with the Fund’s commencement of operations on June 24, 2002.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. The Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of members of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Trustees” or the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate the Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if the Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
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DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The Fund is classified as a "diversified" investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act").
The Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus.
Debt Securities
Corporations and governments use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
U.S. Government Securities – The Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Fund’s shares.
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On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
Corporate Bonds – Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest, and repay the principal amount of the bond or note.
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated.
S- 3
Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The Adviser will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets its investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Ginnie Mae – Ginnie Mae is the principal governmental guarantor of mortgage-related securities. Ginnie Mae is a wholly owned corporation of the U.S. government within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Securities issued by Ginnie Mae are treasury securities, which means the full faith and credit of the U.S. government backs them. Ginnie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by Ginnie Mae and backed by pools of Federal Housing Administration-insured or Veterans Administration-guaranteed mortgages. Ginnie Mae does not guarantee the market value or yield of mortgage-backed securities or the value of the Fund’s shares. To buy Ginnie Mae securities, the Fund may have to pay a premium over the maturity value of the underlying mortgages, which the Fund may lose if prepayment occurs.
Fannie Mae – Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders. Fannie Mae is regulated by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Fannie Mae purchases conventional mortgages from a list of approved sellers and service providers, including state and federally-chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. Securities issued by Fannie Mae are agency securities, which means Fannie Mae, but not the U.S. government, guarantees their timely payment of principal and interest.
Freddie Mac – Freddie Mac is a stockholder-owned corporation established by the U.S. Congress to create a continuous flow of funds to mortgage lenders. Freddie Mac supplies lenders with the money to make mortgages and packages the mortgages into marketable securities. The system is designed to create a stable mortgage credit system and reduce the rates paid by homebuyers. Freddie Mac, not the U.S. government, guarantees timely payment of principal and interest.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers – Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities – Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are:
▪ | payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly); and |
▪ | falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing the Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. |
S- 4
In addition to the risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. If the prepayment rates increase, the Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
Other Asset-Backed Securities – These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Fund may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
Short-Term Investments – To earn a return on uninvested assets, meet anticipated redemptions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in the short-term securities listed below, U.S. government securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. Unless otherwise specified, a short-term debt security has a maturity of one year or less.
Bank Obligations – The Fund will only invest in a security issued by a commercial bank if the bank:
▪ | has total assets of at least $1 billion, or the equivalent in other currencies (based on the most recent publicly available information about the bank); and |
S- 5
▪ | is a U.S. bank and a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; or is a foreign branch of a U.S. bank and the Adviser believes the security is of an investment quality comparable with other debt securities that the Fund may purchase. |
Time Deposits – Time deposits are non-negotiable deposits, such as savings accounts or certificates of deposit, held by a financial institution for a fixed term with the understanding that the depositor can withdraw its money only by giving notice to the institution. However, there may be early withdrawal penalties depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. The Fund may only purchase time deposits maturing from two business days through seven calendar days.
Certificates of Deposit – Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank or savings and loan association for a definite period of time and earning a specified return.
Bankers’ Acceptance – A bankers’ acceptance is a time draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower, usually in connection with an international commercial transaction (to finance the import, export, transfer or storage of goods).
Commercial Paper – Commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a maturity ranging from one to 270 days issued by banks, corporations and other borrowers. Such investments are unsecured and usually discounted. The Fund may invest in commercial paper rated A-1 or A-2 by Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) or Prime-1 or Prime-2 by Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), or, if not rated, issued by a corporation having an outstanding unsecured debt issue rated A or better by Moody’s or by S&P. See “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” for a description of commercial paper ratings.
Yankee Bonds – Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds issued inside the United States by foreign entities. Investments in these securities involve certain risks that are not typically associated with investing in domestic securities. See “Foreign Securities.”
Zero Coupon Bonds – These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. The Fund’s investments in pay-in-kind, delayed and zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its Fund securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
These securities may include treasury securities, such as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”), that have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities ( i.e. , unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
S- 6
Terms to Understand:
Maturity – Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (principal) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (call dates). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
Mutual funds that invest in debt securities have no real maturity. Instead, they calculate their weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the effective or anticipated maturity of each debt security held by the mutual fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the mutual fund it represents.
Duration – Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or of a mutual fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. It measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years — the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities – The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and the coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
▪ | Interest Rates |
The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates ( i.e. , if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa).
▪ | Prepayment Risk |
This risk affects mainly mortgage-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. The Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of the Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of the Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund.
S- 7
▪ | Extension Risk |
The other side of prepayment risk occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause the Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This would increase the sensitivity of the Fund to rising rates and its potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of U.S. government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
▪ | Credit Rating |
Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from comparable treasury securities.
Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” Since an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called investment-grade because its issuer is more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, the Adviser may determine that it is of investment-grade. The Adviser may retain securities that are downgraded, if it believes that keeping those securities is warranted.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade (“junk bonds”) are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a junk bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, junk bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the junk bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of junk bonds and may cause the Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value junk bonds accurately.
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Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. The Fund currently uses ratings compiled by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch Inc. Credit ratings are only an agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk.
The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
The Adviser may use ratings produced by ratings agencies as guidelines to determine the rating of a security at the time the Fund buys it. A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. The Adviser monitors the rating of the security and will take such action, if any, it believes appropriate when it learns that a rating agency has reduced the security’s rating. The Fund is not obligated to dispose of securities whose issuers subsequently are in default or which are downgraded below the above-stated ratings.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Fund may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Fund may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting itself from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, the Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Fund to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and is legally permissible, the Fund may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by the Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when the Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
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Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Fund is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. As a result, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Fund’s investment strategies and may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures – A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily net asset value (“NAV”), each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
The Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options – An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
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▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When the Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). The Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that the Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. The Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When the Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when the Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
The Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive the Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
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The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. The Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
The Fund is permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, the Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, the Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
• | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
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▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
The Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. The Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
The Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, the Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Fund may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Fund may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which it could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which the Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if the Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Fund could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
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▪ | Combined Positions |
The Fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, the Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, the Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts – A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect the Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. The Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
The Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
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Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
The Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, the Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities – The Fund may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements – A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of the Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. The Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, the Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Fund will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
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A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Fund may cover its current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that the Fund will be committed to pay.
▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to the Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
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As with a traditional investment in a debt security, the Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. The Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the breakeven inflation rate) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by the Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
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Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Fund than if it had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to make or lose substantially more than it invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities the Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices – The Fund’s ability to hedge its securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities the Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, the Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | a difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Fund. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
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Lack of Liquidity – Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, the Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, the Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Fund intends to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, the Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, the Fund may:
▪ | have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | an exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | the facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk – Successful use of derivatives by the Fund is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if the Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk – At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if the Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin – Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to the Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, the Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. The Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
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Volatility and Leverage – The Fund’s use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Fund will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Fund does not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | national and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches that value, the Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation – The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Fund by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Fund trades. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Fund’s use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
Equity Securities
Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, and securities convertible into common stock. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the NAV of the Fund to fluctuate. The Fund purchases equity securities traded in the U.S. on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
Common Stocks – Common stocks represent units of ownership in a company. Common stocks usually carry voting rights and earn dividends. Unlike preferred stocks, which are described below, dividends on common stocks are not fixed but are declared at the discretion of the company’s board of directors.
Preferred Stocks – Preferred stocks are also units of ownership in a company. Preferred stocks normally have preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of the company. However, in all other respects, preferred stocks are subordinated to the liabilities of the issuer. Unlike common stocks, preferred stocks are generally not entitled to vote on corporate matters. Types of preferred stocks include adjustable-rate preferred stock, fixed dividend preferred stock, perpetual preferred stock, and sinking fund preferred stock. Generally, the market values of preferred stock with a fixed dividend rate and no conversion element varies inversely with interest rates and perceived credit risk.
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Convertible Securities – Convertible securities are securities that may be exchanged for, converted into, or exercised to acquire a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s common stock at the Fund’s option during a specified time period (such as convertible preferred stocks, convertible debentures and warrants). A convertible security is generally a fixed income security that is senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure, but is usually subordinated to similar non-convertible securities. In exchange for the conversion feature, many corporations will pay a lower rate of interest on convertible securities than debt securities of the same corporation. In general, the market value of a convertible security is at least the higher of its “investment value” ( i.e. , its value as a fixed income security) or its “conversion value” ( i.e., its value upon conversion into its underlying common stock).
Convertible securities are subject to the same risks as similar securities without the convertible feature. The price of a convertible security is more volatile during times of steady interest rates than other types of debt securities. The price of a convertible security tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, whereas it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying common stock declines.
A synthetic convertible security is a combination investment in which the Fund purchases both (i) high-grade cash equivalents or a high grade debt obligation of an issuer or U.S. government securities and (ii) call options or warrants on the common stock of the same or different issuer with some or all of the anticipated interest income from the associated debt obligation that is earned over the holding period of the option or warrant.
While providing a fixed income stream (generally higher in yield than the income derivable from common stock but lower than that afforded by a similar non-convertible security), a convertible security also affords an investor the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation attendant upon a market price advance in the convertible security’s underlying common stock. A synthetic convertible position has similar investment characteristics, but may differ with respect to credit quality, time to maturity, trading characteristics, and other factors. Because the Fund will create synthetic convertible positions only out of high grade fixed income securities, the credit rating associated with the Fund’s synthetic convertible investments is generally expected to be higher than that of the average convertible security, many of which are rated below high grade. However, because the options used to create synthetic convertible positions will generally have expirations between one-month and three years of the time of purchase, the maturity of these positions will generally be shorter than average for convertible securities. Since the option component of a convertible security or synthetic convertible position is a wasting asset (in the sense of losing “time value” as maturity approaches), a synthetic convertible position may lose such value more rapidly than a convertible security of longer maturity; however, the gain in option value due to appreciation of the underlying stock may exceed such time value loss, the market price of the option component generally reflects these differences in maturities, and the Adviser takes such differences into account when evaluating such positions. When a synthetic convertible position “matures” because of the expiration of the associated option, the Fund may extend the maturity by investing in a new option with longer maturity on the common stock of the same or different issuer. If the Fund does not so extend the maturity of a position, it may continue to hold the associated fixed income security.
Rights and Warrants – A right is a privilege granted to existing shareholders of a corporation to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is issued. Rights normally have a short life, usually two to four weeks, are freely transferable and entitle the holder to buy the new common stock at a lower price than the public offering price. Warrants are securities that are usually issued together with a debt security or preferred stock and that give the holder the right to buy proportionate amount of common stock at a specified price. Warrants are freely transferable and are traded on major exchanges. Unlike rights, warrants normally have a life that is measured in years and entitles the holder to buy common stock of a company at a price that is usually higher than the market price at the time the warrant is issued. Corporations often issue warrants to make the accompanying debt security more attractive.
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An investment in warrants and rights may entail greater risks than certain other types of investments. Generally, rights and warrants do not carry the right to receive dividends or exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. In addition, their value does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities, and they cease to have value if they are not exercised on or before their expiration date. Investing in rights and warrants increases the potential profit or loss to be realized from the investment as compared with investing the same amount in the underlying securities.
Risks of Investing in Equity Securities:
General Risks of Investing in Stocks – While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors must accept the risks of ownership. Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations. Stockholders of a company that fares poorly can lose money.
Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
▪ | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
▪ | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
▪ | Changes in financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates. |
Because preferred stock is generally junior to debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
Small and Medium-Sized Companies – Investors in small and medium-sized companies typically take on greater risk and price volatility than they would by investing in larger, more established companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of their small or medium size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of management depth. The securities of small and medium-sized companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and might not be traded in volumes typical of securities traded on a national securities exchange. Thus, the securities of small and medium capitalization companies are likely to be less liquid, and subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements, than securities of larger, more established companies.
Technology Companies – Stocks of technology companies have tended to be subject to greater volatility than securities of companies that are not dependent upon or associated with technological issues. Technology companies operate in various industries. Since these industries frequently share common characteristics, an event or issue affecting one industry may significantly influence other, related industries. For example, technology companies may be strongly affected by worldwide scientific or technological developments and their products and services may be subject to governmental regulation or adversely affected by governmental policies.
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Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”) – The Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities of companies offering shares in IPOs. IPOs may have a magnified performance impact on a fund with a small asset base. The Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time, which may increase the turnover of the Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses for the Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, the Fund may realize taxable gains it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for the Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Holders of IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
The Fund’s investment in IPO shares may include the securities of unseasoned companies (companies with less than three years of continuous operations), which presents risks considerably greater than common stocks of more established companies. These companies may have limited operating histories and their prospects for profitability may be uncertain. These companies may be involved in new and evolving businesses and may be vulnerable to competition and changes in technology, markets and economic conditions. They may be more dependent on key managers and third parties and may have limited product lines.
Foreign Securities
Types of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities that are traded in markets outside of the U.S. The markets in which these securities are located can be developed or emerging. The Fund can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways:
▪ | The Fund can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency; |
▪ | The Fund can invest in American Depositary Receipts, European Depositary Receipts and other similar global instruments; and |
▪ | The Fund can invest in investment funds. |
American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) – ADRs as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. European Depositary Receipts are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
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ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all of the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
Emerging Markets – An “emerging market country” is generally a country that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank”) and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNPs”) than more developed countries.
Investment Funds – Some emerging countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If the Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their NAV.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors – Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
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▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit the Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval or limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest. Other countries may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s investments.
Information and Supervision – There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk – The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
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Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | Have substantially less volume; |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | May have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards. |
▪ | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis. |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated. |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights. |
▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk – While the Fund denominates its NAV in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
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▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes – Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for the Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets – Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”)
The Fund may invest in exchange-traded funds. ETFs may be structured as investment companies that are registered under the 1940 Act, typically as open-end funds or unit investment trusts. These ETFs are generally based on specific domestic and foreign market securities indices. An “index-based ETF” seeks to track the performance of an index by holding in its portfolio either the contents of the index or a representative sample of the securities in the index. Alternatively, ETFs may be structured as grantor trusts or other forms of pooled investment vehicles that are not registered or regulated under the 1940 Act. These ETFs typically hold commodities, precious metals, currency or other non-securities investments. ETFs, like mutual funds, have expenses associated with their operation, such as advisory and custody fees. When the Fund invests in an ETF, in addition to directly bearing expenses associated with its own operations, including the brokerage costs associated with the purchase and sale of shares of the ETF, the Fund will bear a pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses. In addition, it may be more costly to own an ETF than to directly own the securities or other investments held by the ETF because of ETF expenses. The risks of owning shares of an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the underlying securities or other investments held by the ETF, although lack of liquidity in the market for the shares of an ETF could result in the ETF’s value being more volatile than the underlying securities or other investments.
Investment Company Shares
The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Fund. The Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
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For hedging or other purposes, the Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange-Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the SEC to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Fund may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Fund otherwise complies with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Fund follows certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians It is the current policy of the Fund, not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by that Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
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Reverse Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which the Fund sells portfolio securities to financial institutions, such as banks and broker-dealers, and agrees to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon date and price that is higher than the original sale price. Reverse repurchase agreements are similar to a fully collateralized borrowing by the Fund. At the time the Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will earmark on the books of the Fund or place in a segregated account cash or liquid securities having a value equal to the repurchase price (including accrued interest) and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve risks. Reverse repurchase agreements are a form of leverage, and the use of reverse repurchase agreements by the Fund may increase the Fund’s volatility. Reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to the risk that the other party to the reverse repurchase agreement will be unable or unwilling to complete the transaction as scheduled, which may result in losses to the Fund. Reverse repurchase agreements also involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by the Fund may decline below the price at which it is obligated to repurchase the securities. In addition, when the Fund invests the proceeds it receives in a reverse repurchase transaction, there is a risk that those investments may decline in value. In this circumstance, the Fund could be required to sell other investments in order to meet its obligations to repurchase the securities.
Restricted and Illiquid Investments
While the Fund does not anticipate doing so, it may purchase illiquid investments, including investments that are not readily marketable and investments that are not registered (“restricted investments”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. Illiquid investments are securities that cannot be sold or disposed of in the ordinary course of business within seven business days at approximately the value at which they are being carried on the Fund’s books. Illiquid investments may include a wide variety of investments, such as repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, OTC options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements), fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or do not provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits), participation interests in loans, commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act), and securities whose disposition is restricted under the federal securities laws. Illiquid investments include restricted, privately placed securities that, under the federal securities laws, generally may be resold only to qualified institutional buyers. If a substantial market develops for a restricted security (or other illiquid investment) held by the Fund, it may be treated as a liquid investment, in accordance with procedures and guidelines approved by the Board.
Securities Lending
The Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of the Fund (including the loan collateral). The Fund will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund.
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The Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund’s securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, the Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects the Fund to market risk. The Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by the Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. The Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Short Sales
Description of Short Sales:
Selling a security short is when an investor sells a security it does not own. To sell a security short an investor must borrow the security from someone else to deliver to the buyer. The investor then replaces the security it borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or before the time of replacement. Until it replaces the security, the investor repays the person that lent it the security for any interest or dividends that may have accrued during the period of the loan.
Investors typically sell securities short to:
▪ | Take advantage of an anticipated decline in prices. |
▪ | Protect a profit in a security it already owns. |
The Fund can lose money if the price of the security it sold short increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. Likewise, the Fund can profit if the price of the security declines between those dates. Because the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could also be subject to a theoretically unlimited loss.
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To borrow the security, the Fund may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The Fund will also incur transaction costs in effecting short sales. The Fund’s gains and losses will be decreased or increased, as the case may be, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest, or expenses the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale.
The broker will retain the net proceeds of the short sale, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Short Sales Against the Box – In addition, the Fund may engage in short sales “against the box.” In a short sale against the box, the Fund agrees to sell at a future date a security that it either currently owns or has the right to acquire at no extra cost. The Fund will incur transaction costs to open, maintain and close short sales against the box. For tax purposes, a short sale against the box may be a taxable event to the Fund.
Restrictions on Short Sales:
The Fund will not short sell a security if:
▪ | After giving effect to such short sale, the total market value of all securities sold short would exceed 25% of the value of the Fund’s net assets. |
▪ | The market value of the securities of any single issuer that have been sold short by the Fund would exceed two percent (2%) of the value of the Fund’s net assets. |
▪ | Any security sold short would constitute more than two percent (2%) of any class of the issuer’s securities. |
Whenever the Fund sells a security short, the Fund segregates an amount of cash or liquid securities equal to the difference between (a) the current market value of the securities sold short and (b) any cash or U.S. government securities the Fund is required to deposit with the broker in connection with the short sale (not including the proceeds from the short sale). The segregated assets are marked to market daily in an attempt to ensure that the amount deposited in the segregated account plus the amount deposited with the broker is at least equal to the current market value of the securities.
When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward-Delivery Transactions
A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which has not been issued. In a forward-delivery transaction, the Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities the Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. The Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
The Fund uses when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward-delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When the Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, the Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
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When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-delivery basis, the Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because the Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to the risks associated with its other investments.
The Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-delivery transactions. The Fund will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of the commitments.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks
As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
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INVESTMENT POLICIES OF THE FUND
Fundamental Policies
The following investment policies are fundamental, which means that the Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less. Unless otherwise noted, the Fund will determine compliance with the investment limitation percentages below (with the exception of a limitation relating to borrowing) and other applicable investment requirements immediately after and as a result of its acquisition of such security or other asset. Accordingly, the Fund generally will not consider changes in values, net assets or other circumstances when determining whether the investment complies with its investment limitations.
The Fund will not:
• | Make any investment inconsistent with its classification as a diversified series of an open-end investment company under the 1940 Act. This restriction does not, however, apply when the Fund is classified as a non-diversified series of an open-end investment company under the 1940 Act. |
• | Borrow money, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. |
• | Issue senior securities, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction. |
• | Underwrite securities of other issuers, except insofar as the Fund may technically be deemed to be an underwriter under the 1933 Act in connection with the purchase or sale of its portfolio securities. |
• | Concentrate its investments in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities). |
• | Purchase or sell real estate, except (1) to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction, (2) that the Fund may invest in securities of issuers that deal or invest in real estate and (3) that the Fund may purchase securities secured by real estate or interests therein. |
• | Purchase or sell commodities or contracts on commodities except that the Fund may engage in financial futures contracts and related options and currency contracts and related options and may otherwise do so in accordance with applicable law and without registering as a commodity pool operator under the Commodity Exchange Act. |
• | Make loans to other persons, except that the Fund may lend its portfolio securities in accordance with applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. The acquisition of investment securities or other investment instruments shall not be deemed to be the making of a loan. |
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In addition, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Fund’s first fundamental investment policy set forth above, the Fund will not:
• | Purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objective of the Fund, the following investment limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The Fund may:
• | Not borrow money, except that (1) the Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the 1940 Act) or enter into reverse repurchase agreements, in amounts up to 33 1 / 3 % of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (2) the Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (3) the Fund may obtain such short-term credit as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, and (4) the Fund may purchase securities on margin and engage in short sales to the extent permitted by applicable law. |
Notwithstanding the investment restrictions above, the Fund may not borrow amounts in excess of 33 1 / 3 % of its total assets, taken at market value, and then only from banks as a temporary measure for extraordinary or emergency purposes such as the redemption of Fund shares. The Fund will not purchase securities while borrowings are outstanding except to exercise prior commitments and to exercise subscription rights.
• | Purchase and sell currencies or securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-commitment basis. |
• | Purchase and sell foreign currency, purchase options on foreign currency and foreign currency exchange contracts. |
• | Invest in the securities of foreign issuers. |
• | Purchase shares of other investment companies to the extent permitted by applicable law. The Fund may, notwithstanding any fundamental policy or other limitation, invest all of its investable assets in securities of a single open-end management investment company with substantially the same investment objectives, policies and limitations. |
The 1940 Act currently permits the Fund to invest up to 10% of its total assets in the securities of other investment companies. However, the Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one investment company or acquire more than 3% of the outstanding securities of any one investment company, unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder.
• | Write covered call options and may buy and sell put and call options. |
• | Enter into repurchase agreements. |
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• | Lend portfolio securities to registered broker-dealers or other institutional shareholders. These loans may not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Fund’s total assets taken at market value. In addition, the Fund must receive at least 100% collateral. |
• | Sell securities short and engage in short sales “against the box.” |
• | Enter into swap transactions. |
Further, the Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of companies located in at least three countries other than the U.S. without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
Investment Adviser. C.S. McKee L.P., a Pennsylvania limited partnership located at One Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222, serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of the Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $10 billion in assets under management. The Adviser was formed by certain officers of the Fund’s former adviser, C.S. McKee & Co., Inc. (the “Former Adviser”) who purchased the Former Adviser’s investment advisory business on January 10, 2002. The Former Adviser was an affiliate of Old Mutual (US) Holdings Inc. (formerly named United Asset Management Corporation). The Adviser is not affiliated with Old Mutual (US) Holdings Inc.
Despite this transaction, there were no changes in the actual investment management services, administrative functions, supervisory responsibilities or fee arrangements for the Fund. In addition, the persons responsible for the day to day management of the Fund did not change and the Adviser continues the business of the Former Adviser. The Adviser and the Former Adviser have provided investment management services to pension and profit sharing plans, trusts and endowments, 401(k) and thrift plans, corporations and other institutions and individuals since 1972.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement dated June 24, 2002, as amended (the “Advisory Agreement”) with respect to the Fund. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as investment adviser and makes the investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Board.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser, or, by the Adviser, on 90 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
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Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.70% of the average daily net assets of the Fund. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Adviser the following advisory fees:
Advisory Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$1,153,263 | $1,199,436 | $1,386,526 |
This section includes information about the Fund’s portfolio manager, including information about other accounts he manages, the dollar range of Fund shares he owns and how he is compensated.
Compensation. The Adviser compensates the Fund’s portfolio manager, Michael J. Donnelly, for his management of the Fund. The portfolio manager’s overall compensation is designed to be competitive with similar investment advisers and to compensate the portfolio manager for his contributions to the Adviser and its investment products. The portfolio manager’s compensation consists of a salary, retirement plan, equity ownership in the Adviser, profit participation and a discretionary bonus. The discretionary bonus is based in part on the Fund’s one- and three-year gross performance measured against the MSCI EAFE Index and the Adviser’s assets under management, as well as other factors, including the portfolio manager’s investment ideas, leadership, and overall contributions to the investment team.
Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Manager. The following table shows the dollar amount range of the portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares 1 |
Michael J. Donnelly | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, the portfolio manager may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
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Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio manager’s management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with his management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as the Fund. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby the portfolio manager could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio manager’s knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby the portfolio manager could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of the Fund. In addition, it is also possible that a potential conflict of interest may arise because the portfolio manager manages an account with a performance-based management fee in addition to the Fund and other accounts without a performance-based fee. However, the Adviser has established policies and procedures to ensure that the purchase and sale of securities among all accounts it manages are fairly and equitably allocated.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Fund, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following amounts for these services:
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Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$197,703 | $205,619 | $237,692 |
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments, and an affiliate of the Administrator are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”). The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Payments by the Fund. The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Fund and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Fund, the Distributor or shareholders of the Fund through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Fund in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Fund; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
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The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Fund by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 West 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6 th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Fund. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Suite 1800, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference hereto in reliance upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
eSecLending serves as the Fund’s securities lending agent (“Securities Lending Agent”). The services provided to the Fund by the Securities Lending Agent include (i) entering into loans subject to guidelines or restrictions provided by the Fund; (ii) establishing and maintaining collateral accounts; (iii) monitoring daily the value of the loaned securities and collateral; (iv) seeking additional collateral as necessary from borrowers, and returning collateral to borrowers; (v) receiving and holding collateral from borrowers, and facilitating the investment and reinvestment of cash collateral; (vi) negotiating loan terms; (vii) selecting securities to be loaned subject to guidelines or restrictions provided by the Fund; (viii) recordkeeping and account servicing; (ix) monitoring dividend and proxy activity relating to loaned securities; and (x) arranging for return of loaned securities to the Fund at loan termination. Fees for all services provided to the Fund by the Securities Lending Agent are included in the revenue split.
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The following table provides the income earned, and fees and/or compensation paid, by the Fund in connection with securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
McKee International
Equity Portfolio |
|
Gross income from securities lending activities (including income from cash collateral reinvestment) |
$157,184.69 |
Fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities and related services |
|
Fees paid to Securities Lending Agent from a revenue split |
$10,891.28 |
Fees paid for cash collateral management services (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) not included in the revenue split |
None |
Administrative fees not included in the revenue split | None |
Indemnification fees not included in the revenue split | None |
Rebates (paid to borrowers) | $102,728.29 |
Other fees not included in the revenue split | None |
Aggregate fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities | $113,619.57 |
Net income from securities lending activities | $43,565.12 |
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, Distributor and Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
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The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
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The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of
Birth |
Position with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in
the Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018.
|
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
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Name and Year of
Birth |
Position with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in
the Past 5 Years |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Fund as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the Fund provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the Fund, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
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Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares
(All Funds in the Family of Investment
|
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Fund is the only fund in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate
Compensation from the Trust |
Pension or
Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated
Annual Benefits
|
Total Compensation from the
Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
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Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. There is no stated term of office for officers of the Trust. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
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Name and Year
of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length
of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Russell Emery (Born: 1962) |
Chief Compliance Officer (since 2006) |
Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP from 2007 to 2013. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Matthew M. Maher (Born: 1975) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2018) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2018. Attorney, Blank Rome LLP, from 2015 to 2018. Assistant Counsel & Vice President, Bank of New York Mellon, from 2013 to 2014. Attorney, Dilworth Paxson LLP, from 2006 to 2013. |
Robert Morrow
(Born: 1968) |
Vice President (since 2017) |
Account Manager, SEI Investments, since 2007. |
Bridget E. Sudall (Born: 1980) |
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and Privacy Officer (since 2015) | Senior Associate and AML Officer, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2011 to 2015. Investor Services Team Lead, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2007 to 2011. |
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Fund adheres to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities. Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Fund will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Fund will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Fund calculates NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which the Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value the Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Fund are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Fund are valued at fair value.
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Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Fund calculates NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
Fair Valuation of Foreign Securities Based on U.S. Market Movements. A third party fair valuation vendor provides a fair value for foreign securities held by the Fund based on certain factors and methodologies (involving, generally, tracking valuation correlations between the U.S. market and each foreign security) applied by the fair valuation vendor in the event that there are movements in the U.S. market that exceed a specific threshold that has been established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Fair Value Pricing Committee has also established a “confidence interval” that is used to determine the level of correlation between the value of a foreign security and movements in the U.S. market that is required for a particular security to be fair valued when the threshold is exceeded. In the event that the threshold established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee is exceeded on a specific day, the Fund values the foreign securities in its portfolio that exceed the applicable “confidence interval” based upon the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor. In such event, it is not necessary to hold a Fair Value Pricing Committee meeting. In the event that the Adviser believes that the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor are not reliable, the Adviser can contact the Administrator and request that a meeting of the Fair Value Pricing Committee be held.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
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Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that it timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC.
The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
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The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. The Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend, (ii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder), (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in the Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income.
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Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, the Fund’s distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation.
To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of its tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held your shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
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Sales or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a long-term capital gain distribution are subsequently sold or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the long-term capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of its shares, the Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use a default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by shareholders (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of the Fund’s shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of the Fund’s shares. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
If the Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs,” the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. The Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
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Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues. The Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Fund intends to monitor its transactions, intends to make the appropriate tax elections, and intends to make the appropriate entries in its books and records when it acquires any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, the Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If the Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If the Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by the Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in the Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Fund.
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Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a 24% withholding rate and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of a Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
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In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on Fund transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$61,718 | $67,205 | $70,533 |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Fund.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used in connection with the account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
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In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Fund, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid no commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser.
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Fund may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Fund or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Fund for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Fund, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Fund is required to identify any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not hold any securities of its “regular brokers or dealers.”
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Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which the Fund may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one-year. The Fund may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the portfolio turnover rates for the Fund were as follows:
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 |
5% | 8% |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Fund’s Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund, its Adviser, or its principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (“Adviser CCO”) to authorize the release of the Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser CCO, either directly or through reports by the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Fund is required to disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). The Fund discloses a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s NAV (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. The Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters is available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters, is available in Shareholder Reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should the Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-625-3346. In addition, the Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings on a monthly basis, as of the end of the previous month. For example, the Fund’s investments as of the end of January would ordinarily be published at the end of February. The Fund also publishes a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/mckee. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund.
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In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the custodian, administrator or transfer agent, in connection with their services to the Fund. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Fund. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of the Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics. The lag time for such disclosures will vary. The Fund believes that these third parties have legitimate objectives in requesting such portfolio holdings information.
The Fund’s policies and procedures provide that the Adviser’s CCO may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Adviser’s CCO must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders and that to the extent conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders and those of the Fund’s Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund exist, such conflicts are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The disclosures will not be made sooner than three days after the date of the information. The Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, the Fund requires any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank the Fund, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
The Fund’s policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Fund, Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Fund’s portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser currently has an arrangement to provide Fund portfolio holdings information to a third party prior to the date on which portfolio holdings information is posted on the Internet. Under this arrangement, the Adviser provides portfolio holdings information with respect to the Fund as of the end of each month, no sooner than three days after the end of the month, to Pierce Park Group. The information provided to this third party, until made publicly available, is considered confidential and will not be distributed to the public nor traded upon. The Fund believes these disclosures serve a legitimate business purpose. No compensation is received by the Fund or the Adviser in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information. The Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review this arrangement and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to this arrangement.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of the Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
S- 66
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-625-3346; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
S- 67
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics (each a “Code of Ethics” and together the “Codes of Ethics”) apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“access persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by access persons. Under each Code of Ethics, access persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain access persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of the shares of the Fund. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of the Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling the Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
Name and Address | % of Fund |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995 |
10.56% |
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY C/O M&T BANK ATTN: MUTUAL FUND ADMINISTRATOR ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE OAKS, PA 19456-9989 |
18.34% |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995 |
5.36% |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC REINVEST ACCOUNT ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104-4151 |
7.60% |
SAXON & CO. PO BOX 94597 CLEVELAND, OH 44101-4597 |
24.81% |
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
A- 1
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
A- 2
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
A- 3
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A- 4
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
A- 5
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
A- 6
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
A- 7
APPENDIX B –PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
B- 1
C.S. McKee, L.P.
Proxy Voting Policy
C.S. McKee will accept the authority to vote proxies on behalf of the client.
Objective |
The objective of our proxy voting process is to maximize the long-term investment performance of our clients.
Policy |
It is our policy to vote all proxy proposals in accordance with management recommendations except in instances where the effect of particular resolutions could adversely affect shareholder value. In such cases, it is C.S. McKee’s policy to vote against these proposals. Examples of proposals that could negatively impact shareholder interest include, but are not limited to the following:
1. | Anti-takeover amendments such as fair price provisions and staggered board provisions. |
2. | Poison pill provisions designed to discourage another entity from seeking control. |
3. | Greenmail attempts. |
4. | Golden parachutes and related management entrenchment measures. |
5. | Oversized stock option grants and strike price revisions. |
It is McKee’s practice to generally not recall securities unless there is a specific issue that we feel warrants forfeiting the securities lending income. It is generally believed that in most cases the certainty of the securities lending income outweighs the potential, but unknown benefit, of the proxy vote.
Procedure |
Our procedure for processing proxy ballots is as follows:
1. | Upon receipt, all proxy material will be forwarded to the Senior Vice |
President of Equities for his/her review. Specifically, proxies will be reviewed for material conflicts of interest and in such cases will be addressed by the Compliance Department to ensure that resolutions are voted in the best interest of shareholders.
2. | The Administrative Assistant will vote the resolutions according to the instructions of the Senior Vice President of Equities. The vote will be reviewed and signed by the Chief Investment Officer or Senior Vice President of Equities. |
3. | If any proposals are considered to have a potentially negative impact on investment performance, the Chief Investment Officer or Senior Vice President of Equities will review the particular resolutions thoroughly with the equity portfolio manager responsible for the investment. |
4. | After this review, if the Chief Investment Officer or Senior Vice President of Equities determines that specific proposals could have a negative impact on investment performance, they will vote against those proposals. |
5. | The Chief Investment Officer will review any exceptional provisions which are of significant investment interest with the Chief Executive Officer before voting on those issues. |
6. | Copies of all proxy material, along with our voting record, will be maintained by the Investment Administrative Assistant and can be obtained by emailing info@csmckee.com. |
7. | The Chief Investment Officer will review our proxy voting record with the Chief Executive Officer annually, or more often if necessary. |
Authorization to Vote Proxies |
• | The default will be for C.S. McKee to vote all proxies for securities that it currently owns that are received via mail or electronic proxy service. It is the client’s responsibility to make sure that proxies are forwarded to our attention. |
• | Clients must notify C.S. McKee in writing if they do not want us to vote proxies. These notifications will be kept on file. If C.S. McKee is not authorized to vote proxies, the client will receive their proxy statements directly from their custodian. |
Clients may direct C.S. McKee to vote any particular solicitation by contacting their relationship manager.
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
The Rice Hall James Funds
Prospectus |
March 1, 2019 |
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Table of Contents |
How to Obtain More Information about the Rice Hall James Funds |
The Rice Hall James Small Cap Portfolio (the “Fund” or the “Small Cap Portfolio”) seeks maximum capital appreciation, consistent with reasonable risk to principal, by investing primarily in small market capitalization (small-cap) companies.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Management Fees |
0.80% |
Other Expenses |
0.88% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.01% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
1.69% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(0.68)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
1.01% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table, both before and after fee reductions and/or expense reimbursements, do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 |
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC (the “Adviser” or “RHJ”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and non-routine expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020 (the “Expense Limitation”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Expense Limitation to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the Expense Limitation (i) at the time of the fee reduction and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
1
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$103 |
$466 |
$854 |
$1,941 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 103% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-cap companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. Equity securities are primarily common stock. The Fund focuses on U.S. companies with total market capitalizations (number of shares outstanding multiplied by share price) that at the time of initial purchase fall within the range of companies in the Russell 2000 Index at reconstitution each June. The Adviser believes that shares of small-cap companies exhibit greater pricing inefficiencies compared to larger-capitalization companies, which affords greater opportunity for excess returns. The Adviser attributes this inefficiency primarily to lower levels of analyst coverage in this area of the market.
In making investment decisions for the Fund, the Adviser uses a company-specific approach that focuses on identifying, through
2
fundamental research, the stocks of growth companies that are valued attractively (i.e., undervalued or selling at a discount) relative to a price that would be justified according to the Adviser’s expectations regarding a company’s earnings growth. The Adviser relies on fundamental analysis in the effort to validate the opinion that a company’s current stock price undervalues, or does not reflect fully, that company’s earnings growth potential. The Adviser’s investment process seeks to identify companies whose stocks appear to be inaccurately priced by the market - specifically growth stocks that are undervalued due to market inefficiency. The Adviser seeks to capture price appreciation by investing in a company’s undervalued shares before the market has recognized that company’s above-average earnings growth potential and re-valued its shares accordingly.
The Adviser will not invest in a company solely on the basis that its shares appear undervalued; above-average earnings growth potential is an equally essential criterion for investment candidates, and the Adviser will seek to determine whether the current Price-to-Earnings ratio of a stock adequately reflects the company’s potential for rapid earnings growth, as measured by the Adviser’s expectations for a company’s three- to five-year earnings growth. The Adviser will seek to ascertain a specific factor, or catalyst, that can be expected to precipitate above-average, typically above 15% per year, earnings growth in candidates for investment. Such companies are believed to be undergoing fundamental changes that have yet to be noticed by investors, but that the Adviser believes will ultimately result in increases in revenue growth rates, expanding profit margins and/or increases in earnings growth rates. Catalysts that might precipitate these changes or accelerations in growth and profitability include, but are not limited to, events or developments such as new product introductions or applications, discovery of niche markets, new management, corporate or industry restructures, regulatory change and market expansion.
With regards to valuation, the Adviser will invest the assets of the Fund primarily in companies whose Price-to-Earnings ratios appear low relative to future growth potential, or whose stocks can be expected to appreciate in response to rapid earnings growth. The Adviser seeks to invest the assets of the Fund in companies believed to offer “upside,” or potential for price appreciation, that the Adviser estimates to be, at a minimum, three times greater than a stock’s estimated “downside,” or potential for price depreciation. The Adviser seeks to invest in shares that are, in the view of the Adviser, poised to appreciate significantly within the next 12 to 24 months and whose estimated reward-to-risk
3
profile (as estimated principally using earnings and the Price-to-Earnings ratio) is consistent with the Adviser’s criteria.
Moreover, the Adviser focuses on securities of companies with the following attributes:
● |
Strong management; |
● |
Leading products or services; |
● |
Distribution to a large marketplace or growing niche market; |
● |
Anticipated above-average revenue and earnings growth rates; |
● |
Potential for improvement in profit margins; and |
● |
Strong cash flow and/or improving financial position. |
The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because it is no longer within the Fund’s target capitalization range used by the Adviser for the initial purchase, and the holding may remain in the Fund if the Adviser believes the company continues to offer growth potential that is consistent with the Adviser’s reward-to-risk requirements. However, it may sell stocks for the following reasons:
● |
The stock reaches the target price set by the Adviser; |
● |
The stock falls below the downside price limit set by the Adviser; |
● |
The fundamentals of the stock have deteriorated; or |
● |
A more attractively valued alternative is available for purchase. |
The Adviser expects that cash reserves will normally represent under 20% of the Fund’s assets.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. This outcome could occur because its strategy failed to produce the intended results or because the Adviser did not properly implement the Fund’s investment strategy. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. Set forth below are the principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to equity risk, or the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and accordingly the value of the Fund’s equity securities may
4
fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Small-Capitalization Company Risk – The small-capitalization companies in which the Fund will invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events as compared to larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have comparatively limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Growth Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes can potentially offer above-average rates of earnings growth and that therefore may experience stock price increases that exceed the increases observed in the benchmark or in the stock’s peer universe. Over time and in different market environments, growth-style investing may fall in or out of favor, and in the latter case, the Fund may underperform other equity funds that rely on different investing styles or pursue different objectives.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual returns for 1, 5 and 10 years compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at http://www.rhjfunds.com or by calling 1-866-474-5669.
5
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
25.20% |
(23.15)% |
(06/30/2009) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad-based indices that are generally accepted indicators of the performance of U.S. small-capitalization stocks.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
6
Rice Hall James Small Cap Portfolio — Institutional Class Shares |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Fund Return Before Taxes |
(11.91)% |
1.53% |
12.04% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(17.10)% |
(2.57)% |
9.42% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(4.33)% |
0.53% |
9.90% |
Russell 2000 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(11.01)% |
4.41% |
11.97% |
Russell 2000 Growth Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(9.31)% |
5.13% |
13.52% |
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC
Thomas W. McDowell, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the Fund since its inception in 1996.
Cara M. Thome, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2001.
Timothy A. Todaro, CFA, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 1996.
Reed M. Wirick, CFA, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2008.
For more information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Purchasing and Selling Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 22 of the Prospectus.
7
The Rice Hall James Micro Cap Portfolio (the “Fund” or the “Micro Cap Portfolio”) seeks maximum capital appreciation, consistent with reasonable risk to principal, by investing primarily in small- capitalization companies.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if redeemed within 90 days of purchase) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
|
Institutional
|
Management Fees |
0.75% |
Other Expenses |
0.64% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.01% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
1.40% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(0.14)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
1.26% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table, both before and after fee reductions and/or expense reimbursements, do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 |
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC (the “Adviser” or “RHJ”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and non-routine expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.25% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020 (the “Expense Limitation”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Expense Limitation to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including |
8
excluded expenses) are below the Expense Limitation (i) at the time of the fee reduction and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$128 |
$429 |
$752 |
$1,668 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 64% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-cap companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. Equity securities are primarily common stock. The Fund focuses on U.S. companies with total market capitalizations (number of shares outstanding multiplied by share price) that at the time of initial purchase fall within the range of companies in the Russell Microcap Index at reconstitution each June. In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser emphasizes smaller, emerging companies that possess the potential to become market leaders in their industries.
9
In making investment decisions for the Fund, the Adviser uses a company-specific approach that focuses on identifying, through fundamental research, the stocks of growth companies that are valued attractively (i.e., undervalued or selling at a discount) relative to a price that would be justified according to the Adviser’s expectations regarding a company’s earnings growth. The Adviser relies on fundamental analysis in the effort to validate the opinion that a company’s current stock price undervalues, or does not reflect fully, that company’s earnings growth potential. The Adviser’s investment process seeks to identify companies whose stocks appear to be inaccurately priced by the market - specifically growth stocks that are undervalued due to market inefficiency. The Adviser seeks to capture price appreciation by investing in a company’s undervalued shares before the market has recognized that company’s above-average earnings growth potential and re-valued its shares accordingly.
The Adviser will not invest in a company solely on the basis that its shares appear undervalued; above-average earnings growth potential is an equally essential criterion for investment candidates, and the Adviser will seek to determine whether the current Price-to-Earnings ratio of a stock adequately reflects the company’s potential for rapid earnings growth, as measured by the Adviser’s expectations for a company’s three- to five-year earnings growth. The Adviser will seek to ascertain a specific factor, or catalyst, that can be expected to precipitate above-average, typically above 15% per year, earnings growth in candidates for investment. Such companies are believed to be undergoing fundamental changes that have yet to be noticed by investors, but that the Adviser believes will ultimately result in increases in revenue growth rates, expanding profit margins and/or increases in earnings growth rates. Catalysts that might precipitate these changes or accelerations in growth and profitability include, but are not limited to, events or developments such as new product introductions or applications, discovery of niche markets, new management, corporate or industry restructures, regulatory change and market expansion.
With regards to valuation, the Adviser will invest the assets of the Fund primarily in companies whose Price-to-Earnings ratios appear low relative to future growth potential, or whose stocks can be expected to appreciate in response to rapid earnings growth. The Adviser seeks to invest the assets of the Fund in companies believed to offer “upside,” or potential for price appreciation, that the Adviser estimates to be, at a minimum, three times greater than a stock’s estimated “downside,” or potential for price depreciation. The Adviser seeks to invest in shares that are, in the view of the Adviser, poised to appreciate significantly
10
within the next 12 to 24 months and whose estimated reward-to-risk profile (as estimated principally using earnings and the Price-to-Earnings ratio) is consistent with the Adviser’s criteria.
Moreover, the Adviser focuses on securities of companies with the following attributes:
● |
Strong management; |
● |
Leading products or services; |
● |
Distribution to a large marketplace or growing niche market; |
● |
Anticipated above-average revenue and earnings growth rates; |
● |
Potential for improvement in profit margins; and |
● |
Strong cash flow and/or improving financial position. |
The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because it is no longer within the Fund’s target capitalization range used by the Adviser for the initial purchase, and the holding may remain in the Fund if the Adviser believes the company continues to offer growth potential that is consistent with the Adviser’s reward-to-risk requirements. However, it may sell stocks for the following reasons:
● |
The stock reaches the target price set by the Adviser; |
● |
The stock falls below the downside price limit set by the Adviser; |
● |
The fundamentals of the stock have deteriorated; or |
● |
A more attractively valued alternative is available for purchase. |
Due to its investment strategy, the Fund may buy and sell securities frequently. This transaction activity may result in higher transaction costs and additional capital gains tax liabilities as compared to a fund that pursues a “buy and hold” strategy.
The Adviser expects that cash reserves will normally represent under 20% of the Fund’s assets.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. This outcome could occur because its strategy failed to produce the intended results or because the Adviser did not properly implement the Fund’s investment strategy. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or
11
any government agency. Set forth below are the principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to equity risk, or the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and accordingly the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Small-Capitalization Company Risk – The small-capitalization companies in which the Fund will invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events as compared to larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have comparatively limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Micro-Capitalization Company Risk – Micro-capitalization companies may be newly formed or in the early stages of development with limited product lines, markets or financial resources. Therefore, micro-capitalization companies may be less financially secure than large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies and may be more vulnerable to key personnel losses due to reliance on a smaller number of management personnel. In addition, as compared to the volume of information available about larger peers, there may be less public information available about these companies. Micro-capitalization stock prices may be more volatile than stock prices corresponding to large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies, and such stocks may be more thinly traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market.
Growth Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes can potentially offer above-average rates of earnings growth and that therefore may experience stock price increases that exceed the increases observed in the benchmark or in the stock’s peer universe. Over time and in different market environments, growth-style investing may fall in or out of favor, and in the latter case, the
12
Fund may underperform other equity funds that rely on different investing styles or pursue different objectives.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual returns for 1, 5 and 10 years compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at http://www.rhjfunds.com or by calling 1-866-474-5669.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
21.89% |
(20.11)% |
(12/31/2011) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad-based indices that are generally accepted indicators of the performance of micro-capitalization stocks.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-
13
deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Rice Hall James Micro Cap Portfolio — Institutional Class Shares |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Fund Return Before Taxes |
(2.18)% |
4.86% |
13.38% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(6.67)% |
3.32% |
12.54% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
1.70% |
3.80% |
11.53% |
Russell Microcap Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(13.08)% |
3.08% |
11.71% |
Russell Microcap Growth Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(14.18)% |
1.41% |
12.04% |
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC
Thomas W. McDowell, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the Fund since its inception in 1994.
Cara M. Thome, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2001.
Timothy A. Todaro, CFA, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 1994.
Reed M. Wirick, CFA, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2008.
For more information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Purchasing and Selling Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 22 of the Prospectus.
14
The Rice Hall James SMID Cap Portfolio (the “Fund” or the “SMID Cap Portfolio”) seeks maximum capital appreciation, consistent with reasonable risk to principal, by investing primarily in small- and mid-market capitalization (small- and mid-cap) companies.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.90% |
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
1.43% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.01% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
2.59% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(1.58)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
1.01% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table, both before and after fee reductions and/or expense reimbursements, do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 |
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC (the “Adviser” or “RHJ”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and non-routine expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily net assets until February 28, 2020 (the “Expense Limitation”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Expense Limitation to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the Expense Limitation (i) at the time of the fee reduction and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason |
15
at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$103 |
$655 |
$1,233 |
$2,807 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 48% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small- and mid-cap (“SMID Cap”) companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. Equity securities are primarily common stock. The Fund focuses on U.S. companies with total market capitalizations (number of shares outstanding multiplied by share price) that at the time of initial purchase fall within the range of companies in the Russell 2500 Index at reconstitution each June.
In making investment decisions for the Fund, the Adviser uses a company-specific approach that focuses on identifying, through fundamental research, the stocks of growth companies that are valued attractively (i.e., undervalued or selling at a discount) relative to a price
16
that would be justified according to the Adviser’s expectations regarding a company’s earnings growth. The Adviser relies on fundamental analysis in the effort to validate the opinion that a company’s current stock price undervalues, or does not reflect fully, that company’s earnings growth potential. The Adviser’s investment process seeks to identify companies whose stocks appear to be inaccurately priced by the market – specifically growth stocks that are undervalued due to market inefficiency. The Adviser seeks to capture price appreciation by investing in a company’s undervalued shares before the market has recognized that company’s above-average earnings growth potential and re-valued its shares accordingly.
The Adviser will not invest in a company solely on the basis that its shares appear undervalued; above-average earnings growth potential is an equally essential criterion for investment candidates, and the Adviser will seek to determine whether the current Price-to-Earnings ratio of a stock adequately reflects the company’s potential for rapid earnings growth, as measured by the Adviser’s expectations for a company’s three- to five-year earnings growth. The Adviser will seek to ascertain a specific factor, or catalyst, that can be expected to precipitate above-average, typically above 15% per year, earnings growth in candidates for investment. Such companies are believed to be undergoing fundamental changes that have yet to be noticed by investors, but that the Adviser believes will ultimately result in increases in revenue growth rates, expanding profit margins and/or increases in earnings growth rates. Catalysts that might precipitate these changes or accelerations in growth and profitability include, but are not limited to, events or developments such as new product introductions or applications, discovery of niche markets, new management, corporate or industry restructures, regulatory change and market expansion.
With regards to valuation, the Adviser will invest the assets of the Fund primarily in companies whose Price-to-Earnings ratios appear low relative to future growth potential, or whose stocks can be expected to appreciate in response to rapid earnings growth. The Adviser seeks to invest the assets of the Fund in companies believed to offer “upside,” or potential for price appreciation, that the Adviser estimates to be, at a minimum, three times greater than a stock’s estimated “downside,” or potential for price depreciation. The Adviser seeks to invest in shares that are, in the view of the Adviser, poised to appreciate significantly within the next 12 to 24 months and whose estimated reward-to-risk profile (as estimated principally using earnings and the Price-to-Earnings ratio) is consistent with the Adviser’s criteria.
17
Moreover, the Adviser focuses on securities of companies with the following attributes:
● |
Strong management; |
● |
Leading products or services; |
● |
Distribution to a large marketplace or growing niche market; |
● |
Anticipated above-average revenue and earnings growth rates; |
● |
Potential for improvement in profit margins; and |
● |
Strong cash flow and/or improving financial position. |
The Adviser will not sell a stock simply because it is no longer within the Fund’s target capitalization range used by the Adviser for the initial purchase, and the holding may remain in the Fund if the Adviser believes the company continues to offer growth potential that is consistent with the Adviser’s reward-to-risk requirements. However, it may sell stocks for the following reasons:
● |
The stock reaches the target price set by the Adviser; |
● |
The stock falls below the downside price limit set by the Adviser; |
● |
The fundamentals of the stock have deteriorated; or |
● |
A more attractively valued alternative is available for purchase. |
The Adviser expects that cash reserves will normally represent under 20% of the Fund’s assets.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. This outcome could occur because its strategy failed to produce the intended results or because the Adviser did not properly implement the Fund’s investment strategy. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. Set forth below are the principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to equity risk, or the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and accordingly the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic
18
trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies the Fund invests in may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events as compared to larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small and medium-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies may have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Growth Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes can potentially offer above-average rates of earnings growth and that therefore may experience stock price increases that exceed the increases observed in the benchmark or in the stock’s peer universe. Over time and in different market environments, growth-style investing may fall in or out of favor, and in the latter case, the Fund may underperform other equity funds that rely on different investing styles or pursue different objectives.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual returns for 1, 5 and 10 years compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at http://www.rhjfunds.com or by calling 1-866-474-5669. Prior to February 28, 2015, the Fund’s investment strategy did not include investments in equity securities of small-cap companies; therefore, the performance shown below for periods prior to February 28, 2015 may have differed had the Fund’s current investment strategy, i.e., one that pursues investment in small- and mid-capitalization companies, been in effect during those periods.
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BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
18.31% |
(22.94)% |
(06/30/2009) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad-based indices that are generally accepted indicators of the performance of small- and mid-capitalization stocks.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
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Rice Hall James SMID Cap Portfolio — Investor Class Shares |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Fund Return Before Taxes |
(7.86)% |
2.09% |
9.03% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions |
(10.88)% |
1.41% |
8.65% |
Fund Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(2.65)% |
1.65% |
7.67% |
Russell 2500 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(10.00)% |
5.15% |
13.15% |
Russell 2500 Growth Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(7.47)% |
6.19% |
14.76% |
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC
Thomas W. McDowell, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2004.
Cara M. Thome, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2004.
Timothy A. Todaro, CFA, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2004.
Reed M. Wirick, CFA, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2008.
For more information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Purchasing and Selling Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 22 of the Prospectus.
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Summary Information about Purchasing and Selling Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation |
PURCHASING AND SELLING FUND SHARES
You can open an account with any Fund with a minimum initial investment of $2,500 for Investor and Institutional Class shares ($500 for IRAs and $250 for Spousal IRAs). Subsequent investments in a Fund must be at least $100. The Funds reserve the right to waive these minimum investment amounts in their sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Funds directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-474-5669.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Funds.
Each Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
PAYMENTS TO BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If you purchase shares of a Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend a Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
22
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Investor Class Shares of the SMID Cap Portfolio and Institutional Class Shares of the Small Cap Portfolio and Micro Cap Portfolio.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of a Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Federal Taxes.”
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Funds do not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
Each Fund reserves the right to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Funds are not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Funds’ policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Funds do not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Funds subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Funds for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with a Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Funds a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number and the Fund name.
Regular Mail Address
The Rice Hall James Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, Missouri 64121
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Express Mail Address
The Rice Hall James Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire call 1-866-474-5669 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name, the share class and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA#: 101000695
The Rice Hall James Funds
DDA Acct. # 9871063178
Ref: account number/account name/Fund name
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Funds. Purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually in amounts of at least $100 to meet the minimum investment amount. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Funds at: The Rice Hall James Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121 (Express Mail Address: The Rice Hall James Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Minimum Investments
To purchase Investor and Institutional Class Shares of the Funds for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and
24
$250 for Spousal IRAs). Subsequent investments must be made in amounts of at least $100. The Funds reserve the right to waive the minimum investment amounts in their sole discretion.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of a Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for a Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Funds reserve the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Fund Codes
Each Fund’s reference information, which is listed below, will be helpful to you when you contact the Funds to purchase or exchange shares, check daily net asset value per share (“NAV”) or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Small Cap Portfolio
|
RHJMX |
00758M196 |
1180 |
Micro Cap Portfolio
|
RHJSX |
00758M212 |
1179 |
SMID Cap Portfolio
|
RHJVX |
0075W0833 |
2079 |
Payment of Redemption Proceeds
Redemption proceeds can be mailed to your account address, sent to your bank by ACH transfer or wired to your bank account (provided that your bank information is already on file). Each Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request in proper form, meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation (such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.). A Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds.
A Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular
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basis, a Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Funds must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before they grant a redemption request, the Funds may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Funds participate in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-866-474-5669 for more information.
If you redeem shares that were purchased by check or through ACH, you will not receive your redemption proceeds until the check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed, which may take up to 15 days from the purchase date.
By Mail
You may contact the Funds directly by mail at: The Rice Hall James Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121 (Express Mail Address: The Rice Hall James Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 W. 7th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105). Send a letter to the Funds signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name(s); |
● |
The account number; |
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● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered share owner(s) must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sale orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sale order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-866-474-5669 to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Funds will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank by either Federal Reserve wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Funds.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Funds generally pay sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Funds’ remaining shareholders, the Funds might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to
27
be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
At no charge, you may exchange shares of one Rice Hall James Fund for shares of another Rice Hall James Fund by writing to or calling the Funds. You may only exchange shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses).
The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term or excessive trading. A Fund may suspend or terminate your exchange privilege if you engage in a pattern of exchanges that is excessive, as determined in the sole discretion of the Funds. For more information about the Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
Calculating Your Share Price
You may buy, sell or exchange shares of a Fund on each Business Day at a price equal to its next computed NAV after it or an authorized institution (defined below) receives and accepts your order. Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The Funds calculate NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Funds or an authorized institution must receive your order in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.) before the close of trading on the NYSE that day. Otherwise, you will receive the NAV that is calculated at the close of trading on the following Business Day. If the NYSE closes early – as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading -- the Funds will calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Funds will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days.
The NAV of each Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding. In calculating NAV, the Funds generally value their investment portfolios at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Funds reasonably believe
28
that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Funds are required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Funds’ determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Funds assign to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Funds invest primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which a Fund would price such securities at fair value - for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Funds through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from a Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Funds prior to the time each Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Funds on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Funds after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
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Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Funds with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on a Fund’s behalf. A Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at a Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of a Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Funds. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
Redemption Fee
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of the same, the Micro Cap Portfolio charges a 2.00% redemption fee on redemptions (including exchanges) of shares that have been held for less than 90 days. The redemption fee is deducted from the sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of the Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Fund on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Fund requests that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Fund. However, the Fund recognizes that due to operational requirements,
30
the intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Fund’s.
The Micro Cap Portfolio reserves the right to waive the redemption fee in its discretion where it believes such waiver is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic redemptions; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Funds have certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Funds are not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions they reasonably believe to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Funds over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Rights Reserved by the Funds
Purchases
At any time and without notice, the Funds may:
● |
Stop offering shares; |
● |
Reject any purchase order; or |
● |
Bar an investor engaged in a pattern of excessive trading from buying shares. (Excessive trading can hurt performance by disrupting management and increasing expenses.) The Funds will consider various factors in determining whether an investor has engaged in excessive trading. These factors include, but are not limited to, the investor’s historic trading patterns, the number of transactions, the size of the transactions, the time between transactions and the percentage of the investor’s account involved in each transaction. For more information about the Funds’ policies on excessive trading, please see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.” |
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Redemptions
At any time and without notice, the Funds may change or eliminate any of the redemption methods described above, except redemption by mail. As further discussed in the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”), the Funds may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
Exchanges
The Funds may:
● |
Modify or cancel the exchange program at any time on 60 days’ written notice to shareholders; |
● |
Reject any request for an exchange; or |
● |
Limit or cancel a shareholder’s exchange privilege, especially when an investor is engaged in a pattern of excessive trading. |
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Funds are intended for long-term investment purposes only and policies are intended to discourage shareholders from engaging in “market-timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Funds may present risks to the Funds’ long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of each Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring each Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Funds invest in micro-, small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Funds may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in a Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Funds’ service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Funds’ policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and
32
approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Funds’ service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Funds’ policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than one (1) “round trip” into or out of each Fund per rolling 90 days. The Funds define a “round trip” as a purchase into a Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. Shareholders are also restricted from making more than one (1) exchange (from one Rice Hall James Fund to another Rice Hall James Fund) per rolling 90 days. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Funds and/or their service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. |
● |
The Micro Cap Portfolio assesses a redemption fee of 2.00% on redemptions (including exchanges) by shareholders of Fund shares held for less than 90 days (subject to certain exceptions as discussed in “Redemption Fee”). |
● |
Each Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
Each Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Funds do not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate entirely the possibility that frequent trading in a Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Funds for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Funds have entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries which permit the Funds to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Funds. If the Funds or their service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Funds, the Funds or their service
33
providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Funds or their service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Funds, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Funds by that customer. If the Funds are not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Funds may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Funds’ shares is requested by the Funds and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Funds have an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Funds, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Funds on behalf of other persons.
The Funds and their service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Funds. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Funds to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Funds will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Funds to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Funds are required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Funds are required to collect documents to fulfill their legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
34
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.), or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application, your investment will be received and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
Each Fund reserves the right to close your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within the timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Funds reserve the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Funds’ overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Funds have adopted an Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Program designed to prevent the Funds from being used for money laundering or the financing of terrorist activities. In this regard, the Funds reserve the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of a Fund or in cases when a Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Funds are required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when
35
mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the applicable Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Funds (if shares are held directly with the Funds) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Funds).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-866-474-5669.
Small Accounts
The Funds may redeem your shares without your permission if the value of your account falls below 50% of the required minimum initial investment. This provision does not apply:
● |
To retirement accounts and certain other accounts; or |
● |
When the value of your account falls because of market fluctuations and not your redemptions. |
The Funds will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to allow you time to add to your account and avoid the sale of your shares. If your Micro Cap Portfolio shares are redeemed for this reason within 90 calendar days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
Dividends and Distributions
Normally, each Fund distributes its net investment income quarterly and its net capital gains at least once a year. You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Funds, or your investment professional or institution, in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Funds receive your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Funds written notice.
36
The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Funds. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plan, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Funds.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to regulated investment companies, such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
The Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Funds, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Distributions reported by the Funds as long-term capital gains and as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Funds (or their administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable
37
investors. Call 1-866-474-5669 to find out when the Funds expect to make distributions to shareholders.
Each sale or exchange of shares of a Fund may be a taxable event. For tax purposes, an exchange of Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss generally will be treated as short term if you held the shares 12 months or less, long term if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Funds).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, each Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, a Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, a Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
38
To the extent that a Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The investment objective of each of the Small Cap Portfolio and the Micro Cap Portfolio is to seek maximum capital appreciation, consistent with reasonable risk to principal, by investing primarily in small market capitalization (micro- and small-cap) companies. The investment objective of the SMID Cap Portfolio is to seek maximum capital appreciation, consistent with reasonable risk to principal, by investing primarily in small- and mid-market capitalization (small- and mid-cap) companies. Each Fund may change its investment objective without shareholder approval.
In addition to its principal investment strategies, each Fund may use the investment strategies described below. Each Fund may also employ investment practices that this Prospectus does not describe, such as participating in repurchase agreements, when-issued and forward commitment transactions, lending of securities, borrowing and other techniques. For more information concerning these and each Fund’s other investment practices and their risks, please read the SAI.
Derivatives
Each Fund may invest in derivatives, a category of investments that includes forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures, options and swaps to protect its investments against changes resulting from market conditions (a practice called “hedging”), to reduce transaction costs or to manage cash flows. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures and options are called derivatives because their value is based on an underlying asset or economic factor. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify a Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect a Fund’s ability to achieve its objective with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends on the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives a Fund buys
39
or sells. A Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold.
American Depository Receipts (“ADRs”)
ADRs are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer that are issued by depositary banks and traded on U.S. exchanges. Although ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies, they continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign securities, especially those of companies in emerging markets, can be riskier and more volatile than domestic securities. Adverse political and economic developments can make it harder for the Funds to sell their securities and could reduce the value of the Funds’ shares. Differences in tax and accounting standards and difficulties obtaining information about foreign companies can negatively affect investment decisions.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”)
REITs pool investors’ funds for investment primarily in income producing real estate or real estate related loans or interests. REITs can generally be classified as equity REITs and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs, which invest the majority of their assets directly in real property, derive their income primarily from rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains or losses by selling properties. Mortgage REITs, which invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages, derive their income primarily from interest payments.
Each Fund is subject to the risk that the securities of issuers in the real estate industry that the Fund purchases will underperform the market as a whole. In general, real estate values can be affected by a variety of factors, including supply and demand for properties and the strength of specific industries that rent properties. In general, equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. In the event of a default by a borrower or lessee, a REIT may experience delays and may incur substantial costs in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor.
Short-Term Investing
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Funds use under normal circumstances. During unusual
40
economic, market, political or other circumstances, the Funds may invest up to 100% of their assets in short-term, high quality debt instruments, such as U.S. government securities. These instruments would not ordinarily be consistent with the Funds’ principal investment strategies, and may prevent the Funds from achieving their investment objectives. Each Fund will use a temporary strategy if the Adviser believes that pursuing the Fund’s investment objective will subject it to a significant risk of loss. Each Fund has a policy requiring it to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in particular types of securities as described in the Fund’s principal investment strategy, and will not change this policy without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. In addition to the temporary defensive measures discussed above, the Funds may also temporarily deviate from this 80% policy in other limited, appropriate circumstances, such as if a Fund experiences large cash inflows or redemptions.
When the Adviser pursues a temporary defensive strategy, the Funds may not profit from favorable developments that they would have otherwise profited from if they were pursuing their normal strategies.
Portfolio Turnover
The Funds may buy and sell investments relatively often. Such a strategy often involves higher expenses, including brokerage commissions, and may increase the amount of capital gains (in particular, short-term gains) realized by the Funds. Shareholders must pay tax on such capital gains.
Each Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings and a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://www.rhjfunds.com. The information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of any Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund. Please consult the SAI for a full description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Funds’ portfolio holdings.
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Investment Adviser
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC, a 100% employee-owned Delaware limited liability company located at 600 West Broadway, Suite 1000, San Diego, CA 92101, serves as each Fund’s investment adviser. The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of each Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis, subject to oversight by the Board. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $3.05 billion in assets under management.
For its services, the Adviser is entitled to a fee at the following rates based on the average daily net assets of each Fund:
Fund |
Advisory Fee Rate |
Small Cap Portfolio |
0.80% |
Micro Cap Portfolio |
0.75% |
SMID Cap Portfolio |
0.90% on the first $250 million,
|
The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and non-routine expenses (collectively “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding certain levels as set forth below until February 28, 2020 (each, an “Expense Limitation”). This agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Fund |
Contractual Expense Limitation |
Small Cap Portfolio |
1.00% |
Micro Cap Portfolio |
1.25% |
SMID Cap Portfolio |
1.00% |
In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Expense Limitation to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any
42
point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the Expense Limitation (i) at the time of the fee reduction and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
During its most recent fiscal year, the Adviser received advisory fees (after fee reductions) as a percentage of average daily net assets of each Fund as follows:
Fund |
Advisory Fees Paid |
Small Cap Portfolio |
0.11% |
Micro Cap Portfolio |
0.60% |
SMID Cap Portfolio |
0% |
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Funds’ investment advisory agreement is available in the Funds’ Annual Report dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.
Portfolio Managers
The Rice Hall James Funds are managed by a team of investment professionals. The following portfolio managers are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Funds.
Thomas W. McDowell, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, is jointly and primarily responsible for managing the Micro Cap Portfolio, the Small Cap Portfolio and the SMID Cap Portfolio. Mr. McDowell joined RHJ in 1984 as a Portfolio Manager and Analyst and has 38 years of investment experience. Mr. McDowell assumed leadership of RHJ in 1994. Mr. McDowell has a B.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles and an M.B.A. from San Diego State University.
Cara M. Thome, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, is jointly and primarily responsible for managing the Micro Cap Portfolio, the Small Cap Portfolio and the SMID Cap Portfolio. Ms. Thome joined RHJ in January 2001 and has 21 years of investment experience. She was previously an Analyst at the Equity Research Department at George K. Baum & Company from 1997 to 2001. Ms. Thome has a B.A. from Truman State University and an M.A. in Finance from the University of Exeter.
Timothy A. Todaro, CFA, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, is jointly and primarily responsible for managing the Micro Cap Portfolio, the Small
43
Cap Portfolio and the SMID Cap Portfolio. Mr. Todaro joined RHJ in 1983 and has 39 years of investment experience. Mr. Todaro has a B.A. from the University of California, San Diego and an M.B.A. from the University of Wisconsin at Madison.
Reed M. Wirick, CFA, Portfolio Manager/Analyst, is jointly and primarily responsible for managing the Micro Cap Portfolio, the Small Cap Portfolio and the SMID Cap Portfolio. Mr. Wirick joined RHJ in July 2008 and has 19 years of investment experience. Prior to joining the firm, he was a Senior Research Associate at Cambridge Associates, LLC. Prior to that, he was an Economist with the U.S. Department of Commerce. Mr. Wirick has a B.A. from St. Mary’s College of Maryland and an M.B.A. from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
The Funds and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Funds and/or their shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information, please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The SMID Cap Portfolio has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the 1940 Act for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of its Investor Class Shares, and for services provided to its shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the SMID Cap Portfolio’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of the SMID Cap Portfolio is 0.25%.
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Other Payments by the Funds
The Funds may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, distribution fees the SMID Cap Portfolio may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the SMID Cap Portfolio’s distribution plan.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Funds. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue-sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Funds. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Funds available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Funds with “shelf space,” placing them on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Funds in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments
45
received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of a Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Funds, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Funds’ investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Funds. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Funds that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Funds. The Funds may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Funds and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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The tables that follow present performance information about each Fund. The information is intended to help you understand each Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in a Fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. The information provided below has been audited by BBD, LLP, independent registered public accounting firm whose report, along with the Funds’ financial statements, is included in the Funds’ Annual Report. You can obtain the Annual Report, which contains more performance information, at no charge by calling 1-866-474-5669.
The information provided below for periods on or before October 31, 2015 was audited by a different independent registered public accounting firm, whose reports reflected unqualified audit opinions.
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|
Selected Per-Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Years Ended October 31, |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 11.16 | $ | 10.16 | $ | 13.61 | $ | 17.40 | $ | 17.88 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss (1) |
(0.05 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.04 | ) | (0.06 | ) | (0.06 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
0.60 | 1.48 | (0.64 | ) | 0.83 | 1.23 | ||||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
0.55 | 1.45 | (0.68 | ) | 0.77 | 1.17 | ||||||||||||||
Distributions from: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(0.72 | ) | (0.45 | ) | (2.77 | ) | (4.56 | ) | (1.65 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Distributions |
(0.72 | ) | (0.45 | ) | (2.77 | ) | (4.56 | ) | (1.65 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 10.99 | $ | 11.16 | $ | 10.16 | $ | 13.61 | $ | 17.40 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
5.00 | % | 14.49 | % | (5.18 | )% | 5.35 | % | 7.21 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 45,107 | $ | 48,204 | $ | 41,425 | $ | 48,215 | $ | 73,780 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.00 | % (2) | 0.97 | % (3) | 1.07 | % (3) | 1.19 | % (3 ) | 1.22 | % (3) | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.68 | % | 1.66 | % | 1.56 | % | 1.67 | % | 1.51 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Loss to Average Net Assets |
(0.41 | )% | (0.32 | )% | (0.35 | )% | (0.42 | )% | (0.38 | )% | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
103 | % | 84 | % | 54 | % | 47 | % | 46 | % |
(1) |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the year. |
(2) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets excludes the effect of fees paid indirectly and commission recapture. If these amounts were included, the ratios would have decreased by 5 basis point (bps). |
(3) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets includes the effect of fees paid indirectly. If these offsets were excluded, the ratios would have increased by 3 basis points (bps), 2 bps, 6 bps, and 3 bps, respectively. |
† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had certain fees not been waived and/or expenses assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
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|
Selected Per-Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Years Ended October 31, |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 38.16 | $ | 29.20 | $ | 27.53 | $ | 27.50 | $ | 26.59 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss (1) |
(0.28 | ) | (0.33 | ) | (0.11 | ) | (0.33 | ) | (0.27 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
2.23 | 9.29 | 1.78 | 0.36 | 1.17 | |||||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
1.95 | 8.96 | 1.67 | 0.03 | 0.90 | |||||||||||||||
Redemption Fees |
— | (2) | — | (2) | — | (2) | — | (2) | 0.01 | |||||||||||
Distributions from: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(4.26 | ) | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Total Distributions |
(4.26 | ) | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 35.85 | $ | 38.16 | $ | 29.20 | $ | 27.53 | $ | 27.50 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
5.84 | % ‡ | 30.68 | % ‡ | 6.07 | % ‡ | 0.11 | % ‡ | 3.42 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 52,201 | $ | 50,919 | $ | 44,888 | $ | 43,493 | $ | 39,078 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.25 | % (3) | 1.25 | % (4) | 1.36 | % (4) | 1.60 | % (4) | 1.53 | % (4) | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.39 | % | 1.47 | % | 1.55 | % | 1.71 | % | 1.54 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Loss to Average Net Assets |
(0.78 | )% | (0.97 | )% | (0.40 | )% | (1.14 | )% | (0.99 | )% | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
64 | % | 48 | % | 62 | % | 71 | % | 57 | % |
(1) |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the year. |
(2) |
Value is less than $0.01 per share. |
(3) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets excludes the effect of fees paid indirectly and commission recapture. If these amounts were included, the ratios would have decreased by 1 basis point (bps). |
(4) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets includes the effect of fees paid indirectly. If these offsets were excluded, the ratios would have increased by 3 basis points (bps), 1 bps, 1 bps, and 4 bps, respectively. |
† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
‡ |
Total return would have been lower had certain fees not been waived and/or expenses assumed by the Adviser during the year. |
Amounts designated as “—” are either $0 or have been rounded to $0.
49
|
Selected Per-Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Years Ended October 31, |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 21.70 | $ | 17.78 | $ | 19.11 | $ | 19.25 | $ | 17.87 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss (1) |
(0.02 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.05 | ) | (0.05 | ) | (0.09 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
0.77 | 3.95 | (1.28 | ) | (0.09 | ) * | 1.47 | |||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
0.75 | 3.92 | (1.33 | ) | (0.14 | ) | 1.38 | |||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 22.45 | $ | 21.70 | $ | 17.78 | $ | 19.11 | $ | 19.25 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
3.46 | % | 22.05 | % | (6.96 | )% | (0.73 | )% | 7.72 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 4,116 | $ | 4,435 | $ | 4,063 | $ | 4,539 | $ | 5,076 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.00 | % (2) | 1.00 | % (3) | 1.14 | % (3) | 1.40 | % (3) | 1.40 | % (3) | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers, Reimbursements and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
2.58 | % | 2.65 | % | 2.84 | % | 2.88 | % | 2.71 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Loss to Average Net Assets |
(0.08 | )% | (0.16 | )% | (0.25 | )% | (0.26 | )% | (0.46 | )% | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
48 | % | 38 | % | 49 | % | 51 | % | 50 | % |
(1) |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the year. |
(2) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets excludes the effect of fees paid indirectly and commission recapture. If these amounts were included, the ratios would have decreased by 1 basis point (bps). |
(3) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets includes the effect of fees paid indirectly. If these offsets were excluded, the ratios would have increased by 1 basis point (bps), 1 bps, 1 bps, and 2 bps, respectively. |
* |
The amount shown for a share outstanding throughout the period does not accord with the aggregate net gains on investments for that period because of the sales and repurchase of Fund shares in relation to fluctuating market value of the investments of the Fund. |
† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had certain fees not been waived and/or expenses assumed by the Adviser during the year. |
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
The Rice Hall James Funds
Investors who are interested in receiving more information about the Funds should read the Funds’ Annual and Semi-Annual Reports and the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (“SAI”). The Annual and Semi-Annual Reports of the Funds provide additional information about their investments. In the Annual Report, you will also find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the performance of the Funds during the last fiscal year. The SAI contains additional detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the Funds. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Investors can receive free copies of the SAI, shareholder reports and other information about the Funds at www.rhjfunds.com. Investors can also receive these documents, as well as make shareholder inquiries by writing to or calling:
The Rice Hall James Funds
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You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act of 1940 file number is 811-06400.
RHJ-PS-001-1800
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
RICE HALL JAMES SMALL CAP PORTFOLIO
(Ticker Symbol: RHJMX)
RICE HALL JAMES MICRO CAP PORTFOLIO
(Ticker Symbol: RHJSX)
RICE HALL JAMES SMID CAP PORTFOLIO
(Ticker Symbol: RHJVX)
each, a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
RICE HALL JAMES & ASSOCIATES, LLC
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the Rice Hall James Small Cap Portfolio (“Small Cap Portfolio”), the Rice Hall James Micro Cap Portfolio (“Micro Cap Portfolio”), and the Rice Hall James SMID Cap Portfolio (“SMID Cap Portfolio”) (each a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Funds’ prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Funds, which includes the Funds’ audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Rice Hall James Funds at P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121 (Express Mail Address: The Rice Hall James Funds c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105) or calling the Funds at 1-866-474-5669.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | RHJ-SX-001-1800 |
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General. Each Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
History of the Rice Hall James Small Cap Portfolio and the Rice Hall James Micro Cap Portfolio. The Small Cap Portfolio is a successor to the UAM Funds, Inc. Rice Hall James Small/Mid Cap Portfolio (“Predecessor Small/Mid Cap Fund”). The Micro Cap Portfolio is a successor to the UAM Funds, Inc. Rice Hall James Micro Cap Portfolio (“Predecessor Micro Cap Fund” and together with the “Predecessor Small/Mid Cap Fund,” the “Predecessor Funds”). The Predecessor Funds were managed by Rice Hall James & Associates (the “Predecessor Adviser”) using similar or, in the case of the Micro Cap Portfolio, the same investment objective, strategies, policies and restrictions as those used by the Funds. The Predecessor Small/Mid Cap Fund’s and the Predecessor Micro Cap Fund’s dates of inception were November 1, 1996 and July 1, 1994, respectively. Each of the Predecessor Funds dissolved and reorganized into the current Small Cap Portfolio and the Micro Cap Portfolio, respectively, on June 24, 2002. Substantially all of the assets of each Predecessor Fund were transferred to its corresponding successor in connection with each Fund’s commencement of operations on June 24, 2002. Prior to January 20, 2008, the Small Cap Portfolio’s investment strategy also included equity securities of mid-cap companies in addition to investments in equity securities of small-cap companies.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer multiple classes of shares of its funds. The Funds currently offers Institutional Class Shares or Investor Class Shares, as specified in the chart below. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares. The different classes provide for variations in certain distribution expenses. For more information on distribution expenses, see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in this SAI.
Fund | Institutional Class | Investor Class |
Small Cap Portfolio | X | |
Micro Cap Portfolio | X | |
SMID Cap Portfolio | X |
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. Each Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of members of the Trust’s Board of Trustees (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Trustees” or the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate each Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if a Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
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In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
Each Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. Each Fund is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus. Each Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
Debt Securities
Corporations and governments use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
U.S. Government Securities - The Funds may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Funds’ shares.
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On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
Corporate Bonds - Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest, and repay the principal amount of the bond or note.
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated.
Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC (the “Adviser”) will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets its investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
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Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Ginnie Mae - Ginnie Mae is the principal governmental guarantor of mortgage-related securities. Ginnie Mae is a wholly owned corporation of the U.S. government within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Securities issued by Ginnie Mae are treasury securities, which means the full faith and credit of the U.S. government backs them. Ginnie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by Ginnie Mae and backed by pools of FHA-insured or VA-guaranteed mortgages. Ginnie Mae does not guarantee the market value or yield of mortgage-backed securities or the value of a Fund’s shares. To buy Ginnie Mae securities, the Funds may have to pay a premium over the maturity value of the underlying mortgages, which the Funds may lose if prepayment occurs.
Fannie Mae - Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders. Fannie Mae is regulated by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Fannie Mae purchases conventional mortgages from a list of approved sellers and service providers, including state and federally-chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. Securities issued by Fannie Mae are agency securities, which means Fannie Mae, but not the U.S. government, guarantees their timely payment of principal and interest.
Freddie Mac - Freddie Mac is a stockholder-owned corporation established by the U.S. Congress to create a continuous flow of funds to mortgage lenders. Freddie Mac supplies lenders with the money to make mortgages and packages the mortgages into marketable securities. The system is designed to create a stable mortgage credit system and reduce the rates paid by homebuyers. Freddie Mac, not the U.S. government, guarantees timely payment of principal and interest.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers - Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities - Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. For example,
▪ | Payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly); and |
▪ | Falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing a Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. |
In addition to the risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. If the prepayment rates increase, a Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
Other Asset-Backed Securities - These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
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Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Funds may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
Short-Term Investments - To earn a return on uninvested assets, meet anticipated redemptions, or for temporary defensive purposes, a Fund may invest a portion of its assets in the short-term securities listed below, U.S. government securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. Unless otherwise specified, a short-term debt security has a maturity of one year or less.
Bank Obligations - The Funds will only invest in a security issued by a commercial bank if the bank:
▪ | Has total assets of at least $1 billion, or the equivalent in other currencies (based on the most recent publicly available information about the bank); and |
▪ | Is a U.S. bank and a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; or is a foreign branch of a U.S. bank and the Adviser believes the security is of an investment quality comparable with other debt securities that the Funds may purchase. |
Time Deposits - Time deposits are non-negotiable deposits, such as savings accounts or certificates of deposit, held by a financial institution for a fixed term with the understanding that the depositor can withdraw its money only by giving notice to the institution. However, there may be early withdrawal penalties depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. The Funds may only purchase time deposits maturing from two business days through seven calendar days.
Certificates of Deposit - Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank or savings and loan association for a definite period of time and earning a specified return.
Bankers’ Acceptance - A bankers’ acceptance is a time draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower, usually in connection with an international commercial transaction (to finance the import, export, transfer or storage of goods).
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Commercial Paper - Commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a maturity ranging from one to 270 days issued by banks, corporations and other borrowers. Such investments are unsecured and usually discounted. The Funds may invest in commercial paper rated A-1 or A-2 by Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”) or Prime-1 or Prime-2 by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), or, if not rated, issued by a corporation having an outstanding unsecured debt issue rated A or better by Moody’s or by S&P. See “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” for a description of commercial paper ratings.
Yankee Bonds - Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds issued inside the United States by foreign entities. Investments in these securities involve certain risks that are not typically associated with investing in domestic securities. See “Foreign Securities.”
Zero Coupon Bonds - These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. A Fund’s investments in pay-in-kind, delayed and zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
These securities may include treasury securities, such as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”), that have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities ( i.e. , unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
Terms to Understand:
Maturity - Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (principal) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (call dates). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
Mutual funds that invest in debt securities have no real maturity. Instead, they calculate their weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the effective or anticipated maturity of each debt security held by the mutual fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the mutual fund it represents.
Duration - Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or of a mutual fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. It measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years — the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
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An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities - The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
▪ | Interest Rates |
The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates ( i.e. , if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa).
▪ | Prepayment Risk |
This risk affects mainly mortgage-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. A Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of a Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of a Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund.
▪ | Extension Risk |
The other side of prepayment risk occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause a Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This relationship would increase both the sensitivity of a Fund to rising rates as well as the potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of U.S. government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
▪ | Credit Rating |
Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term Treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than Treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from comparable Treasury securities.
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Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” If an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called investment-grade because its issuer is more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, the Adviser may determine that it is of investment-grade. The Adviser may retain securities that are downgraded, if it believes that keeping those securities is warranted.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade (junk bonds) are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a junk bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, junk bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the junk bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of junk bonds and may cause the Funds to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value junk bonds accurately.
Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. The Funds currently use ratings compiled by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”). Credit ratings are only an agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk.
The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
The Adviser may use ratings produced by ratings agencies as guidelines to determine the rating of a security at the time a Fund buys it. A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. The Adviser monitors the rating of the security and will take such action, if any, it believes appropriate when it learns that a rating agency has reduced the security’s rating. The Funds are not obligated to dispose of securities whose issuers subsequently are in default or which are downgraded below the above-stated ratings.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Funds may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Funds may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting themselves from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, a Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Funds to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Funds’ investment objectives and is legally permissible, the Funds may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
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There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by a Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when a Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), a Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Funds are not subject to registration or regulation as CPOs under the CEA. As a result, the Funds will be limited in their ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Funds’ investment strategies and may adversely affect the Funds’ performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures - A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily net asset value, each party marks to market its open futures positions.
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Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
A Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options - An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When a Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). A Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that a Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. A Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
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▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When a Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when a Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
A Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive a Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. A Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
The Funds are permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, a Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, a Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
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▪ | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
A Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. A Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
A Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, a Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Funds may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Funds may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which they could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which a Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if a Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Funds could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
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▪ | Combined Positions |
The Funds may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, a Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, a Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts - A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect a Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. A Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
A Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that a Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
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A Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, a Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities - The Funds may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Funds’ restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements - A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of a Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. A Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, a Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Funds will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Funds’ gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Funds may cover their current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
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▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that a Fund will be committed to pay.
▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to a Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
As with a traditional investment in a debt security, a Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. A Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
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▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the breakeven inflation rate) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by a Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Funds than if they had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Funds’ gains or losses, causing them to make or lose substantially more than they invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities a Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices - The Funds’ ability to hedge their securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities a Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, a Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
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Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Funds. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Funds against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Funds’ foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Funds’ investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity - Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, a Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, a Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Funds intend to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, a Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, a Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk - Successful use of derivatives by the Funds is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Funds may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if a Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if a Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
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Pricing Risk - At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if a Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin - Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to a Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, a Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. A Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage - The Funds’ use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Funds will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Funds do not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches that value, the Funds may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation - The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Funds by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Funds trade. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Funds’ use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Funds’ ability to achieve their investment objectives. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
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Equity Securities
Equity Securities - Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, and securities convertible into common stock. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Funds invest will cause the net asset value of the Funds to fluctuate. The Funds purchase equity securities traded in the U.S. on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
Types of Equity Securities:
Common Stocks - Common stocks represent units of ownership in a company. Common stocks usually carry voting rights and earn dividends. Unlike preferred stocks, which are described below, dividends on common stocks are not fixed but are declared at the discretion of the company’s board of directors.
Preferred Stocks - Preferred stocks are also units of ownership in a company. Preferred stocks normally have preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of the company. However, in all other respects, preferred stocks are subordinated to the liabilities of the issuer. Unlike common stocks, preferred stocks generally do not entitle the holder to vote on corporate matters. Types of preferred stocks include adjustable-rate preferred stock, fixed dividend preferred stock, perpetual preferred stock, and sinking fund preferred stock. Generally, the market value of preferred stock with a fixed dividend rate and no conversion element varies inversely with interest rates and perceived credit risk.
Convertible Securities - Convertible securities are securities that may be exchanged for, converted into, or exercised to acquire a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s common stock at a Fund’s option during a specified time period (such as convertible preferred stocks, convertible debentures and warrants). A convertible security is generally a fixed income security that is senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure, but is usually subordinated to similar non-convertible securities. In exchange for the conversion feature, many corporations will pay a lower rate of interest on convertible securities than debt securities of the same corporation. In general, the market value of a convertible security is at least the higher of its “investment value” ( i.e. , its value as a fixed income security) or its “conversion value” ( i.e., its value upon conversion into its underlying common stock).
Convertible securities are subject to the same risks as similar securities without the convertible feature. The price of a convertible security is more volatile during times of steady interest rates than other types of debt securities. The price of a convertible security tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, whereas it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying common stock declines.
A synthetic convertible security is a combination investment in which a Fund purchases both (i) high-grade cash equivalents or a high grade debt obligation of an issuer or U.S. government securities and (ii) call options or warrants on the common stock of the same or different issuer with some or all of the anticipated interest income from the associated debt obligation that is earned over the holding period of the option or warrant.
While providing a fixed income stream (generally higher in yield than the income derivable from common stock but lower than that afforded by a similar non-convertible security), a convertible security also affords an investor the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation attendant upon a market price advance in the convertible security’s underlying common stock. A synthetic convertible position has similar investment characteristics, but may differ with respect to credit quality, time to maturity, trading characteristics, and other factors. Because a Fund will create synthetic convertible positions only out of high grade fixed income securities, the credit rating associated with the Fund’s synthetic convertible investments is generally expected to be higher than that of the average convertible security, many of which are rated below high grade. However, because the options used to create synthetic convertible positions will generally have expirations between one-month and three years of the time of purchase, the maturity of these positions will generally be shorter than average for convertible securities. Since the option component of a convertible security or synthetic convertible position is a wasting asset (in the sense of losing “time value” as maturity approaches), a synthetic convertible position may lose such value more rapidly than a convertible security of longer maturity; however, the gain in option value due to appreciation of the underlying stock may exceed such time value loss. The market price of the option component generally reflects these differences in maturities, and the Adviser takes such differences into account when evaluating such positions. When a synthetic convertible position “matures” because of the expiration of the associated option, a Fund may extend the maturity by investing in a new option with longer maturity on the common stock of the same or a different issuer. If a Fund does not so extend the maturity of a position, it may continue to hold the associated fixed income security.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) - A REIT is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Funds invest may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent. The above factors may adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through a Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act.
Real Estate Companies’ Securities - The Funds may be subject to the risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate. For example, real estate values may fluctuate as a result of general and local economic conditions, overbuilding and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, demographic trends and variations in rental income, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, regulatory limitations on rents, changes in neighborhood values, related party risks, changes in how appealing properties are to tenants, changes in interest rates and other real estate capital market influences.
Rights and Warrants - A right is a privilege granted to existing shareholders of a corporation to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is issued. Rights normally have a short life, usually two to four weeks, are freely transferable and entitle the holder to buy the new common stock at a lower price than the public offering price. Warrants are securities that are usually issued together with a debt security or preferred stock and that give the holder the right to buy proportionate amounts of common stock at a specified price. Warrants are freely transferable and are traded on major exchanges. Unlike rights, warrants normally have a life that is measured in years and entitles the holder to buy common stock of a company at a price that is usually higher than the market price at the time the warrant is issued. Corporations often issue warrants to make the accompanying debt security more attractive.
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An investment in warrants and rights may entail greater risks than certain other types of investments. Generally, rights and warrants do not carry the right to receive dividends or exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. In addition, their value does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities, and they cease to have value if they are not exercised on or before their expiration date. Investing in rights and warrants increases the potential profit or loss to be realized from the investment as compared with investing the same amount in the underlying securities.
Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”) - A Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities of companies offering shares in IPOs. IPOs may have a magnified performance impact on a Fund with a small asset base. A Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time, which may increase the turnover of the Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses for the Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, a Fund may realize taxable gains it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for a Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Holders of IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
The policy of the Adviser is to purchase only IPOs that are appropriate for funds managed according to the Adviser’s Micro-Cap Equity strategy. The allocation of these IPO shares will be made pro rata to the Adviser’s micro-cap equity funds, including the Micro Cap Portfolio and separately managed accounts, in accordance with minimum allocation guidelines in place at the time. Thus, the Small Cap Portfolio and SMID Cap Portfolio may purchase shares of a recent IPO in the secondary market.
If the Adviser is allocated insufficient shares of an IPO to allocate to all of its micro-cap funds, these micro-cap funds, including the Micro Cap Portfolio, will generally receive IPO allocations on a rotating basis. The Micro Cap Portfolio may not, however, receive IPO allocations if it has insufficient cash reserves to pay for shares that would otherwise be allocated to it.
A Fund’s investment in IPO shares may include the securities of unseasoned companies (companies with less than three years of continuous operations), which presents risks considerably greater than common stocks of more established companies. These companies may have limited operating histories and their prospects for profitability may be uncertain. These companies may be involved in new and evolving businesses and, compared to their better-established, larger-cap peers, may be more vulnerable to competition and changes in technology, markets and economic conditions. They may be more dependent on key managers and third parties and may have limited product lines.
Risks of Investing in Equity Securities:
General Risks of Investing in Stocks - While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors must accept the risks of ownership. Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations. Stockholders of a company that fares poorly can lose money.
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Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
▪ | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
▪ | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
▪ | Changes in financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates. |
Because preferred stock is generally junior to debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
Small- and Medium-Sized Companies - Investors in small- and medium-sized companies typically take on greater risk and price volatility than they would as investors in larger, more established companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks often associated with small or medium size; because small- and medium-sized companies are often “young” compared to larger, more established peers, they may feature relatively limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and may not attract management with the depth or experience of larger companies’ management teams. The securities of small- and medium-sized companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market, which may not afford the trading volume typical of securities traded on a national securities exchange. Thus, relative to securities of larger, more established companies, the securities of small- and medium-capitalization companies are likely to be less liquid and may feature greater price sensitivity to abrupt or erratic market movements.
Technology Companies - Stocks of technology companies historically have exhibited greater volatility than securities of companies that are not dependent upon or associated with technological issues. Technology companies operate in various industries. Since these industries frequently share common characteristics, an event or issue affecting one industry may significantly influence other, related industries. For example, technology companies may exhibit sensitivity to global developments that are not directly related to the technology industry, but that affect customers who participate in non-technological industries, such as health care or other scientific fields. Technology companies’ products and services may be subject to governmental regulation or adversely affected by governmental policies that effect change in participants in non-technological industries.
Foreign Securities
Types of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities that are traded in developed or emerging markets outside of the U.S. A Fund can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways:
▪ | A Fund can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency; |
▪ | A Fund can invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and other similar global instruments; and |
▪ | A Fund can invest in investment funds. |
American Depositary Receipts - ADRs as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including EDRs and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. EDRs are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
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ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
Emerging Markets - An “emerging market” country is generally a country that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNP”) than more developed countries.
Investment Funds - Some emerging market countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging market countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. Shareholders of a Fund that invests in such investment funds will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their net asset value.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors - Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
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▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit a Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for a Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval, limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest, or may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Funds’ investments.
Information and Supervision - There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk - The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | Exhibit substantially lower volume, which typically corresponds with lower liquidity; |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | May have settlement practices that differ from those in U.S. markets, and may present delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
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Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards. |
▪ | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis. |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated. |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights. |
▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk - While each Fund denominates its net asset value in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes - Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for a Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets - Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
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▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”)
Each Fund may invest in ETFs. ETFs may be structured as investment companies that are registered under the 1940 Act, typically as open-end funds or unit investment trusts. These ETFs are generally based on specific domestic and foreign market securities indices. An “index-based ETF” seeks to track the performance of an index by holding in its portfolio either the contents of the index or a representative sample of the securities in the index. Alternatively, ETFs may be structured as grantor trusts or other forms of pooled investment vehicles that are not registered or regulated under the 1940 Act. These ETFs typically hold commodities, precious metals, currency or other non-securities investments. ETFs, like mutual funds, have expenses associated with their operation, such as advisory and custody fees. When a Fund invests in an ETF, in addition to directly bearing expenses associated with its own operations, including the brokerage costs associated with the purchase and sale of shares of the ETF, the Fund will bear a pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses. In addition, it may be more costly to own an ETF than to directly own the securities or other investments held by the ETF because of ETF expenses. The risks of owning shares of an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the underlying securities or other investments held by the ETF, although lack of liquidity in the market for the shares of an ETF could result in the ETF’s value being more volatile than the underlying securities or other investments.
Investment Companies
The Funds may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Funds. A Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
For hedging or other purposes, the Funds may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange-Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the SEC to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Funds may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Funds otherwise comply with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
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Repurchase Agreements
A Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Funds follow certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Funds will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Funds, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, a Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of a Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. A Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of each Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by the Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Funds in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
A Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which a Fund sells portfolio securities to financial institutions, such as banks and broker-dealers, and agrees to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon date and price that is higher than the original sale price. Reverse repurchase agreements are similar to a fully collateralized borrowing by a Fund. At the time a Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will earmark on the books of the Fund or place in a segregated account cash or liquid securities having a value equal to the repurchase price (including accrued interest) and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve risks. Reverse repurchase agreements are a form of leverage, and the use of reverse repurchase agreements by a Fund may increase the Fund’s volatility. Reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to the risk that the other party to the reverse repurchase agreement will be unable or unwilling to complete the transaction as scheduled, which may result in losses to a Fund. Reverse repurchase agreements also involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by a Fund may decline below the price at which it is obligated to repurchase the securities. In addition, when a Fund invests the proceeds it receives in a reverse repurchase transaction, there is a risk that those investments may decline in value. In this circumstance, the Fund could be required to sell other investments in order to meet its obligations to repurchase the securities.
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Restricted and Illiquid Investments
While the Funds do not anticipate doing so, each Fund may purchase illiquid investments, including investments that are not readily marketable and securities that are not registered (“restricted securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. A Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. Illiquid investments are investments that a Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Illiquid investments may include a wide variety of investments, such as repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, OTC options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements), fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or do not provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits), participation interests in loans, commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act), and securities whose disposition is restricted under the federal securities laws. Illiquid investments include restricted, privately placed securities that, under the federal securities laws, generally may be resold only to qualified institutional buyers. If a substantial market develops for a restricted security (or other illiquid investment) held by a Fund, it may be treated as a liquid security, in accordance with procedures and guidelines approved by the Board.
Securities Lending
The Funds may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of a Fund (including the loan collateral). The Funds will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of a Fund.
The Funds may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Funds’ securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, a Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects a Fund to market risk. The Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by the Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. Each Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon a Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
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Short Sales
Description of Short Sales:
Selling a security short is when an investor sells a security it does not own. To sell a security short, an investor must borrow the security from a third party before it can deliver the security to the buyer. The investor then replaces the security it borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or before the time of replacement. Until it replaces the security, the investor repays the third party (i.e., the party that owns and has lent out the security) for any interest or dividends that may have accrued during the period of the loan.
Investors typically sell securities short to:
▪ | Take advantage of an anticipated decline in prices. |
▪ | Protect a profit in a security it already owns. |
A Fund can lose money if the price of the security it sold short increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. Likewise, a Fund can profit if the price of the security declines between those dates. Because the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could also be subject to a theoretically unlimited loss.
To borrow the security, a Fund may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The Fund will also incur transaction costs in effecting short sales. A Fund’s gains and losses will be decreased or increased, as the case may be, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest, or expenses the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale.
The broker will retain the net proceeds of the short sale, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Short Sales Against the Box - In addition, a Fund may engage in short sales “against the box.” In a short sale against the box, a Fund agrees to sell at a future date a security that it either currently owns or has the right to acquire at no extra cost. A Fund will incur transaction costs to open, maintain and close short sales against the box. For tax purposes, a short sale against the box may be a taxable event to the Fund.
Restrictions on Short Sales:
A Fund will not sell a security short if:
▪ | After giving effect to such short sale, the total market value of all securities sold short would exceed 25% of the value of the Fund’s net assets; |
▪ | The market value of the securities of any single issuer that have been sold short by the Fund would exceed two percent (2%) of the value of the Fund’s net assets; or |
▪ | Any security sold short would constitute more than two percent (2%) of any class of the issuer’s securities. |
Whenever a Fund sells a security short, the Fund segregates an amount of cash or liquid securities equal to the difference between (a) the current market value of the securities sold short and (b) any cash or U.S. government securities the Fund is required to deposit with the broker in connection with the short sale (not including the proceeds from the short sale). The segregated assets are marked to market daily in an attempt to ensure that the amount deposited in the segregated account plus the amount deposited with the broker is at least equal to the current market value of the securities.
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When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward-Delivery Transactions
A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which have not been issued. In a forward-delivery transaction, a Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities a Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. A Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
A Fund uses when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward-delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When a Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, a Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-delivery basis, a Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because a Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to the risks associated with its other investments.
A Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions. A Fund will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of the commitments.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks
As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Funds, and their service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, theft or corruption of data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Funds and their service providers use to service the Funds’ operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Funds and their service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Funds or the Adviser, the Funds’ distributor, custodian, or any other of the Funds’ intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Funds and their shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Funds’ ability to calculate their net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Funds to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Funds may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Funds may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Funds’ investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Funds, the Funds’ service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Funds invest will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
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INVESTMENT POLICIES OF THE FUNDS
Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that a Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding shares. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of a Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less. Unless otherwise noted, the Funds will determine compliance with the investment limitation percentages below (with the exception of a limitation relating to borrowing) and other applicable investment requirements immediately after, and as a result of, a Fund’s acquisition of such security or other asset. Accordingly, a Fund generally will not consider changes in values, net assets or other circumstances when determining whether the investment complies with its investment limitations. Each of the Funds will not:
• | Make any investment inconsistent with its classification as a diversified series of an open-end investment company under the 1940 Act. This restriction does not, however, apply to any Fund classified as a non-diversified series of an open-end investment company under the 1940 Act. |
• | Borrow money, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. |
• | Issue senior securities, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction. |
• | Underwrite securities of other issuers, except insofar as a Fund may technically be deemed to be an underwriter under the 1933 Act in connection with the purchase or sale of its portfolio securities. |
• | Concentrate its investments in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities). |
• | Purchase or sell real estate, except (1) to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction, (2) that a Fund may invest in securities of issuers that deal or invest in real estate and (3) that a Fund may purchase securities secured by real estate or interests therein. |
• | Purchase or sell commodities or contracts on commodities except that a Fund may engage in financial futures contracts and related options and currency contracts and related options and may otherwise do so in accordance with applicable law and without registering as a commodity pool operator under the CEA. |
• | Make loans to other persons, except that a Fund may lend its portfolio securities in accordance with applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. The acquisition of investment securities or other investment instruments shall not be deemed to be the making of a loan. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to each Fund’s investment objective, the following limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval. Each of the Funds may:
▪ | Not purchase securities of any issuer (except securities of other investment companies, securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities) if, as a result, more than 5% of the total assets of a Fund would be invested in the securities of such issuer; or acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. This restriction applies to 75% of a Fund’s total assets. |
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▪ | Not borrow money, except that (1) a Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the 1940 Act) or enter into reverse repurchase agreements, in amounts up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (2) a Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (3) a Fund may obtain such short-term credit as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, and (4) a Fund may purchase securities on margin and engage in short sales to the extent permitted by applicable law. |
▪ | Notwithstanding the investment restriction above, a Fund may not borrow amounts in excess of 33 1/3% of its total assets, taken at market value, and then only from banks as a temporary measure for extraordinary or emergency purposes such as the redemption of portfolio shares. A Fund will not purchase securities while borrowings are outstanding except to exercise prior commitments and to exercise subscription rights. |
▪ | Purchase and sell currencies or securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-commitment basis. |
▪ | Purchase and sell foreign currency, purchase options on foreign currency and foreign currency exchange contracts. |
▪ | Invest in the securities of foreign issuers. |
▪ | Purchase shares of other investment companies to the extent permitted by applicable law. A Fund may, notwithstanding any fundamental policy or other limitation, invest all of its investable assets in securities of a single open-end management investment company with substantially the same investment objectives, policies and limitations. |
The 1940 Act currently permits each Fund to invest up to 10% of its total assets in the securities of other investment companies. However, a Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one investment company or acquire more than 3% of the outstanding securities of any one investment company, unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder.
• | Write covered call options and buy and sell put and call options. |
• | Enter into repurchase agreements. |
• | Lend portfolio securities to registered broker-dealers or other institutional shareholders. These loans may not exceed 33 1/3% of the Fund’s total assets taken at market value. In addition, a Fund must receive at least 100% collateral. |
• | Sell securities short and engage in short sales “against the box.” |
• | Enter into swap transactions. |
• | Not make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) lend its securities. |
• | Not purchase or sell real estate, physical commodities, or commodities contracts, except that each Fund may purchase: (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including REITs), commodities, or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
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Further,
1. | The Small Cap Portfolio may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-capitalization companies at the time of initial purchase without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
2. | The Micro Cap Portfolio may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-capitalization companies at the time of initial purchase without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
3. | The SMID Cap Portfolio may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small- and mid-capitalization companies at the time of initial purchase without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
The following descriptions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Diversification . Under the 1940 Act, a diversified investment management company, as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than securities of other investment companies, securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agents or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer’s outstanding voting securities would be held by the fund.
Concentration . The SEC staff has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s total assets in an industry or group of industries. For purposes of each Fund’s concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain derivatives, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, a fund may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Real Estate . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in real estate, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
Commodities . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in commodities, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
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INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
Investment Adviser. Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC, a 100% employee owned Delaware limited liability company located at 600 West Broadway, Suite 1000, San Diego, California 92101, serves as the investment adviser to each Fund. The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of each Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser held $3.05 billion in assets under management. On February 13, 2003, the Adviser completed the purchase of Rice Hall James & Associates, the former adviser to the Funds (the “Predecessor Adviser”). In conjunction with this transaction, there were no changes in the actual investment management services, administrative functions or supervisory responsibilities for the Funds. The Adviser and the Predecessor Adviser have provided investment management services to individual and institutional shareholders since 1970.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement, dated October 10, 2016 (the “Advisory Agreement”), with respect to the Funds. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as investment adviser and makes the investment decisions for the Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Funds, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Trustees.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of each Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or, with respect to any Fund, by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of that Fund, or by the Adviser on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee at the following rates based on the average daily net assets of each Fund:
Fund | Advisory Fee Rate |
Small Cap Portfolio | 0.80% |
Micro Cap Portfolio | 0.75% |
SMID Cap Portfolio |
0.90% on the first $250 million,
0.80% on the next $250 million and 0.70% for amounts over $500 million |
The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and non-routine expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding certain levels as set forth below until February 28, 2020 (each, an “Expense Limitation”). This agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Fund | Contractual Expense Limitation |
Small Cap Portfolio | 1.00% |
Micro Cap Portfolio | 1.25% |
SMID Cap Portfolio | 1.00% |
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In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Expense Limitation to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the Expense Limitation (i) at the time of the fee reduction and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
Prior to February 29, 2016, the Adviser had contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses of the Small Cap Portfolio and the SMID Cap Portfolio in order to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) from exceeding 1.25% and 1.40%, respectively, of the Fund’s average daily net assets. Prior to February 29, 2016, the Adviser had voluntarily agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses of the Micro Cap Portfolio in order to keep its net operating expenses (excluding excluded expenses) from exceeding 1.60% of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following in management fees to the Adviser:
Fund | Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived by the Adviser |
Total Fees Paid to the Adviser
(After Waivers) |
||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Small Cap Portfolio | $358,622 | $346,404 | $425,285 | $212,011 | $283,074 | $364,224 | $146,611 | $63,330 | $61,061 |
Micro Cap Portfolio | $314,236 | $356,547 | $394,336 | $75,076 | $97,026 | $68,109 | $239,160 | $259,521 | $326,227 |
SMID Cap Portfolio | $38,187 | $39,432 | $39,935 | $38,187 1 | $39,432 1 | $39,935 1 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
1 | For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Adviser additionally reimbursed fees of $33,769, $33,016 and $30,338, respectively, for the SMID Cap Portfolio to maintain the stated expense cap under its contractual expense limitation agreement with the Fund. |
This section includes information about the Funds’ portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
Compensation. The Adviser compensates the Funds’ portfolio managers for their management of the Funds. A portfolio manager’s compensation consists of salary and a discretionary bonus. The discretionary bonus ranges from 100% to 200% of the portfolio manager’s salary. Approximately 50% of the bonus is based upon the portfolio manager’s contributions to the investment team and to the Adviser as a whole. The remaining 50% of the bonus is based upon investment productivity, with a small emphasis on Fund or account performance.
Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The following table shows the dollar amount range of the portfolio managers’ “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
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Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares 1 |
Thomas W. McDowell | $500,001 - $1,000,000 (Small Cap Portfolio) |
$500,001 - $1,000,000 (Micro Cap Portfolio) | |
$100,001 - $500,000 (SMID Cap Portfolio) | |
Cara M. Thome | $100,001 - $500,000 (Small Cap Portfolio) |
$100,001 - $500,000 (Micro Cap Portfolio) | |
$100,001 - $500,000 (SMID Cap Portfolio) | |
Timothy A. Todaro, CFA | $100,001 - $500,000 (Small Cap Portfolio) |
$100,001 - $500,000 (Micro Cap Portfolio) | |
$100,001 - $500,000 (SMID Cap Portfolio) | |
Reed M. Wirick, CFA | $1 - $10,000 (Small Cap Portfolio) |
$10,001 - $50,000 (Micro Cap Portfolio) | |
$1 - $10,000 (SMID Cap Portfolio) |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Funds, certain portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. None of these accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Name | Registered Investment Companies | Other Pooled Investment Vehicles | Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts | Total Assets | Number of Accounts | Total Assets | Number of Accounts |
Total Assets
(in millions) |
|
Thomas W. McDowell | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 41 | $537 |
Cara M. Thome | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 6 | $474 |
Timothy A. Todaro, CFA | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 23 | $102 |
Reed M. Wirick, CFA | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 1 | $52 |
Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers’ management of the investments of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of a Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as the Fund. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby a portfolio manager could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio managers’ knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby a portfolio manager could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of a Fund. In addition, it is also possible that a potential conflict of interest may arise because a portfolio manager manages an account with a performance-based management fee in addition to the Funds and other accounts without a performance-based fee. However, the Adviser has established policies and procedures to ensure that the purchase and sale of securities among all accounts it manages are fairly and equitably allocated.
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General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund valuation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following amounts for these services:
Fund |
Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Small Cap Portfolio | $108,549 | $79,477 | $94,451 |
Micro Cap Portfolio | $100,347 | $87,455 | $93,485 |
SMID Cap Portfolio | $10,253 | $8,068 | $7,887 |
The Funds direct certain portfolio trades to SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), via a network of executing brokers, who pay a portion of the Funds’ expenses. Under this arrangement the Funds had administration fees reduced by the amounts listed below for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018:
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Small Cap Portfolio | $7,444 | $11,865 | $23,929 |
Micro Cap Portfolio | $4,913 | $8,514 | $4,153 |
SMID Cap Portfolio | $147 | $319 | $238 |
The Trust and the Distributor, a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”) whereby the Distributor acts as principal underwriter for the Trust’s shares. The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Distribution Plan. The Trust has adopted a Distribution Plan with respect to the Investor Class Shares of the SMID Cap Portfolio (the “Plan”) in accordance with the provisions of Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, which regulates circumstances under which an investment company may directly or indirectly bear expenses relating to the distribution of its shares. Continuance of the Plan must be approved annually by a majority of the Trustees and by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan (“Qualified Trustees”). The Plan requires that quarterly written reports of amounts spent under the Plan and the purposes of such expenditures be furnished to and reviewed by the Trustees. The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the amount that may be spent thereunder without approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of the affected Fund(s). All material amendments of the Plan will require approval by a majority of the Trustees and of the Qualified Trustees.
The Plan provides a method of paying for distribution and shareholder services, which may help the Fund(s) grow or maintain asset levels to provide operational efficiencies and economies of scale, provided by the Distributor or other financial intermediaries that enter into agreements with the Distributor. The Fund(s) may make payments to financial intermediaries, such as banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, investment counselors, broker-dealers, mutual fund “supermarkets” and the Distributor’s affiliates and subsidiaries, as reimbursement of expenses incurred in connection with distribution assistance or provision of shareholder services. For example, the Distributor may be reimbursed for distribution related expenses such as the costs of preparation, printing, mailing or otherwise disseminating sales literature, advertising, and prospectuses (other than those furnished to current shareholders of a Fund), promotional and incentive programs, and such other marketing expenses that the Distributor may incur.
Under the Plan, the Distributor or other financial intermediaries may receive up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Investor Class Shares of the SMID Cap Portfolio as reimbursement for expenses incurred with respect to distribution and shareholder services. The Plan is characterized as a reimbursement plan since the distribution fee will be paid to the Distributor or other financial intermediaries as reimbursement for, or in anticipation of, expenses incurred for distribution and shareholder servicing related activity. The Trust intends to operate the Plan in accordance with its terms and with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules concerning sales charges.
Payments Under the Distribution Plan. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the SMID Cap Portfolio paid the Distributor the following fees, with no distribution fees retained by the Distributor:
Fund | Share Class | Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
SMID Cap Portfolio | Investor Class Shares | $10,608 | $10,953 | $7,987 |
Other Payments by the Funds. The Funds may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, distribution fees the Funds may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Funds’ distribution plan.
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Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Funds and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Funds, the Distributor or shareholders of the Funds through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Funds in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Funds; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Funds by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 W. 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent for the Funds under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Funds. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Funds as required by the 1940 Act.
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INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
BBD, LLP, 1835 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by BBD, LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Funds did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Funds described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of each Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with an adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
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The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
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The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018) |
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager – Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Funds as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of each of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
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Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Funds are the only funds in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Funds’ most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate
from the Trust |
Pension or
Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated
Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation from the Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
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Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie
(Born: 1965) |
President (since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors (Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
Dianne M. Descoteaux (Born: 1977) |
Vice President and Secretary (since 2011) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2010. Associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, from 2006 to 2010. |
Russell Emery (Born: 1962) |
Chief Compliance Officer (since 2006) |
Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP from 2007 to 2013. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of each Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by a Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which the disposal or valuation of a Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of any Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Funds adhere to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities . Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Funds’ pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of each Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Funds will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Funds will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Funds calculate net asset value, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which each Fund calculates its net asset value. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value a Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Funds are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Funds are valued at fair value.
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Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Funds calculate net asset value. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Funds and their shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Funds or their shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to regulated investment companies (“RICs”), such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. Each Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, each Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. A Fund that qualifies as a RIC will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that the Fund timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, each Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”), and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of each Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of each Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of each Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of each Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of each Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that a Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
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Although the Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and may distribute their capital gains for any taxable year, the Funds will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. Each Fund is treated as a separate corporation for federal income tax purposes. A Fund therefore is considered to be a separate entity in determining its treatment under the rules for RICs described herein. Losses in one Fund do not offset gains in another and the requirements (other than certain organizational requirements) for qualifying RIC status are determined at the Fund level rather than at the Trust level.
If a Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, such Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If a Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, such Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, a Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
A Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Funds is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If a Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. A Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. A Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if a Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires a Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), a Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which a Fund paid no federal income tax). The Funds intend to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Funds may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Funds to satisfy the requirement for qualification as RICs.
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Distributions to Shareholders. The Funds receive income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of a Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by a Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Funds are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Funds receive qualified dividend income on the securities they hold and the Funds report the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from each Fund’s assets before it calculates the net asset value) with respect to such dividend, (ii) each Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in a Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income.
Distributions by the Funds of their net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of a Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20%, regardless of how long the shareholder has owned the shares.
In the case of corporate shareholders, Fund distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by such Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation.
To the extent that a Fund makes a distribution of income received by such Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If a Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to the shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in a Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
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A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the net asset value of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the net asset value of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Funds (or their administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Funds may report and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Funds.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales, Exchanges or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange, or redemption of shares of a Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged, or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, each Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, each Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, a Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Funds may invest in complex securities. These investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Funds’ ability to qualify as RICs, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Funds are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Funds and/or defer the Funds’ ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Funds to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of their foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Funds.
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A Fund may invest in REITs. Investments in REIT equity securities may require a Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, a Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. A Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in a Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if a Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to such Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to a Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by a Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Funds may rely, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. A Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which a Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, a Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, a Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
If a Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs”, the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund's pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. Such Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by a Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
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Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block UBTI from being realized by their tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in a Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”); (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC; or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
The Funds’ shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from a Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from its retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors about the tax implications applicable to an investment in the Funds.
Backup Withholding. A Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold, at a 24% withholding rate, and remit to the United States Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Funds may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Funds. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. A Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of a Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from a Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described in this paragraph. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Funds are required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends they pay to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by a Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in a Fund will need to provide such Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Funds should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as a Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that a Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by a Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in a Fund.
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, a Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession and the purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down.
In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including a Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or a Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Fund |
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Small Cap Portfolio | $63,575 | $72,436 | $88,666 |
Micro Cap Portfolio | $81,675 | $92,365 | $102,369 |
SMID Cap Portfolio | $3,981 | $3,314 | $2,661 |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Funds to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Funds.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used by the Adviser in connection with the Funds or any other specific client account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to, and not in lieu of, the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
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From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Funds, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. FINRA has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser:
Fund |
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
Small Cap Portfolio | $36,572 | $41,695,431 |
Micro Cap Portfolio | $64,868 | $41,234,135 |
SMID Cap Portfolio | $1,567 | $2,466,742 |
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Funds may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Funds or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Funds for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers:
Fund |
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid to Affiliated Brokers |
Percentage of Total Brokerage Commissions Paid to Affiliated Brokers |
Percentage of Total Brokerage Transactions Effected Through Affiliated Brokers |
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2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | |
Small Cap Portfolio | $0 | $0 | $34,081 | 38.4% | 42.7% |
Micro Cap Portfolio | $0 | $0 | $5,551 | 5.4% | 6.6% |
SMID Cap Portfolio | $0 | $0 | $322 | 12.1% | 12.8% |
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Funds are required to identify any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Funds held during their most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds did not hold any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers.”
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. The Funds may at times hold investments in short-term instruments, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the portfolio turnover rates for the Funds were as follows:
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Fund | Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 | |
Small Cap Portfolio | 84% | 103% |
Micro Cap Portfolio | 48% | 64% |
SMID Cap Portfolio | 38% | 48% |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Funds’ portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Funds’ Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds, the Adviser, or their principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer to authorize the release of the Funds’ portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, either directly or through reports by the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Funds are required to disclose their complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). Each Fund will disclose a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes each Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s net asset value (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. Each Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters is available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and each Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters is available in Shareholder Reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should a Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-474-5669.
In addition, each Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings and a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://www.rhjfunds.com. The information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of any Fund’s portfolio holdings from publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund.
In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the Custodian, the Administrator or the Transfer Agent, in connection with their services to the Funds. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Funds. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of a Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics. The lag time for such disclosures will vary. The Funds believe that these third parties have legitimate objectives in requesting such portfolio holdings information.
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The Funds’ policies and procedures provide that the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of the Funds’ shareholders and that to the extent conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders and those of the Funds’ Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Funds exist, such conflicts are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The disclosures will not be made sooner than three days after the date of the information. The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, the Funds require any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank the Funds, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
The Funds’ policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Funds, the Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Funds’ portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of a Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of a Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of a Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Funds’ shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
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LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by each Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Funds’ complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling (866) 474-5669; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics (each a “Code of Ethics” and together the “Codes of Ethics”) apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“access persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by access persons. Under each Code of Ethics, access persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Funds, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. The Codes of Ethics further require certain access persons to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings and limited offerings. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of the shares of the Funds. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of a Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling a Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
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Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
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Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
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The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
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C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
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Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
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For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
A- 7
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
A- 8
APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
P ROXY V OTING |
Amended: February 2019
In General
Rule 206(4)-6 of the Advisers Act (the “Rule”) requires investment advisers to adopt and implement written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that proxies voted for on behalf of its clients are in the clients’ best interest. The Rule further requires advisers to disclose in Part 2 of Form ADV; a concise summary of the adviser’s proxy voting process; an offer to provide a copy of the adviser’s complete proxy voting policy and procedure to clients upon request; and disclosure regarding how clients may obtain the proxy voting records.
RHJ has adopted proxy voting policies and procedures, and utilizes a third party proxy voting service to administer, research, recommend, and record votes for client proxies. Under RHJ’s standard investment advisory contract, RHJ will vote all shares held on behalf of its clients, unless any such client indicates intent to retain voting responsibility or designates an alternate responsible party. Additionally, RHJ is responsible for voting proxies on behalf of the RHJ Mutual Funds.
Policy
RHJ’s general policy is to vote proxies on behalf of its clients, including the RHJ Mutual Funds, sub-advised funds, and the RHJ Collective Investment Trust (“RHJ CIT”). However, RHJ may choose not to vote proxies in certain situations or for certain accounts, such as: 1) when a client has informed RHJ it wishes to retain the right to vote proxies; in which case, RHJ shall instruct the custodian to send the proxy material directly to the client; 2) when RHJ determines the voting cost exceeds any anticipated benefit to the client; 3) when a proxy is received for a terminated client account; 4) when a proxy is received for a security RHJ no longer manages (i.e., had previously sold the entire position); and/or 5) when exercising the voting rights could restrict the portfolio manager’s ability to freely trade the security in question.
A summary of RHJ’s policies and procedures on proxy voting is disclosed in Form ADV Part 2A, along with an offer to provide a copy of these policies and procedures to clients upon request.
Proxy Voting
Proxy Voting Guidelines and Responsibility
The fundamental proxy voting guideline RHJ follows is to reasonably ensure the manner in which shares are voted is in the client’s best interest and considers the investment value. RHJ utilizes Glass, Lewis & Co . (GL) Proxy Voting Services for proxy voting administration and research. RHJ has adopted the Glass Lewis proxy voting guidelines, but may override GL recommendations when it is in a client’s best interest.
Material Conflicts of Interest
RHJ and/or GL could be subject to conflicts of interest when voting RHJ client proxies due to business or personal relationships with persons who the vote could impact. For example, RHJ, GL or one or more of either party’s affiliates may provide services to or be an affiliate of a company whose management is soliciting proxies.
B- 1
If at any time, RHJ, GL or either party’s employees become aware of a potential or actual conflict of interest relating to a proposed proxy vote, the actual or apparent conflict must be promptly reported to RHJ’s CCO. The manner in which the conflict of interest is remedied is dependent upon the conflict type and material impact. For example:
1. | If the written voting guidelines state the voting position as either “for” or “against” such a proposal, then voting will be in accordance with the pre-determined guidelines. |
2. | If the written voting guidelines state the voting position will be determined on a “case by case” basis for such a proposal, or such a proposal is not listed in the proxy voting guidelines, then the CCO will select one of the two following methods depending upon the facts and circumstances of each situation, and the requirements of applicable law: |
(i) | The proxy vote will be determined by the party with no conflict of interest. In other words, if GL has a conflict, then RHJ will make the voting determination and vice versa; or |
(ii) | The proxy vote will be pursuant to client direction. |
Overview of Proxy Voting Procedures
When a client elects RHJ to vote proxies for the account managed by RHJ, the client’s custodian is notified to forward proxy materials to Glass Lewis. RHJ provides GL with account and custodian information for reconciliation purposes.
As voting agent, Glass Lewis will:
1. | Receive all materials directly from Broadridge or the custodian |
2. | Open proxy mail and log proxies |
3. | Reconcile ballots and, as necessary, contact custodians for missing ballots |
4. | Distribute research with suggested vote recommendations |
5. | Mark, copy and mail proxy cards |
6. | Maintain records of all votes cast |
7. | Provide customized written reports and voting records upon request |
8. | Notify RHJ’s CCO immediately if any conflicts of interest arise due to a pending vote |
9. | Handle conflicts of interest in accordance with RHJ procedures |
In addition, the RHJ proxy voting coordinator will notify the RHJ analyst of any contested meeting or high profile proposal. The RHJ proxy voting coordinator will ensure that the rationale for a proxy voted contrary to the GL proxy voting guidelines is documented and maintained as part of the firm’s books and records.
After each calendar year-end, Glass Lewis (GL) updates their guidelines which are then reviewed by the Operations Manager, Chief Investment Officers, Chief Compliance Officer, and President.
Obtaining Proxy Voting Records
A client may request proxy voting records or a copy of the GL Proxy Voting Guidelines by emailing RHJ at info@ricehall.com or by submitting a written request to:
RHJ Proxy Voting Info
600 West Broadway, Suite 1000
San Diego, CA 92101
B- 2
Due Diligence
The CCO or designee performs periodic due diligence reviews of GL, at least annually, to ensure GL receives and votes required RHJ’s clients’ proxies in accordance with written policies and procedures as well as maintains all required proxy voting records on behalf of RHJ.
Proxy Voting Records
RHJ will maintain the following records in accordance with these policies and procedures:
1. | A copy of proxy voting policies and procedures |
2. | A copy of each proxy statement RHJ receives regarding client’s securities |
3. | A record of each vote cast by RHJ on behalf of a client |
4. | A copy of documents created by RHJ that were material to the proxy voting decision made on behalf of a client or that memorialize the basis for that decision, along with documentation of instances where RHJ voted proxies not in accordance with GL guidelines. |
5. | A copy of each written client request for information regarding decisions made on behalf of the requesting client, and a copy of RHJ’s response to any (written or oral) client request for information. |
The foregoing records will be retained for such period of time as is required to comply with applicable laws and regulations, but no less than 7 years from the end of the fiscal year in which the record was created. RHJ relies on one, or more, third party to create and retain the records referred to in items 2 and 3 above.
Reporting and Disclosures
A copy of these policies and procedures will be provided to the RHJ Mutual Fund’s CCO and the designated personnel of the sub-advised funds and RHJ CIT any time upon request and upon amendment. In addition, information on each proxy voted for the RHJ Mutual Fund and the sub-advised funds will be provided annually to the RHJ Mutual Fund’s CCO or designee and the sub-advised fund’s designated personnel for purposes of completing and filing Form N-PX. RHJ will provide information on each proxy voted for the RHJ CIT annually to the designated personnel for reporting to the RHJ CIT Board.
Due Diligence
The CCO or designee will perform periodic due diligence reviews of GL, at least annually to ensure GL is performing all the services listed above in accordance with the written agreement between RHJ and GL.
B- 3
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
Institutional Class Shares
Ticker Symbol: SCMGX
Prospectus |
March 1, 2019 |
Investment Adviser:
Sands Capital Management, LLC
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus |
This prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
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Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
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The Sands Capital Global Growth Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term capital appreciation.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Sands Capital
|
|
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 90 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.85% |
Other Expenses |
0.12% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
0.97% |
1 | Sands Capital Management, LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive or reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements for Institutional Class Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.10% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average daily net assets (the “expense cap”) until March 31, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2020. |
1
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$99 |
$309 |
$536 |
$1,190 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 25% of the average value of its portfolio.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests primarily in equity securities of publicly-traded companies located anywhere in the world, including equity securities in developed and emerging markets. Under normal market conditions, the Fund expects to invest in at least three countries, including the United States, and invest at least 40% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in non-U.S. companies. For purposes of this policy, a company is considered to be a non-U.S. company if: (i) at least 50% of the company’s revenues or operating income is generated outside of the United States; (ii) the company is organized or maintains its principal place of business outside of the United States; or (iii) the company’s primary trading market is located outside of the United States. From time to time, the Fund may also focus its investments in a particular geographic region, such as Europe, Asia and North America.
In making investment decisions for the Fund, Sands Capital Management, LLC (the “Adviser”) focuses on companies that generate
2
(or that the Adviser expects to generate) above average earnings growth and that, in the Adviser’s opinion, are leading growth businesses in the marketplace. The Fund typically invests in a portfolio of 30-50 issuers that the Adviser believes represents the best opportunities to achieve the Fund’s investment objective and, from time to time, may heavily invest in a particular sector. In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser utilizes a fundamental, bottom-up, business-focused research approach. This research starts with internal competitive landscape analysis, ongoing participation at industry conferences, review of industry and trade periodicals and quantitative screens to populate an initial universe of publicly traded companies that it expects will generate above average earnings growth. The Adviser then evaluates each company for six key investment criteria:
● |
sustainable above-average earnings growth; |
● |
leadership position in a promising business space; |
● |
significant competitive advantages; |
● |
clear mission and value-added focus; |
● |
financial strength; and |
● |
rational valuation relative to the market and business prospects. |
Companies that the Adviser determines may meet all six investment criteria are then screened with in-depth qualitative and quantitative research, including a full competitive analysis and proprietary financial modeling. This additional screening also typically includes identifying the key metrics for a particular business or industry, any specific risks or issues relating to a company, as well as a hypothetical “sell case,” i.e. evaluating a range of scenarios under which a position in a security would be reduced or sold.
The Fund intends to buy and hold securities for the long term and seeks to maintain a low level of portfolio turnover. The portfolio turnover rate of the Fund is expected to be below 50% of the average value of its portfolio. The Adviser employs a sell discipline in which the security of a company is sold if an issue emerges that negatively impacts the Adviser’s assessment of one or more of the six investment criteria discussed above and the Adviser believes that the issue cannot be resolved within an acceptable time frame. The Adviser may also sell a holding if it becomes materially overvalued versus its underlying business, for risk management purposes, and/or if a more attractive investment opportunity presents itself.
While the Fund may invest in equity securities of companies of any size, the Fund will primarily invest in large and mid-capitalization
3
companies given the Adviser’s focus on what it considers to be established business “leaders.” As such, the Fund will generally not invest in companies with a market capitalization of less than $2 billion and its total median market capitalization will typically be significantly greater than that of the MSCI Barra’s (“MSCI”) All Country World Index, the Fund’s benchmark. As of December 31, 2018, the total median market capitalization of the MSCI All Country World Index was $9 billion.
The equity securities in which the Fund invests include common stocks as well as preferred securities. The Fund may also purchase American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs” and, together with ADRs and EDRs, “Depositary Receipts”), which are certificates typically issued by a bank or trust company that represent ownership interests in securities issued by a foreign or domestic company. From time to time, the Fund may have significant investments in one or more countries. The Fund may invest up to the greater of 30% of its net assets or three times the emerging markets component of the MSCI All Country World Index, in securities of companies located in emerging markets. As of December 31, 2018, the emerging markets component of the MSCI All Country World Index was 11.8% of the total index. The Fund may use foreign exchange spot contracts to seek to hedge currency exposure. A foreign exchange spot contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specific currency for immediate delivery (i.e., “on the spot”) as opposed to at a set date in the future.
The Fund may also invest in derivatives, specifically (i) foreign exchange forwards to seek to hedge currency exposure and (ii) “market access products,” to seek to gain economic exposure to markets where holding an underlying security is not feasible. A market access product is a derivative security that provides market exposure to an underlying foreign issuer. Examples of market access products are low exercise price warrants (“LEPWs”) and participatory notes (“P-notes”), both of which allow the holder to gain exposure to issuers in certain emerging market countries. A LEPW entitles the holder to purchase a security with an exercise price significantly below the market price of the underlying security. Because of its low exercise price, a LEPW is virtually certain to be exercised and the value and performance of its intrinsic value is effectively identical to that of the underlying security. These features are designed to allow participation in the performance of a security where there are legal or financial obstacles to purchasing the underlying security directly. If the LEPW is cash-settled, the buyer profits to the same extent as with a direct holding in the underlying
4
security, but without having to transact in it. P-notes are derivatives that are generally traded over the counter and constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks and broker-dealers that issue them. Generally, these banks and broker-dealers buy securities listed on certain foreign exchanges and then issue P-notes which are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets. The Fund may invest up to 20% of its net assets in market access products.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through Depositary Receipts, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies are generally denominated in a foreign currency, the value of which may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. Changes in the value of a currency compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s
5
investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While Depositary Receipts provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in Depositary Receipts continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – The Fund may invest in companies located or doing business in emerging market countries. An “emerging market” country is any country determined by the Adviser to have an emerging market economy, considering factors such as the country’s credit rating, its political and economic stability and the development of its financial and capital markets. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products than more developed countries. For purposes of determining whether a particular country is considered a developed market or an emerging market, the Fund uses the designation set forth by the MSCI, a prominent provider of investment tools and data services for institutions worldwide.
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in non-U.S. securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. Differences in tax and accounting standards and difficulties in obtaining information about foreign governments or foreign companies may impair investment decisions. In addition, emerging markets securities may be subject to smaller market capitalization of securities markets, which may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, emerging market governments may have limited ability to raise taxes
6
or authorize appropriations for debt repayment. In addition, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies. Moreover, the currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries. The Fund may incur operating expenses that are higher than those of mutual funds that invest exclusively in U.S. equity securities due to higher custodial fees and brokerage commissions associated with investments in foreign securities. These risks may be magnified in less-established emerging markets.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar or, in the case of hedging positions, that the U.S. dollar will decline in value relative to the currency hedged. In either event, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Geographic Focus Risk – To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular country or geographic region, the Fund may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that country or geographic region. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a fund holding more geographically diverse investments.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial
7
resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies.
Growth Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes will increase their earnings at a certain rate that is generally higher than the rate expected for non-growth companies. If a growth company does not meet these expectations, the price of its stock may decline significantly, even if it has increased earnings. Many growth companies do not pay dividends. Companies that pay dividends often have lower stock price declines during market downturns. Over time, a growth investing style may go in and out of favor, causing the Fund to sometimes underperform other equity funds that use differing investing styles.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of foreign exchange forwards and market access products (including P-Notes and LEPWs) is subject to market risk, correlation risk, valuation risk, liquidity risk and credit risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Liquidity risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like, which may cause the Fund to have to accept a lower price to sell a derivative, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on the Fund’s management or performance. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. The Fund’s use of foreign exchange forwards is also subject to leverage risk and hedging risk. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Hedging risk in this context is the risk that the derivatives instrument used for hedging currency exposure may also limit any potential gain that may result from a change in relative values of the underlying currencies. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
8
Sector Focus Risk – Because the Fund may, from time to time, be more heavily invested in particular sectors, the value of its shares may be especially sensitive to factors and economic risks that specifically affect those sectors. As a result, the Fund’s share price may fluctuate more widely than the value of shares of a mutual fund that invests in a broader range of sectors.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Class Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling 1-888-826-5646.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
17.05% |
(15.29)% |
(03/31/2012) |
(09/30/2011) |
9
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Institutional Class Shares |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(2.72)% |
13.18% |
11.29% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(4.37)% |
6.92% |
10.91% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(0.38)% |
6.03% |
9.59% |
MSCI All Country World Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(9.42)% |
4.26% |
6.79% |
Sands Capital Management, LLC
Sunil H. Thakor, CFA, Research Analyst and Senior Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2010.
David E. Levanson, CFA, Research Analyst, Senior Portfolio Manager, and Executive Managing Director, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2010.
T. Perry Williams, CFA, President, Director of Research, and Executive Managing Director, has managed the Fund since 2013.
10
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA, you must invest at least $1 million. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-826-5646.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s web site for more information.
11
Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which it trades. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity Risk – Equity securities include common and preferred stocks, as well as interests in Depositary Receipts. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stockholders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in Depositary Receipts are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities, which are discussed below. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Foreign/Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in securities of foreign companies or governments (including direct investments as well as through Depositary Receipts) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies or governments. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign
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securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes is recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. These risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
European Economic Risk. The Economic and Monetary Union (the “EMU”) of the European Union (the “EU”) requires compliance with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, interest rates and debt levels, as well as fiscal and monetary controls, each of which may significantly affect every country in Europe. Decreasing imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro (the common currency of certain EU countries), the default or threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt and/or an economic recession in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect on the economies of EU member countries and their trading partners. The European financial markets have historically experienced volatility that affected the exchange rate of the euro and this trend may continue and may significantly impact European countries.
Responses to financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not produce the desired results, may result in social unrest, may limit future growth and economic recovery or may have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and other entities of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world. In addition, one or more countries may abandon the euro and/or withdraw from the EU. In a referendum held on
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June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom resolved to leave the EU. The referendum may introduce significant uncertainties and instability in the financial markets as the United Kingdom negotiates its exit from the EU. Secessionist movements, such as the Catalan movement in Spain, may also create instability and uncertainty in the region.
The occurrence of terrorist incidents throughout Europe also could impact financial markets. The impact of these events is not clear but could be significant and far-reaching and adversely affect the value of the Fund.
Asian Economic Risk. Many Asian economies have experienced rapid growth and industrialization in recent years, but there is no assurance that this growth rate will be maintained. Other Asian economies, however, have experienced high inflation, high unemployment, currency devaluations and restrictions, and over-extension of credit. Economic events in any one Asian country may have a significant economic effect on the entire Asian region, as well as on major trading partners outside Asia. Many Asian countries are subject to political risk, including political instability, corruption and regional conflict with neighboring countries. In addition, many Asian countries are subject to social and labor risks associated with demands for improved political, economic and social conditions. These risks, among others, may adversely affect the value of the Fund’s investments.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of foreign exchange forwards and market access products (including P-Notes and LEPWs) is subject to derivatives risk. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect the Fund’s ability to achieve its objective with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends upon the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. The Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold. The lack of a liquid secondary market for a derivative may prevent the Fund from closing its derivative positions and could adversely impact its ability to achieve its objective and to realize profits or limit losses. Since certain derivatives may be purchased for a fraction of their value, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss or gain to the Fund. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and the Fund may lose more in a derivative than it originally invested in it. Additionally, derivative
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instruments are subject to counterparty risk, meaning that the party that issues the derivative may experience a significant credit event and may be unwilling or unable to make timely settlement payments or otherwise honor its obligations. There can be no assurance that the Adviser’s use of derivatives will be successful in achieving its intended goals.
P-Notes. P-Notes are derivatives that are generally traded over-the-counter and constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks and broker-dealers that issue them. Generally, these banks and broker-dealers buy securities listed on certain foreign exchanges and then issue P-Notes which are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets. The performance results of P-Notes will not correlate exactly to the performance of the issuers or markets that they seek to replicate due to transaction costs and other expenses. The holder of a P-Note typically does not receive voting or other rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security, but is subject to the same risks as if it invested directly in the underlying security.
LEPWs. The Fund may invest in low exercise price warrants, which are warrants with an exercise price that is very low relative to the market price of the underlying instrument at the time of issue (e.g., one cent or less). The buyer of a low exercise price warrant effectively pays the full value of the underlying common stock at the outset. In the case of any exercise of warrants, there may be a time delay between the time a holder of warrants gives instructions to exercise and the time the price of the common stock relating to exercise or the settlement date is determined, during which time the price of the underlying security could change significantly. These warrants entail substantial credit risk, since the issuer of the warrant holds the purchase price of the warrant (approximately equal to the value of the underlying investment at the time of the warrant’s issue) for the life of the warrant.
Forward Contracts. A forward contract involves a negotiated obligation to purchase or sell a specific security or currency at a future date (with or without delivery required), which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. Forward contracts are not traded on exchanges; rather, a bank or dealer will act as agent or as principal in order to make or take future delivery of a specified lot of a particular security or currency for the Fund’s account. Risks associated with forwards may include: (i) an imperfect correlation between the movement in prices of forward
15
contracts and the securities or currencies underlying them; (ii) an illiquid market for forwards; (iii) difficulty in obtaining an accurate value for the forwards; and (iv) the risk that the counterparty to the forward contract will default or otherwise fail to honor its obligation. Because forwards require only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they also involve a high degree of leverage.
M ORE I NFORMATION ABOUT F UND I NVESTMENTS
The investment objective of the Fund is long-term capital appreciation. This investment objective may be changed without shareholder approval, upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
The investments and strategies described in this prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will do so only if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for capital appreciation. The Fund intends to remain as fully invested as practicable regardless of market conditions.
This prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as the strategies described in this prospectus, are described in detail in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) (for information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this prospectus). Of course, the Fund cannot guarantee that it will achieve its investment goal.
INFORMATION ABOUT PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
A description of the Fund’s policy and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
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M ORE I NFORMATION ABOUT THE I NVESTMENT A DVISER
Sands Capital Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, serves as investment adviser to the Fund. The Adviser was initially formed in 1992 as a Sub-Chapter S-Corporation and converted to a limited liability company in 2005. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 3000, Arlington, VA 22209. The Adviser is an independent investment management firm focused exclusively on portfolios of high quality growth companies. Clients include, among other types, individuals (high net worth and other than high net worth), banking or thrift institutions, investment companies and pooled investment vehicles, pension and profit sharing plans, charitable organizations, state and municipal government entities, sovereign wealth funds and foreign official institutions, corporations, non-US pension funds, and superannuation funds. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $35.4 billion in assets under management. The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities.
For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.85% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund. The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive or reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) for Institutional Class Shares of the Fund from exceeding 1.10% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ average daily net assets (the “expense cap”) until March 31, 2020. To maintain this expense cap, the Adviser may waive a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Fund. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid 0.85% of its average daily net assets in advisory fees to the Adviser.
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A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals, each of whom is jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Sunil H. Thakor, CFA, is a portfolio manager for the Fund. Mr. Thakor, Senior Portfolio Manager and Research Analyst, has worked for the Adviser since 2004. Previous to his current positions, Mr. Thakor served as a Research Analyst and an Intern from 2004-2005. Prior to joining the Adviser, he worked as an Associate and Analyst for Charles River Associates, Inc. from 1999-2004. Mr. Thakor received his BA degree in Economics-Mathematics from Colby College and his MBA in 2006 from Columbia Business School at Columbia University.
David E. Levanson, CFA, is a portfolio manager for the Fund. Mr. Levanson, Senior Portfolio Manager, Research Analyst, and Executive Managing Director, worked for the Adviser from 1992-1994 and rejoined the firm in 2002. From 1996-1999, he was a Vice President and Research Analyst at State Street Research & Management and from 1999-2002 he worked as a Research Analyst at MFS Investment Management. Prior to joining the Adviser in 1992, Mr. Levanson was a Research Analyst at the Capital Management Group, Folger Nolan Fleming Douglas, Inc. from 1990-1992. Mr. Levanson received his BS degree in Finance from the University of Florida and his MBA in 1996 from the Darden School at the University of Virginia.
T. Perry Williams, CFA, is a portfolio manager for the Fund. Mr. Williams, President, Director of Research, and Executive Managing Director, has worked for the Adviser since 2004. Mr. Williams initially joined the Adviser as a Director of Client Relations in 2004, and he transitioned to the Investment Team in 2006. Prior to joining the Adviser in 2004, Mr. Williams served as a Principal and Consultant at Mercer Investment Consulting, Inc. from 1995-2004. Mr. Williams received his BS degree in Finance from the University of Virginia in 1994 and his Master of Management degree in 1999 from the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
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P URCHASING , S ELLING AND E XCHANGING F UND S HARES
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Class Shares of the Fund.
Institutional Class Shares are for individual and institutional investors.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-888-826-5646.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
You may also buy shares through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures, which may be different from the procedures for investing directly. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund. You will also generally have to address your correspondence or questions regarding the Fund to your financial intermediary. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Fund is not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
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By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, by sending the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the share class and the Fund’s name. Make your check payable to “Sands Capital Global Growth Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, first call 1-888-826-5646 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, share class and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA #101000695
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
DDA Account #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/share class/account number/account name
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Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share will be the NAV next determined after the Fund receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of the Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund
21
shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution (defined below), orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s NAV next computed after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
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In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price securities at fair value – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
With respect to non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
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Minimum Investments
You can open an account with the Fund with a minimum initial investment of $1 million. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase Institutional Class Shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Share Class |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund |
Institutional |
SCMGX |
00769G303 |
1291 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-826-5646.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
If you would like to close your account, or have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund
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may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-888-826-5646 for more information.
The sale price will be the NAV next determined after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
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● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100,000 because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add
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to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. If your shares are redeemed for this reason within 90 days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
Redemption Fee
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, the Fund charges a 2.00% redemption fee on redemptions of shares that have been held for less than 90 days. The redemption fee is deducted from the Fund’s sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of the Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Fund on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Fund requests that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Fund. However, the Fund recognizes that, due to operational requirements, the intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Fund’s.
The Fund reserves the right to reduce all or a portion of the redemption fee in its discretion when it believes such reduction is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by
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law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic redemptions; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert Institutional Class Shares of the Fund directly to Investor Class Shares of the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of Investor Class Shares, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in Investor Class Shares, as set forth in the Investor Class Shares prospectus. An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund may invest in mid-cap securities, which often may trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market price of these types of securities.
In addition, because the Fund invests in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines
28
its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair value. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage. For more information on how the Fund uses fair value pricing, see “How the Fund Calculates NAV.”
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than five (5) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund assesses a redemption fee of 2.00% on redemptions by shareholders of Fund shares held for less than 90 days (subject to certain exceptions as discussed in “Redemption Fee”). |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
29
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
30
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV per share.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the NAV next-determined and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order;
31
(ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-826-5646.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s
32
and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. A financial intermediary may provide services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
33
The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the U.S. federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Fund. The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally
34
taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Certain of the Fund’s investment strategies may limit its ability to make distributions eligible for the reduced rates for qualified dividend income. Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of shares of the Fund may be a taxable event. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or as long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use a default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the
35
settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent that the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund consist of foreign securities, the Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. The Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
36
The table that follows presents performance information about the Institutional Class Shares of the Fund. The financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the financial performance of the Fund for the past five fiscal years. Certain information contained in the table reflects the financial results for a single Institutional Class Share of the Fund. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund assuming all dividends and distributions were reinvested. The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-888-826-5646.
37
SANDS CAPITAL GLOBAL GROWTH FUND – INSTITUTIONAL CLASS
|
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 24.16 | $ | 18.66 | $ | 17.84 | $ | 18.24 | $ | 16.96 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss † |
(0.13 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.06 | ) | (0.05 | ) | (0.03 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain |
0.23 | 5.58 | 0.88 | — | * | 1.61 | ||||||||||||||
Total Income (Loss) from Investment Operations |
0.10 | 5.50 | 0.82 | (0.05 | ) | 1.58 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions from: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.10 | ) | — | — | (0.09 | ) | — | |||||||||||||
Net Realized Gains |
— | — | — | (0.26 | ) | (0.30 | ) | |||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.10 | ) | — | — | (0.35 | ) | (0.30 | ) | ||||||||||||
Redemption Fees |
— | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 24.16 | $ | 24.16 | $ | 18.66 | $ | 17.84 | $ | 18.24 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
0.41 | % | 29.47 | % | 4.60 | % | (0.28 | )% | 9.49 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 1,051,355 | $ | 1,223,251 | $ | 992,602 | $ | 926,086 | $ | 472,080 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average
|
0.97 | % | 0.98 | % | 0.99 | % | 1.03 | % | 1.10 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
0.97 | % | 0.98 | % | 0.99 | % | 1.03 | % | 1.13 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Loss
|
(0.51 | )% | (0.40 | )% | (0.32 | )% | (0.28 | )% | (0.16 | )% | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
25 | % | 24 | % | 20 | % | 18 | % | 24 | % |
* |
The amount shown for a share outstanding throughout the period does not accord with the aggregate net gains on investments for that period because of the sales and repurchase of Fund shares in relation to fluctuating market value of the investments of the Fund. |
† |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period. |
†† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived its fee and reimbursed other expenses. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.00 or round to $0.00 per share.
38
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
Investment Adviser
Sands Capital Management, LLC
1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 3000
Arlington, Virginia 22209
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the Sands Capital Global Growth Fund. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
Call 1-888-826-5646 |
By Mail: |
Write to us at:
|
By E-Mail: |
sandscapfunds@seic.com |
By Internet: |
www.sandscapital.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
SAN-PS-002-1000
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
Investor Class Shares
Ticker Symbol: SCGVX
Prospectus |
March 1, 2019 |
Investment Adviser:
Sands Capital Management, LLC
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus |
This prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
||
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
||
The Sands Capital Global Growth Fund’s (the “Fund”) investment objective is long-term capital appreciation.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Sands Capital
|
|
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 90 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Investor Class Shares |
||
Management Fees |
0.85% |
|
Other Expenses |
0.32% |
|
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.20% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
0.12% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
1.17% |
1 |
Sands Capital Management, LLC (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive or reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements for Investor Class Shares (excluding shareholder servicing fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.35% of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets (the “expense cap”) until March 31, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 31, 2020. |
1
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$119 |
$372 |
$644 |
$1,420 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 25% of the average value of its portfolio.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests primarily in equity securities of publicly-traded companies located anywhere in the world, including equity securities in developed and emerging markets. Under normal market conditions, the Fund expects to invest in at least three countries, including the United States, and invest at least 40% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in non-U.S. companies. For purposes of this policy, a company is considered to be a non-U.S. company if: (i) at least 50% of the company’s revenues or operating income is generated outside of the United States; (ii) the company is organized or maintains its principal place of business outside of the United States; or (iii) the company’s primary trading market is located outside of the United States. From time to time, the Fund may also focus its investments in a particular geographic region, such as Europe, Asia and North America.
In making investment decisions for the Fund, Sands Capital Management, LLC (the “Adviser”) focuses on companies that generate
2
(or that the Adviser expects to generate) above average earnings growth and that, in the Adviser’s opinion, are leading growth businesses in the marketplace. The Fund typically invests in a portfolio of 30-50 issuers that the Adviser believes represents the best opportunities to achieve the Fund’s investment objective and, from time to time, may heavily invest in a particular sector. In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser utilizes a fundamental, bottom-up, business-focused research approach. This research starts with internal competitive landscape analysis, ongoing participation at industry conferences, review of industry and trade periodicals and quantitative screens to populate an initial universe of publicly traded companies that it expects will generate above average earnings growth. The Adviser then evaluates each company for six key investment criteria:
● |
sustainable above-average earnings growth; |
● |
leadership position in a promising business space; |
● |
significant competitive advantages; |
● |
clear mission and value-added focus; |
● |
financial strength; and |
● |
rational valuation relative to the market and business prospects. |
Companies that the Adviser determines may meet all six investment criteria are then screened with in-depth qualitative and quantitative research, including a full competitive analysis and proprietary financial modeling. This additional screening also typically includes identifying the key metrics for a particular business or industry, any specific risks or issues relating to a company, as well as a hypothetical “sell case,” i.e. evaluating a range of scenarios under which a position in a security would be reduced or sold.
The Fund intends to buy and hold securities for the long term and seeks to maintain a low level of portfolio turnover. The portfolio turnover rate of the Fund is expected to be below 50% of the average value of its portfolio. The Adviser employs a sell discipline in which the security of a company is sold if an issue emerges that negatively impacts the Adviser’s assessment of one or more of the six investment criteria discussed above and the Adviser believes that the issue cannot be resolved within an acceptable time frame. The Adviser may also sell a holding if it becomes materially overvalued versus its underlying business, for risk management purposes, and/or if a more attractive investment opportunity presents itself.
While the Fund may invest in equity securities of companies of any size, the Fund will primarily invest in large and mid-capitalization
3
companies given the Adviser’s focus on what it considers to be established business “leaders.” As such, the Fund will generally not invest in companies with a market capitalization of less than $2 billion and its total median market capitalization will typically be significantly greater than that of the MSCI Barra’s (“MSCI”) All Country World Index, the Fund’s benchmark. As of December 31, 2018, the total median market capitalization of the MSCI All Country World Index was $9 billion.
The equity securities in which the Fund invests include common stocks as well as preferred securities. The Fund may also purchase American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs” and, together with ADRs and EDRs, “Depositary Receipts”), which are certificates typically issued by a bank or trust company that represent ownership interests in securities issued by a foreign or domestic company. From time to time, the Fund may have significant investments in one or more countries. The Fund may invest up to the greater of 30% of its net assets or three times the emerging markets component of the MSCI All Country World Index, in securities of companies located in emerging markets. As of December 31, 2018, the emerging markets component of the MSCI All Country World Index was 11.8% of the total index. The Fund may use foreign exchange spot contracts to seek to hedge currency exposure. A foreign exchange spot contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specific currency for immediate delivery (i.e., “on the spot”) as opposed to at a set date in the future.
The Fund may also invest in derivatives, specifically (i) foreign exchange forwards to seek to hedge currency exposure and (ii) “market access products,” to seek to gain economic exposure to markets where holding an underlying security is not feasible. A market access product is a derivative security that provides market exposure to an underlying foreign issuer. Examples of market access products are low exercise price warrants (“LEPWs”) and participatory notes (“P-notes”), both of which allow the holder to gain exposure to issuers in certain emerging market countries. A LEPW entitles the holder to purchase a security with an exercise price significantly below the market price of the underlying security. Because of its low exercise price, a LEPW is virtually certain to be exercised and the value and performance of its intrinsic value is effectively identical to that of the underlying security. These features are designed to allow participation in the performance of a security where there are legal or financial obstacles to purchasing the underlying security directly. If the LEPW is cash-settled, the buyer profits to the same extent as with a direct holding in the underlying
4
security, but without having to transact in it. P-notes are derivatives that are generally traded over the counter and constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks and broker-dealers that issue them. Generally, these banks and broker-dealers buy securities listed on certain foreign exchanges and then issue P-notes which are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets. The Fund may invest up to 20% of its net assets in market access products.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and it is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through Depositary Receipts, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies are generally denominated in a foreign currency, the value of which may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. Changes in the value of a currency compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s
5
investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publically available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While Depositary Receipts provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in Depositary Receipts continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – The Fund may invest in companies located or doing business in emerging market countries. An “emerging market” country is any country determined by the Adviser to have an emerging market economy, considering factors such as the country’s credit rating, its political and economic stability and the development of its financial and capital markets. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products than more developed countries. For purposes of determining whether a particular country is considered a developed market or an emerging market, the Fund uses the designation set forth by the MSCI, a prominent provider of investment tools and data services for institutions worldwide.
Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in non-U.S. securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. Differences in tax and accounting standards and difficulties in obtaining information about foreign governments or foreign companies may impair investment decisions. In addition, emerging markets securities may be subject to smaller market capitalization of securities markets, which may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, emerging market governments may have limited ability to raise taxes
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or authorize appropriations for debt repayment. In addition, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies. Moreover, the currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries. The Fund may incur operating expenses that are higher than those of mutual funds that invest exclusively in U.S. equity securities due to higher custodial fees and brokerage commissions associated with investments in foreign securities. These risks may be magnified in less-established emerging markets.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar or, in the case of hedging positions, that the U.S. dollar will decline in value relative to the currency hedged. In either event, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Geographic Focus Risk – To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular country or geographic region, the Fund may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that country or geographic region. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a fund holding more geographically diverse investments.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial
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resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies.
Growth Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “growth style” of investing, meaning that the Fund invests in equity securities of companies that the Adviser believes will increase their earnings at a certain rate that is generally higher than the rate expected for non-growth companies. If a growth company does not meet these expectations, the price of its stock may decline significantly, even if it has increased earnings. Many growth companies do not pay dividends. Companies that pay dividends often have lower stock price declines during market downturns. Over time, a growth investing style may go in and out of favor, causing the Fund to sometimes underperform other equity funds that use differing investing styles.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of foreign exchange forwards and market access products (including P-Notes and LEPWs) is subject to market risk, correlation risk, valuation risk, liquidity risk and credit risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Liquidity risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like, which may cause the Fund to have to accept a lower price to sell a derivative, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on the Fund’s management or performance. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. The Fund’s use of foreign exchange forwards is also subject to leverage risk and hedging risk. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Hedging risk in this context is the risk that the derivatives instrument used for hedging currency exposure may also limit any potential gain that may result from a change in relative values of the underlying currencies. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
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Sector Focus Risk – Because the Fund may, from time to time, be more heavily invested in particular sectors, the value of its shares may be especially sensitive to factors and economic risks that specifically affect those sectors. As a result, the Fund’s share price may fluctuate more widely than the value of shares of a mutual fund that invests in a broader range of sectors.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Investor Class Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling 1-888-826-5646.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
16.94% |
(15.40)% |
(03/31/2012) |
(09/30/2011) |
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Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Investor Class Shares |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(2.86)% |
12.89% |
11.04% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(4.51)% |
6.89% |
10.68% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(0.46)% |
5.82% |
9.37% |
MSCI All Country World Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(9.42)% |
4.26% |
6.79% |
Sands Capital Management, LLC
Sunil H. Thakor, CFA, Research Analyst and Senior Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2010.
David E. Levanson, CFA, Research Analyst, Senior Portfolio Manager, and Executive Managing Director, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2010.
T. Perry Williams, CFA, President, Director of Research, and Executive Managing Director, has managed the Fund since 2013.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA, you must invest at least
10
$100,000. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-826-5646.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s web site for more information.
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Investing in the Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which it trades. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity Risk – Equity securities include common and preferred stocks, as well as interests in Depositary Receipts. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stockholders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in Depositary Receipts are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities, which are discussed below. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Foreign/Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in securities of foreign companies or governments (including direct investments as well as through Depositary Receipts) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies or governments. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign
12
securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes is recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. These risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
European Economic Risk. The Economic and Monetary Union (the “EMU”) of the European Union (the “EU”) requires compliance with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, interest rates and debt levels, as well as fiscal and monetary controls, each of which may significantly affect every country in Europe. Decreasing imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro (the common currency of certain EU countries), the default or threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt and/or an economic recession in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect on the economies of EU member countries and their trading partners. The European financial markets have historically experienced volatility that affected the exchange rate of the euro and this trend may continue and may significantly impact European countries.
Responses to financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not produce the desired results, may result in social unrest, may limit future growth and economic recovery or may have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and other entities of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world. In addition, one or more countries may abandon the euro and/or withdraw from the EU. In a referendum held on
13
June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom resolved to leave the EU. The referendum may introduce significant uncertainties and instability in the financial markets as the United Kingdom negotiates its exit from the EU. Secessionist movements, such as the Catalan movement in Spain, may also create instability and uncertainty in the region.
The occurrence of terrorist incidents throughout Europe also could impact financial markets. The impact of these events is not clear but could be significant and far-reaching and adversely affect the value of the Fund.
Asian Economic Risk. Many Asian economies have experienced rapid growth and industrialization in recent years, but there is no assurance that this growth rate will be maintained. Other Asian economies, however, have experienced high inflation, high unemployment, currency devaluations and restrictions, and over-extension of credit. Economic events in any one Asian country may have a significant economic effect on the entire Asian region, as well as on major trading partners outside Asia. Many Asian countries are subject to political risk, including political instability, corruption and regional conflict with neighboring countries. In addition, many Asian countries are subject to social and labor risks associated with demands for improved political, economic and social conditions. These risks, among others, may adversely affect the value of the Fund’s investments.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of foreign exchange forwards and market access products (including P-Notes and LEPWs) is subject to derivatives risk. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect the Fund’s ability to achieve its objective with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends upon the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. The Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold. The lack of a liquid secondary market for a derivative may prevent the Fund from closing its derivative positions and could adversely impact its ability to achieve its objective and to realize profits or limit losses. Since certain derivatives may be purchased for a fraction of their value, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss or gain to the Fund. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and the Fund may lose more in a derivative than it originally invested in it. Additionally, derivative
14
instruments are subject to counterparty risk, meaning that the party that issues the derivative may experience a significant credit event and may be unwilling or unable to make timely settlement payments or otherwise honor its obligations. There can be no assurance that the Adviser’s use of derivatives will be successful in achieving its intended goals.
P-Notes. P-Notes are derivatives that are generally traded over-the-counter and constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks and broker-dealers that issue them. Generally, these banks and broker-dealers buy securities listed on certain foreign exchanges and then issue P-Notes which are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets. The performance results of P-Notes will not correlate exactly to the performance of the issuers or markets that they seek to replicate due to transaction costs and other expenses. The holder of a P-Note typically does not receive voting or other rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security, but is subject to the same risks as if it invested directly in the underlying security.
LEPWs. The Fund may invest in low exercise price warrants, which are warrants with an exercise price that is very low relative to the market price of the underlying instrument at the time of issue (e.g., one cent or less). The buyer of a low exercise price warrant effectively pays the full value of the underlying common stock at the outset. In the case of any exercise of warrants, there may be a time delay between the time a holder of warrants gives instructions to exercise and the time the price of the common stock relating to exercise or the settlement date is determined, during which time the price of the underlying security could change significantly. These warrants entail substantial credit risk, since the issuer of the warrant holds the purchase price of the warrant (approximately equal to the value of the underlying investment at the time of the warrant’s issue) for the life of the warrant.
Forward Contracts. A forward contract involves a negotiated obligation to purchase or sell a specific security or currency at a future date (with or without delivery required), which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. Forward contracts are not traded on exchanges; rather, a bank or dealer will act as agent or as principal in order to make or take future delivery of a specified lot of a particular security or currency for the Fund’s account. Risks associated with forwards may include: (i) an imperfect correlation between the movement in prices of forward
15
contracts and the securities or currencies underlying them; (ii) an illiquid market for forwards; (iii) difficulty in obtaining an accurate value for the forwards; and (iv) the risk that the counterparty to the forward contract will default or otherwise fail to honor its obligation. Because forwards require only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they also involve a high degree of leverage.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT FUND INVESTMENTS
The investment objective of the Fund is long-term capital appreciation. This investment objective may be changed without shareholder approval, upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
The investments and strategies described in this prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will do so only if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for capital appreciation. The Fund intends to remain as fully invested as practicable regardless of market conditions.
This prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities described in this prospectus. In addition to the investments and strategies described in this prospectus, the Fund also may invest, to a lesser extent, in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as the strategies described in this prospectus, are described in detail in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) (for information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this prospectus). Of course, the Fund cannot guarantee that it will achieve its investment goal.
INFORMATION ABOUT PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
A description of the Fund’s policy and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
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MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE INVESTMENT ADVISER
Sands Capital Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, serves as investment adviser to the Fund. The Adviser was initially formed in 1992 as a Sub-Chapter S-Corporation and converted to a limited liability company in 2005. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 3000, Arlington, VA 22209. The Adviser is an independent investment management firm focused exclusively on portfolios of high quality growth companies. Clients include, among other types, individuals (high net worth and other than high net worth), banking or thrift institutions, investment companies and pooled investment vehicles, pension and profit sharing plans, charitable organizations, state and municipal government entities, sovereign wealth funds and foreign official institutions, corporations, non-US pension funds, and superannuation funds. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $35.4 billion in assets under management. The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities.
For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to an investment advisory fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.85% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund. The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive or reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) for Investor Class Shares of the Fund from exceeding 1.35% of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets (the “expense cap”) until March 31, 2020. To maintain this expense cap, the Adviser may waive a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Fund. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid 0.85% of its average daily net assets in advisory fees to the Adviser.
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A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
The Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals, each of whom is jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Sunil H. Thakor, CFA, is a portfolio manager for the Fund. Mr. Thakor, Senior Portfolio Manager and Research Analyst, has worked for the Adviser since 2004. Previous to his current positions, Mr. Thakor served as a Research Analyst and an Intern from 2004-2005. Prior to joining the Adviser, he worked as an Associate and Analyst for Charles River Associates, Inc. from 1999-2004. Mr. Thakor received his BA degree in Economics-Mathematics from Colby College and his MBA in 2006 from Columbia Business School at Columbia University.
David E. Levanson, CFA, is a portfolio manager for the Fund. Mr. Levanson, Senior Portfolio Manager, Research Analyst, and Executive Managing Director, worked for the Adviser from 1992-1994 and rejoined the firm in 2002. From 1996-1999, he was a Vice President and Research Analyst at State Street Research & Management and from 1999-2002 he worked as a Research Analyst at MFS Investment Management. Prior to joining the Adviser in 1992, Mr. Levanson was a Research Analyst at the Capital Management Group, Folger Nolan Fleming Douglas, Inc. from 1990-1992. Mr. Levanson received his BS degree in Finance from the University of Florida and his MBA in 1996 from the Darden School at the University of Virginia.
T. Perry Williams, CFA, is a portfolio manager for the Fund. Mr. Williams, President, Director of Research, and Executive Managing Director, has worked for the Adviser since 2004. Mr. Williams initially joined the Adviser as a Director of Client Relations in 2004, and he transitioned to the Investment Team in 2006. Prior to joining the Adviser in 2004, Mr. Williams served as a Principal and Consultant at Mercer Investment Consulting, Inc. from 1995-2004. Mr. Williams received his BS degree in Finance from the University of Virginia in 1994 and his Master of Management degree in 1999 from the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
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PURCHASING, SELLING AND EXCHANGING FUND SHARES
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
Investor Class Shares are for individual and institutional investors.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Purchase Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Fund, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-888-826-5646.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
You may also buy shares through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures, which may be different from the procedures for investing directly. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund. You will also generally have to address your correspondence or questions regarding the Fund to your financial intermediary. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
The Fund reserves the right to suspend all sales of new shares or to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Fund is not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing
19
account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, by sending the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the share class and the Fund’s name. Make your check payable to “Sands Capital Global Growth Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, first call 1-888-826-5646 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, share class and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA #101000695
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
DDA Account #9870523965
Ref: Fund name/share class/account number/account name
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can
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be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $250. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: Sands Capital Global Growth Fund, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Sands Capital Global Growth Fund, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The price per share will be the NAV next determined after the Fund receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the
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value of the Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution (defined below), orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s NAV next computed after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell
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Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price securities at fair value – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
With respect to non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary
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exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Minimum Investments
To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA, you must invest at least $100,000. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase Investor Class Shares, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Share Class |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund |
Investor |
SCGVX |
00769G402 |
1290 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-888-826-5646.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services, in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
If you would like to close your account, or have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Fund in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address
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of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-888-826-5646 for more information.
The sale price will be the NAV next determined after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
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By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
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The Fund name; |
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The share class; |
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The account number; |
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The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
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The account name(s); and |
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The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $100,000, you may transfer as little as $250 per month from your account to another financial institution. To participate in this service you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
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Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100,000 because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. If your shares are redeemed for this reason within 90 days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
Redemption Fee
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, the Fund charges a 2.00% redemption fee on redemptions of shares that have been held for less than 90 days. The redemption fee is deducted from the Fund’s sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of the Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer.
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Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Fund on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Fund requests that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Fund. However, the Fund recognizes that, due to operational requirements, the intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Fund’s.
The Fund reserves the right to reduce all or a portion of the redemption fee in its discretion when it believes such reduction is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic redemptions; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may convert Investor Class Shares of the Fund directly to Institutional Class Shares of the Fund, subject to the fees and expenses of Institutional Class Shares, and provided that you meet the eligibility requirements applicable to investing in Institutional Class Shares, as set forth in the Institutional Class Shares prospectus. An exchange between share classes of the Fund is not a taxable event.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
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Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests and experiencing increased transaction costs.
Because the Fund may invest in mid-cap securities, which often may trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market price of these types of securities.
In addition, because the Fund invests in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair value. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage. For more information on how the Fund uses fair value pricing, see “How the Fund Calculates NAV.”
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this prospectus and approved by
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the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
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Shareholders are restricted from making more than five (5) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
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The Fund assesses a redemption fee of 2.00% on redemptions by shareholders of Fund shares held for less than 90 days (subject to certain exceptions as discussed in “Redemption Fee”). |
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The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund,
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they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
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Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV per share.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the NAV next-determined and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
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Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-888-826-5646.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Shareholder Servicing Plan
The Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.25% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares. The services for which financial intermediaries are compensated may include record-keeping, transaction processing for shareholders’ accounts and other shareholder services.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with
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distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
The Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own
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Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the U.S. federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Fund. The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Certain of the Fund’s investment strategies may limit its ability to make distributions eligible for the
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reduced rates for qualified dividend income. Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of shares of the Fund may be a taxable event. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or as long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use a default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting.
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Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent that the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund consist of foreign securities, the Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. The Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
37
The table that follows presents performance information about the Investor Class Shares of the Fund. The financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the financial performance of the Fund for the past five fiscal years. Certain information contained in the table reflects the financial results for a single Investor Class Share of the Fund. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund assuming all dividends and distributions were reinvested. The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-888-826-5646.
38
SANDS CAPITAL GLOBAL GROWTH FUND – INVESTOR CLASS
|
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 23.85 | $ | 18.46 | $ | 17.69 | $ | 18.09 | $ | 16.87 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss † |
(0.19 | ) | (0.14 | ) | (0.10 | ) | (0.10 | ) | (0.07 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain |
0.24 | 5.53 | 0.87 | — | * | 1.59 | ||||||||||||||
Total Income (Loss) from Investment Operations |
0.05 | 5.39 | 0.77 | (0.10 | ) | 1.52 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions from: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.06 | ) | — | — | (0.04 | ) | — | |||||||||||||
Net Realized Gains |
— | — | — | (0.26 | ) | (0.30 | ) | |||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.06 | ) | — | — | (0.30 | ) | (0.30 | ) | ||||||||||||
Redemption Fees |
0.01 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 23.85 | $ | 23.85 | $ | 18.46 | $ | 17.69 | $ | 18.09 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
0.23 | % | 29.20 | % | 4.35 | % | (0.56 | )% | 9.16 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 12,260 | $ | 8,484 | $ | 6,450 | $ | 6,053 | $ | 8,210 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.17 | % | 1.23 | % | 1.24 | % | 1.29 | % | 1.35 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Fees Paid Indirectly) |
1.17 | % | 1.23 | % | 1.24 | % | 1.29 | % | 1.38 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Loss to Average Net Assets |
(0.71 | )% | (0.66 | )% | (0.57 | )% | (0.57 | )% | (0.41 | )% | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
25 | % | 24 | % | 20 | % | 18 | % | 24 | % |
* |
The amount shown for a share outstanding throughout the period does not accord with the aggregate net gains on investments for that period because of the sales and repurchase of Fund shares in relation to fluctuating market value of the investments of the Fund. |
† |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period. |
†† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived its fee and reimbursed other expenses, as applicable. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.00 or round to $0.00 per share.
39
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund
Investment Adviser
Sands Capital Management, LLC
1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 3000
Arlington, Virginia 22209
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the Sands Capital Global Growth Fund. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
Call 1-888-826-5646 |
By Mail: |
Write to us at:
|
By E-Mail: |
sandscapfunds@seic.com |
By Internet: |
www.sandscapital.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
SAN-PS-001-1000
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
SANDS CAPITAL GLOBAL GROWTH FUND
(Institutional Class Shares Ticker Symbol: SCMGX)
(Investor Class Shares Ticker Symbol: SCGVX)
a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
SANDS CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the Sands Capital Global Growth Fund (the “Fund”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectuses dated March 1, 2019, as they may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectuses”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectuses. The most recent Annual Report for the Fund, which includes the Fund’s audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectuses or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Fund at P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121 or by calling 1-888-826-5646.
March 1, 2019 | SAN-SX-001-1000 |
ii
General. The Fund is a series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate SAIs.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Fund in Institutional Class and Investor Class Shares. The different classes provide for variations in certain shareholder servicing expenses and in the minimum initial investment requirements. Minimum investment requirements and investor eligibility are described in the Prospectuses. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares. For more information on shareholder servicing expenses, see the “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” section in this SAI.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. The Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate the Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if the Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES
The Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectuses. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectuses. For a description of certain permitted investments discussed below, see “Description of Permitted Investments” in this SAI.
Sands Capital Global Growth Fund. The Fund seeks long-term capital appreciation. This investment objective is non-fundamental, and may be changed without shareholder approval. There can be no assurance that the Fund will be able to achieve its investment objective. The Fund is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).
S- 1
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectuses, the Fund may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Fund may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting itself from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, the Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Fund to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and is legally permissible, the Fund may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by the Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when the Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund's use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Fund is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. As a result, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Fund’s investment strategies and may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
S- 2
Types of Derivatives:
Futures. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily net asset value (“NAV”), each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
The Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options. An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When the Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). The Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
S- 3
Call options are similar to put options, except that the Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. The Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When the Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when the Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
The Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive the Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. The Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
The Fund is permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, the Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
S- 4
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, the Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
▪ | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
The Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. The Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
S- 5
The Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, the Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Fund may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Fund may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which it could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which the Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if the Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Fund could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, the Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, the Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts. A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
S- 6
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect the Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. The Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
The Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
The Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, the Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities. The Fund may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Participatory Notes (“P-Notes”). P-Notes are participation interest notes that are issued by banks or broker-dealers and are designed to offer a return linked to a particular underlying equity, debt, currency or market. When purchasing a P-Note, the posting of margin is not required because the full cost of the P-Note (plus commission) is paid at the time of purchase. When the P-Note matures, the issuer will pay to, or receive from, the purchaser the difference between the nominal value of the underlying instrument at the time of purchase and that instrument's value at maturity. Investments in P-Notes involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the underlying foreign companies or foreign securities markets that they seek to replicate.
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In addition, there can be no assurance that the trading price of P-Notes will equal the underlying value of the foreign companies or foreign securities markets that they seek to replicate. The holder of a P-Note that is linked to a particular underlying security is entitled to receive any dividends paid in connection with an underlying security or instrument. However, the holder of a P-Note does not receive the same voting rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security or instrument. P-Notes are generally traded over-the-counter. P-Notes constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or broker-dealers that issue them. There is also counterparty risk associated with these investments because the Fund is relying on the creditworthiness of such counterparty and has no rights under a P-Note against the issuer of the underlying security. In addition, a Fund will incur transaction costs as a result of investment in P-Notes.
Swap Agreements. A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of the Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. The Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, the Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Fund will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Fund may cover its current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that the Fund will be committed to pay.
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▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to the Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
As with a traditional investment in a debt security, the Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. The Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the breakeven inflation rate) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
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▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by the Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Fund than if it had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to make or lose substantially more than it invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities the Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices. The Fund’s ability to hedge its securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities the Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, the Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | a difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
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Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Fund. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity. Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, the Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, the Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Fund intends to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, the Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, the Fund may:
▪ | have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | an exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | the facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk. Successful use of derivatives by the Fund is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if the Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk. At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if the Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin. Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to the Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
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If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, the Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. The Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage. The Fund’s use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Fund will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Fund does not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | national and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches this value, the Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation. The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Fund by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Fund trades. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Fund’s use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
Equity Securities (U.S. and Foreign)
Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, and securities convertible into common stock. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the NAV of the Fund to fluctuate. The Fund purchases equity securities traded in the United States on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
• | Common Stock. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock. |
• | Preferred Stock. Preferred stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer that pays dividends at a specified rate and that has precedence over common stock in the payment of dividends. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take precedence over the claims of those who own preferred and common stock. |
• | Warrants. Warrants are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments. |
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A low exercise price warrant (“LEPW”) is a type of warrant with an exercise price that is very low relative to the market price of the underlying instrument at the time of issue (e.g., one cent or less). The buyer of a LEPW effectively pays the full value of the underlying common stock at the outset. As in the case of any exercise of warrants, there may be a time delay between the time a holder of LEPWs gives instructions to exercise and the time the price of the common stock relating to exercise or the settlement date is determined, during which time the price of the underlying security could change significantly. In addition, the exercise or settlement date of the warrants may be affected by certain market disruption events, such as difficulties relating to the exchange of a local currency into U.S. dollars, the imposition of capital controls by a local jurisdiction or changes in the laws relating to foreign investments. These events could lead to a change in the exercise date or settlement currency of the warrants, or postponement of the settlement date. In some cases, if the market disruption events continue for a certain period of time, the warrants may become worthless resulting in a total loss of the purchase price of the warrants.
• | Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party. |
Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain or loss than common stocks. Convertible securities generally provide yields higher than the underlying common stocks, but generally lower than comparable non-convertible securities. Because of this higher yield, convertible securities generally sell at a price above their “conversion value,” which is the current market value of the stock to be received upon conversion. The difference between this conversion value and the price of convertible securities will vary over time depending on changes in the value of the underlying common stocks and interest rates. When the underlying common stocks decline in value, convertible securities will tend not to decline to the same extent because of the interest or dividend payments and the repayment of principal at maturity for certain types of convertible securities. However, securities that are convertible other than at the option of the holder generally do not limit the potential for loss to the same extent as securities convertible at the option of the holder. When the underlying common stocks rise in value, the value of convertible securities may also be expected to increase. At the same time, however, the difference between the market value of convertible securities and their conversion value will narrow, which means that the value of convertible securities will generally not increase to the same extent as the value of the underlying common stocks. Because convertible securities may also be interest-rate sensitive, their value may increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
• | Large and Medium Capitalization Issuers. Large capitalization companies may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities. Investing in equity securities of medium capitalization companies often involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in larger capitalization companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of smaller size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of depth of management. The securities of smaller companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and even if listed on a national securities exchange may not be traded in volumes typical for that exchange. Consequently, the securities of smaller companies are less likely to be liquid, may have limited market stability, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than securities of larger, more established growth companies or the market averages in general. |
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• | Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”). The Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities of companies offering shares in IPOs. IPOs may have a magnified performance impact on a fund with a small asset base. The Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time, which may increase the turnover of the Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses for the Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, the Fund may realize taxable gains it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for the Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Holders of IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders. |
The Fund’s investment in IPO shares may include the securities of unseasoned companies (companies with less than three years of continuous operations), which presents risks considerably greater than common stocks of more established companies. These companies may have limited operating histories and their prospects for profitability may be uncertain. These companies may be involved in new and evolving businesses and may be vulnerable to competition and changes in technology, markets and economic conditions. They may be more dependent on key managers and third parties and may have limited product lines.
Foreign Securities
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities of issuers organized or located outside of the United States. The markets in which these securities are traded can be developed or emerging. Consistent with its investment strategies, the Fund can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways:
▪ | It can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency; |
▪ | It can invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and other similar global instruments; and |
▪ | It can invest in investment funds. |
Types of Foreign Securities:
American Depositary Receipts. ADRs as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including EDRs and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. European Depositary Receipts are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder's rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
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Emerging Markets. An “emerging country” is generally a country that the MSCI Barra would consider to be an emerging or developing country. The MSCI Barra classifies countries as being located in emerging markets based on three criteria: economic development, size and liquidity, and market accessibility. These countries generally include every nation in the world except the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, New Zealand and most nations located in Western Europe.
Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Investment Funds. Some emerging countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If the Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their NAV.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors. Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
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▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit the Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval or limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest. Other countries may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s investments.
Information and Supervision. There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk. The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | have substantially less volume; |
▪ | trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | may have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
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Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards; |
▪ | adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis; |
▪ | in general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States; |
▪ | over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated; |
▪ | economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights; and |
▪ | restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk. While the Fund denominates its NAV in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including U.S. dollars, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes. Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for the Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Investment in the People’s Republic of China (“China”)
Investing in China is subject to the risks of investing in emerging markets and additional risks which are specific to the Chinese market.
The economy of China is in a state of transition from a planned economy to a more market oriented economy and investments may be sensitive to changes in law and regulation together with political, social or economic policy which includes possible government intervention.
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The Fund may incur losses due to limited investment capabilities, or may not be able to fully implement or pursue its investment objective or strategy, due to local investment restrictions, illiquidity of the Chinese domestic securities market, and/or delay or disruption in execution and settlement of trades.
Investments in China A Shares. The Fund may invest in A Shares of companies based in China through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect program or Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect program (collectively, “Stock Connect”) subject to any applicable regulatory limits. Stock Connect is a securities trading and clearing linked program developed by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (“HKEx”), the Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited (“HKSCC”), Shanghai Stock Exchange (“SSE”), Shenzhen Stock Exchange (“SZSE”) and China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation Limited (“ChinaClear”) with the aim of achieving mutual stock market access between China and Hong Kong. This program allows foreign investors to trade certain SSE-listed or SZSE-listed China A Shares through their Hong Kong based brokers. All Hong Kong and overseas investors in Stock Connect will trade and settle SSE or SZSE securities in the offshore Renminbi (“CNH”) only. The Fund will be exposed to any fluctuation in the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and CNH in respect of such investments.
By seeking to invest in the domestic securities markets of China via Stock Connect the Fund is subject to the following additional risks:
• | General Risks. The relevant regulations are relatively untested and subject to change. There is no certainty as to how they will be applied, which could adversely affect the Fund. The program requires use of new information technology systems which may be subject to operational risk due to the program’s cross-border nature. If the relevant systems fail to function properly, trading in both Hong Kong and Chinese markets through the program could be disrupted. |
Stock Connect will only operate on days when both the Chinese and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banks in both markets are open on the corresponding settlement days. There may be occasions when it is a normal trading day for the Chinese market but Stock Connect is not trading. As a result, the Fund may be subject to the risk of price fluctuations in China A Shares when the Fund cannot carry out any China A Shares trading.
• | Foreign Shareholding Restrictions. The trading, acquisition, disposal and holding of securities under Stock Connect are subject at all times to applicable law, which imposes purchasing and holding limits. These limitations and restrictions may have the effect of restricting an investor’s ability to purchase, subscribe for or hold any China A Shares or to take up any entitlements in respect of such shares, or requiring an investor to reduce its holding in any securities, whether generally or at a particular point of time, and whether by way of forced sale or otherwise. As such, investors may incur loss arising from such limitations, restrictions and/or forced sale. |
• | Clearing and Settlement Risk. HKSCC and ChinaClear have established the clearing links and each will become a participant of each other to facilitate clearing and settlement of cross-boundary trades. For cross-boundary trades initiated in a market, the clearing house of that market will on one hand clear and settle with its own clearing participants and on the other hand undertake to fulfill the clearing and settlement obligations of its clearing participants with the counterparty clearing house. |
In the event ChinaClear defaults, HKSCC’s liabilities under its market contracts with clearing participants may be limited to assisting clearing participants with claims. It is anticipated that HKSCC will act in good faith to seek recovery of the outstanding stocks and monies from ChinaClear through available legal channels or the liquidation of ChinaClear. Regardless, the process of recovery could be delayed and the Fund may not fully recover its losses or its Stock Connect securities.
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• | Legal/Beneficial Ownership. Where securities are held in custody on a cross-border basis there are specific legal and beneficial ownership risks linked to the compulsory requirements of the local central securities depositaries, HKSCC and ChinaClear. |
As in other emerging markets, the legislative framework is only beginning to develop the concept of legal/formal ownership and of beneficial ownership or interest in securities. In addition, HKSCC, as nominee holder, does not guarantee the title to Stock Connect securities held through it and is under no obligation to enforce title or other rights associated with ownership on behalf of beneficial owners. Consequently, the courts may consider that any nominee or custodian as registered holder of Stock Connect securities would have full ownership thereof, and that those Stock Connect securities would form part of the pool of assets of such entity available for distribution to creditors of such entities and/or that a beneficial owner may have no rights whatsoever in respect thereof. Consequently, neither the Fund nor its custodian can ensure that the Fund’s ownership of these securities or title thereto is assured.
To the extent that HKSCC is deemed to be performing safekeeping functions with respect to assets held through it, it should be noted that the Fund and its custodian will have no legal relationship with HKSCC and no direct legal recourse against HKSCC in the event that the Fund suffers losses resulting from the performance or insolvency of HKSCC.
• | Operational Risk. The HKSCC provides clearing, settlement, nominee functions and other related services in respect of trades executed by Hong Kong market participants. Chinese regulations which include certain restrictions on selling and buying will apply to all market participants. In the case of a sale, pre-delivery of shares to the broker is required, increasing counterparty risk. As a result, the Fund may not be able to purchase and/or dispose of holdings of China A Shares in a timely manner. |
• | Day Trading Restrictions. Day (turnaround) trading is not permitted through Stock Connect. Investors buying A Shares on day T can only sell the shares on and after day T+1 subject to any Stock Connect rules. |
• | Quota Limitations. The Stock Connect program is subject to daily quota limitations which may restrict the Fund’s ability to invest in China A Shares through the program on a timely basis. |
• | Investor Compensation. The Fund will not benefit from Chinese local investor compensation schemes. |
Tax within China. Uncertainties in Chinese tax rules governing taxation of income and gains from investments in A Shares via Stock Connect could result in unexpected tax liabilities for the Fund. The Fund’s investments in securities, including A Shares, issued by Chinese companies may cause the Fund to become subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by China.
If the Fund were considered to be a tax resident of China, it would be subject to Chinese corporate income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide taxable income. If the Fund were considered to be a non-resident enterprise with a “permanent establishment” in China, it would be subject to Chinese corporate income tax of 25% on the profits attributable to the permanent establishment. The Adviser intends to operate the Fund in a manner that will prevent it from being treated as a tax resident of China and from having a permanent establishment in China. It is possible, however, that China could disagree with that conclusion, or that changes in Chinese tax law could affect the Chinese corporate income tax status of the Fund.
China generally imposes withholding income tax at a rate of 10% on dividends, premiums, interest and capital gains originating in China and paid to a company that is not a resident of China for tax purposes and that has no permanent establishment in China. The withholding is in general made by the relevant Chinese tax resident company making such payments. In the event the relevant Chinese tax resident company fails to withhold the relevant Chinese withholding income tax or otherwise fails to pay the relevant withholding income tax to Chinese tax authorities, the competent tax authorities may, at their sole discretion, impose tax obligations on the Fund.
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The Ministry of Finance of China, the State Administration of Taxation of China and the China Securities Regulatory Commission issued Caishui No. 81 on October 31, 2014 (“Notice 81”), which states that the capital gain from disposal of China A Shares by foreign investors’ enterprises via Stock Connect will be temporarily exempt from withholding income tax. Notice 81 also states that the dividends derived from A Shares by foreign investors enterprises is subject to a 10% withholding income tax.
There is no indication of how long the temporary exemption will remain in effect and the Fund may be subject to such withholding income tax in the future. If, in the future, China begins applying tax rules regarding the taxation of income from investments through Stock Connect and/or begins collecting capital gains taxes on such investments, the Fund could be subject to withholding income tax liability if the Fund determines that such liability cannot be reduced or eliminated by applicable tax treaties. The Chinese tax authorities may in the future issue further guidance in this regard and with potential retrospective effect. The negative impact of any such tax liability on the Fund’s return could be substantial.
In light of the uncertainty as to how gains or income that may be derived from the Fund’s investments in China will be taxed, the Fund reserves the right to provide for withholding tax on such gains or income and withhold tax for the account of the Fund. Withholding tax may already be withheld at a broker/custodian level.
Any tax provision, if made, will be reflected in the net asset value of the Fund at the time the provision is used to satisfy tax liabilities. If the actual applicable tax levied by the Chinese tax authorities is greater than that provided for by the Fund so that there is a shortfall in the tax provision amount, the net asset value of the Fund may suffer as the Fund will have to bear additional tax liabilities. In this case, then existing and new shareholders in the Fund will be disadvantaged. If the actual applicable tax levied by Chinese tax authorities is less than that provided for by the Fund so that there is an excess in the tax provision amount, shareholders who redeemed Fund shares before the Chinese tax authorities’ ruling, decision or guidance may have been disadvantaged as they would have borne any loss from the Fund’s overprovision. In this case, the then existing and new shareholders in the Fund may benefit if the difference between the tax provision and the actual taxation liability can be returned to the account of the Fund as assets thereof. Any excess in the tax provision amount shall be treated as property of the Fund, and shareholders who previously transferred or redeemed their Fund shares will not be entitled or have any right to claim any part of the amount representing the excess.
Stamp duty under the Chinese laws generally applies to the execution and receipt of taxable documents, which include contracts for the sale of A Shares traded on Chinese stock exchanges. In the case of such contracts, the stamp duty is currently imposed on the seller but not on the purchaser, at the rate of 0.1%. The sale or other transfer by the Adviser of A Shares will accordingly be subject to Chinese stamp duty, but the Fund will not be subject to Chinese stamp duty when it acquires A Shares.
The Fund may also potentially be subject to Chinese value added tax at the rate of 6% on capital gains derived from trading of A Shares and interest income (if any). Existing guidance provides a temporary value added tax exemption for Hong Kong and overseas investors in respect of their gains derived from the trading of Chinese securities through Stock Connect. Because there is no indication how long the temporary exemption will remain in effect, the Fund may be subject to such value added tax in the future. In addition, urban maintenance and construction tax (currently at rates ranging from 1% to 7%), educational surcharge (currently at the rate of 3%) and local educational surcharge (currently at the rate of 2%) (collectively, the “surtaxes”) are imposed based on value added tax liabilities, so if the Fund were liable for value added tax it would also be required to pay the applicable surtaxes.
The Chinese rules for taxation of Stock Connect are evolving, and certain of the tax regulations to be issued by the State Administration of Taxation of China and/or Ministry of Finance of China to clarify the subject matter may apply retrospectively, even if such rules are adverse to the Fund and its shareholders. The imposition of taxes, particularly on a retrospective basis, could have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s returns. Before further guidance is issued and is well established in the administrative practice of the Chinese tax authorities, the practices of the Chinese tax authorities that collect Chinese taxes relevant to the Fund may differ from, or be applied in a manner inconsistent with, the practices with respect to the analogous investments described herein or any further guidance that may be issued. The value of the Fund’s investment in China and the amount of its income and gains could be adversely affected by an increase in tax rates or change in the taxation basis.
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The above information is only a general summary of the potential Chinese tax consequences that may be imposed on the Fund and its shareholders either directly or indirectly and should not be taken as a definitive, authoritative or comprehensive statement of the relevant matter. Shareholders should seek their own tax advice on their tax position with regard to their investment in the Fund.
The Chinese government has implemented a number of tax reform policies in recent years. The current tax laws and regulations may be revised or amended in the future. Any revision or amendment in tax laws and regulations may affect the after-taxation profit of Chinese companies and foreign investors in such companies, such as the Fund.
Money Market Securities. Money market securities include short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by a nationally recognized statistical ratings organizations (“NRSRO”), such as Standard & Poor’s Ratings Service (“S&P”) or Moody’s Investor Service (“Moody’s”), or determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described below. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” to this SAI.
Debt Securities
U.S. Government Securities. The Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Fund’s shares.
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On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae's support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10 percent annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. Government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
• | U.S. Treasury Obligations. U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”). The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately. |
Commercial Paper. Commercial paper is the term used to designate unsecured short-term promissory notes issued by corporations and other entities. Maturities on these issues vary from a few to 270 days.
Bank Obligations. The Fund may invest in obligations issued by banks and other savings institutions. Investments in bank obligations include obligations of domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks. Such investments in domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks may involve risks that are different from investments in securities of domestic branches of U.S. banks. These risks may include future unfavorable political and economic developments, possible withholding taxes on interest income, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations, or other governmental restrictions which might affect the payment of principal or interest on the securities held by the Fund. Additionally, these institutions may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting and recordkeeping requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Bank obligations include the following:
• | Bankers’ Acceptances. Bankers’ acceptances are bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Corporations use bankers’ acceptances to finance the shipment and storage of goods and to furnish dollar exchange. Maturities are generally six months or less. |
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• | Certificates of Deposit. Certificates of deposit are interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity. They are issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds and normally can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit with penalties for early withdrawal will be considered illiquid. |
• | Time Deposits. Time deposits are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds. Like a certificate of deposit, it earns a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. Time deposits with a withdrawal penalty or that mature in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid investments. |
Repurchase Agreements. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions in order to increase its income. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Fund follows certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of the Fund, not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by the Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
Exchange Traded Funds (“ETFs”). ETFs are investment companies whose shares are bought and sold on a securities exchange. An ETF holds a portfolio of securities designed to track a particular market segment or index. Some examples of ETFs are SPDRs ® , DIAMONDS SM , NASDAQ 100 Index Tracking Stock SM (“QQQs SM ”), and iShares ® . The Fund could purchase an ETF to temporarily gain exposure to a portion of the U.S. or foreign market while awaiting an opportunity to purchase securities directly. The risks of owning an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the securities comprising the index which an index ETF is designed to track or the other holdings of an active or index ETF, although lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in it being more volatile than the tracked index or underlying holdings, and ETFs have management fees that increase their costs versus the costs of owning the underlying holdings directly. See also “Securities of Other Investment Companies” below.
Securities of Other Investment Companies. The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Fund. The Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
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For hedging or other purposes, the Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the SEC to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Fund may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Fund otherwise complies with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Illiquid Investments. Illiquid investments are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Because of their illiquid nature, illiquid investments must be priced at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures approved by the Board. Despite such good faith efforts to determine fair value prices, the Fund’s illiquid investments are subject to the risk that the investment’s fair value price may differ from the actual price which the Fund may ultimately realize upon its sale or disposition. Difficulty in selling illiquid investments may result in a loss or may be costly to the Fund. Under the supervision of the Board, the Adviser determines the liquidity of the Fund’s investments. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets.
Restricted Securities. Restricted securities are securities that may not be sold freely to the public absent registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”) or an exemption from registration. The Fund may invest in Section 4(a)(2) commercial paper, which is issued in reliance on an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act and is generally sold to institutional investors who purchase them for investment. Any resale of such commercial paper must be in an exempt transaction, usually to an institutional investor through the issuer or investment dealers who make a market in such commercial paper.
Securities Lending. The Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of the Fund (including the loan collateral). The Fund will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund.
The Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund's securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, the Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. The Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund's administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund's ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
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Legal, Tax, and Regulatory Risks. Legal, tax and regulatory changes and developments may adversely affect the Fund. New or modified laws, regulations, rules, legislation or similar guidance may be issued by U.S. or foreign regulators or other government authorities or self-regulatory organizations that oversee the financial markets. Such new or modified laws, regulations, rules or similar guidance may have an adverse effect on the investments and the performance of the Fund.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks. As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
Fundamental Policies
The following are fundamental policies of the Fund. Fundamental policies cannot be changed without the consent of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding shares. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
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The Fund may not:
1. | Purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
2. | Concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | Borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | Underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to the investment objective of the Fund, the following investment limitations of the Fund are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval:
The Fund may not:
1. | Make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) engage in securities lending, as described in its SAI. |
2. | Purchase or sell real estate, physical commodities, or commodities contracts, except that the Fund may purchase: (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including real estate investment trusts (“REITs”)), commodities, or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances cause the Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitations within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
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The following descriptions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Diversification . Under the 1940 Act, a diversified investment management company, as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agents or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer's outstanding voting securities would be held by the fund.
Concentration . The 1940 Act requires that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy regarding concentration. The SEC staff has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s total assets in an industry or group of industries, with certain exceptions. For purposes of the Fund’s concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as short sales, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, a fund may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Commodities and Real Estate . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in commodities or real estate, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
General. Sands Capital Management, LLC (“Sands” or the “Adviser”) is an independent, employee-owned professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. Sands was initially formed as a Sub-Chapter S-Corporation in 1992 and converted to a Delaware limited liability company in 2005. Its principal place of business is located at 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 3000, Arlington, Virginia 22209. As of December 31, 2018, Sands had approximately $35.4 billion in assets under management.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”) with respect to the Fund. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as the investment adviser and makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Board.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, or by the Adviser on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
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Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.85% of the average daily net assets of the Fund. The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive or reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding shareholder servicing fees, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.10% and 1.35% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively (the “expense caps”), until March 31, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and an expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Adviser the following advisory fees:
Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived by the Adviser | Total Fees Paid to the Adviser (After Waivers) | ||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$8,089,646 | $9,221,972 | $10,981,960 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $8,089,646 | $9,221,972 | $10,981,960 |
This section includes information about the Fund’s portfolio managers, including information about other accounts managed, the dollar range of the Fund shares owned and how the portfolio managers are compensated.
Compensation. The Adviser compensates the portfolio managers for their management of the Fund. The portfolio managers’ compensation consists of a salary, qualitative bonus, and a profit sharing and 401(k) plan. Additional compensation may be in the form of an investment results bonus and equity in the Adviser. Salary is benchmarked to be competitive with the industry worldwide. The qualitative bonus is based on a target set at the beginning of the year and on each individual’s responsibilities and objectives that are agreed upon at the beginning of each year. At the end of the year, this bonus is paid out after a form review of the individual’s actual contribution to investment performance and client service work. The investments result bonus is calculated from the performance variance of the Adviser’s composite returns and their respective benchmarks over 1, 3 and 5 year periods, weighted towards the 3 and 5 year results.
Fund Shares Owned by Portfolio Managers. The Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
David E. Levanson, CFA | Over $1,000,000 |
Sunil H. Thakor, CFA | $500,001 - $1,000,000 |
T. Perry Williams, CFA | $100,001 - $500,000 |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018 |
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Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Name |
Registered
Investment Companies
|
Other Pooled
Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets
(in Billions) |
Number of Accounts | Total Assets (in Billions) | Number of Accounts | Total Assets (in Billions) | |
David E. Levanson, CFA | 1 | $1.9 | 7 | $5.7 | 26 1 | $6.2 |
Sunil H. Thakor, CFA | 2 | $1.9 | 9 | $6.0 | 28 1 | $6.2 |
T. Perry Williams, CFA | 1 | $1.9 | 7 | $5.7 | 26 1 | $6.2 |
1 | Includes 6 accounts managed with a performance-based fee, representing approximately $1.6 billion in assets. |
Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers’ management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have similar, different, or overlapping investment objectives and strategies as the Fund, and such accounts may be managed by one, or any combination of portfolio managers. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the similar, different, or overlapping investment objectives and strategies, whereby the portfolio managers could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio managers’ knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of the Fund’s trades, whereby a portfolio manager could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of the Fund. However, the Adviser has established policies and procedures intended to result in the fair and equitable allocation of investment opportunities among the Adviser’s clients over time.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
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Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Fund, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following amounts for these services:
Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$910,762 | $1,008,395 | $1,154,402 |
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”) whereby the Distributor acts as principal underwriter for the Trust’s shares. The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested parties” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Shareholder Servicing Plan. The Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which a shareholder servicing fee of up to 0.25% of average daily net assets of Investor Class Shares of the Fund will be paid to financial intermediaries. Under the plan, financial intermediaries may perform, or may compensate other financial intermediaries for performing, certain shareholder and/or administrative services or similar non-distribution services, including: (i) maintaining shareholder accounts; (ii) arranging for bank wires; (iii) responding to shareholder inquiries relating to the services performed by the financial intermediaries; (iv) responding to inquiries from shareholders concerning their investment in the Fund; (v) assisting shareholders in changing dividend options, account designations and addresses; (vi) providing information periodically to shareholders showing their position in the Fund; (vii) forwarding shareholder communications from the Fund such as proxies, shareholder reports, annual reports, and dividend and capital gain distribution and tax notices to shareholders; (viii) processing purchase, exchange and redemption requests from shareholders and placing orders with the Fund or its service providers; (ix) providing sub-accounting services; (x) processing dividend and capital gain payments from the Fund on behalf of shareholders; (xi) preparing tax reports; and (xii) providing such other similar non-distribution services as the Fund may reasonably request to the extent that the financial intermediary is permitted to do so under applicable laws or regulations.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Fund and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Fund, the Distributor or shareholders of the Fund through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Fund in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Fund; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
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The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Fund by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 West 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent for the Fund under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 40 Water Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02109-3661 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Fund. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Fund did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
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TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust's internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust's financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust's financial statements.
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From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations
in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder
(Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1
(since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr.
(Born: 1952) |
Trustee
(since 2011)
Lead Independent Trustee
(since 2018) |
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager - Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
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1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Fund as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
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Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the Fund provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the Fund, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
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Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
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Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares
(Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares
(All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Fund is the only fund in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate Compensation from the Trust |
Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation from the Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
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Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie (Born: 1965) |
President
(since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein
(Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary
(since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois
(Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer
(since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors
(Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer
(since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
Dianne M. Descoteaux
(Born: 1977) |
Vice President and Secretary
(since 2011) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2010. Associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, from 2006 to 2010. |
Russell Emery
(Born: 1962) |
Chief Compliance Officer
(since 2006) |
Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP from 2007 to 2013. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
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Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Matthew M. Maher
(Born: 1975) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary
(since 2018) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2018. Attorney, Blank Rome LLP, from 2015 to 2018. Assistant Counsel & Vice President, Bank of New York Mellon, from 2013 to 2014. Attorney, Dilworth Paxson LLP, from 2006 to 2013. |
Robert Morrow (Born: 1968) |
Vice President
(since 2017) |
Account Manager, SEI Investments, since 2007. |
Bridget E. Sudall
(Born: 1980) |
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and Privacy Officer (since 2015) | Senior Associate and AML Officer, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2011 to 2015. Investor Services Team Lead, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2007 to 2011. |
PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Fund adheres to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities. Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Fund will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Fund will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Fund calculates NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which the Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value the Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Fund are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Fund are valued at fair value.
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Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Fund calculates NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
Fair Valuation of Foreign Securities Based on U.S. Market Movements. A third party fair valuation vendor provides a fair value for foreign securities held by the Fund based on certain factors and methodologies (involving, generally, tracking valuation correlations between the U.S. market and each foreign security) applied by the fair valuation vendor in the event that there are movements in the U.S. market that exceed a specific threshold that has been established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Fair Value Pricing Committee has also established a “confidence interval” that is used to determine the level of correlation between the value of a foreign security and movements in the U.S. market that is required for a particular security to be fair valued when the threshold is exceeded. In the event that the threshold established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee is exceeded on a specific day, the Fund values the foreign securities in its portfolio that exceed the applicable “confidence interval” based upon the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor. In such event, it is not necessary to hold a Fair Value Pricing Committee meeting. In the event that the Adviser believes that the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor are not reliable, the Adviser can contact the Administrator and request that a meeting of the Fair Value Pricing Committee be held.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectuses. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectuses is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that it timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
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In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed.
If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC.
The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over by the Fund indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. The Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
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Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend, (ii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in the Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Certain of the Fund’s investment strategies may limit its ability to make distributions eligible for the reduced rates for qualified dividend income.
Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund. The Fund will report annually to its shareholders the federal tax status of all distributions made by the Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, the Fund’s distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation. Certain of the Fund’s investment strategies may limit its ability to make distributions eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders.
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To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder's cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held your shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales, Exchanges, or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange, or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged, or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use a default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by shareholders (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of the Fund’s shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of the Fund’s shares. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
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Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
Certain derivative investments by the Fund, such as exchange-traded products and over-the-counter derivatives, may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the “Qualifying Income Test” described above, which must be met in order for the Fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code. In addition, the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of such derivative investments are often unclear for purposes of the “Asset Test” described above. The Fund intends to carefully monitor such investments to ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to ensure that it is adequately diversified under the Asset Test. The Fund, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying income from these investments and there are no assurances that the IRS will agree with the Fund’s determination of the “Asset Test” with respect to such derivatives.
The Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from futures and options contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, options contracts and swaps to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Accordingly, in order to avoid certain income and excise taxes, the Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time when the investment adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so.
If the Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs,” the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund's pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. The Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues. The Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. At times, a significant portion of the Fund’s returns (both positive and negative) may be attributable to investments in such currency forward contracts. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Fund intends to monitor its transactions, intends to make the appropriate tax elections, and intends to make the appropriate entries in its books and records when it acquires any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
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The U.S. Treasury Department has authority to issue regulations that would exclude foreign currency gains from the Qualifying Income Test described above if such gains are not directly related to the Fund’s business of investing in stock or securities (or options and futures with respect to stock or securities). Accordingly, regulations may be issued in the future that could treat some or all of the Fund’s non-U.S. currency gains as non-qualifying income, thereby potentially jeopardizing the Fund’s status as a RIC for all years to which the regulations are applicable.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, the Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If the Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If the Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by the Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in the Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Fund.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
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The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a 24% withholding rate and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described in this paragraph. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer's treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.
The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$252,971 | $321,126 | $356,671 |
Brokerage Selection. The Adviser does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer and makes selections of brokers and dealers based on the chosen broker’s or dealer’s ability to provide best execution of securities transactions. While not defined by statute or regulation, “best execution” generally means seeking the best qualitative execution of transactions considering all relevant factors. While it is the Adviser’s policy to seek best execution for securities transactions, the Adviser is not obligated to obtain the lowest possible commission cost.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to their investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Fund.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used in connection with the account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Fund, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
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The Adviser has entered into client commission sharing arrangements (“CSAs”) that it believes are consistent with the requirements of Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Under the CSAs, the Adviser obtains soft dollar benefits by arranging with executing brokers to allocate a portion of total commissions paid to a pool of “credits” maintained by the broker that can be used to obtain soft dollar benefits made available by third-party service providers. After accumulating a number of credits within the pool, the Adviser may direct the broker to use those credits to pay appropriate third-party service providers for eligible soft dollar benefits made available to the Adviser by the broker.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers because of research services provided to the Adviser:
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions for Transactions Directed to Brokers Providing Research Services |
Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Directed to Brokers Providing Research Services |
$289,823 | $585,838,680 |
Since January 1, 2018, the Adviser used its own resources to pay for all research services, either directly or through reimbursements to the Fund.
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Fund may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Fund or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Fund for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Fund, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay any aggregate brokerage commissions on Fund transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Fund is required to identify any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not hold any securities of its regular brokers or dealers.
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which the Fund may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one year. The Fund may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rates were as follows:
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Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 |
24% | 25% |
PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
The Board has approved a policy and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Fund’s Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund, the Adviser, or the principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (“Adviser CCO”) to authorize the release of the Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser CCO, either directly or through reports by the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Fund is required to disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). The Fund will disclose a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s NAV (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to the Fund’s shareholders. The Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters is available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters is available in Shareholder Reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Complete schedule of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to the Fund’s shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should the Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-888-826-5646.
In addition, the Fund provides information about its top ten holdings, updated as of the most recent calendar quarter on the internet at http://www.sandscapital.com. This information is generally provided within 30 days after each calendar quarter and is available on the Fund’s fact sheets. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund.
In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the custodian, administrator or transfer agent, in connection with their services to the Fund. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Fund. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of the Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics. The lag time for such disclosures will vary. The Fund believes that these third parties have legitimate objectives in requesting such portfolio holdings information.
The Fund’s policies and procedures provide that the Adviser’s CCO may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Adviser’s CCO must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders and that to the extent conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders and those of the Fund’s Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund exist, such conflicts are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The disclosures will not be made sooner than three days after the date of the information. The Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
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With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, the Fund requires any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank the Fund, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
The Fund’s policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Fund, Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Fund’s portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of the Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of the fund, each of which represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Board may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any funds and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
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LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-888-826-5646; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 (each a “Code of Ethics” and together the “Codes of Ethics”). These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“access persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by access persons. Under each Code of Ethics, access persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain access persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of any class of the shares of the Fund. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of the Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling the Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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Name and Address | Class of Shares | % of Class |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC
SPECIAL CUSTODY A/C FBO CUSTOMERS
ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS
101 MONTGOMERY ST
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104-4151
|
Investor | 65.56% |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC
FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS
ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 5TH FL
499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5
JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-2010
|
Investor | 26.30% |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC
FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS
ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 5TH FL
499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5
JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-2010
|
Institutional | 14.64% |
ALASKA ELECTRICAL PENSION FUND
701 E TUDOR RD STE 200
ANCHORAGE, AK 99503-7458
|
Institutional | 5.61% |
JOHN TEMPLETON FOUNDATION
300 CONSHOHOCKEN STATE RD STE 500CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-3815
|
Institutional | 6.37% |
MERCY HEALTH
1701 MERCY HEALTH PL
CINCINNATI, OH 45237-6147
|
Institutional | 6.96% |
CAPINCO C/O US BANK NA
1555 N RIVERCENTER DR STE 302
MILWAUKEE, WI 53212-3958
|
Institutional | 28.28% |
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
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Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
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Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
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An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
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D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
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Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
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For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
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Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
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APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
Sands Capital Management, LLC
Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures
Most Recent Amendment: June 2017
Implementation Date: November 2006
Issue
Rule 206(4)-6 under the Advisers Act requires registered investment advisers to adopt and implement written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure advisers vote proxies in the best interest of their clients. The procedures must address material conflicts that may arise in connection with proxy voting. Rule 206(4)-6 further requires advisers to describe to clients their proxy voting policies and procedures and to provide copies of such policies and procedures to clients upon their request. Lastly, the Rule requires advisers to disclose how clients may obtain information on how the adviser voted their proxies.
To comply with Rule 206(4)-6, Sands Capital Management, LLC (“ SCM ”) has adopted and implemented this Policy and the procedures described herein.
Policy
SCM’s policy is to vote client proxies in the best interest of its clients. Proxies are an asset of a client, which must be treated by SCM with the same care, diligence and loyalty as any asset belonging to a client. In voting proxies SCM should consider the short- and long-term implications of each proposal. In voting proxies, SCM typically is neither an activist in corporate governance nor an automatic supporter of management. However, because SCM believes that the management teams of most companies it invests in generally seek to serve shareholder interests, SCM believes that voting proxy proposals in the client’s best economic interests usually means voting with the recommendations of these management teams. Any specific voting instructions provided by an advisory client or its designated agent in writing will supersede this Policy. Clients with their own general or specific proxy voting and governance policies may wish to have their proxies voted by an independent third party or other named fiduciary or agent, at the client’s expense.
Proxy Committee
SCM has established a Proxy Committee, which consists of four permanent members: the Chief Administrative Officer (“ CAO ”), the Chief Compliance Officer (“ CCO ”), a Director of Client Relations, and a member of the Directing Research Team (the “ DRT ”). The Proxy Committee meets at least annually, and as necessary to fulfill its responsibilities. A majority of the members of the Proxy Committee constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business. The CAO acts as secretary of the Proxy Committee and maintains a record of Proxy Committee meetings and actions.
The Proxy Committee is responsible for: (i) the oversight and administration of proxy voting on behalf of SCM’s clients, including developing, authorizing, implementing and updating this Policy and the procedures described herein; (ii) overseeing the proxy voting process, including reviewing reports on proxy voting activity at least annually, and as necessary, to fulfill its responsibilities; and (iii) engaging and overseeing third-party service provider(s), as necessary or appropriate, to ensure SCM receives the applicable proxy statements or to provide SCM information, research or other services to facilitate SCM’s proxy voting decisions.
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The Proxy Committee has developed a set of criteria to be used when evaluating proxy issues. These criteria and general proxy voting guidelines are set forth in the Proxy Voting Guidelines, which are attached hereto as Attachment A (the “ Guidelines ”). The Proxy Committee may amend or supplement the Guidelines from time to time. All Guidelines are to be applied generally and not absolutely, such that the evaluation of each proposal incorporates considerations specific to the company whose proxy is being voted.
Procedures for Identification and Voting of Proxies
The following procedures are designed to resolve material conflicts of interest before voting client proxies.
1. | SCM maintains a list of all clients for which it votes proxies. The list may be maintained either in hard copy or electronically, and is updated by the Investment Operations Team, which obtains proxy voting information from client agreements or internal account onboarding documentation. |
2. | As part of the account opening procedure, the Investment Operations Team will note whether or not SCM is responsible for voting proxies for the client. |
3. | Where SCM has the authority to vote proxies, the Investment Operations and Client Relations Teams will work with the client to ensure that SCM is designated to receive proxy voting materials from companies or intermediaries. |
4. | SCM has retained one or more third parties to assist in the coordination, voting and recordkeeping of proxies. |
5. | The CAO, through a proxy voting designee working as a proxy administrator, receives all proxy voting materials and has overall responsibility for ensuring that proxies are voted and submitted in a timely manner. |
6. | SCM’s Investment Research Team (the “Research Team”) is responsible for reviewing proxy proposals for portfolio securities. Prior to a proxy voting deadline, the appropriate Research Team member will make a determination as how to vote each proxy proposal based on his or her analysis of the proposal and the Guidelines. In evaluating a proxy proposal, a Research Team member may consider information from a number of sources, including management of the company, shareholder groups and independent proxy research services. |
7. | SCM Staff Members involved in the process are responsible for assessing whether there is any material conflict between the interests of SCM or its affiliates or associates and the interests of its clients with respect to proxy voting by considering the situations identified in the Conflicts of Interest section of this Policy. |
8. | If no material conflicts of interest has been identified, SCM will vote proxies according to this Policy (including by not voting if SCM deems that to be in its clients’ best interest). |
9. | Upon detection of a conflict of interest, the conflict will be brought to the attention of the Proxy Committee for resolution. See Conflicts of Interest section for additional information. |
10. | SCM is not required to vote every client proxy provided that electing not to vote is consistent with SCM’s fiduciary obligations. SCM shall at no time ignore or neglect its proxy voting responsibilities. However, there may be times when refraining from voting is in the client’s best interest, such as when an analysis of a particular client proxy reveals that the cost of voting the proxy may exceed the expected benefit to the client. See Proxies of Certain Global Issuers below. |
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11. | SCM may process certain proxies without voting them or may systematically vote with management. Examples include, without limitation, proxies issued by companies SCM has decided to sell, proxies issued for securities that SCM did not select for a client portfolio, such as, securities that were selected by a previous adviser, unsupervised or non-managed securities held in a client’s account (such as ETFs), money market securities, or other securities selected by clients or their representatives other than SCM. |
12. | In the event that SCM votes the same proxy in two directions, it shall maintain documentation to support its voting (this may occur if a client requires SCM to vote a certain way on an issue, while SCM deems it beneficial to vote in the opposite direction for its other clients) in SCM’s files. |
13. | The CAO and the applicable Research Team member must report any attempts by SCM’s personnel to influence the voting of client proxies in a manner that is inconsistent with this Policy, as well as any attempts by persons or entities outside SCM seeking to influence the voting of client proxies. Reporting shall be made to the CCO, or if the CCO is the person attempting to influence the voting, then to SCM’s General Counsel. |
14. | All proxy votes will be recorded and the following information must be maintained: |
• | The name of the issuer of the portfolio security; |
• | The security identifier of the portfolio holding. |
• | The Council on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures (“CUSIP”) or similar number, in each case, if any, for the security; |
• | The shareholder meeting date; |
• | The number of shares SCM is voting firm-wide; |
• | A brief identification of the matter voted on; |
• | Whether the matter was proposed by the issuer or by a security holder; |
• | Whether or not SCM cast its vote on the matter; |
• | How SCM voted (e.g., for or against proposal, or abstain; for or withhold regarding election of directors); |
• | Whether SCM cast its vote with or against management; and |
• | Whether any client requested an alternative vote of its proxy. |
Loaned Securities
If a client participates in a securities lending program, SCM will not be able to vote the proxy of the shares out on loan. SCM will generally not seek to recall for voting the client shares on loan. However, under rare circumstances, for voting issues that may have a particularly significant impact on the investment (a “ Significant Event ”), SCM may request a client to recall securities that are on loan if SCM determines that the benefit of voting outweighs the costs and lost revenue to the client and the administrative burden of retrieving the securities. The Research Team member who is responsible for voting the proxy will notify the Proxy Committee in the event they believe a recall of loaned securities is necessary.
In determining whether a recall of a security is warranted, SCM will take into consideration whether the benefit of the vote would be in the client’s best interest despite the costs and the lost revenue to the client and the administrative burden of retrieving the securities. SCM may use third-party service providers to assist it in identifying and evaluating whether an event constitutes a Significant Event. From time to time, the Proxy Committee will deem certain matters to be Significant Events and will adjust the foregoing standard accordingly.
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Proxies of Issuers in Certain Countries
It is SCM’s policy to seek to vote all proxies for client securities over which it has proxy voting authority where SCM can reasonably determine that voting such proxies will be in the best interest of its clients.
Voting proxies of issuers in certain countries may give rise to a number of administrative or operational issues that may cause SCM to determine that voting such proxies are not in the best interest of its clients or that it is not reasonably possible to determine whether voting such proxies will be in the best interests of its clients. While not exhaustive, the following list of considerations highlights some potential instances in which a proxy vote might not be entered.
• | SCM may receive meeting notices without enough time to fully consider the proxy or after the cut-off date for voting. |
• | A market may require SCM to provide local agents with a power of attorney or consularization prior to implementing SCM’s voting instructions. |
• | Proxy materials may not be available in English. |
• | SCM may be unable to enter an informed vote in certain circumstances due to the lack of information provided in the proxy statement or by the issuer or other resolution sponsor. |
• | Proxy voting in certain countries may require “share blocking.” In such cases, shareholders wishing to vote their proxies must deposit their shares shortly before the date of the meeting with a designated depositary. During this blocking period, shares that will be voted at the meeting cannot be sold until the meeting has taken place and the shares are returned to the clients’ custodian banks. Absent compelling reasons to the contrary, SCM believes that the benefit to the client of exercising the vote is outweighed by the cost of voting (i.e., not being able to sell the shares during this period). Accordingly, if share blocking is required SCM generally elects not to vote those shares. The applicable Research Team member in conjunction with the Proxy Committee retains the final authority to determine whether to block the shares in the client’s portfolio or to pass on voting the meeting. |
The rationale for not voting a client proxy must be documented and the documentation must be maintained in SCM’s files.
Conflicts of Interest
The following potential conflicts of interest have been identified:
• | SCM provides services to an institutional client, or is in the process of being engaged to provide services to an institutional client that is affiliated with an issuer that is held in the SCM’s client portfolios. For example, SCM may be retained to manage Company A’s pension fund, where Company A is a public company and SCM’s client accounts hold shares of Company A. Another example is SCM’s clients may hold an investment in an issuer affiliated with an adviser of a fund vehicle sub-advised by SCM. |
B- 4
• | SCM provides services to an individual, or is in the process of being engaged to provide services to an individual, who is an officer or director of an issuer that is held in SCM’s client portfolios; |
• | A Staff Members maintain a personal or business relationship (not an advisory relationship) with issuers or individuals that serve as officers or directors of issuers. For example, the spouse of a Staff Member may be a high-level executive of an issuer that is held in SCM’s client portfolios. The spouse could attempt to influence SCM to vote in favor of management; and |
• | SCM or a Staff Member personally owns a significant number of an issuer’s securities that are also held in SCM’s client portfolios. The Staff Member may seek to vote proxies in a different direction for his or her personal holdings than would otherwise be warranted by this Policy. The Staff Member could oppose voting the proxies according to the policy and successfully influence SCM to vote proxies in contradiction to this Policy. |
Due to the difficulty of predicting and identifying all material conflicts, Staff Members are responsible for notifying the CAO or the CCO of any material conflict that may impair SCM’s ability to vote proxies in an objective manner. Upon such notification, the CAO or the CCO will notify the Proxy Committee of the conflict.
In the event that the Proxy Committee determines that SCM has a conflict of interest with respect to a proxy proposal, the Proxy Committee will also determine whether the conflict is “material” to that proposal. The Proxy Committee may determine on a case-by-case basis that a particular proposal does not involve a material conflict of interest. To make this determination, the Proxy Committee must conclude that the proposal is not directly related to SCM’s conflict with the issuer. If the Proxy Committee determines that a conflict is not material, then SCM may vote the proxy in accordance with the recommendation of the relevant Research Team member.
In the event that the Proxy Committee determines that SCM has a material conflict of interest with respect to a proxy proposal, SCM will vote on the proposal in accordance with the determination of the Proxy Committee. Prior to voting on the proposal, SCM may: (i) contact an independent third party (such as another plan fiduciary) to recommend how to vote on the proposal and vote in accordance with the recommendation of such third party (or have the third party vote such proxy); or (ii) with respect to clients that are not subject to ERISA, fully disclose the nature of the conflict to the client and obtain the client’s consent as to how SCM will vote on the proposal (or otherwise obtain instructions from the client as to how to vote the proxy).
Recordkeeping
SCM must maintain the documentation described in the following section for a period of not less than five years in an easily accessible place, the first two years at its principal place of business. The CAO will be responsible for the following procedures and for ensuring that the required documentation is retained.
Outside third party request to review proxy votes :
• | Staff Members must be thoughtful and cautious in sharing how SCM plans to vote its clients’ proxies. Until the vote has been cast and the relevant shareholder meeting has transpired, SCM generally treats information about SCM’s voting as confidential. Staff Members may not disclose SCM’s vote prior to the meeting or commit to any third party to vote a certain way without the prior consent of the CCO or General Counsel. Notwithstanding the previous sentence, Staff Members are permitted to prudently express SCM’s thoughts or opinions on topics in discussions with the relevant companies, advisors (3rd party research providers), and other shareholders prior to voting as a part of SCM’s ongoing education and engagement. |
B- 5
• | Once the vote has been cast and the relevant shareholder meeting has transpired, analysts can choose to share how SCM voted with the relevant company or other shareholders, if necessary, as part of SCM’s ongoing engagement with management and the company’s shareholder base. |
• | All disclosures of votes in response to requests for vote information not originating from the company must be approved by the CAO prior to the disclosure of the vote. All written requests must be retained in the permanent file. The CAO or designee will record the identity of the outside third party, the date of the request, and the disposition (e.g., provided a written or oral response to client’s request, referred to third party, not a proxy voting client, other dispositions, etc.) in a suitable place. |
• | As is consistent with SCM’s Advertising and Marketing Policy, all Staff Members must refer inquiries from the press to the Director, Portfolio Analysis and Communications. |
Proxy statements received regarding client securities:
• | Upon receipt of a proxy, the relevant Staff Member must copy or print a sample of the proxy statement or card and maintain the copy in a central file along with a sample of the proxy solicitation instructions. |
Note: SCM is permitted to rely on proxy statements filed on the SEC’s EDGAR system instead of keeping its own copies.
Proxy voting records:
• | Documents prepared or created by SCM that were material to making a decision on how to vote, or that memorialized the basis for the decision, must be maintained in accordance with this Policy. |
• | Documentation or notes or any communications received from third parties, other industry analysts, third-party service providers, company’s management discussions, etc. that were material in the basis for the decision, must be maintained in accordance with this Policy. |
• | Clients are permitted to request their proxy voting record for the 5-year period prior to their request. |
Disclosure
SCM will ensure that Part 2A of Form ADV is updated as necessary to reflect: (i) all material changes to this Policy and the procedures described herein; and (ii) information about how clients may obtain information on how SCM voted their securities.
Procedures for SCM’s Receipt of Class Actions
SCM will not file “Class Actions” on behalf of any client. If “Class Action” documents are received by SCM from a client’s custodian, SCM will make a commercially reasonable best effort to forward the documents to the client. Likewise if “Class Action” documents are received by SCM from a client, SCM will make a commercially reasonable effort to gather, at the client’s request, any requisite information it has regarding the matter and forward it to the client, to enable the client to file the “Class Action.”
B- 6
Responsibility
The CAO is responsible for overseeing and implementing this Policy.
B- 7
Attachment A
PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES
The majority of votes presented to shareholders are proposals made by management, which have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. One of the primary factors SCM considers when determining the desirability of investing in a particular company is the quality and depth of its management. Accordingly, SCM believes that the recommendation of management on any issue should be given substantial weight in determining how proxy issues are resolved. For routine matters (e.g., those matters that are not expected to measurably change the structure, management, control or operation of the company and are consistent with customary industry standards and practices, and the laws of the state of incorporation of the applicable company), SCM will vote in accordance with the recommendation of management, unless, in SCM’s opinion, such recommendation is not conducive to long term value creation or otherwise in the best interest of its clients. Non-routine matters (e.g., those matters relating to directors’ liability and indemnity proposals; executive compensation plans; mergers, acquisitions, and other restructurings submitted to a shareholder vote; anti-takeover and related provisions; and shareholder proposals) require company-specific and a case-by-case review and analysis. With respect to matters that do not fit in the categories stated below, SCM will exercise its best judgment as a fiduciary to vote in accordance with the best interest of its clients.
I. The Board of Directors
A. | Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections |
These votes are made on a case-by-case basis, and SCM may consider the following:
• | Long-term performance record relative to a market index; |
• | Composition of board and key board committees; |
• | Attendance at board and committee meetings; |
• | Corporate governance provisions and takeover activity; |
• | Board decisions regarding executive pay; and |
• | Director compensation. |
B. | Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection |
These votes are evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
C. | Voting for Director Nominees in Contest Elections |
These are evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and SCM may consider the following:
• | Long-term performance relative to its industry; |
• | Management’s track record; |
• | Background to the proxy contest; |
• | Qualifications of director nominees (both slates); |
• | Evaluation of what each side is offering shareholders and the likelihood that the proposed objectives and goals can be met; and |
• | Stock ownership positions. |
D. | Size of the Board |
Proposals to limit the size of the Board will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
B- 8
II. Auditors
Ratifying Auditors
SCM generally votes for proposals to ratify auditors, unless:
• | an auditor is not independent (i.e., it has a financial interest in or association with the company); |
• | there is reason to believe the auditor’s opinion is not accurate or indicative of the company’s financial position; |
• | poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a level of serious concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; or material weaknesses in internal controls; |
• | Evidence that the committee approved an inappropriate indemnification agreement with the auditor; or |
• | Non-audit fees are excessive in relation to audit-related fees without adequate explanation. |
III. Proxy Contest Defenses
A. | Cumulative Voting |
Proposals on cumulative voting are voted on a case-by-case basis. SCM may consider the following, among other, factors: (i) the ability of significant stockholders to elect a director of their choosing; (ii) the ability of minority shareholders to concentrate their support in favor of a director or directors of their choosing; and (iii) the potential to limit the ability of directors to work for all shareholders.
B. | Proxy Contests |
Votes on proxy contests are made on a case-by-case basis considering the long term financial performance of the company relative to its industry, management’s track record, the qualifications of the shareholder’s nominees, and other factors.
C. | Proxy Solicitation Expenses |
Decisions to provide full reimbursement for dissidents waging a proxy contest are made on a case-by-case basis.
D. | Proxy Access |
Shareholder proposals to provide shareholders proxy access are voted on a case-by-case basis taking into account, among other factors:
• | Company-specific factors; and |
• | Proposal-specific factors including: |
✓ | the ownership thresholds proposed in the resolutions; |
✓ | the maximum proportion of directors that shareholders may nominate each year; and |
✓ | the method of determining which nominations should appear on the ballot if multiple shareholders submit nominations. |
B- 9
IV. Anti-Takeover Issues
SCM conducts an independent review of each anti-takeover proposal. SCM may vote with management when it concludes that the proposal is not onerous and would not harm clients’ interests as shareholders. Anti-takeover issues include the following:
A. | Poison Pills |
The “poison pill” entitles shareholders to purchase certain securities at discount prices in the event of a change in corporate control. Such a measure would make a potential takeover prohibitively expensive to the acquirer.
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis management proposals to ratify a poison pill.
B. | Fair Price Provisions |
Fair price provisions attempt to ensure approximately equal treatment for all shareholders in the event of a takeover. SCM may consider, among other factors: (i) the vote required to approve the proposed acquisition; (ii) the vote required to repeal the fair price provision; (iii) the mechanism for determining fair price; and (iv) whether these provisions are bundled with other anti-takeover measures (e.g., supermajority voting requirements) that may entrench management and discourage attractive tender offers.
Fair price proposals are voted on a case-by-case basis.
C. | Greenmail |
Greenmail payments are targeted share repurchases by management of company stock from individuals or groups seeking control of the company. Since only the hostile party receives payment, usually at a substantial premium over the market value of its shares, the practice discriminates against all other shareholders.
Proposals to adopt anti-greenmail charter or bylaw amendments or otherwise restrict a company’s ability to make greenmail payments are voted on a case-by-case basis.
D. | Superstock |
Another takeover defense is superstock, i.e., shares that give holders disproportionate voting rights. For example, a company could propose authorizing a class of preferred stock which “could be issued in a private placement with one or more institutional investors” and “could be designated as having voting rights which might dilute or limit the present voting rights of the holders of common stock….” The purpose of this additional class of stock would be to give insiders an edge in fending off an unsolicited or hostile takeover attempt.
SCM votes on case-by-case basis proposals that would authorize the creation of new classes of “superstock.”
E. | Supermajority Rules |
Supermajority provisions require approval by holders of minimum amounts of the common shares (usually 75% to 80%). While applied mainly to merger bids, supermajority rules also may be extended to cover substantive transfers of corporate assets, liquidations, reverse splits and removal of directors for reasons other than cause. A supermajority provision would make it nearly impossible in some cases for shareholders to benefit from a takeover attempt.
B- 10
Supermajority shareholder vote requirements to approve mergers, amend the charter or bylaws are voted on a case-by-case basis.
F. | Board Classification |
A “classified” or “staggered” board is a structure in which only a portion of a company’s board of directors (typically one-third) is elected each year. A company may employ such a structure to promote continuity of leadership and thwart takeover attempts. In evaluating a classified board proposal, SCM may consider the following factors, among others: (i) the company’s long-term strategic plan; (ii) the extent to which continuity of leadership is necessary to advance that plan; and (iii) the need to guard against takeover attempts.
SCM votes on board classification on a case-by-case basis.
V. Miscellaneous Governance Provision
A. | Approval of Financial Statements |
In some markets, companies are required to submit their financial statements for shareholder approval. Approval of financial statements is voted on a case-by-case basis. However, SCM may abstain if the information is not available in advance of the meeting.
B. | Adopting or Amending the Charter, Bylaws, or Articles of Association |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals on adopting or amending the charter, bylaws, or articles of association, and may consider whether:
◦ | Shareholder rights are protected; |
◦ | There is negligible or positive impact on shareholder value; |
◦ | Management provides sufficiently valid reasons for the amendments; |
◦ | The company is required to do so by law (if applicable); and |
◦ | They are of a housekeeping nature (updates or corrections). |
C. | Bundled Proposals |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis bundled or “conditioned” proxy proposals. In this case where items are conditioned upon each other, SCM examines the benefits and costs of the packages items. In instances when the joint effect of the conditioned items is not in shareholder’s best interests, SCM votes against the proposals. If the combined effect is positive, SCM votes for such proposals.
VI. Capital Structure
A. | Common Stock Authorization |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issue.
B- 11
B. | Stock Distributions; Splits and Dividends |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals to increase the common share authorization for a stock split or share dividend.
C. | Debt Restructuring |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals to increase common and/or preferred shares and to issue shares as part of a debt restructuring plan.
VII. Executive and Director Compensation
SCM believes that because a company has exclusive knowledge of material information not available to shareholders regarding its business, financial condition, and prospects, the company itself usually is in the best position to make decisions about compensation and benefits. Accordingly, SCM generally votes with management on such matters. However, SCM may oppose management on a case-by-case basis if it deems a company’s compensation to be excessive or inconsistent with its peer companies’ compensation, SCM believes a company’s compensation measures do not foster a long-term focus among its executive officers and other employees, or SCM believes a company has not met performance expectations, among other reasons. Discussed below are some specific types of compensation-related proposals that SCM may encounter.
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis items related to executive pay and practices.
A. | Management Say on Pay |
“Say on pay” proposals give shareholders a nonbinding vote on executive compensation. These proposals are designed to serve as a means of conveying to company management shareholder concerns, if any, about executive compensation.
SCM votes case-by-case on management proposals seeking approval of advisory vote on executive compensation.
B. | Equity-Based Compensation Plans |
A company's equity-based compensation plan should be in alignment with the shareholders' long-term interests. SCM believes that executive compensation should be directly linked to the performance of the company.
SCM vote case-by-case on proposals for equity-based compensation plans.
C. | Incentive Bonus Plans and Tax Deductibility Proposals (Section 163(m)) |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals for incentive bonus plans and tax deductibility proposals.
D. | Golden Parachutes |
Golden Parachutes assure key officers of a company lucrative compensation packages if the company is acquired and/or if the new owners terminate such officers. SCM recognizes that offering generous compensation packages that are triggered by a change in control may help attract qualified officers. However, such compensation packages cannot be so excessive that they are unfair to shareholders or make the company unattractive to potential bidders, thereby serving as a constructive anti-takeover mechanism.
B- 12
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals to submit severance plans.
E. | Golden Coffins / Executive Death Benefits |
Survivor benefit compensation plans, or “golden coffins,” can require a company to make substantial payments or awards to a senior executive’s beneficiaries following the death of the senior executive. The compensation can take the form of unearned salary or bonuses, accelerated vesting or the continuation in force of unvested equity grants, perquisites and other payments or awards. This compensation would not include compensation that the senior executive chooses to defer during his or her lifetime.
SCM recognizes that offering generous compensation packages that are triggered by the passing of senior executives may help attract qualified officers. However, such compensation packages cannot be so excessive that they are unfair to shareholders or make the company unattractive to potential bidders, thereby serving as a constructive anti-takeover mechanism.
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals on Golden Coffins / Executive Death Benefits.
VIII. State of Incorporation
A. | Voting on State Takeover Statutes |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals to opt in or out of state takeover statutes (including control share acquisition statutes, control share cash-out statutes, freeze-out provisions, fair price provisions, stakeholder laws, poison pill endorsements, severance pay and labor contract provisions, anti-greenmail provisions and disgorgement provisions).
B. | Voting on Reincorporation Proposals |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals to change a company’s state of incorporation.
IX. Mergers and Corporate Restructurings
A. | Mergers and Acquisitions |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals on mergers and acquisitions.
B. | Corporate Restructuring |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposal on corporate restructuring, including minority squeeze outs, leveraged buyouts, spin-offs, liquidations, and asset sales.
C. | Spin-offs |
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals on spin-offs.
B- 13
D. | Changing Corporate Name |
SCM votes on changing the corporate name on a case-by-case basis.
X. Socially Oriented Proposals
A. | Proposals of a Social or Environmental Nature |
Consistent with its fiduciary duty to clients, SCM will vote on social and environmental issues with a view toward promoting good corporate citizenship. However, SCM realizes that it cannot require a portfolio company to go beyond applicable legal requirements or put itself in a non-competitive position.
SCM considers environmental and social issues alongside traditional financial measures to provide a more comprehensive view of the value, risk, and return potential of an investment. Companies may face significant financial, legal and reputational risks resulting from poor environmental and social practices, or negligent oversight of environmental or social issues. SCM’s Environmental, Social, and Governance Framework describes SCM’s approach to consideration of environmental, social, and governance issues within its processes and ownership practices.
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals regarding environmental or social issues. To do this, SCM uses research reports from SCM’s external proxy advisors, company filings and sustainability reports, research from other investors and non-governmental organizations, and the Research Team.
B. | Political Spending and Lobby Proposals |
Companies may engage in certain political activities, within legal and regulatory limits, in order to influence public policy consistent with the companies’ values and strategies, and thus serve shareholders’ best long-term economic interests. These activities can create risks, including: the potential for allegations of corruption; the potential for reputational issues associated with a candidate, party or issue; and risks that arise from the complex legal, regulatory and compliance considerations associated with corporate political activity. SCM believes that companies which choose to engage in political activities should develop and maintain robust processes to guide these activities and to mitigate risks, including a level of board oversight.
When presented with shareholder proposals requesting increased disclosure on corporate political activities, SCM may consider the political activities of that company and its peers, the existing level of disclosure, and its view regarding the associated risks. SCM generally believes that it is the duty of boards and management to determine the appropriate level of disclosure of all types of corporate activity.
SCM votes on a case-by-case basis proposals regarding political spending and lobbying activities.
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
THB ASSET MANAGEMENT MICROCAP FUND
(FORMERLY, THOMSON HORSTMANN & BRYANT MICROCAP FUND)
Institutional Class Shares (THBIX)
Investor Class Shares (THBVX)
Prospectus |
March 1, 2019 |
Investment Adviser: THOMSON HORSTMANN & BRYANT, INC.
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-855-THB-FUND. Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
|
About This Prospectus
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about the Fund, please see:
Page |
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Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
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The THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund (the “Fund”) seeks capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 30 days) |
2.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
Investor
|
|||
Management Fees |
1.25% |
1.25% |
||
12b-1 Fees |
None |
0.25% |
||
Other Expenses |
0.45% |
0.70% |
||
Shareholder Servicing Fee |
None |
0.25% |
||
Other Operating Expenses |
0.45% |
0.45% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
1.70% |
2.20% |
||
Less Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(0.45)% |
(0.45)% |
||
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
1.25% |
1.75% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses of the Investor Class Shares in this fee table, both before and after fee reductions and/or expense reimbursements, do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the maximum Shareholder Servicing Fees were not incurred during the prior fiscal year. |
2 |
Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses after Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.25% and 1.75% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until March 29, 2020 (the “expense cap”). In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not |
1
including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 29, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including capped expenses for the period described in the footnote to the fee table) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
|
Institutional Class Shares |
$127 |
$488 |
$877 |
$1,968 |
Investor Class Shares |
$178 |
$641 |
$1,135 |
$2,495 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 35% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
In pursuing the Fund’s investment objective, the Adviser seeks to identify and invest Fund assets in equity securities of smaller U.S. companies that, in the Adviser’s opinion, are undervalued in the market. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks. In addition, the Fund may invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). The Fund expects that typically 10% or less of the Fund’s total asset value will be invested in ADRs, as determined at the time of investment. The Adviser may invest in both growth and value stocks. Investments are selected based on an active fundamental process which combines financial analysis and proprietary research to evaluate potential investments’ management and long-term outlook and business strategies.
2
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of micro-capitalization companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund without shareholder approval upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers micro-capitalization companies to be companies with market capitalizations that, at the time of initial purchase, are within the range of capitalization of companies included in the Russell Microcap Index (the “Index”). As of the May 31, 2018 Index reconstitution, the capitalization range of the Index was $9 million to $3.7 billion. The Adviser expects the Fund’s weighted average market capitalization to be similar to that of the Index, although this may vary at any time. The Fund may, from time to time, focus its investments in one or more sectors represented in the Index.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. This could occur because its strategy failed to produce the intended results or because the Adviser did not implement its strategy properly. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. This price volatility is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Micro-Capitalization Company Risk – Micro-capitalization companies may be newly-formed or in the early stages of development with limited product lines, markets or financial resources. In addition, there may be less public information available about these companies. Micro-cap stock prices may be more volatile than small-, mid- and large-capitalization companies and such stocks may be more thinly-traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market.
Value Stock Risk – Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of a variety of factors. If the Adviser’s assessment of a company’s value or prospects for exceeding earnings expectations or market conditions is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds.
Growth Stock Risk – Growth investing focuses on companies that, in the Adviser’s opinion, have the potential for growth in revenues and earnings. If the Adviser’s assessment of a company’s aptitude for growth is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds.
3
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio.
Sector Focus Risk – Because the Fund’s investments may, from time to time, be more heavily invested in particular sectors, the value of its shares may be especially sensitive to factors and economic risks that specifically affect those sectors. As a result, the Fund’s share price may fluctuate more widely than the value of shares of a mutual fund that invests in a broader range of sectors. The specific risks for each of the sectors in which the Fund may focus its investments include the additional risks described below:
● |
Financial Services. Companies in the financial services sector are subject to extensive governmental regulation which may limit both the amounts and types of loans and other financial commitments they can make, the interest rates and fees they can charge, the scope of their activities, the prices they can charge and the amount of capital they must maintain. |
● |
Health Care. Companies in the health care sector are subject to extensive government regulation and their profitability can be significantly affected by restrictions on government reimbursement for medical expenses, rising costs of medical products and services, pricing pressure (including price discounting), limited product lines and an increased emphasis on the delivery of healthcare through outpatient services. |
● |
Producer Durables. Companies in the producer durables sector are subject to intense competition, consolidation, domestic and international politics, excess capacity, consumer demand and spending trends and the general state of the economy. |
● |
Materials. Companies in the materials sector are subject to the level and volatility of commodity prices, exchange rates, depletion of resources, over production, consumer demand, litigation and government regulations. |
● |
Technology. Companies in the technology sector are subject to rapid changes in technology product cycles, rapid product obsolescence, government regulation and competition, both domestically and |
4
internationally, including competition from foreign competitors with lower production costs.
● |
Consumer Discretionary. Companies in the consumer discretionary sector are subject to the performance of the overall international economy, interest rates, competition and consumer confidence. Success depends heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending. |
● |
Consumer Staples. Companies in the consumer staples sector are subject to government regulation and changes in consumer spending, competition, demographics and consumer preferences. |
● |
Energy. Companies in the energy sector are subject to supply and demand, exploration and production spending, world events and economic conditions, swift price and supply fluctuations, energy conservation, the success of exploration projects, liabilities for environmental damage, general civil liabilities and tax and other governmental regulatory policies. |
● |
Utilities. Companies in the utilities sector are subject to increases in fuel and operating costs, rising costs of financing capital construction and the cost of complying with federal and state regulations, environmental factors, liabilities for environmental damage and general civil liabilities, and rate caps or rate changes. |
Management Risk – The Adviser’s investment strategy may fail to produce the intended result.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance.
5
Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling 1-855-THB-FUND.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
17.11% |
(16.77)% |
(12/31/2016) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns will depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”). After-tax returns are shown only for Institutional Class Shares. After-tax returns for Investor Class Shares will vary.
6
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
(6.38)% |
2.94% |
9.85% |
Investor Class Shares |
(6.75)% |
2.45% |
9.36% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
(7.14)% |
1.66% |
8.68% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
(3.63)% |
1.95% |
7.80% |
Russell Microcap Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(13.08)% |
3.08% |
8.73% |
Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc.
Christopher N. Cuesta, Portfolio Manager and Principal, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2012.
Keith Dickinson, Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since 2015.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000. Each minimum subsequent investment in Institutional Class Shares of the Fund is required to be at least $2,500. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100. There is no minimum investment amount for subsequent purchases of Investor Class Shares. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail at: THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express
7
Mail: THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-855-THB-FUND.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
8
Investing in the Fund involves risk, and there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its goal. The Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in the Fund, just as you could with other investments.
The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Equity securities include publicly and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, shares of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) and ADRs, as well as shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stockholders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a mutual fund invests will cause the fund’s
9
net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, whether through investments made in foreign markets or made through the purchase of ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies may be denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Investments in securities of foreign companies (including through ADRs) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. In addition, the value of securities denominated in foreign currencies, and of dividends from such securities, can change significantly when foreign currencies strengthen or weaken relative to the U.S. dollar. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes is recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio.
Micro-Capitalization Company Risk – The micro-capitalization companies in which the Fund invests may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these micro-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product
10
lines, markets or financial resources. Micro-capitalization companies may be less financially secure than large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies and may be more vulnerable to key personnel losses due to reliance on a smaller number of management personnel. In addition, there may be less public information available about these companies. Therefore, micro-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies and such stocks may be more thinly traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Value Style Risk – Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of a variety of factors. If the Adviser’s assessment of a company’s value or prospects is wrong, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time. Because there is substantial uncertainty concerning the outcome of transactions involving financially troubled companies in which the Fund may invest, there is a potential risk of loss by the Fund of its entire investment in such companies. Over time, a value investing style may go in and out of favor, causing the Fund to sometimes underperform other funds that use differing investing styles.
Growth Style Risk – The price of equity securities rises and falls in response to many factors, including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuer of the stock, the value of its assets, general economic conditions, interest rates, investor perceptions, and market liquidity. The Fund may invest in securities of companies that the Adviser believes have superior prospects for robust and sustainable growth of revenues and earnings. These may be companies with new, limited or cyclical product lines, markets or financial resources, and the management of such companies may be dependent upon one or a few key people. The stocks of such companies can therefore be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than stocks of larger, more established companies or the stock market in general.
Sector Focus Risk – Because the Fund’s investments may, from time to time, be more heavily invested in particular sectors, the value of its shares may be especially sensitive to factors and economic risks that specifically affect those sectors. As a result, the Fund’s share price may fluctuate more widely than the value of shares of a mutual fund that invests in a broader range of sectors. The specific risks for each of the sectors in which the Fund may focus its investments include the additional risks described below:
● |
Financial Services. Financial services companies are subject to extensive governmental regulation which may limit both the amounts and types of loans and other financial commitments they can make, the |
11
interest rates and fees they can charge, the scope of their activities, the prices they can charge and the amount of capital they must maintain. Profitability is largely dependent on the availability and cost of capital funds, and can fluctuate significantly when interest rates change or due to increased competition. In addition, the recent deterioration of the credit markets generally has caused an adverse impact in a broad range of markets, including U.S. and international credit and interbank money markets generally, thereby affecting a wide range of financial institutions and markets. Recent events in the financial sector have resulted, and may continue to result, in an unusually high degree of volatility in the financial markets, both domestic and foreign, and cause certain financial services companies to incur large losses. Numerous financial services companies have experienced substantial declines in the valuations of their assets, taken action to raise capital (such as the issuance of debt or equity securities), or even ceased operations. These actions have caused the securities of many financial services companies to experience a dramatic decline in value. Credit losses resulting from financial difficulties of borrowers and financial losses associated with investment activities can negatively impact the sector.
● |
Health Care. Companies in the health care sector are subject to extensive government regulation and their profitability can be significantly affected by restrictions on government reimbursement for medical expenses, rising costs of medical products and services, pricing pressure (including price discounting), limited product lines and an increased emphasis on the delivery of healthcare through outpatient services. Companies in the health care sector are heavily dependent on obtaining and defending patents, which may be time consuming and costly, and the expiration of patents may also adversely affect the profitability of the companies. Health care companies are also subject to extensive litigation based on product liability and similar claims. In addition, their products can become obsolete due to industry innovation, changes in technologies or other market developments. Many new products in the health care sector require significant research and development and may be subject to regulatory approvals, all of which may be time consuming and costly with no guarantee that any product will come to market. |
● |
Producer Durables. Many companies in the producer durables sector convert unfinished goods into finished durables used to manufacture other goods or provide services, including electrical equipment and components, industrial products, manufactured housing and telecommunications equipment. General risks of these companies include intense competition, consolidation, domestic and international politics, excess capacity, consumer demand and spending trends and the |
12
general state of the economy. In addition, they may also be significantly affected by overall capital spending levels, economic cycles, technical obsolescence, delays in modernization, labor relations, government regulations and e-commerce initiatives.
● |
Materials. Companies in the materials sector are subject to the level and volatility of commodity prices, exchange rates, depletion of resources, over production, consumer demand, litigation and government regulations. At times, worldwide production of industrial materials has exceeded demand as a result of over-building or economic downturns, leading to poor investment returns or losses. Other risks may include liabilities for environmental damage, general civil liabilities, and mandated expenditures for safety and pollution control. |
● |
Technology. Companies in the technology sector are subject to rapid changes in technology product cycles, rapid product obsolescence, government regulation and competition, both domestically and internationally, including competition from foreign competitors with lower production costs. The stock prices of technology companies and companies that rely heavily on technology, especially those of smaller, less-seasoned companies, tend to be more volatile than the overall market. Technology companies are heavily dependent on patent and intellectual property rights, the loss or impairment of which may adversely affect profitability. Additionally, companies in the technology sector may face dramatic and often unpredictable changes in growth rates and competition for the services of qualified personnel. |
● |
Consumer Discretionary. Companies in the consumer discretionary sector are subject to the performance of the overall international economy, interest rates, competition and consumer confidence. Success depends heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending. Also, companies in the consumer discretionary sector may be subject to severe competition, which may have an adverse impact on their profitability. Changes in demographics and consumer tastes can also affect the demand for, and success of, consumer products and services in the marketplace. |
● |
Consumer Staples. Companies in the consumer staples sector are subject to government regulation and changes in consumer spending, competition, demographics and consumer preferences. For instance, government regulations may affect the permissibility of using various food additives and production methods of companies that make food products, which could affect company profitability. Also, the success of food, beverage, household and personal products companies may be |
13
strongly affected by consumer interest, marketing campaigns and other factors affecting supply and demand.
● |
Energy. Energy companies develop and produce oil, gas and consumable fuels and provide drilling and other energy resources production and distribution related services. Stock prices for these types of companies are affected by supply and demand, exploration and production spending, world events and economic conditions, swift price and supply fluctuations, energy conservation, the success of exploration projects, liabilities for environmental damage and general civil liabilities and tax and other governmental regulatory policies. Weak demand for energy companies’ products or services or for energy products and services in general, as well as negative developments in these other areas, including natural disasters or terrorist attacks, would adversely impact the Fund’s performance. |
● |
Utilities. Companies in the utilities sector are subject to increases in fuel and operating costs, rising costs of financing capital construction and the cost of complying with federal and state regulations, environmental factors, liabilities for environmental damage and general civil liabilities, and rate caps or rate changes. Although rate changes of a utility usually fluctuate in approximate correlation with financing costs due to political and regulatory factors, rate changes ordinarily occur only following a delay after the changes in financing costs. This factor will tend to favorably affect a regulated utility company’s earnings and dividends in times of decreasing costs, but conversely, will tend to adversely affect earnings and dividends when costs are rising. The value of regulated utility equity securities may tend to have an inverse relationship to the movement of interest rates. Certain utility companies have experienced full or partial deregulation in recent years. These utility companies are frequently more similar to industrial companies in that they are subject to greater competition and have been permitted by regulators to diversify outside of their original geographic regions and their traditional lines of business. These opportunities may permit certain utility companies to earn more than their traditional regulated rates of return. Some companies, however, may be forced to defend their core business and may be less profitable. In addition, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, government intervention or other factors may render a utility company’s equipment unusable or obsolete and negatively impact profitability. |
Management Risk – The investment performance of the Fund depends largely on the skill of key personnel and investment professionals of the Adviser. The Fund’s investment strategy permits investments to be made in a range of issuers, securities, financial instruments and transactions. Within these parameters, the Adviser will make investment decisions for the Fund
14
as it deems appropriate. No assurance can be given that the Fund will be successful in obtaining suitable investments, or that if such investments are made, the objectives of the Fund will be achieved. If key personnel, including key investment or key technical staff, were to leave the Adviser or be unable to perform their duties, the Adviser might not be able to find equally desirable replacements in a timely fashion and the performance of the Fund could, as a result, be adversely affected.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUND’S OBJECTIVE AND INVESTMENTS
When selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser attempts to identify securities where the market has undervalued the potential of the company with regards to operating structure and profitability; failed to recognize the inherent value on a cost replacement basis; and overlooked the resulting synergies available with respect to a potential acquisition.
The Adviser selects investments based on a process which combines financial analysis and proprietary research to evaluate potential investments’ management structure and long-term outlook and business strategies. In constructing the Fund’s portfolio, the Adviser uses a bottom-up fundamental research process that utilizes both quantitative and qualitative analysis to identify investment opportunities. The Adviser’s quantitative process screens the potential investment universe to uniquely combine fundamental and valuation factors that are consistent with the Adviser’s investment approach. Candidate companies generally must possess distinguishing characteristics that help define them as leaders within their respective industries, while also demonstrating some form of identifiable positive change in either the underlying business or corporate structure. The Adviser aims to anticipate how such positive changes may affect the income statement, balance sheet or market perception of that particular company.
Qualitative analysis is a by-product of a number of sources, including but not limited to the Adviser’s previous knowledge of a company and/or sector, industry referrals, due diligence such as company visits, as well as general industry research. As part of its qualitative analysis, the Adviser focuses not only on the depth and quality of a company’s management team, but also on management’s economic alignment with the company’s shareholders.
A security may be sold when the Adviser determines: (i) the security’s price is no longer justifiable; (ii) the investment is no longer appropriate for the Fund’s portfolio; or (iii) a company has experienced a fundamental deterioration. In addition, a portion of a security holding may be sold if, due to an increase in value, the holding exceeds a pre-determined percentage of the total market value of the Fund’s portfolio.
15
The Fund may invest in cash or cash items for investment purposes or pending other investments. These cash items may include a number of money market instruments such as negotiable or non-negotiable securities issued by or short-term deposits with the U.S. and non-U.S. governments and agencies or instrumentalities thereof, bankers’ acceptances, high quality commercial paper, repurchase agreements, bank certificates of deposit, and short-term debt securities of U.S. or non-U.S. issuers deemed to be creditworthy by the Adviser. The Fund may also hold interests in investment vehicles that hold cash or cash items. While investments in cash items generally involve relatively low risk levels, they may produce lower than expected returns, and could result in losses.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If the Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective. The Fund will only do so if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity to pursue its investment objective.
This Prospectus describes the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and the Fund will normally invest in the types of securities and other investments described in this Prospectus. In addition to the securities and other investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, the Fund also may invest in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies are described in detail in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”). (For information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI, see the back cover of this Prospectus.) Of course, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment goals.
INFORMATION ABOUT PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
A description of the Fund’s policies and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings is available in the SAI.
Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc., a Delaware corporation formed in 1982, serves as the investment adviser to the Fund. The Adviser is a 100% employee-owned investment management firm with its principal place of business located at 501 Merritt 7, Norwalk, Connecticut 06851. As of
16
December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $730.1 million in assets under management.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the Fund’s investment program. The Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities. For its services to the Fund, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 1.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses of the Fund in order to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.25% and 1.75% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until March 29, 2020 (the “expense cap”). To maintain the expense cap, the Adviser may reduce a portion of its management fee and/or reimburse certain expenses of the Fund. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. The contractual expense limitation agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 29, 2020. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid advisory fees of 0.80% of its average daily net assets, after fee waivers, to the Adviser.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement is available in the Fund’s Annual Report to Shareholders dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.
The Fund is co-managed by a team of investment professionals who are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Christopher N. Cuesta, Portfolio Manager and Principal, joined the Adviser in 2002 and has served as a Portfolio Manager of the Adviser’s micro cap products since 2004, and on the Adviser’s small cap products since 2005. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Cuesta worked for Salomon Smith Barney
17
from 1999 to 2002, and Van Eck Associates from 1995 to 1999. Mr. Cuesta received a BS from Fordham University in 1995 and is a Chartered Financial Analyst.
Keith Dickinson, Portfolio Manager, joined the Adviser in 2010 and is a Portfolio Manager of the Adviser’s micro cap products and Assistant Portfolio Manager on the Adviser’s mid cap and international micro cap products. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Dickinson worked for MBIA and Fitch Ratings. At MBIA, he functioned both as a Healthcare Credit Analyst and as a member of the special situations group doing workouts for distressed public finance issuers. Mr. Dickinson received an MBA from the New York University Stern School of Business in 2009 and a BS from Southern Utah University in 2002.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
RELATED PERFORMANCE DATA OF THE ADVISER
The following table gives the historical performance of all actual, fee-paying accounts, referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund. The Composite does not reflect all of the Adviser’s assets under management. The Adviser maintains a complete list and description of composites, which is available, free of charge, upon request by emailing THBFunds@thbinc.com. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of the Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The performance shown below is calculated in accordance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS” ® ). Additional information regarding the policies for calculating and reporting returns is available upon request.
The accounts that are included in the Composite are not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed on mutual funds, such as the Fund, by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the accounts in the Composite were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Fund. In addition, the accounts are not subject to the same adverse effects of cash inflows and outflows of investor money that a registered mutual fund such as the Fund may be subject to, and accordingly the performance of the accounts may be higher than for a registered mutual fund managed with substantially the same investment
18
strategy. The Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the accounts included in the Composite. If the Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on accounts included in the Composite, the performance shown below would have been lower.
“Composite Net-of-Fees” performance results are net of all fees, expenses and, if applicable, sales loads or placement fees. Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance, such as SEC standardized performance methodology, could result in different performance data.
The data does not represent the performance of the Fund.
Composite Assets |
Annual Performance Results (annual total return for calendar years ending December 31) |
3 Year Annualized Standard Deviation |
||||||
Year End |
USD (millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Composite Gross-of-Fees |
Composite Net-of-Fees |
Benchmark |
Composite Dispersion |
Composite |
Benchmark |
2018 |
$730 |
6 |
-5.74% |
-6.89% |
-13.08% |
0.22% |
15.87% |
17.02% |
2017 |
$433 |
Five or fewer |
12.06% |
10.72% |
13.16% |
0.08% |
14.57% |
15.31% |
2016 |
$550 |
7 |
34.07% |
32.47% |
20.36% |
0.43% |
15.52% |
16.83% |
2015 |
$659 |
8 |
-8.52% |
-9.63% |
-5.15% |
0.50% |
14.28% |
14.82% |
2014 |
$873 |
15 |
-5.63% |
-6.81% |
3.64% |
0.44% |
14.41% |
14.31% |
2013 |
$958 |
11 |
55.70% |
53.85% |
45.64% |
0.44% |
18.70% |
17.09% |
2012 |
$393 |
11 |
24.14% |
22.60% |
19.75% |
0.46% |
21.83% |
21.20% |
2011 |
$311 |
9 |
-6.85% |
-8.06% |
-9.27% |
0.61% |
27.12% |
26.10% |
2010 |
$81 |
Five or fewer |
32.36% |
30.43% |
28.89% |
N/A |
31.73% |
29.02% |
2009 |
$291 |
Five or fewer |
43.81% |
42.05% |
27.48% |
N/A |
29.00% |
27.48% |
2008 |
$209 |
Five or fewer |
-45.31% |
-46.03% |
-39.78% |
N/A |
||
2007 |
$403 |
Five or fewer |
6.83% |
5.51% |
-8.00% |
N/A |
||
2006 |
$389 |
Five or fewer |
16.56% |
15.13% |
18.34% |
N/A |
||
2005 |
$274 |
Five or fewer |
5.88% |
4.57% |
4.56% |
N/A |
||
2004 |
$210 |
Five or fewer |
21.14% |
19.66% |
18.32% |
N/A |
||
2003 |
$168 |
Five or fewer |
66.86% |
64.87% |
47.25% |
N/A |
19
Composite Assets |
Annual Performance Results (annual total return
|
3 Year Annualized
|
||||||
Year End |
USD
|
Number of
|
Composite
|
Composite
|
Benchmark |
Composite
|
Composite |
Benchmark |
2002 |
$85 |
Five or fewer |
0.17% |
-1.08% |
-20.48% |
N/A |
||
2001 |
$38 |
Five or fewer |
25.42% |
23.89% |
2.49% |
N/A |
||
2000 |
$26 |
Five or fewer |
15.48% |
14.06% |
-3.03% |
N/A |
||
1999 |
$16 |
Five or fewer |
43.18% |
41.45% |
21.27% |
N/A |
||
1998 * |
$11 |
Five or fewer |
N/A – Information is not statistically meaningful due to an insufficient number of portfolios in the composite for the entire year.
* The inception date of the Composite was June 1, 1998.
The Composite contains fully discretionary accounts under management, including those accounts no longer with the Adviser, and for comparison purposes is measured against the Russell Micro Cap Index. Prior to January 1, 2007, the Composite is compared to the Russell 2000 Index. The index was changed to be more representative of the Composite strategy. The minimum account size for this Composite is $1 million.
The U.S. dollar is the currency used to express performance. Returns are presented gross and net of management fees and include the reinvestment of all income. Net of fee performance was calculated using the highest applicable annual management fee of 1.25% on assets under management (except during the period between January 1, 2010 and February 28, 2011, when the highest management fee was 1.50% on assets under management) applied monthly (excluding performance fees charged on certain accounts). All returns are calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses.
Dispersion is a measure of the statistical distribution of portfolio returns. It is the asset-weighted standard deviation of individual portfolio returns within a composite from the composite return. Dispersion measures are deemed not meaningful when a given composite contains five or fewer portfolios.
Purchasing and Selling Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase and sell (sometimes called “redeem”) Institutional and Investor Class Shares of the Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Fund, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
20
How to Choose a Share Class
The Fund offers two classes of shares to investors, Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Each share class has its own investment minimums, cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Fund for more information about the Fund’s share classes and how to choose between them.
Institutional Class Shares and Investor Class Shares are offered to investors who purchase shares directly from the Fund or through certain financial intermediaries such as financial planners, investment advisors, broker-dealers or other financial institutions. An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which class of shares is available through the intermediary.
The Fund reserves the right to change the criteria for eligible investors and accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
How to Purchase Fund Shares
You will ordinarily submit your purchase orders through your securities broker or other financial intermediary through which you opened your shareholder account. To purchase shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-855-THB-FUND.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Fund reserves the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Fund is not intended for excessive trading by shareholders in response to
21
short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest By Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund’s name and the share class. Make your check payable to “THB Fund.”
Regular Mail Address
THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-855-THB-FUND for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund’s name, the share class and your account number).
22
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA # 101000695
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
General Information
You may purchase shares on any Business Day. Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days that either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The Fund’s price per share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund or an authorized institution (as defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Fund was provided with a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
The Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of the Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
23
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Fund Calculates NAV
The NAV of a class of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the
24
class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value, as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
Although the Fund invests primarily in the stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges, there may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price such securities at fair value – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities may not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information related to the securities.
Minimum Purchases
To purchase Institutional Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000. Each minimum subsequent investment in Institutional Class Shares of the Fund is required to be at least $2,500. To purchase Investor Class Shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100. There is no minimum investment amount for subsequent
25
purchases of Investor Class Shares. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH) (Investor Class Shares only)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually in amounts of at least $100. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares of the Fund, check daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker
|
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund |
|||
Institutional Class Shares |
THBIX |
00769G659 |
8662 |
Investor Class Shares |
THBVX |
00769G642 |
8661 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-855-THB-FUND.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature
26
guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-855-THB-FUND for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the next determined NAV after the Fund receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent.
27
The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application.
Call 1-855-THB-FUND to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH) (Investor Class Shares Only)
If your account balance is at least $5,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to
28
the redemption price (redemption in-kind). The Fund may also redeem in-kind to discourage short term trading of shares. It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $100 with respect to Investor Class Shares and $50,000 with respect to Institutional Class Shares because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Fund generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirement in its sole discretion. If your Fund shares are redeemed for this reason within 30 calendar days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Fund may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing and selling Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be
29
paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Fund has adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, for Investor Class Shares that allows the Fund to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of the Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for Investor Class Shares of the Fund is 0.25%.
Shareholder Servicing Plan
The Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.25% based on the average daily net assets of the Fund’s Investor Class Shares. The services for which financial intermediaries are compensated may include record-keeping, transaction processing for shareholders’ accounts and other shareholder services.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
30
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Fund invests in micro-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider
31
the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than three (3) “round trips” into or out of the Fund over a 90 day period. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
The Fund assesses a redemption fee of 2.00% on redemptions by shareholders of Fund shares held for less than 30 days (subject to certain exceptions as discussed in “Redemption Fee”). |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the
32
possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Redemption Fee
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, the Fund charges a 2.00% redemption fee on redemptions of shares that have been held for less than 30 days. The fee is deducted from the sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of the Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly from the Fund or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Fund on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Fund requests that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Fund. However, the Fund recognizes that due to operational and systems limitations, intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Fund’s. Therefore, to the extent that financial intermediaries are unable to collect the redemption fee, the Fund may not be able to defray the expenses associated with those short-term trades made by that financial intermediary’s customers.
The Fund reserves the right to waive its redemption fee at its discretion when it believes such waiver is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories currently include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying
33
the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic withdrawals; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any
34
purchase order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-855-THB-FUND.
The Fund distributes its net investment income, if any, quarterly and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution. Dividends and distributions will automatically be reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, unless you elect to have the distributions paid in cash. To elect to receive your distribution in cash, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your notice. To cancel your election, simply send written notice to the Fund. Distributions from the
35
Fund will be taxable to shareholders whether received in cash or reinvested in additional shares. Shareholders who reinvest distributions in the Fund will be required to pay taxes on such distributions from other resources.
You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the U.S. federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Fund. The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
36
Each sale of shares of the Fund may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss generally will be treated as short term if you held the shares 12 months or less and long term if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased by shareholders. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent that the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
37
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
The tables that follow present performance information about the Fund. The information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Fund. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Fund, which is available upon request by calling the Fund at 1-855-THB-FUND.
38
Institutional Class Shares
|
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 18.59 | $ | 13.75 | $ | 12.52 | $ | 14.60 | $ | 14.90 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss * |
(0.10 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.06 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.08 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
0.24 | 4.92 | 1.29 | (1.14 | ) | 0.03 | ^ | |||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
0.14 | 4.84 | 1.23 | (1.21 | ) | (0.05 | ) | |||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Capital Gains |
(2.15 | ) | — | — | (0.87 | ) | (0.25 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(2.15 | ) | — | — | (0.87 | ) | (0.25 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 16.58 | $ | 18.59 | $ | 13.75 | $ | 12.52 | $ | 14.60 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
0.73 | % | 35.20 | % | 9.82 | % | (8.80 | )% | (0.38 | )% | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 89,159 | $ | 81,076 | $ | 57,320 | $ | 56,613 | $ | 70,343 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.25 | % | 1.25 | % | 1.25 | % | 1.25 | % | 1.25 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Reimbursements) |
1.70 | % | 1.78 | % | 2.00 | % | 1.81 | % | 1.80 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Loss to Average Net Assets |
(0.55 | )% | (0.48 | )% | (0.50 | )% | (0.52 | )% | (0.52 | )% | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
35 | % | 58 | % | 65 | % | 120 | % | 57 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are either not applicable, $0 or have been rounded to $0.
* |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period. |
^ |
The amount shown for a share outstanding throughout the period does not accord with the aggregate net losses on investments for the period because of the sales and repurchase of Fund shares in relation to fluctuating market value of the investments of the Fund. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deductions of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived its fee and reimbursed other expenses. |
39
Investor Class Shares
|
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
Year Ended
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 18.14 | $ | 13.49 | $ | 12.35 | $ | 14.47 | $ | 14.85 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Loss * |
(0.15 | ) | (0.16 | ) | (0.12 | ) | (0.13 | ) | (0.16 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
0.24 | 4.81 | 1.25 | (1.12 | ) | 0.03 | ^ | |||||||||||||
Total from Investment Operations |
0.09 | 4.65 | 1.13 | (1.25 | ) | (0.13 | ) | |||||||||||||
Redemption Fees |
— | — | 0.01 | 0.00 | (1) | — | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Capital Gains |
(2.15 | ) | — | — | (0.87 | ) | (0.25 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(2.15 | ) | — | — | (0.87 | ) | (0.25 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 16.08 | $ | 18.14 | $ | 13.49 | $ | 12.35 | $ | 14.47 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
0.45 | % | 34.47 | % | 9.23 | % | (9.18 | )% | (0.93 | )% | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 1,041 | $ | 679 | $ | 662 | $ | 780 | $ | 5,197 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.55 | % | 1.75 | % | 1.75 | % | 1.75 | % | 1.75 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Reimbursements) |
2.00 | % | 2.29 | % | 2.51 | % | 2.29 | % | 2.31 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Loss to Average Net Assets |
(0.86 | )% | (0.97 | )% | (0.99 | )% | (0.93 | )% | (1.06 | )% | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
35 | % | 58 | % | 65 | % | 120 | % | 57 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are either not applicable, $0 or have been rounded to $0.
* |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the period. |
^ |
The amount shown for a share outstanding throughout the period does not accord with the aggregate net losses on investments for the period because of the sales and repurchase of Fund shares in relation to fluctuating market value of the investments of the Fund. |
(1) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deductions of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. Total return would have been lower had the Adviser not waived its fee and reimbursed other expenses. |
40
THB ASSET MANAGEMENT MICROCAP FUND
Investment Adviser
Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc.
501 Merritt 7
Norwalk, Connecticut 06851
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Fund is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about the THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund and The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Fund’s holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Fund.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-855-THB-FUND |
By Mail: |
THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund
|
By Internet: |
The Fund does not have a website, but you can obtain the SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report by mail or telephone. |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
THB-PS-001-0800
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
THB ASSET MANAGEMENT MICROCAP FUND
(FORMERLY, THOMSON HORSTMANN & BRYANT MICROCAP FUND)
(Institutional Class Shares: THBIX)
(Investor Class Shares: THBVX)
a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
THOMSON HORSTMANN & BRYANT, INC.
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund (the “Fund”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Fund, which includes the Fund’s audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus and the Fund’s Annual Report, free of charge, by writing to the Fund at P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009, or calling the Fund at 1-855-THB-FUND.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | THB-SX-001-0800 |
ii
General. The Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its: (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses; and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Fund in Investor Class and Institutional Class Shares. The different classes provide for variations in certain distribution and shareholder servicing expenses and in the minimum investment requirements. Minimum investment requirements are described in the Prospectus. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares. For more information on distribution and shareholder servicing expenses, see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in this SAI.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. The Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of members of the Trust’s Board of Trustees (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Trustees” or the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate the Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if the Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
S- 1
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The Fund is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus.
The following are descriptions of the permitted investments and investment practices of the Fund and the associated risk factors. The Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). ADRs, as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. Depositary receipts are securities that evidence ownership interests in a security or a pool of securities that have been deposited with a “depository” and may be sponsored or unsponsored. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. The underlying shares are held in trust by a custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
For ADRs, the depository is typically a U.S. financial institution and the underlying securities are issued by a foreign issuer. For other depositary receipts, the depository may be a foreign or a U.S. entity, and the underlying securities may have a foreign or a U.S. issuer. Depositary receipts will not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as their underlying securities. Generally, ADRs are issued in registered form, denominated in U.S. dollars, and designed for use in the U.S. securities markets. Other depositary receipts, such as GDRs and EDRs, may be issued in bearer form and denominated in other currencies, and are generally designed for use in securities markets outside the U.S. While the two types of depositary receipt facilities (unsponsored or sponsored) are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all of the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services.
Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholders meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
For purposes of the Fund’s investment policies, investments in depositary receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities. Thus, a depositary receipt representing ownership of common stock will be treated as common stock. Depositary receipts do not eliminate all of the risks associated with directly investing in the securities of foreign issuers.
S- 2
Investments in the securities of foreign issuers may subject the Fund to investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in securities of U.S. issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, possible imposition of withholding taxes on income, possible seizure, nationalization or expropriation of foreign deposits, possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source or greater fluctuation in value due to changes in exchange rates. Foreign issuers of securities often engage in business practices different from those of domestic issuers of similar securities, and there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers. In addition, foreign issuers are, generally speaking, subject to less government supervision and regulation and different accounting treatment than are those in the United States.
Equity Securities. Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company or partnership and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, securities convertible into common stock, and investments in master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the net asset value (“NAV”) of the Fund to fluctuate. The Fund may purchase equity securities traded in the United States on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
• Common Stock. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock.
• Preferred Stock. Preferred stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer that pays dividends at a specified rate and that has precedence over common stock in the payment of dividends. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take precedence over the claims of those who own preferred and common stock.
• Royalty Trusts. Royalty trusts are structured similarly to Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”). A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies or chemical companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields.
• Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”). An ETF is a fund whose shares are bought and sold on a securities exchange as if it were a single security. An ETF holds a portfolio of securities designed to track a particular market segment or index. Some examples of ETFs are SPDRs ® , DIAMONDS SM , NASDAQ 100 Index Tracking Stock SM (“QQQs SM ”) and iShares ® . The Fund could purchase an ETF to gain exposure to a particular market or to manage cash flows. The risks of owning an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the securities comprising the index which an index ETF is designed to track or the other holdings of an active or index ETF, although lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in it being more volatile than the tracked index or underlying holdings, and ETFs have management fees that increase their costs versus the costs of owning the underlying holdings directly. See also “Securities of Other Investment Companies” below.
• Warrants. Warrants are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments.
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• Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party.
Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain or loss than common stocks. Convertible securities generally provide yields higher than the underlying common stocks, but generally lower than comparable non-convertible securities. Because of this higher yield, convertible securities generally sell at a price above their “conversion value,” which is the current market value of the stock to be received upon conversion. The difference between this conversion value and the price of convertible securities will vary over time depending on changes in the value of the underlying common stocks and interest rates. When the underlying common stocks decline in value, convertible securities will tend not to decline to the same extent because of the interest or dividend payments and the repayment of principal at maturity for certain types of convertible securities. However, securities that are convertible other than at the option of the holder generally do not limit the potential for loss to the same extent as securities convertible at the option of the holder. When the underlying common stocks rise in value, the value of convertible securities may also be expected to increase. At the same time, however, the difference between the market value of convertible securities and their conversion value will narrow, which means that the value of convertible securities will generally not increase to the same extent as the value of the underlying common stocks. Because convertible securities may also be interest-rate sensitive, their value may increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
General Risks of Investing in Stocks. While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors must accept the risks of ownership. Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations. Stockholders of a company that fares poorly can lose money.
Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
• | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
• | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
• | Changes in general financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates. |
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Because preferred stock is generally junior to debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
• Micro, Small and Medium Capitalization Issuers. Investing in equity securities of micro, small and medium capitalization companies often involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in larger capitalization companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of smaller size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of depth of management. The securities of micro and smaller companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and even if listed on a national securities exchange may not be traded in volumes typical for that exchange. Consequently, the securities of micro and smaller companies are less likely to be liquid, may have limited market stability, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than securities of larger, more established growth companies or the market averages in general.
Master Limited Partnerships. MLPs are limited partnerships or limited liability companies, whose partnership units or limited liability interests are listed and traded on a U.S. securities exchange, and are treated as publicly traded partnerships for federal income tax purposes. To qualify to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes, an MLP must receive at least 90% of its income from qualifying sources as set forth in Section 7704(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). These qualifying sources include activities such as the exploration, development, mining, production, processing, refining, transportation, storage and marketing of mineral or natural resources. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are concentrated in a particular industry or sector, such as the energy sector, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry or sector.
MLPs that are formed as limited partnerships generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners, while MLPs that are formed as limited liability companies generally have two analogous classes of owners, the managing member and the members. For purposes of this section, references to general partners also apply to managing members and references to limited partners also apply to members.
The general partner is typically owned by a major energy company, an investment fund, the direct management of the MLP or is an entity owned by one or more of such parties. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an equity interest of as much as 2% in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. A holder of general partner interests can be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of the holder’s investment in the general partner interest. General partner interests are not publicly traded and generally cannot be converted into common units. The general partner interest can be redeemed by the MLP if the MLP unitholders choose to remove the general partner, typically with a supermajority vote by limited partner unitholders.
Limited partners own the remainder of the MLP through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the MLP’s operations and management. Common units are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges, with their value fluctuating predominantly based on prevailing market conditions and the success of the MLP. Unlike owners of common stock of a corporation, owners of common units have limited voting rights and have no ability annually to elect directors. In the event of liquidation, common units have preference over subordinated units, but not over debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP.
MLPs are typically structured such that common units and general partner interests have first priority to receive quarterly cash distributions up to an established minimum amount (“minimum quarterly distributions” or “MQD”). Common and general partner interests also accrue arrearages in distributions to the extent the MQD is not paid. Once common and general partner interests have been paid, subordinated units receive distributions of up to the MQD; however, subordinated units do not accrue arrearages. Distributable cash in excess of the MQD paid to both common and subordinated units is distributed to both common and subordinated units generally on a pro rata basis. The general partner is also eligible to receive incentive distributions if the general partner operates the business in a manner which results in distributions paid per common unit surpassing specified target levels. As the general partner increases cash distributions to the limited partners, the general partner receives an increasingly higher percentage of the incremental cash distributions. A common arrangement provides that the general partner can reach a tier where it receives 50% of every incremental dollar paid to common and subordinated unit holders. These incentive distributions encourage the general partner to streamline costs, increase capital expenditures and acquire assets in order to increase the partnership’s cash flow and raise the quarterly cash distribution in order to reach higher tiers. Such results benefit all security holders of the MLP.
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Fixed Income Securities. Fixed income securities include bonds, notes, debentures and other interest-bearing securities that represent indebtedness. The market value of the fixed income investments in which the Fund invests will change in response to interest rate changes and other factors. During periods of falling interest rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities generally rise. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the values of such securities generally decline. Moreover, while securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields, the prices of longer maturity securities are also subject to greater market fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. Changes by recognized agencies in the rating of any fixed income security and in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of these securities will not necessarily affect cash income derived from these securities but will affect the Fund’s NAV.
Foreign Securities. Foreign securities include equity securities of foreign entities, obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of foreign banks, including, without limitation, European Certificates of Deposit, European Time Deposits, European Bankers’ Acceptances, Canadian Time Deposits, Europaper and Yankee Certificates of Deposit, and investments in Canadian Commercial Paper and foreign securities. These instruments have investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in obligations of U.S. domestic issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, the possible imposition of withholding taxes on interest or other income, possible seizure, nationalization, or expropriation of foreign deposits, the possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source, greater fluctuations in value due to changes in exchange rates, or the adoption of other foreign governmental restrictions which might adversely affect the payment of principal and interest on such obligations. Such investments may also entail higher custodial fees and sales commissions than domestic investments. Foreign issuers of securities or obligations are often subject to accounting treatment and engage in business practices different from those respecting domestic issuers of similar securities or obligations. Foreign branches of U.S. banks and foreign banks may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks.
Emerging Markets. An “emerging market” country is generally a country that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank”) and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNPs”) than more developed countries.
Investment Funds. Some emerging market countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging market countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If the Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses (including operating expenses and the fees of Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc. (the “Adviser”)), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their NAV.
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Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors. Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit the Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval, limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest, or may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s investments.
Information and Supervision. There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
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Stock Exchange and Market Risk. The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States; |
▪ | Have substantially less volume; |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements; |
▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates; |
▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets; and |
▪ | May have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards; |
▪ | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis; |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States; |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated; |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights; and |
▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk. While the Fund denominates its NAV in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
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▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes. Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for the Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets. Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Money Market Securities. Money market securities include short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by a nationally recognized statistical ratings organization (“NRSRO”), such as Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) or Moody’s Investor Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), or determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described below. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” to this SAI.
Real Estate Investment Trusts. A REIT is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of the Code. The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
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REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Fund invests may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent. The above factors may adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act.
Real Estate Companies’ Securities. The Fund may be subject to the risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate. For example, real estate values may fluctuate as a result of general and local economic conditions, overbuilding and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, demographic trends and variations in rental income, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, regulatory limitations on rents, changes in neighborhood values, related party risks, changes in how appealing properties are to tenants, changes in interest rates and other real estate capital market influences.
U.S. Government Securities. The Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
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Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Fund’s shares.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
U.S. Treasury Obligations. U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”). The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately.
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Commercial Paper. Commercial paper is the term used to designate unsecured short-term promissory notes issued by corporations and other entities. Maturities on these issues vary from a few to 270 days.
Bank Obligations. The Fund may invest in obligations issued by banks and other savings institutions. Investments in bank obligations include obligations of domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks. Such investments in domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks may involve risks that are different from investments in securities of domestic branches of U.S. banks. These risks may include future unfavorable political and economic developments, possible withholding taxes on interest income, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations, or other governmental restrictions which might affect the payment of principal or interest on the securities held by the Fund. Additionally, these institutions may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting and recordkeeping requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Bank obligations include the following:
• | Bankers’ Acceptances. Bankers’ acceptances are bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Corporations use bankers’ acceptances to finance the shipment and storage of goods and to furnish dollar exchange. Maturities are generally six months or less. |
• | Certificates of Deposit. Certificates of deposit are interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity. They are issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds and normally can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit with penalties for early withdrawal will be considered illiquid. |
• | Time Deposits. Time deposits are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds. Like a certificate of deposit, it earns a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. Time deposits with a withdrawal penalty or that mature in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid investments. |
Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated.
Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The Adviser will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets its investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers. Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
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Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities. Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are: 1) payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly) and 2) falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing the Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. In addition to risks associated with changes in interest rates, a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. When prepayment occurs, the Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
Mortgage Dollar Rolls. A mortgage dollar roll involves the sale of a security by the Fund and its agreement to repurchase the instrument at a specified time and price, and may be considered a form of borrowing for some purposes. The Fund will designate assets determined to be liquid in an amount sufficient to meet its obligations under the transactions. A dollar roll involves potential risks of loss that are different from those related to the securities underlying the transactions. The Fund may be required to purchase securities at a higher price than may otherwise be available on the open market. Since the counterparty in the transaction is required to deliver a similar, but not identical, security to the Fund, the security that the Fund is required to buy under the dollar roll may be worth less than an identical security. There is no assurance that the Fund’s use of the cash that it receives from a dollar roll will provide a return that exceeds borrowing costs.
Other Asset-Backed Securities. These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
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The Fund may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”) and Collateralized Debt Obligations (“CDOs”). CMOs are one type of mortgage-backed security, which were first introduced in the early 1980’s, and may be issued either by U.S. government instrumentalities or non-government entities. CMOs generally retain many of the yield and credit quality characteristics as mortgage pass-through securities, while reducing some of the disadvantages of pass-throughs. CMOs may be backed by several types of varying mortgage collateral. The most prevalent types of collateral are: U.S. agency (e.g., Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, or Freddie Mac) guaranteed mortgage pass-through securities, non-agency guaranteed mortgage loans, and commercial mortgage loans.
Some CMOs are also characterized as a Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (“REMIC”). A REMIC is a CMO that qualifies for special tax treatment under the Code and invests in certain mortgages primarily secured by interests in real property and other permitted investments.
A key difference between traditional mortgage pass-through securities and CMOs is the mechanics of the principal payment process. Unlike pass-through securities, which simply pay a pro rata distribution of any principal and interest payments from the underlying mortgage collateral, CMOs are structured into multiple classes, each bearing a different stated maturity and each potentially having different credit rating levels. Each class of CMO, often referred to as a “tranche”, may be issued with a specific fixed interest rate or may pay a variable interest rate, which may change monthly. Each tranche must be fully retired by its final distribution date. Generally, all classes of CMOs pay or accrue interest monthly similar to pass-through securities.
The credit risk of all CMOs is not identical and must be assessed on a security by security basis. Generally, the credit risk of CMOs is heavily dependent upon the type of collateral backing the security. For example, a CMO collateralized by U.S. agency guaranteed pass-through securities will have a different credit risk profile compared to a CMO collateralized by commercial mortgage loans. Investing in the lowest tranche of CMO or REMIC certificates often involves risk similar to those associated with investing in non-investment grade rated corporate bonds. Additionally, CMOs may at times be less liquid than a regular mortgage pass-through security.
CDOs are similar to CMOs but may include both mortgage-related and other fixed income securities. They generally are not issued by U.S. government issuers, although the underlying mortgages may be issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or an agency or instrumentality thereof. They may also include corporate issuers.
The Fund may also invest in resecuritized CMOs (Re-REMICs, for example) or CDOs, in which tranches of existing CMOs or CDOs are combined and used to collateralize new securities. These may be more or less risky than the underlying tranches. The increased complexity of resecuritized pools may result in less transparency, which could heighten the investment risk associated with these investments.
Repurchase Agreements. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Fund follows certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of the Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by the Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
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Reverse Repurchase Agreements. The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements, which involve the sale of securities with an agreement to repurchase the securities at an agreed-upon price, date and interest payment and have the characteristics of borrowing. Generally, the effect of such a transaction is that the Fund can recover all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities involved during the term of the reverse repurchase agreement, while the Fund will be able to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are advantageous only if the interest cost to the Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. Opportunities to achieve this advantage may not always be available, and the Fund intends to use the reverse repurchase technique only when it will be advantageous to the Fund. The Fund will in each instance establish a segregated account with the Trust’s custodian bank in which the Fund will maintain cash or cash equivalents or other portfolio securities equal in value to the Fund’s obligations in respect of reverse repurchase agreements.
Securities of Other Investment Companies. The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Fund. The Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
For hedging or other purposes, the Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
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Pursuant to orders issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Fund may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Fund otherwise complies with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Fund may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Fund may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting itself from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, the Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Fund to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and is legally permissible, the Fund may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by the Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the SEC and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when the Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Fund is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. As a result, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Fund’s investment strategies and may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
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Types of Derivatives:
Futures. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily NAV, each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
The Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options. An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
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▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When the Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). The Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that the Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. The Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When the Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when the Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
The Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive the Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. The Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
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The Fund is permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, the Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, the Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
▪ | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
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The Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. The Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
The Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, the Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Fund may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Fund may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which it could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which the Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if the Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Fund could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, the Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, the Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
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Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts. A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect the Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. The Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
The Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
The Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
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It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, the Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities. The Fund may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements. A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of the Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. The Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, the Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Fund will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Fund may cover its current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that the Fund will be committed to pay.
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▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to the Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
As with a traditional investment in a debt security, the Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. The Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the “breakeven inflation rate”) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
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▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by the Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Fund than if it had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to make or lose substantially more than it invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities the Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices. The Fund’s ability to hedge its securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities the Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, the Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
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▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Fund. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity. Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, the Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, the Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Fund intends to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, the Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, the Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk. Successful use of derivatives by the Fund is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if the Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
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Pricing Risk. At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if the Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin. Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to the Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, the Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. The Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage. The Fund’s use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Fund will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Fund does not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches that value, the Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation. The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Fund by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Fund trades. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Fund’s use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
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Illiquid Investments. Illiquid investments are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Because of their illiquid nature, illiquid investments must be priced at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures approved by the Board. Despite such good faith efforts to determine fair value prices, the Fund’s illiquid investments are subject to the risk that the investment's fair value price may differ from the actual price which the Fund may ultimately realize upon its sale or disposition. Difficulty in selling illiquid investments may result in a loss or may be costly to the Fund. Under the supervision of the Board, the Adviser determines the liquidity of the Fund’s investments. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets.
Restricted Securities. The Fund may purchase restricted securities. Restricted securities are securities that may not be sold freely to the public absent registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), or an exemption from registration. This generally includes securities that are unregistered that can be sold to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the 1933 Act or securities that are exempt from registration under the 1933 Act, such as commercial paper. Institutional markets for restricted securities have developed as a result of the promulgation of Rule 144A under the 1933 Act, which provides a “safe harbor” from 1933 Act registration requirements for qualifying sales to institutional investors. When Rule 144A restricted securities present an attractive investment opportunity and meet other selection criteria, the Fund may make such investments whether or not such securities are “illiquid” depending on the market that exists for the particular security. The Board has delegated the responsibility for determining the liquidity of Rule 144A restricted securities that the Fund may invest in to the Adviser.
Short Sales. As consistent with the Fund’s investment objective, the Fund may engage in short sales that are either “uncovered” or “against the box.” A short sale is “against the box” if at all times during which the short position is open, the Fund owns at least an equal amount of the securities or securities convertible into, or exchangeable without further consideration for, securities of the same issue as the securities that are sold short. A short sale against the box is a taxable transaction to the Fund with respect to the securities that are sold short.
Uncovered short sales are transactions under which the Fund sells a security it does not own. To complete such a transaction, the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund then is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of the replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay the lender amounts equal to any dividends or interest that accrue during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The proceeds of the short sale will be retained by the broker, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Until the Fund closes its short position or replaces the borrowed security, the Fund may: (a) segregate cash or liquid securities at such a level that the amount segregated plus the amount deposited with the broker as collateral will equal the current value of the security sold short; or (b) otherwise cover the Fund’s short position.
When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward-Delivery Transactions. A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which has not been issued. In a forward-delivery transaction, the Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities the Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. The Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
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The Fund uses when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward-delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When the Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, the Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-delivery basis, the Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because the Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to the risks associated with its other investments.
The Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions. The Fund will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of the commitments.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks. As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
Fundamental Policies
In addition to the Fund’s investment objective, the following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that the Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
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The Fund may not:
1. | Purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
2. | Concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | Borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | Make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | Purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | Underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
The following limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The Fund may not:
1. | Borrow money in an amount exceeding 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets, provided that investment strategies which either obligate the Fund to purchase securities or require the Fund to cover a position by segregating assets or entering into an offsetting position shall not be subject to this limitation. To the extent that its borrowings exceed 5% of its assets, the Fund will not make any further investments. |
2. | Make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that the Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies and (ii) enter into repurchase agreements. |
3. | Purchase or sell real estate, except that the Fund may purchase: marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including REITs). |
4. | Purchase or sell physical commodities or commodities contracts based on physical commodities, except that the Fund may purchase marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in physical commodities or commodities contracts based on physical commodities. |
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Additionally,
5. | The Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes) in equity securities of micro-capitalization companies at the time of purchase without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. Under normal circumstances, if such a change in values or assets causes the Fund to not adhere to a percentage restriction, the Fund will only make investments that will bring it toward meeting such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances causes the Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitation within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Diversification . Under the 1940 Act, a diversified investment management company, as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agents or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer’s outstanding voting securities would be held by the fund.
Concentration . The SEC has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s net assets in an industry or group of industries, except that the Fund may invest without limitation in: (i) securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities; and (ii) tax-exempt obligations of state or municipal governments and their political subdivisions. For purposes of the Fund’s concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows a fund to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain derivatives, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Lending. Under the 1940 Act, an investment company may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
Real Estate and Commodities. The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in real estate or commodities, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
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Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
General. Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc., a Delaware corporation formed in 1982, located at 501 Merritt 7, Norwalk, Connecticut 06851, is a 100% employee-owned professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $730.1 million in assets under management.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”). Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as the investment adviser and makes investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Board.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund or, by the Adviser, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 1.25% of the average daily net assets of the Fund. The Adviser has contractually agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses of the Fund in order to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.25% and 1.75% of the Fund’s Institutional Class Shares’ and Investor Class Shares’ average daily net assets, respectively, until March 29, 2020 (the “expense cap”). The contractual expense limitation agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board, for any reason at any time, or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on March 29, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee waivers or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following in advisory fees:
Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived by the Adviser | Total Fees Paid to the Adviser (After Waivers) | ||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$683,677 | $896,185 | $1,074,722 | $413,947 | $384,878 | $387,160 | $269,730 | $511,307 | $687,562 |
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This section includes information about the Fund’s portfolio managers, including information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
Compensation. The Adviser compensates the Fund’s portfolio managers for their management of the Fund. The Fund’s portfolio managers receive a majority of their compensation from their direct equity ownership in the Adviser and therefore compensation is based in part on the long-term success of the Fund, other client accounts and the Adviser as a whole. The amount of such compensation is based on the proportionate amount of the portfolio manager’s ownership, and is paid out periodically as determined by the Adviser’s Board of Directors. The Fund’s portfolio managers also receive a fixed annual salary.
Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The Fund is required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Christopher N. Cuesta | $1 - $10,000 |
Keith Dickinson | $1 - $10,000 |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
1 | Includes one account with assets under management of $171 million that is subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers’ management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. Subject to their fiduciary obligations to the Fund and to any applicable laws, the Adviser (and its principals and employees) engage in a wide variety of investment activities for their own accounts and for other entities and accounts, including private investment funds. Such other entities and accounts may have investment objectives or may implement investment strategies similar to those of the Fund. The Adviser’s principals and employees have a financial interest in certain accounts managed by the Adviser directly, as investors in the accounts, or indirectly, as owners of the Adviser. As a result of the foregoing, the Adviser and its principals or employees may have conflicts of interest in allocating their time and activity between the Fund and other entities and in allocating investments among the Fund and other entities, including ones in which the Adviser and its principals or employees may have a greater financial interest. For example, an incentive exists to allocate limited investment opportunities to such an account. In addition, an incentive exists to recommend that clients invest in such accounts in order to increase the Adviser’s investment advisory fees. The Adviser prohibits employees from allocating trades or investment opportunities that favor any particular client, group of clients or affiliated and proprietary accounts.
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In addition, whenever the portfolio managers of the Fund manage other accounts, potential conflicts of interest exist, including potential conflicts between the investment strategy of the Fund and the investment strategy of the other accounts. For example, in certain instances, the portfolio managers may take conflicting positions in a particular security for different accounts, by selling a security for one account and continuing to hold it for another account. In addition, the fact that other accounts require the portfolio managers to devote less than all of their time to the Fund may be seen itself to constitute a conflict with the interest of the Fund. The portfolio managers may also execute transactions for another account at the direction of such account that may adversely impact the value of securities held by the Fund. Securities selected for accounts other than the Fund may outperform the securities selected for the Fund. Finally, if the portfolio managers identify a limited investment opportunity that may be suitable for more than one account, the Fund may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity due to an allocation of that opportunity across all eligible accounts.
The Adviser has adopted certain compliance procedures that are designed to address these, and other, types of conflicts. However, there is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation where a conflict arises. Additional information regarding conflicts related to these arrangements is provided under “Brokerage Transactions” and “Codes of Ethics” below.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Fund, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following amounts for these services:
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Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$140,063 | $139,935 | $139,999 |
General. The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”). The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Distribution Plan. The Trust has adopted a Distribution Plan with respect to the Investor Class Shares (the “Plan”) in accordance with the provisions of Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, which regulates circumstances under which an investment company may directly or indirectly bear expenses relating to the distribution of its shares. Continuance of the Plan must be approved annually by a majority of the Trustees and by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan (“Qualified Trustees”). The Plan requires that quarterly written reports of amounts spent under the Plan and the purposes of such expenditures be furnished to and reviewed by the Trustees. The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the amount that may be spent thereunder without approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. All material amendments of the Plan will require approval by a majority of the Trustees and of the Qualified Trustees.
The Plan provides a method of paying for distribution and shareholder services, which may help the Fund grow or maintain asset levels to provide operational efficiencies and economies of scale, provided by the Distributor or other financial intermediaries that enter into agreements with the Distributor. The Fund may make payments to financial intermediaries, such as banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, investment counselors, broker-dealers, mutual fund “supermarkets” and the Distributor’s affiliates and subsidiaries, as compensation for services, reimbursement of expenses incurred in connection with distribution assistance or provision of shareholder services. The Distributor may, at its discretion, retain a portion of such payments to compensate itself for distribution services and distribution related expenses such as the costs of preparation, printing, mailing or otherwise disseminating sales literature, advertising, and prospectuses (other than those furnished to current shareholders of the Fund), promotional and incentive programs, and such other marketing expenses that the Distributor may incur.
Under the Plan, the Distributor or financial intermediaries may receive up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Investor Class Shares as compensation for distribution and shareholder services. The Plan is characterized as a compensation plan since the distribution fee will be paid to the Distributor without regard to the distribution or shareholder service expenses incurred by the Distributor or the amount of payments made to financial intermediaries. The Trust intends to operate the Plan in accordance with its terms and with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules concerning sales charges.
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Payments Under the Distribution Plan. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Distributor the following fees pursuant to the Plan:
12b-1 Fees Paid | 12b-1 Fees Retained by the Distributor | ||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$1,711 | $2,131 | $1,958 | $154 | $44 | $32 |
Shareholder Servicing Plan. The Fund has adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which a shareholder servicing fee of up to 0.25% of average daily net assets of Investor Class Shares of the Fund will be paid to financial intermediaries. Under the plan, financial intermediaries may perform, or may compensate other financial intermediaries for performing, certain shareholder and/or administrative services or similar non-distribution services, including: (i) maintaining shareholder accounts; (ii) arranging for bank wires; (iii) responding to shareholder inquiries relating to the services performed by the financial intermediaries; (iv) responding to inquiries from shareholders concerning their investment in the Fund; (v) assisting shareholders in changing dividend options, account designations and addresses; (vi) providing information periodically to shareholders showing their position in the Fund; (vii) forwarding shareholder communications from the Fund such as proxies, shareholder reports, annual reports, and dividend and capital gain distribution and tax notices to shareholders; (viii) processing purchase, exchange and redemption requests from shareholders and placing orders with the Fund or its service providers; (ix) providing sub-accounting services; (x) processing dividend and capital gain payments from the Fund on behalf of shareholders; (xi) preparing tax reports; and (xii) providing such other similar non-distribution services as the Fund may reasonably request to the extent that the financial intermediary is permitted to do so under applicable laws or regulations.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Fund and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Fund, the Distributor or shareholders of the Fund through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Fund in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Fund; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
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Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Fund by financial intermediaries customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 W. 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Fund. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Fund did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, Distributor and Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
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The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objective, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with an adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
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The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of
Birth |
Position with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018)
|
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager – Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
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Name and Year of
Birth |
Position with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds.
|
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President – Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
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Name and Year of
Birth |
Position with
Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Fund as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the Fund provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the Fund, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
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Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
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Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares
(All Funds in the Family of Investment
|
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Fund is the only fund in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate
Compensation from the Trust |
Pension or
Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated
Annual Benefits
|
Total Compensation from the
Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for the officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
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Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
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PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
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The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Fund adheres to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities. Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Fund will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Fund will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
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Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Fund calculates NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which the Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value the Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Fund are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Fund are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Fund calculates NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
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The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to qualify and elect to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that the Fund timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any, to its shareholders (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed.
If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
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The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals which provide that such losses are carried over by the Fund indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend, (ii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder), (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in the Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Fund receives from an ETF or underlying fund taxable as a RIC or a REIT will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such ETF, underlying fund or REIT.
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Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, Fund distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation.
To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
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Sales or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares the Fund will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as its default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
The Fund may invest in REITs. Investments in REIT equity securities may require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. The Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to the Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to the Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
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The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Fund may rely, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which the Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
If the Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs”, the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF”, the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. The Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues. The Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Fund intends to monitor its transactions, intends to make the appropriate tax elections, and intends to make the appropriate entries in its books and records when it acquires any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
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Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of REMICs, (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a rate of 24% and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., U.S. nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
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A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
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In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in the best combination of price and execution under the circumstances. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. The Adviser’s current policy regarding such allocations is described further below. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
Generally, the Adviser aggregates orders on behalf of its clients when it believes that such aggregation facilitates its duty to seek best execution. If the aggregate order is partially filled, client accounts are allocated the securities on a pro-rata basis, subject to rounding to ensure that each account receives round lots. If a partially filled order results in a client’s account receiving a de minimis allocation, the Adviser re-allocates the de minimis amount to other clients’ accounts participating in the aggregated order. Such re-allocation is made based on the size of cash positions in the participating clients’ accounts, subject to anticipated cash needs and any client instructions regarding cash.
The Adviser considers the following factors when determining which client accounts will participate in an initial public offering (“IPO”) or secondary offering of securities: 1) investment objectives, policies and time horizons of a particular account; 2) availability of cash in the account; and 3) number of shares allotted from the underwriter. For client accounts that meet the above criteria, the Adviser generally allocates the shares pro rata across all such accounts, subject to an account having sufficient cash available and rounding to ensure each account receives round lots. The Adviser frequently receives small allotments of an IPO or secondary offering from underwriters that does not allow for meaningful allocations to all participating client accounts. On each occasion where the Adviser receives a small IPO or secondary offering allotment, the Adviser allocates the shares randomly to one or more participating client accounts. The Adviser makes exceptions to its general allocation policy, as long as such exceptions are determined by it to be equitable.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on Fund transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$141,820 | $145,565 | $117,495 |
Brokerage Selection. The Adviser selects brokers based on their ability to provide the best combination of price and execution on client transactions, under the circumstances. The factors considered in making this determination include: 1) price, 2) commissions, 3) liquidity, 4) promptness and reliability of execution, 5) confidentiality, 6) the ability of the broker to accommodate step-out trades, and 7) access to IPO’s and other offerings. The Adviser also considers the quality and quantity of research services that brokers provide such as research reports on companies and industries and economic and financial data. The Adviser is not obligated to select the broker with the lowest available commission rate.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Fund.
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To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance, and other reports or analysis, such as financial news, forensic accounting research, data services, portfolio attribution data, corporate insider buying/selling data, historical stock level analytics, and portfolio optimization systems. The amount of soft dollar benefits received depends on the amount of brokerage transactions effected with the brokers. A conflict of interest exists because there is an incentive to: 1) cause clients to pay a higher commission than the firm might otherwise be able to negotiate; 2) cause clients to engage in more securities transactions than would otherwise be optimal; and 3) only recommend brokers that provide soft dollar benefits.
If the Adviser believes it is in the overall best interests of its clients, the Adviser executes transactions through brokers who charge commissions that are higher than commissions charged by brokers who do not provide the soft dollar benefits described above. The Adviser does not allocate soft dollar benefits to client accounts proportionately to the amount of soft dollar credits generated, if any, in the account. In addition, the Adviser uses soft dollar benefits to service all of its client accounts; however, soft dollar benefits may not be equally useful and valuable in managing the account of a given client. Certain products or services obtained with soft dollars also provide administrative assistance to the Adviser. The Adviser estimates the portion of the use that is for administrative purposes and pays for that portion of the cost in cash. A conflict of interest exists in making this determination since there is an incentive to designate a small amount of the cost as administrative in order to minimize the portion that the Adviser must pay directly with cash. The Adviser has policies and procedures to address the conflicts of interest associated with its brokerage practices. The Adviser periodically reviews the quality of the brokers used and evaluates the overall reasonableness of brokerage commissions paid on client transactions.
From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Fund, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. FINRA has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser:
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Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage
Commissions for Research Services |
Total Dollar Amount of
Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
$42,847 | $28,703,063 |
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Fund may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Fund or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Fund for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Fund, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay any aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Fund is required to identify any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund did not hold any securities of regular brokers and dealers.
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which the Fund may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one-year. The Fund may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rates were as follows:
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 |
58% | 35% |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser, principal underwriter or any affiliated person of the Fund, the Adviser, or its principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (the “Authorized Person”) to authorize the release of the Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Authorized Person reports at least quarterly to the Board regarding the implementation of such policies and procedures.
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Pursuant to applicable law, the Fund is required to disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31). The Fund discloses a complete schedule of investments in each Semi-Annual Report and Annual Report to Fund shareholders following the second and fourth fiscal quarters and in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT following the first and third fiscal quarters. Semi-Annual and Annual Reports are distributed to Fund shareholders. Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders, but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. In addition, the Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings on a monthly basis, as of the end of the previous month. For example, the Fund’s investments as of the end of January would ordinarily be published at the end of February. The Fund also publishes a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/THB. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund.
The Fund’s policies and procedures provide that the Authorized Person may authorize disclosure of portfolio holdings information to third parties at differing times and/or with different lag times than the information posted to the internet; provided that the recipient is, either by contractual agreement or otherwise by law, (i) required to maintain the confidentiality of the information and (ii) prohibited from using the information to facilitate or assist in any securities transactions or investment program. The Fund will review a third party’s request for portfolio holdings information to determine whether the third party has legitimate business objectives in requesting such information.
The Fund’s policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Fund, the Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Fund’s portfolio holdings information.
In addition, the Fund’s service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator and Transfer Agent, may receive portfolio holdings information as frequently as daily in connection with their services to the Fund. In addition to any contractual provisions relating to confidentiality of information that may be included in the service providers contract with the Trust, these arrangements impose obligations on the Fund’s service providers that would prohibit them from disclosing or trading on the Fund’s non-public information. Financial printers and pricing information vendors may receive portfolio holdings information, as necessary, in connection with their services to the Fund.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of the Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund, each of which represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any additional funds and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
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The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-855-THB-FUND; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Administrator and the Distributor have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by Access Persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain Access Persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements, or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
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PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of any class of the shares of the Fund. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of the Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling the Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
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Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
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Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
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The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
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CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
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Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
A- 6
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
A- 7
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
A- 8
APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
PROXY VOTING POLICY
A. | Introduction |
At THB we consider proxy voting to be an important responsibility. THB has adopted and implemented policies and procedures that we believe are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interest of our clients. In accordance with SEC Rule 206(4)-6 we are required to describe our proxy voting procedures for our clients. THB votes proxies presented to us on behalf of all clients unless we are specifically requested not to.
• | Executive Compensation. THB votes to encourage reasonable compensation of executives, and particularly, compensation that is linked to financial performance. THB votes against stock option and incentive plans that are excessive and inconsistent with a company's overall financial situation. |
• | Board of Directors. THB will generally vote against a proposal to stagger the length of director’s terms. |
• | Auditors. THB will generally vote to ratify management’s recommendation and selection of auditors. |
• | Corporate Actions. THB looks at all mergers and other corporate actions on a case-by-case basis. We evaluate mergers by looking at the financial impact on our investment. |
• | Unusual Items. Companies use various mechanisms to deter attempted takeovers. THB evaluates these situations on a case-by-case basis. However, THB generally votes to discourage the use of these mechanisms such as two classes of stock with different voting rights. |
• | Routine Items. THB supports management proposals on routine items. Any officer of THB can approve voting on routine items. |
B. | Client Requests for Information |
In response to any request THB will prepare a written response to the client with the information requested.
C. | Conflicts of Interest |
If a material conflict of interest exists, THB will disclose the conflict to the affected clients, to give the clients an opportunity to vote the proxies themselves, or to address the voting issue through other objective means such as voting in a manner consistent with a predetermined voting policy or receiving an independent third party voting recommendation
B- 1
D. | Recordkeeping |
THB shall retain the following proxy records in accordance with the SEC’s retention requirement:
• | These policies and procedures and any amendments. |
• | Each proxy statement that THB receives. |
• | A record of each vote that THB casts. |
• | Any document THB created that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies, or that memorializes that decision. |
• | A copy of each written request from a client for information on how THB voted such client’s proxies, and a copy of any written response. |
B- 2
Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC
TS&W Equity Portfolio
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
PROSPECTUS | March 1, 2019 |
■ TS&W EQUITY PORTFOLIO
Ticker Symbol: TSWEX
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with the Fund, you can inform the Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 866-4TSW-FUN (866-487-9386). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Table of Contents |
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries |
|
TS&W Equity Portfolio |
The TS&W Equity Portfolio (the “Fund”) seeks maximum long-term total return, consistent with reasonable risk to principal, by investing in a diversified portfolio of common stocks of relatively large companies.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if redeemed within sixty days of purchase) |
1.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Management Fees |
0.75% |
Other Expenses |
0.93% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.02% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
1.70% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
1
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$173 |
$536 |
$923 |
$2,009 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 60% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Investment Strategies
Under normal circumstances, the Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund will generally invest in a diversified portfolio of common stocks of companies that are relatively large in terms of revenues and assets. Although the Fund will primarily draw its holdings from larger, more seasoned or established companies, it may also invest in companies of varying size as measured by assets, sales or market capitalization. The Fund will emphasize common stocks, but may also invest in other types of equity securities. The Fund may invest up to 20% of its total assets in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), which are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer that are issued by depositary banks and traded on U.S. exchanges.
In selecting investments for the Fund, Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC (“TSW” or the “Adviser”) uses a combination of quantitative screening and qualitative research to seek to identify companies that are trading at a discount to their intrinsic value based on TSW’s assessment of a company’s future cash flows and catalysts that may
2
reduce the discount within the next several years, and that have an attractive risk/return profile.
TSW’s analysts perform rigorous fundamental analysis, exploring numerous factors that may affect the outlook for a company. They evaluate publicly available information including sell-side research, company filings, and trade periodicals. The analysts may speak with company management to hear their perspectives and outlook on pertinent business issues. They apply a consistent and disciplined review in a team environment that encourages critical thinking and analysis for each company considered for investment. A portfolio composed of 30-70 stocks is selected as a result of this process.
TSW may sell a security if (i) the company’s earnings are significantly below market expectations or there is a significant downward revision to the company’s estimated earnings, (ii) TSW believes that the company’s catalyst is achieved or is no longer valid, (iii) there is a change in the company’s risk/return profile, or (iv) TSW identifies a more attractive investment opportunity
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. This could occur because its strategy failed to produce the intended results or because the Adviser did not implement its strategy properly. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices may fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day-to-day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Investing in foreign companies poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies generally are denominated
3
in a foreign currency. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. The Fund may also be subject to taxes on trading profits or on transfers of securities in some countries. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Undervalued companies may have experienced adverse business developments or other events that have caused their stocks to be out of favor. If the Adviser’s assessment of a company is inaccurate, or if the market does not recognize the value of a company, the price of its stock may fail to meet expectations and the Fund’s share price may suffer. Value oriented mutual funds may not perform as well as certain other types of mutual funds using different approaches during periods when value investing is out of favor.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available by calling 1-866-4TSW-FUN.
4
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
13.98% |
(18.10)% |
(09/30/2009) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s average annual total returns for periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
|
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(1.71)% |
5.62% |
9.42% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(4.56)% |
2.84% |
7.85% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
1.17% |
3.85% |
7.60% |
Russell 1000 Value Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) 1 |
(8.27)% |
5.95% |
11.20% |
S&P 500 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) 1 |
(4.38)% |
8.49% |
13.12% |
1 |
As of March 1, 2019, the Fund’s benchmark changed from the S&P 500 Index to the Russell 1000 Value Index because the Adviser believes that the Russell 1000 Value Index better reflects the investment strategy of the Fund. |
5
Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC
Brett P. Hawkins, CFA, Chief Investment Officer and Co-Portfolio Manager, has managed the Fund since 2015.
Bryan F. Durand, CFA, Co-Portfolio Manager and Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2019.
Purchasing and Selling Fund Shares
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for spousal IRAs). You can purchase additional shares of the Fund for as little as $100. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”) by contacting the Fund directly by mail or telephone at 1-866-4TSW-FUN.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
The Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
6
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s web site for more information.
7
Investing with the Fund |
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Fund does not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Fund reserves the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Fund is not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Fund’s policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Fund does not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Fund subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Fund for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Fund by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Fund a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name and your account number.
Regular Mail Address
TS&W Equity Portfolio
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
TS&W Equity Portfolio
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is
8
the next price calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-866-4TSW-FUN (1-866-487-9386) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA # 101000695
TS&W Equity Portfolio
DDA Acct. # 9871063178
Ref: account number/account name
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Fund. Purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually in amounts of at least $100 to meet the minimum investment amount. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Fund at: TS&W Equity Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121 (Express Mail Address: TS&W Equity Portfolio, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
9
Minimum Investments
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 ($500 for IRAs and $250 for spousal IRAs). Subsequent investments must be made in amounts of at least $100. The Fund may accept investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
Fund Codes
The Fund’s reference information, which is listed below, will be helpful to you when you contact the Fund to purchase shares, check daily net asset value per share (“NAV”) or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
TS&W Equity Portfolio |
TSWEX |
00758M311 |
1278 |
Payment of Redemption Proceeds
Redemption proceeds can be mailed to your account address, sent to your bank by ACH transfer or wired to your bank account (provided that your bank information is already on file). Normally, the Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request in proper form, meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation (such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.). The Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds.
The Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, the Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address.
10
Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Fund must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before it grants a redemption request, the Fund may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Fund participates in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-866-487-9386 for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the NAV next determined after the Fund (or an authorized broker) receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
You may contact the Fund directly by mail at: TS&W Equity Portfolio, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121 (Express Mail Address: TS&W Equity Portfolio, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Send a letter to the Fund signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Certain shareholders may need to include additional documents or provide a signature guarantee to redeem shares.
The Fund does not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be its agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Fund’s transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the NAV next calculated by the Fund after the Fund’s transfer agent receives the
11
order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
To redeem shares by telephone, you must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire and ACH redemption privileges) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-866-4TSW-FUN to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Fund will mail your proceeds to you or send them to your bank by either Federal Reserve wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Fund.
Receiving Your Money
Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account once you have established banking instructions with the Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
Redemptions In-Kind
The Fund generally pays sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Fund’s remaining shareholders, the Fund might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in liquid securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were you, would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale, as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until the securities are sold.
12
Calculating Your Share Price
You may buy or sell shares of the Fund on any Business Day at a price equal to the Fund’s NAV next computed after it, or an authorized institution (as defined below), receives and accepts your order in proper form. Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days when either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. The Fund calculates NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, the Fund or an authorized institution must receive your order in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.) before the close of trading on the NYSE that day. Otherwise, you will receive the NAV that is calculated at the close of trading on the following Business Day. If the NYSE closes early – as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading – the Fund will calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days.
The NAV of the Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding. In calculating NAV, the Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or the Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”). Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. The Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
There may be limited circumstances in which the Fund would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on
13
U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Fund calculated its NAV.
With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Fund, the Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Fund prices its shares, the value the Fund assigns to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Fund through its transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Fund prior to the time the Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
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Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at the Fund’s NAV next computed after the orders are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of the Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
Redemption Fee
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, the Fund charges a 1.00% redemption fee on redemptions of shares that have been held for less than 60 days. The redemption fee is deducted from the Fund’s sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of the Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Fund on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Fund requests that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Fund. However, the Fund recognizes that, due to operational requirements, the intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Fund’s.
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The Fund reserves the right to reduce the redemption fee in its discretion when it believes such reduction is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic redemptions; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing and selling Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Fund has certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Fund is not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions it reasonably believes to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Fund over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Rights Reserved by the Fund
Purchases
At any time and without notice, the Fund may:
● |
Stop offering shares; |
● |
Reject any purchase order; or |
● |
Bar an investor engaged in a pattern of excessive trading from buying shares. (Excessive trading can hurt performance by disrupting management and increasing expenses.) The Fund will consider various factors in determining whether an investor has engaged in excessive trading. These factors include, but are not limited to, the investor’s historic trading pattern, the number of transactions, the size of the transactions, the time between transactions and the percentage of the investor’s account involved in each transaction. For more information about the Fund’s policies on excessive trading, please see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.” |
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Redemptions
At any time and without notice, the Fund may change or eliminate any of the redemption methods described above, except redemption by mail. The Fund may suspend your right to redeem your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”).
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Fund is intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourages shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Fund may present risks to the Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Fund may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time the Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by the Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of the Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair values. Although the Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
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In addition, because the Fund may invest in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Fund’s service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Fund’s policies and procedures described in this prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Fund’s service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Fund’s policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than six (6) “round trips” into or out of the Fund per calendar year. The Fund defines a “round trip” as a purchase into the Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. If a shareholder exceeds these amounts, the Fund and/or its service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase orders. |
● |
The Fund assesses a redemption fee of 1.00% on redemptions by shareholders of Fund shares held for less than 60 days (subject to certain exceptions as discussed in “Redemption Fee”). |
● |
The Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Fund and/or its service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Fund’s long-term shareholders. The Fund does not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Fund for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Fund has entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial
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intermediaries, which permit the Fund to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Fund. If the Fund or its service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Fund, the Fund or its service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Fund or its service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Fund, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Fund by that customer. If the Fund is not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Fund may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Fund’s shares is requested by the Fund and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Fund has an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Fund, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Fund on behalf of other persons.
The Fund and its service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Fund. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Fund to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Fund is required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
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In certain instances, the Fund is required to collect documents to fulfill its legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (meaning that it is complete, contains all necessary information, and has all supporting documentation such as proper signature guarantees, IRA rollover forms, etc.), or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application, your investment will be received and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV.
The Fund reserves the right to close your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if it is unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within the timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Fund. Further, the Fund reserves the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification are part of the Fund’s overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Fund has adopted an Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Program designed to prevent the Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of terrorist activities. In this regard, the Fund reserves the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; and/or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund or in cases when the Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
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Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Fund (if shares are held directly with the Fund) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Fund).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-866-4TSW-FUN.
Small Accounts
The Fund may redeem your shares without your permission if the value of your account falls below 50% of the required minimum initial investment. This provision does not apply:
● |
To retirement accounts and certain other accounts; or |
● |
When the value of your account falls because of market fluctuations and not your redemptions. |
The Fund will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to allow you time to add to your account and avoid the sale of your shares. If your Fund shares are redeemed for this reason within sixty calendar days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
Dividends and Distributions
Normally, the Fund distributes its net investment income, if any, quarterly and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if
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any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on the Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
The Fund will automatically reinvest dividends and distributions in additional shares of the Fund, unless you elect on your account application to receive them in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Fund written notice.
Federal Taxes
The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Fund. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plan, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future. You should always consult your tax advisor for specific guidance regarding the federal, state and local tax effects of your investment in the Fund.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company, such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and its net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Long-term capital gains distributions and distributions that are reported by the Fund as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). Once a year, the Fund (or its
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administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors. Call 1-866-4TSW-FUN to find out when the Fund expects to make a distribution to shareholders.
Each sale of shares of the Fund may be a taxable event. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss generally will be treated as short term if you held the shares for 12 months or less, and long term if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund
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shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Fund shareholders should also carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent the Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of the Fund consist of foreign securities, the Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. The Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
Other Investment Practices and Strategies |
The investment objective of the Fund is to seek maximum long-term total return, consistent with reasonable risk to principal, by investing in a diversified portfolio of common stocks of relatively large companies.
In addition to its principal investment strategies, the Fund may use the investment strategies described below. The Fund may also employ investment practices that this prospectus does not describe, such as participating in repurchase agreements, when-issued and forward commitment transactions, lending of securities, borrowing and other techniques. For more information concerning these and the Fund’s other investment practices and their risks, you should read the SAI.
Derivatives
The Fund may invest in derivatives, a category of investments that includes forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures, options and swaps to protect its investments against changes resulting from
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market conditions (a practice called “hedging”), to reduce transaction costs or to manage cash flows. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts, futures and options are called derivatives because their value is based on an underlying asset or economic factor. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect the Fund’s ability to achieve its objectives with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends on the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. The Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold.
Short-Term Investing
The investments and strategies described in this prospectus are those that the Fund uses under normal circumstances. During unusual economic, market, political or other circumstances, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in short-term, high quality debt instruments, such as U.S. government securities. These instruments would not ordinarily be consistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies, and may prevent the Fund from achieving its investment objective. The Fund will use a temporary strategy if the Adviser believes that pursuing the Fund’s investment objective will subject it to a significant risk of loss. The Fund has a policy requiring it to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in particular types of securities as described in the Fund’s principal investment strategy, and will not change this policy without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. In addition to the temporary defensive measures discussed above, the Fund may also temporarily deviate from this 80% policy in other limited, appropriate circumstances, such as if the Fund experiences large cash inflows or redemptions. When the Adviser pursues a temporary defensive strategy, the Fund may not profit from favorable developments that it would have otherwise profited from if it were pursuing its normal strategies.
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Information About Portfolio Holdings |
The Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings on a monthly basis, as of the end of the previous month. For example, the Fund’s investments as of the end of January would ordinarily be published at the end of February. The Fund also publishes a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/tsw. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund. Please consult the SAI for a full description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
Investment Management |
Investment Adviser
Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC, a Delaware limited liability company located at 6641 W. Broad Street, Suite 600, Richmond, Virginia 23230, serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of the Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis, subject to oversight by the Board. The Adviser has provided investment management services to corporations, pensions and profit-sharing plans, 401(k) and thrift plans, trusts, estates and other institutions and individuals since 1970. The Adviser is an indirect subsidiary of BrightSphere Investment Group plc, a NYSE listed company. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $19.8 billion in assets under management.
For its services, the Fund pays the Adviser an annual management fee equal to 0.75% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has voluntarily agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.20% of the average daily net assets of the Fund. The Adviser intends to continue these fee reductions and
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expense reimbursements until further notice, but may discontinue them at any time.
During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund paid 0.25% in management fees (after fee reductions) as a percentage of the Fund’s average daily net assets, to the Adviser.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Fund’s investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019.
Portfolio Managers
The following portfolio managers are jointly and/or primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
Brett P. Hawkins, CFA, Chief Investment Officer and Co-Portfolio Manager, is jointly and primarily responsible for managing the Fund. Mr. Hawkins also is a Co-Portfolio Manager for TSW’s Mid Cap Value strategy, a Co-Portfolio Manager for TSW’s SMID Cap Value strategy and a member of TSW’s Small Cap team. He joined TSW in 2001 and has over 26 years of investment experience. Prior to joining TSW, Mr. Hawkins was an Assistant Vice President of Equity Research with First Union Securities and previously worked at Arthur Andersen LLP as an Audit and Business Advisory Senior Associate. Mr. Hawkins graduated from the University of Richmond and received his MBA from the University of Virginia, Darden School.
Bryan F. Durand, CFA, Co-Portfolio Manager and Research Analyst, is jointly and primarily responsible for managing the Fund. Mr. Durand initially joined the Adviser in 2005 as an Equity Research Analyst and served in that role until 2008. He then served as a Senior Research Analyst at MFC Global Investment Management from 2008-2010 and a Partner at Private Advisors, LLC from 2010-August 2017 before rejoining the Adviser in his current role in September 2017. Mr. Durand graduated from the College of the Holy Cross and received his MBA from Duke University, Fuqua School of Business.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed and ownership of Fund shares.
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Payments to Financial Intermediaries |
The Fund and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Fund and/or its shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Payments by the Fund
The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Fund. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Fund. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Fund available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Fund with “shelf space,” placing it on a preferred or recommended fund list,
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or promoting the Fund in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of the Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Fund, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
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Additional Information |
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Fund’s investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Fund. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Fund that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Fund. The Fund may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Fund and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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Financial Highlights |
The table that follows presents performance information about the Fund. The information is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Some of this information reflects financial information for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund, assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. The information provided below has been audited by BBD, LLP, independent registered public accounting firm whose report, along with the Fund’s financial statements, is included in the Fund’s Annual Report. You can obtain the Annual Report, which contains more performance information, at no charge by calling 1-866-4TSW-FUN.
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Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
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Years Ended October 31, |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
2018 |
2017 |
2016 |
2015 |
2014 |
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Year |
$ | 13.37 | $ | 13.11 | $ | 13.35 | $ | 15.06 | $ | 13.85 | ||||||||||
Income from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income (1) |
0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.14 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain |
1.35 | 1.56 | 0.55 | 0.23 | 1.36 | |||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
1.42 | 1.63 | 0.61 | 0.33 | 1.50 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income |
(0.07 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.13 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Realized Gain |
(1.03 | ) | (1.29 | ) | (0.78 | ) | (1.95 | ) | (0.16 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(1.10 | ) | (1.37 | ) | (0.85 | ) | (2.04 | ) | (0.29 | ) | ||||||||||
Redemption Fees (1) |
0.00 | (2) | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Year |
$ | 13.69 | $ | 13.37 | $ | 13.11 | $ | 13.35 | $ | 15.06 | ||||||||||
Total Return † |
11.03 | % | 13.32 | % | 4.88 | % | 2.02 | % | 10.97 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets, End of Year (Thousands) |
$ | 41,099 | $ | 40,234 | $ | 41,584 | $ | 44,465 | $ | 48,749 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (3) |
1.20 | % | 1.20 | % | 1.50 | % | 1.50 | % | 1.50 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Reimbursements) |
1.68 | % | 1.63 | % | 1.62 | % | 1.54 | % | 1.51 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
0.54 | % | 0.56 | % | 0.49 | % | 0.70 | % | 0.93 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
60 | % | 40 | % | 66 | % | 83 | % | 46 | % |
† |
Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Portfolio distributions or the redemption of Portfolio shares. Had the Adviser not waived a portion of its expenses, total return would have been lower. |
(1) |
Per share calculations were performed using average shares for the year. |
(2) |
Amount represents less than $0.01 per share. |
(3) |
The Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets excludes the effect of fees paid indirectly. If these expense offsets were included, the ratio would have been the same as the ratio reported. |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.
32
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
TS&W EQUITY PORTFOLIO
Investors who are interested in receiving more information about the Fund should read the Fund’s Annual and Semi-Annual Reports and the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (“SAI”). The Annual and Semi-Annual Reports of the Fund provide additional information about its investments. In the Annual Report, you will also find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the performance of the Fund during the last fiscal year. The SAI contains additional detailed information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund and the Fund and is incorporated by reference into (is legally part of) this prospectus.
The Fund does not have a website, but you can obtain free copies of the SAI, shareholder reports and other information about the Fund, as well as make shareholder inquiries, by writing to or calling:
TS&W Equity Portfolio
|
You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Trust’s Investment Company Act of 1940 file number is 811-06400.
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
TS&W EQUITY PORTFOLIO
a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
THOMPSON, SIEGEL & WALMSLEY LLC
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the TS&W Equity Portfolio (the “Fund”). This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectus”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectus. The most recent Annual Report for the Fund, which includes the Fund’s audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectus or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Fund at P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9009 or by calling the Fund at 1-866-4TSW-FUN.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019
ii
General. The Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under a Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional series or classes of shares.
History of the Fund. The TS&W Equity Portfolio is the successor to the UAM Funds, Inc. TS&W Equity Portfolio (the “Predecessor Fund”). The Predecessor Fund was managed by Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC (“TSW” or the “Adviser”) using the same investment objective, strategies, policies and restrictions as those of the Fund. The date of inception of the Predecessor Fund was July 17, 1992. The Predecessor Fund dissolved and reorganized into the TS&W Equity Portfolio on June 24, 2002. All of the assets and liabilities of the Predecessor Fund were transferred to its successor in connection with the Fund’s commencement of operations on June 24, 2002.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. The Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of the Trust’s Board of Trustees (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate the Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if the Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The Fund is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by the Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus.
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Debt Securities
Corporations and governments use debt securities to borrow money from investors. Most debt securities promise a variable or fixed rate of return and repayment of the amount borrowed at maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero coupon bonds, do not pay current interest and are purchased at a discount from their face value.
Types of Debt Securities:
U.S. Government Securities – The Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Fund’s shares.
On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
S- 2
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
Corporate Bonds – Corporations issue bonds and notes to raise money for working capital or for capital expenditures such as plant construction, equipment purchases and expansion. In return for the money loaned to the corporation by investors, the corporation promises to pay investors interest, and repay the principal amount of the bond or note.
Mortgage-Backed Securities – Mortgage-backed securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans that various governmental, government-related and private organizations assemble as securities for sale to investors. Unlike most debt securities, which pay interest periodically and repay principal at maturity or on specified call dates, mortgage-backed securities make monthly payments that consist of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Since homeowners usually have the option of paying either part or all of the loan balance before maturity, the effective maturity of a mortgage-backed security is often shorter than is stated.
Governmental entities, private insurers and mortgage poolers may insure or guarantee the timely payment of interest and principal of these pools through various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The Adviser will consider such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets its investment quality standards. It is possible that the private insurers or guarantors will not meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements.
Although the market for such securities is becoming increasingly liquid, securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable.
Ginnie Mae – Ginnie Mae is the principal governmental guarantor of mortgage-related securities. Ginnie Mae is a wholly-owned corporation of the U.S. government within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Securities issued by Ginnie Mae are treasury securities, which means the full faith and credit of the U.S. government backs them. Ginnie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by Ginnie Mae and backed by pools of Federal Housing Administration-insured or Veterans Administration-guaranteed mortgages. Ginnie Mae does not guarantee the market value or yield of mortgage-backed securities or the value of the Fund’s shares. To buy Ginnie Mae securities, the Fund may have to pay a premium over the maturity value of the underlying mortgages, which the Fund may lose if prepayment occurs.
Fannie Mae – Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders. Fannie Mae is regulated by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Fannie Mae purchases conventional mortgages from a list of approved sellers and service providers, including state and federally-chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. Securities issued by Fannie Mae are agency securities, which means Fannie Mae, but not the U.S. government, guarantees their timely payment of principal and interest.
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Freddie Mac – Freddie Mac is stockholder-owned corporation established by the U.S. Congress to create a continuous flow of funds to mortgage lenders. Freddie Mac supplies lenders with the money to make mortgages and packages the mortgages into marketable securities. The system is designed to create a stable mortgage credit system and reduce the rates paid by homebuyers. Freddie Mac, not the U.S. government, guarantees timely payment of principal and interest.
Commercial Banks, Savings and Loan Institutions, Private Mortgage Insurance Companies, Mortgage Bankers and other Secondary Market Issuers – Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional mortgage loans. In addition to guaranteeing the mortgage-related security, such issuers may service and/or have originated the underlying mortgage loans. Pools created by these issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than pools created by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac because they are not guaranteed by a government agency.
Risks of Mortgage-Backed Securities – Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are:
▪ | payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly); and |
▪ | falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing the Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. |
In addition to risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. If the prepayment rates increase, the Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
Other Asset-Backed Securities – These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
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The Fund may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”) – CMOs are hybrids between mortgage-backed bonds and mortgage pass-through securities. Similar to a bond, CMOs usually pay interest and prepay principal monthly. While whole mortgage loans may collateralize CMOs, mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac, or Fannie Mae and their income streams more typically collateralize them.
A Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (“REMIC”) is a CMO that qualifies for special tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and invests in certain mortgages primarily secured by interests in real property and other permitted investments.
CMOs are structured into multiple classes, each bearing a different stated maturity. Each class of CMO or REMIC certificate, often referred to as a “tranche,” is issued at a specific interest rate and must be fully retired by its final distribution date. Generally, all classes of CMOs or REMIC certificates pay or accrue interest monthly. Investing in the lowest tranche of CMO or REMIC certificates involves risks similar to those associated with investing in equity securities.
Short-Term Investments – To earn a return on uninvested assets, meet anticipated redemptions, or for temporary defensive purposes, the Fund may invest a portion of its assets in the short-term securities listed below, U.S. government securities and investment-grade corporate debt securities. Unless otherwise specified, a short-term debt security has a maturity of one year or less.
Bank Obligations – The Fund will only invest in a security issued by a commercial bank if the bank:
▪ | has total assets of at least $1 billion, or the equivalent in other currencies (based on the most recent publicly available information about the bank); and |
▪ | is a U.S. bank and a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; or is a foreign branch of a U.S. bank and the Adviser believes the security is of an investment quality comparable with other debt securities that the Fund may purchase. |
Time Deposits – Time deposits are non-negotiable deposits, such as savings accounts or certificates of deposit, held by a financial institution for a fixed term with the understanding that the depositor can withdraw its money only by giving notice to the institution. However, there may be early withdrawal penalties depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. The Fund may only purchase time deposits maturing from two business days through seven calendar days.
Certificates of Deposit – Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank or savings and loan association for a definite period of time and earning a specified return.
Bankers’ Acceptance – A bankers’ acceptance is a time draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower, usually in connection with an international commercial transaction (to finance the import, export, transfer or storage of goods).
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Commercial Paper – Commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a maturity ranging from 1 to 270 days issued by banks, corporations and other borrowers. Such investments are unsecured and usually discounted. The Fund may invest in commercial paper rated A-1 or A-2 by Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) or Prime-1 or Prime-2 by Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), or, if not rated, issued by a corporation having an outstanding unsecured debt issue rated A or better by Moody’s or by S&P. See “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” for a description of commercial paper ratings.
Yankee Bonds – Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds issued inside the United States by foreign entities. Investments in these securities involve certain risks that are not typically associated with investing in domestic securities. See “Foreign Securities.”
Zero Coupon Bonds – These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. The Fund’s investments in pay-in-kind, delayed and zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its Fund securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
These securities may include treasury securities, such as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”), that have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities (i.e., unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
Terms to Understand:
Maturity – Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (principal) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (call dates). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
Mutual funds that invest in debt securities have no real maturity. Instead, they calculate their weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the effective or anticipated maturity of each debt security held by the mutual fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the mutual fund it represents.
Duration – Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or of a mutual fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. It measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years — the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
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An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities – The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
▪ | Interest Rates |
The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates (i.e., if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa).
▪ | Prepayment Risk |
This risk affects mainly mortgage-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. The Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of the Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of the Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund.
▪ | Extension Risk |
The other side of prepayment risk occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause the Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This would increase the sensitivity of the Fund to rising rates and its potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of U.S. government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
▪ | Credit Rating |
Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from comparable treasury securities.
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Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” Since an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called investment-grade because its issuer is more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, the Adviser may determine that it is of investment-grade. The Adviser may retain securities that are downgraded, if it believes that keeping those securities is warranted.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade (junk bonds) are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a junk bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, junk bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the junk bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of junk bonds and may cause the Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value junk bonds accurately.
Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. The Fund currently uses ratings compiled by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch, Inc. Credit ratings are only an agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk. The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
The Adviser may use ratings produced by ratings agencies as guidelines to determine the rating of a security at the time the Fund buys it. A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. The Adviser monitors the rating of the security and will take such action, if any, it believes appropriate when it learns that a rating agency has reduced the security’s rating. The Fund is not obligated to dispose of securities whose issuers subsequently are in default or which are downgraded below the above stated ratings.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus, the Fund may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Fund may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting itself from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, the Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Fund to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and is legally permissible, the Fund may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by the Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when the Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
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Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Fund is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. As a result, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the Adviser’s ability to implement the Fund’s investment strategies and may adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures – A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount. This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily net asset value, each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
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The Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options – An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When the Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). The Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
Call options are similar to put options, except that the Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. The Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. The Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When the Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when the Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, it may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
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The Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive the Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. The Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
The Fund is permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, the Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, the Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
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▪ | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap (“CDS”) gives the holder the right to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
The Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. The Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
The Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, the Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Fund may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Fund may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which it could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which the Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if the Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Fund could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
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▪ | Combined Positions |
The Fund may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, the Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, the Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts – A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect the Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. The Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
The Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
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Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
The Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, the Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities – The Fund may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Fund’s restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements – A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of the Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. The Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, the Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Fund will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Adviser believes that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Fund’s gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Fund may cover its current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
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▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that the Fund will be committed to pay.
▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to the Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
As with a traditional investment in a debt security, the Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if the Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. The Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
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▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the “breakeven inflation rate”) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by the Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Fund than if it had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to make or lose substantially more than it invested.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities the Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices – The Fund’s ability to hedge its securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities the Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Adviser will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior it expects to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Adviser’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, the Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
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Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Fund. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Fund’s foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity – Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, the Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, the Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Fund intends to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, the Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, the Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
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▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk – Successful use of derivatives by the Fund is subject to the ability of the Adviser to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the Adviser incorrectly predicts stock market and interest rate trends, the Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if the Fund were to write a call option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the Fund were to write a put option based on the Adviser’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Pricing Risk – At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if the Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin – Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to the Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, the Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. The Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage – The Fund’s use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Fund will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Fund does not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches that value, the Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation – The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Fund by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Fund trades. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Fund’s use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objectives. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
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Equity Securities
Equity Securities – Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, and securities convertible into common stock. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the net asset value of the Fund to fluctuate. The Fund purchases equity securities traded in the U.S. on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below.
Common Stocks – Common stocks represent units of ownership in a company. Common stocks usually carry voting rights and earn dividends. Unlike preferred stocks, which are described below, dividends on common stocks are not fixed but are declared at the discretion of the company’s board of directors.
Preferred Stocks – Like common stocks, preferred stocks are also units of ownership in a company. Preferred stocks also have certain debt-like characteristics. For example, preferred stocks normally have preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of the company. However, in all other respects, preferred stocks are subordinated to the liabilities of the issuer. Unlike common stocks, preferred stocks are generally not entitled to vote on corporate matters. Types of preferred stocks include adjustable-rate preferred stock, fixed dividend preferred stock, perpetual preferred stock, and sinking fund preferred stock. Generally, the market values of preferred stock with a fixed dividend rate and no conversion element varies inversely with interest rates and perceived credit risk.
Convertible Securities – Convertible securities are securities that may be exchanged for, converted into, or exercised to acquire a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s common stock at the Fund’s option during a specified time period (such as convertible preferred stocks, convertible debentures and warrants). A convertible security is generally a fixed income security that is senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure, but is usually subordinated to similar non-convertible securities. In exchange for the conversion feature, many corporations will pay a lower rate of interest on convertible securities than debt securities of the same corporation. In general, the market value of a convertible security is at least the higher of its “investment value” (i.e., its value as a fixed income security) or its “conversion value” (i.e. , its value upon conversion into its underlying common stock).
Convertible securities are subject to the same risks as similar securities without the convertible feature. The price of a convertible security is more volatile during times of steady interest rates than other types of debt securities. The price of a convertible security tends to increase as the market value of the underlying stock rises, whereas it tends to decrease as the market value of the underlying common stock declines.
A synthetic convertible security is a combination investment in which the Fund purchases both (i) high-grade cash equivalents or a high grade debt obligation of an issuer or U.S. government securities and (ii) call options or warrants on the common stock of the same or different issuer with some or all of the anticipated interest income from the associated debt obligation that is earned over the holding period of the option or warrant.
While providing a fixed income stream (generally higher in yield than the income derivable from common stock but lower than that afforded by a similar non-convertible security), a convertible security also affords an investor the opportunity, through its conversion feature, to participate in the capital appreciation attendant upon a market price advance in the convertible security’s underlying common stock. A synthetic convertible position has similar investment characteristics, but may differ with respect to credit quality, time to maturity, trading characteristics, and other factors. Because the Fund will create synthetic convertible positions only out of high grade fixed income securities, the credit rating associated with the Fund’s synthetic convertible investments is generally expected to be higher than that of the average convertible security, many of which are rated below high grade. However, because the options used to create synthetic convertible positions will generally have expirations between one-month and three years of the time of purchase, the maturity of these positions will generally be shorter than average for convertible securities. Since the option component of a convertible security or synthetic convertible position is a wasting asset (in the sense of losing “time value” as maturity approaches), a synthetic convertible position may lose such value more rapidly than a convertible security of longer maturity; however, the gain in option value due to appreciation of the underlying stock may exceed such time value loss, the market price of the option component generally reflects these differences in maturities, and the Adviser takes such differences into account when evaluating such positions. When a synthetic convertible position “matures” because of the expiration of the associated option, the Fund may extend the maturity by investing in a new option with longer maturity on the common stock of the same or different issuer. If the Fund does not so extend the maturity of a position, it may continue to hold the associated fixed income security.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”) – A REIT is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of the Code. The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs in which the Fund invests may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Fund invests may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent.
Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders.
In addition to these risks, Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts, while Mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. Further, Equity and Mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally may not be diversified. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Equity and Mortgage REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act. The above factors may also adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
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Rights and Warrants – A right is a privilege granted to existing shareholders of a corporation to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is issued. Rights normally have a short life, usually two to four weeks, are freely transferable and entitle the holder to buy the new common stock at a lower price than the public offering price. Warrants are securities that are usually issued together with a debt security or preferred stock and that give the holder the right to buy proportionate amount of common stock at a specified price. Warrants are freely transferable and are traded on major exchanges. Unlike rights, warrants normally have a life that is measured in years and entitles the holder to buy common stock of a company at a price that is usually higher than the market price at the time the warrant is issued. Corporations often issue warrants to make the accompanying debt security more attractive.
An investment in warrants and rights may entail greater risks than certain other types of investments. Generally, rights and warrants do not carry the right to receive dividends or exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. In addition, their value does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities, and they cease to have value if they are not exercised on or before their expiration date. Investing in rights and warrants increases the potential profit or loss to be realized from the investment as compared with investing the same amount in the underlying securities.
Risks of Investing in Equity Securities:
General Risks of Investing in Stocks – While investing in stocks allows investors to participate in the benefits of owning a company, such investors must accept the risks of ownership. Unlike bondholders, who have preference to a company’s earnings and cash flow, preferred stockholders, followed by common stockholders in order of priority, are entitled only to the residual amount after a company meets its other obligations. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects than its debt obligations. Stockholders of a company that fares poorly can lose money.
Stock markets tend to move in cycles with short or extended periods of rising and falling stock prices. The value of a company’s stock may fall because of:
▪ | Factors that directly relate to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services; |
▪ | Factors affecting an entire industry, such as increases in production costs; and |
▪ | Changes in financial market conditions that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates or inflation rates. |
Because preferred stock is generally junior to debt securities and other obligations of the issuer, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer will cause greater changes in the value of a preferred stock than in a more senior debt security with similar stated yield characteristics.
Small- and Medium-Sized Companies – Investors in small- and medium-sized companies typically take on greater risk and price volatility than they would by investing in larger, more established companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of their small or medium size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of management depth. The securities of small- and medium-sized companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and might not be traded in volumes typical of securities traded on a national securities exchange. Thus, the securities of small and medium capitalization companies are likely to be less liquid, and subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements, than securities of larger, more established companies.
Technology Companies – Stocks of technology companies have tended to be subject to greater volatility than securities of companies that are not dependent upon or associated with technological issues. Technology companies operate in various industries. Since these industries frequently share common characteristics, an event or issue affecting one industry may significantly influence other, related industries. For example, technology companies may be strongly affected by worldwide scientific or technological developments and their products and services may be subject to governmental regulation or adversely affected by governmental policies.
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Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”) – The Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities of companies offering shares in IPOs. IPOs may have a magnified performance impact on a fund with a small asset base. The Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time, which may increase the turnover of the Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses for the Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, the Fund may realize taxable gains it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for the Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Holders of IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
The Fund’s investment in IPO shares may include the securities of unseasoned companies (companies with less than three years of continuous operations), which presents risks considerably greater than common stocks of more established companies. These companies may have limited operating histories and their prospects for profitability may be uncertain. These companies may be involved in new and evolving businesses and may be vulnerable to competition and changes in technology, markets and economic conditions. They may be more dependent on key managers and third parties and may have limited product lines.
Foreign Securities
Types of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities are debt and equity securities that are traded in markets outside of the U.S. The markets in which these securities are located can be developed or emerging. The Fund can invest in foreign securities in a number of ways:
▪ | The Fund can invest directly in foreign securities denominated in a foreign currency; |
▪ | The Fund can invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and other similar global instruments; and |
▪ | The Fund can invest in investment funds. |
American Depositary Receipts – ADRs as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including EDRs and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. A custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country holds the underlying shares in trust. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. ADRs are subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. EDRs are similar to ADRs, except that they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies.
ADRs can be sponsored or unsponsored. While these types are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
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Emerging Markets – An “emerging market country” is generally a country that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank”) and the International Finance Corporation would consider to be an emerging or developing country. Typically, emerging markets are in countries that are in the process of industrialization, with lower gross national products (“GNP”) than more developed countries.
Investment Funds – Some emerging countries currently prohibit direct foreign investment in the securities of their companies. Certain emerging countries, however, permit indirect foreign investment in the securities of companies listed and traded on their stock exchanges through investment funds that they have specifically authorized. Investments in these investment funds are subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act. If the Fund invests in such investment funds, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund (including operating expenses and the fees of the Adviser), but also will indirectly bear similar expenses of the underlying investment funds. In addition, these investment funds may trade at a premium over their net asset value.
Risks of Foreign Securities:
Foreign securities, foreign currencies, and securities issued by U.S. entities with substantial foreign operations may involve significant risks in addition to the risks inherent in U.S. investments.
Political and Economic Factors – Local political, economic, regulatory, or social instability, military action or unrest, or adverse diplomatic developments may affect the value of foreign investments. Listed below are some of the more important political and economic factors that could negatively affect an investment in foreign securities:
▪ | The economies of foreign countries may differ from the economy of the United States in such areas as growth of GNP, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, budget deficits and national debt; |
▪ | Foreign governments sometimes participate to a significant degree, through ownership interests or regulation, in their respective economies. Actions by these governments could significantly influence the market prices of securities and payment of dividends; |
▪ | The economies of many foreign countries are dependent on international trade and their trading partners and they could be severely affected if their trading partners were to enact protective trade barriers and economic conditions; |
▪ | The internal policies of a particular foreign country may be less stable than in the United States. Other countries face significant external political risks, such as possible claims of sovereignty by other countries or tense and sometimes hostile border clashes; and |
▪ | A foreign government may act adversely to the interests of U.S. investors, including expropriation or nationalization of assets, confiscatory taxation and other restrictions on U.S. investment. A country may restrict or control foreign investments in its securities markets. These restrictions could limit the Fund’s ability to invest in a particular country or make it very expensive for the Fund to invest in that country. Some countries require prior governmental approval, limit the types or amount of securities or companies in which a foreigner can invest. Other countries may restrict the ability of foreign investors to repatriate their investment income and capital gains. |
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In June 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s investments.
Information and Supervision – There is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than companies based in the United States. For example, there are often no reports and ratings published about foreign companies comparable to the ones written about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are typically not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies. The lack of comparable information makes investment decisions concerning foreign companies more difficult and less reliable than those concerning domestic companies.
Stock Exchange and Market Risk – The Adviser anticipates that in most cases an exchange or over-the-counter market located outside of the United States will be the best available market for foreign securities. Foreign stock markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as the markets in the United States. Foreign stock markets tend to differ from those in the United States in a number of ways.
Foreign stock markets:
▪ | Are generally more volatile than, and not as developed or efficient as, those in the United States. |
▪ | Have substantially less volume. |
▪ | Trade securities that tend to be less liquid and experience rapid and erratic price movements. |
▪ | Have generally higher commissions and are subject to set minimum rates, as opposed to negotiated rates. |
▪ | Employ trading, settlement and custodial practices less developed than those in U.S. markets. |
▪ | May have different settlement practices, which may cause delays and increase the potential for failed settlements. |
Foreign markets may offer less protection to shareholders than U.S. markets because:
▪ | Foreign accounting, auditing, and financial reporting requirements may render a foreign corporate balance sheet more difficult to understand and interpret than one subject to U.S. law and standards. |
▪ | Adequate public information on foreign issuers may not be available, and it may be difficult to secure dividends and information regarding corporate actions on a timely basis. |
▪ | In general, there is less overall governmental supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. |
▪ | Over-the-counter markets tend to be less regulated than stock exchange markets and, in certain countries, may be totally unregulated. |
▪ | Economic or political concerns may influence regulatory enforcement and may make it difficult for shareholders to enforce their legal rights. |
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▪ | Restrictions on transferring securities within the United States or to U.S. persons may make a particular security less liquid than foreign securities of the same class that are not subject to such restrictions. |
Foreign Currency Risk – While the Fund denominates its net asset value in U.S. dollars, the securities of foreign companies are frequently denominated in foreign currencies. Thus, a change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in value of securities denominated in that currency. Some of the factors that may impair the investments denominated in a foreign currency are:
▪ | It may be expensive to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and vice versa; |
▪ | Complex political and economic factors may significantly affect the values of various currencies, including U.S. dollars, and their exchange rates; |
▪ | Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces; |
▪ | There may be no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies or regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis; |
▪ | Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the inter-bank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable; and |
▪ | The inter-bank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that a market is closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, certain markets may not always reflect significant price and rate movements. |
Taxes – Certain foreign governments levy withholding taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries it is possible for the Fund to recover a portion of these taxes, the portion that cannot be recovered will reduce the income the Fund receives from its investments.
Emerging Markets – Investing in emerging markets may magnify the risks of foreign investing. Security prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than those in more developed markets, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may:
▪ | Have relatively unstable governments; |
▪ | Present greater risks of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership and prohibitions on the repatriation of assets; |
▪ | Offer less protection of property rights than more developed countries; and |
▪ | Have economies that are based on only a few industries, may be highly vulnerable to changes in local or global trade conditions, and may suffer from extreme and volatile debt burdens or inflation rates. |
Local securities markets may trade a small number of securities and may be unable to respond effectively to increases in trading volume, potentially making prompt liquidation of holdings difficult or impossible at times.
Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”)
The Fund may invest in ETFs. ETFs may be structured as investment companies that are registered under the 1940 Act, typically as open-end funds or unit investment trusts. These ETFs are generally based on specific domestic and foreign market securities indices. An “index-based ETF” seeks to track the performance of an index by holding in its portfolio either the contents of the index or a representative sample of the securities in the index. Alternatively, ETFs may be structured as grantor trusts or other forms of pooled investment vehicles that are not registered or regulated under the 1940 Act. These ETFs typically hold commodities, precious metals, currency or other non-securities investments. ETFs, like mutual funds, have expenses associated with their operation, such as advisory and custody fees. When the Fund invests in an ETF, in addition to directly bearing expenses associated with its own operations, including the brokerage costs associated with the purchase and sale of shares of the ETF, the Fund will bear a pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses. In addition, it may be more costly to own an ETF than to directly own the securities or other investments held by the ETF because of ETF expenses. The risks of owning shares of an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the underlying securities or other investments held by the ETF, although lack of liquidity in the market for the shares of an ETF could result in the ETF’s value being more volatile than the underlying securities or other investments.
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Investment Company Shares
The Fund may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Fund. The Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in all investment companies combined, including its ETF investments.
For hedging or other purposes, the Fund may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange-Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the SEC to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Fund may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Fund otherwise complies with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Fund follows certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the Adviser. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the Adviser monitors compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians. It is the current policy of the Fund, not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by the Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s total assets. The investments of the Fund in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the Adviser, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
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Reverse Repurchase Agreements
Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which the Fund sells portfolio securities to financial institutions, such as banks and broker-dealers, and agrees to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon date and price that is higher than the original sale price. Reverse repurchase agreements are similar to a fully collateralized borrowing by the Fund. At the time the Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will earmark on the books of the Fund or place in a segregated account cash or liquid securities having a value equal to the repurchase price (including accrued interest) and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve risks. Reverse repurchase agreements are a form of leverage, and the use of reverse repurchase agreements by the Fund may increase the Fund’s volatility. Reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to the risk that the other party to the reverse repurchase agreement will be unable or unwilling to complete the transaction as scheduled, which may result in losses to the Fund. Reverse repurchase agreements also involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by the Fund may decline below the price at which it is obligated to repurchase the securities. In addition, when the Fund invests the proceeds it receives in a reverse repurchase transaction, there is a risk that those investments may decline in value. In this circumstance, the Fund could be required to sell other investments in order to meet its obligations to repurchase the securities.
Restricted and Illiquid Investments
While the Fund does not anticipate doing so, the Fund may purchase illiquid investments, including investments that are not readily marketable and investments that are not registered (“restricted securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. The Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. Illiquid investments are investments the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the value of the investment.
Illiquid investments may include a wide variety of investments, such as repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, OTC options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements), fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or do not provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits), participation interests in loans, commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act, and investments whose disposition is restricted under the federal securities laws. Illiquid investments include restricted, privately placed securities that, under the federal securities laws, generally may be resold only to qualified institutional buyers. If a substantial market develops for a restricted security (or other illiquid investment) held by the Fund, it may be treated as a liquid investment, in accordance with procedures and guidelines approved by the Board.
Securities Lending
The Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other financial organizations that meet capital and other credit requirements or other criteria established by the Board. These loans, if and when made, may not exceed 33 1/3% of the total asset value of the Fund (including the loan collateral). The Fund will not lend portfolio securities to the Adviser or its affiliates unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder. Loans of portfolio securities will be fully collateralized by cash, letters of credit or U.S. government securities, and the collateral will be maintained in an amount equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities by marking to market daily. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund.
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The Fund may pay a part of the interest earned from the investment of collateral, or other fee, to an unaffiliated third party for acting as the Fund’s securities lending agent, but will bear all of any losses from the investment of collateral.
By lending its securities, the Fund may increase its income by receiving payments from the borrower that reflect the amount of any interest or any dividends payable on the loaned securities as well as by either investing cash collateral received from the borrower in short-term instruments or obtaining a fee from the borrower when U.S. government securities or letters of credit are used as collateral. Investing cash collateral subjects the Fund to market risk. The Fund remains obligated to return all collateral to the borrower under the terms of its securities lending arrangements, even if the value of investments made with the collateral decline. Accordingly, if the value of a security in which the cash collateral has been invested declines, the loss would be borne by the Fund, and the Fund may be required to liquidate other investments in order to return collateral to the borrower at the end of the loan. The Fund will adhere to the following conditions whenever its portfolio securities are loaned: (i) the Fund must receive at least 100% cash collateral or equivalent securities of the type discussed above from the borrower; (ii) the borrower must increase such collateral whenever the market value of the securities rises above the level of such collateral; (iii) the Fund must be able to terminate the loan on demand; (iv) the Fund must receive reasonable interest on the loan, as well as any dividends, interest or other distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in market value; (v) the Fund may pay only reasonable fees in connection with the loan (which fees may include fees payable to the lending agent, the borrower, the Fund’s administrator and the custodian); and (vi) voting rights on the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, provided, however, that if a material event adversely affecting the investment occurs, the Fund must terminate the loan and regain the right to vote the securities. The Board has adopted procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the foregoing criteria will be met. Loan agreements involve certain risks in the event of default or insolvency of the borrower, including possible delays or restrictions upon the Fund’s ability to recover the loaned securities or dispose of the collateral for the loan, which could give rise to loss because of adverse market action, expenses and/or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.
Short Sales
Description of Short Sales:
Selling a security short is when an investor sells a security it does not own. To sell a security short an investor must borrow the security from someone else to deliver to the buyer. The investor then replaces the security it borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or before the time of replacement. Until it replaces the security, the investor repays the person that lent it the security for any interest or dividends that may have accrued during the period of the loan.
Investors typically sell securities short to:
▪ | Take advantage of an anticipated decline in prices. |
▪ | Protect a profit in a security it already owns. |
The Fund can lose money if the price of a security it sold short increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. Likewise, the Fund can profit if the price of the security sold short declines between those dates. Because the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could also be subject to a theoretically unlimited loss.
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To borrow the security, the Fund may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The Fund will also incur transaction costs in effecting short sales. The Fund’s gains and losses will be decreased or increased, as the case may be, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest, or expenses the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale.
The broker will retain the net proceeds of the short sale, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Short Sales Against the Box:
In addition, the Fund may engage in short sales “against the box.” In a short sale against the box, the Fund agrees to sell at a future date a security that it either currently owns or has the right to acquire at no extra cost. The Fund will incur transaction costs to open, maintain and close short sales against the box. For tax purposes, a short sale against the box may be a taxable event to the Fund.
Restrictions on Short Sales:
The Fund will not short sell a security if:
▪ | After giving effect to such short sale, the total market value of all securities sold short would exceed 25% of the value of the Fund’s net assets. |
▪ | The market value of the securities of any single issuer that have been sold short by the Fund would exceed two percent (2%) of the value of the Fund’s net assets. |
▪ | The size of the Fund’s short interest in any security would constitute more than two percent (2%) of any class of the issuer’s securities. |
Whenever the Fund sells a security short, the Fund segregates an amount of cash or liquid securities equal to the difference between (a) the current market value of the securities sold short and (b) any cash or U.S. government securities the Fund is required to deposit with the broker in connection with the short sale (not including the proceeds from the short sale). The segregated assets are marked to market daily in an attempt to ensure that the amount deposited in the segregated account plus the amount deposited with the broker is at least equal to the current market value of the securities.
When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery and Forward-Delivery Transactions
A when-issued security is one whose terms are available and for which a market exists, but which has not been issued. In a forward-delivery transaction, the Fund contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. “Delayed-delivery” refers to securities transactions on the secondary market where settlement occurs in the future. In each of these transactions, the parties fix the payment obligation and the interest rate that they will receive on the securities at the time the parties enter the commitment; however, they do not pay money or deliver securities until a later date. Typically, no income accrues on securities the Fund has committed to purchase before the securities are delivered, although the Fund may earn income on securities it has in a segregated account to cover its position. The Fund will only enter into these types of transactions with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date.
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The Fund uses when-issued, delayed-delivery and forward-delivery transactions to secure what it considers an advantageous price and yield at the time of purchase. When the Fund engages in when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions, it relies on the other party to consummate the sale. If the other party fails to complete the sale, the Fund may miss the opportunity to obtain the security at a favorable price or yield.
When purchasing a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-delivery basis, the Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield changes. At the time of settlement, the market value of the security may be more or less than the purchase price. The yield available in the market when the delivery takes place also may be higher than those obtained in the transaction itself. Because the Fund does not pay for the security until the delivery date, these risks are in addition to the risks associated with its other investments.
The Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities equal in value to commitments for the when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward-delivery transactions. The Fund will segregate additional liquid assets daily so that the value of such assets is equal to the amount of its commitments.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks
As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Fund, and its service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Fund and its service providers use to service the Fund’s operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Fund and its service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Fund or the Adviser, the Fund’s distributor, custodian, or any other of the Fund’s intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Fund’s ability to calculate its net asset value, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Fund to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Fund may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Fund may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Fund’s investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Fund, the Fund’s service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Fund invests will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
INVESTMENT POLICIES OF THE FUND
Fundamental Policies
The following investment policies are fundamental, which means that the Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less. Unless otherwise noted, the Fund will determine compliance with the investment limitation percentages below (with the exception of a limitation relating to borrowing) and other applicable investment requirements immediately after and as a result of its acquisition of such security or other asset. Accordingly, the Fund generally will not consider changes in values, net assets or other circumstances when determining whether the investment complies with its investment limitations.
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The Fund will not:
1. | Make any investment inconsistent with its classification as a diversified series of an open-end investment company under the 1940 Act. This restriction does not, however, apply when the Fund is classified as a non-diversified series of an open-end investment company under the 1940 Act. |
2. | Borrow money, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Fund’s prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. |
3. | Issue senior securities, except to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction. |
4. | Underwrite securities of other issuers, except insofar as the Fund may technically be deemed to be an underwriter under the 1933 Act in connection with the purchase or sale of its portfolio securities. |
5. | Concentrate its investments in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities). |
6. | Purchase or sell real estate, except (1) to the extent permitted by applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction, (2) that the Fund may invest in securities of issuers that deal or invest in real estate and (3) that the Fund may purchase securities secured by real estate or interests therein. |
7. | Purchase or sell commodities or contracts on commodities except that the Fund may engage in financial futures contracts and related options and currency contracts and related options and may otherwise do so in accordance with applicable law and without registering as a commodity pool operator under the Commodity Exchange Act. |
8. | Make loans to other persons, except that the Fund may lend its portfolio securities in accordance with applicable law, as amended and interpreted or modified from time to time by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction and the guidelines set forth in the Fund’s prospectus and SAI as they may be amended from time to time. The acquisition of investment securities or other investment instruments shall not be deemed to be the making of a loan. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
In addition to the Fund’s investment objective, the following investment limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The Fund may:
1. | Not purchase securities of any issuer (except securities of other investment companies, securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities) if, as a result, more than 5% of the total assets of the Fund would be invested in the securities of such issuer; or acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. This restriction applies to 75% of the Fund’s total assets. |
2. | Not borrow money, except that (1) the Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the 1940 Act) or enter into reverse repurchase agreements, in amounts up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (2) the Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (3) the Fund may obtain such short-term credit as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, and (4) the Fund may purchase securities on margin and engage in short sales to the extent permitted by applicable law. |
Notwithstanding the investment restrictions above, the Fund may not borrow amounts in excess of 33 1 / 3 % of its total assets, taken at market value, and then only from banks as a temporary measure for extraordinary or emergency purposes such as the redemption of Fund shares. The Fund will not purchase securities while borrowings are outstanding except to exercise prior commitments and to exercise subscription rights.
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3. | Purchase and sell currencies or securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward-commitment basis. |
4. | Purchase and sell foreign currency, purchase options on foreign currency and foreign currency exchange contracts. |
5. | Invest in the securities of foreign issuers. |
6. | Purchase shares of other investment companies to the extent permitted by applicable law. The Fund may, notwithstanding any fundamental policy or other limitation, invest all of its investable assets in securities of a single open-end management investment company with substantially the same investment objectives, policies and limitations. |
The 1940 Act currently permits the Fund to invest up to 10% of its total assets in the securities of other investment companies. However, the Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one investment company or acquire more than 3% of the outstanding securities of any one investment company, unless permissible under the 1940 Act and the rules and promulgations thereunder.
7. | Write covered call options and may buy and sell put and call options. |
8. | Enter into repurchase agreements. |
9. | Lend portfolio securities to registered broker-dealers or other institutional shareholders. These loans may not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Fund’s total assets taken at market value. In addition, the Fund must receive at least 100% collateral. |
10. | Sell securities short and engage in short sales “against the box.” |
11. | Enter into swap transactions. |
Further,
12. | The Fund may not change its investment strategy to invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of companies that are relatively large in terms of revenues and assets, and a market capitalization that exceeds $3 billion at time of purchases without 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. |
The foregoing percentages apply at the time of purchase.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
Investment Adviser. Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC, a Delaware limited liability company located at 6641 W. Broad Street, Suite 600, Richmond, Virginia 23230, serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. The Adviser manages and supervises the investment of the Fund’s assets on a discretionary basis. The Adviser has provided investment management services to corporations, pensions and profit-sharing plans, 401(k) and thrift plans, trusts, estates and other institutions and individuals since 1970. In 1984, the Adviser became a wholly-owned subsidiary of United Asset Management Corporation, which was in turn purchased by London-based global financial services company Old Mutual plc in 2000. Today, the Adviser is an indirect subsidiary of BrightSphere Investment Group plc, a NYSE listed company. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had discretionary management authority with respect to approximately $19.8 billion in assets under management.
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Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement dated June 24, 2002, as amended (the “Advisory Agreement”), with respect to the Fund. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as investment adviser and makes the investment decisions for the Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment program of the Fund, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Board.
After the initial two year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser or, by the Adviser, on 90 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate of 0.75% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
The Adviser has voluntarily agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.20% of the average daily net assets of the Fund. The Adviser intends to continue its fee reductions and expense limitations until further notice, but may discontinue them at any time. Prior to November 1, 2016, the Adviser had voluntarily agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to keep total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) from exceeding 1.50% of the average daily net assets of the Fund.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the Adviser the following advisory fees:
Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived by the Adviser | Total Fees Paid to the Adviser (After Waivers) | ||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$320,063 | $308,480 | $306,986 | $49,972 | $177,895 | $195,446 | $270,091 | $130,585 | $111,540 |
This section includes information about the Fund’s portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
Compensation. The Adviser compensates the Fund’s portfolio managers for their management of the Fund. The Adviser’s compensation strategy is to provide competitive base salaries commensurate with an individual’s responsibility and provide incentive bonus awards that may significantly exceed base salary. Annually, the TSW Compensation Committee is responsible for determining the discretionary bonuses, utilizing an analytical and qualitative assessment process. While it is not a formulaic decision, factors used to determine compensation are commitment to the Adviser’s core values (focus, integrity, teamwork and excellence), long-term performance, the product’s strategic position in the overall success of the Adviser, and support of marketing/client service commitments. Key associates may be awarded cash bonuses, deferred cash bonuses, and deferred TSW equity grants. All qualified employees participate in the Adviser’s Employees’ Retirement Plan.
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Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares Owned 1 |
Brett P. Hawkins, CFA | $1 - $10,000 |
Bryan F. Durand, CFA | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Fund, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The Adviser manages most products on a team basis. The numbers reflected in the table reflect the assignments of all managers on the product team to the total number of accounts and assets managed. The information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
1 | Includes 1 account with assets under management of $12.0 million that is subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers’ management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as the Fund. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby the portfolio managers could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio managers’ knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby a portfolio manager could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of the Fund. However, the Adviser has established policies and procedures to ensure that the purchase and sale of securities among all accounts it manages are fairly and equitably allocated.
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
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The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Fund, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following amounts for these services:
Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$125,344 | $125,002 | $125,002 |
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”). The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Payments by the Fund. The Fund may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Fund may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Fund, its service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Fund and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Fund, the Distributor or shareholders of the Fund through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Fund in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Fund; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
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The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Fund by financial intermediaries customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 West 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Fund’s transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
MUFG Union Bank, N.A., 350 California Street, 6 th Floor, San Francisco, California 94104 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Fund. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Fund as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
BBD, LLP, 1835 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference have been audited by BBD, LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
The Fund did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
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TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Fund described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
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From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
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Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018.
|
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018) |
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager - Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President - Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Fund as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
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Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
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Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Fund as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
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Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies) 1,2 |
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | None | None |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Fund is the only fund in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year.
Name |
Aggregate Compensation from the Trust |
Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation from the Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
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Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie (Born: 1965) |
President (since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors (Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
Dianne M. Descoteaux (Born: 1977) |
Vice President and Secretary (since 2011) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2010. Associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, from 2006 to 2010. |
Russell Emery (Born: 1962) |
Chief Compliance Officer (since 2006) |
Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP from 2007 to 2013. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
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Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Matthew M. Maher (Born: 1975) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2018) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2018. Attorney, Blank Rome LLP, from 2015 to 2018. Assistant Counsel & Vice President, Bank of New York Mellon, from 2013 to 2014. Attorney, Dilworth Paxson LLP, from 2006 to 2013. |
Robert Morrow (Born: 1968) |
Vice President (since 2017) |
Account Manager, SEI Investments, since 2007. |
Bridget E. Sudall (Born: 1980) |
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and Privacy Officer (since 2015) |
Senior Associate and AML Officer, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2011 to 2015. Investor Services Team Lead, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2007 to 2011. |
PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Fund are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all of the funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which disposal or valuation of the Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Fund for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Fund adheres to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities . Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
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Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Fund generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Fund will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Fund will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Fund calculates net asset value, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which the Fund calculates its net asset value. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value the Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Fund are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Fund are valued at fair value.
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Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Fund calculates net asset value. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) made significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and only apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that it timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
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Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed.
If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC.
The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. The Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.
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Distributions to Shareholders. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Fund will be eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. Distributions by the Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund’s assets before it calculates the net asset value) with respect to such dividend, (ii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in the Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Fund receives from an ETF or underlying fund taxable as a RIC or a REIT will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such ETF, underlying fund or REIT.
Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, the Fund’s distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation.
To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
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A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the net asset value of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the net asset value of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of its tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held your shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale of shares of the Fund).
The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012, and sold on or after that date. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit Fund shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. The requirement to report only the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares continues to apply to all Fund shares acquired through December 31, 2011, and sold on and after that date. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities. These investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
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The Fund may invest in REITs. Investments in REIT equity securities may require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. The Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to the Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to the Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Fund may rely, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which the Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, the Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
If the Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs,” the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. The Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
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Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, the Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If the Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If the Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by such Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in the Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Fund.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”); (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC; or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisors about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.
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Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold, at a rate of 24%, and remit to the United States Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
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State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that the Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by the Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Fund will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Fund executes transactions in the over-the-counter market, it will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
In addition, the Adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including the Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or the Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the Adviser that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Aggregate Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
$31,524 | $17,799 | $26,401 |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, the Adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the Adviser. The Adviser may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
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Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits the Adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Fund to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, the Adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the Adviser believes that access to independent investment research is beneficial to its investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Fund.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the Adviser might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. The Adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used in connection with the account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the Adviser will be in addition to, and not in lieu of, the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the Adviser are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
In some cases the Adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the Adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the Adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the Adviser faces a potential conflict of interest, but the Adviser believes that its allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it appropriately allocates the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
From time to time, the Adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Fund, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the Adviser with research services. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to the Adviser:
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
$10,621 | $46,853,521 |
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Fund may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Fund or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Fund for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Fund, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Fund is required to identify any securities of its “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that the Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Fund held the following securities of its “regular brokers and dealers”:
Name of Issuer | Type of Security | Dollar Amount at Fiscal Year End (000) |
Bank of America | Equity | $880 |
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. The Fund may at times hold investments in short-term instruments, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the portfolio turnover rates for the Fund were as follows:
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 |
40% | 60% |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Fund’s Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund, the Adviser, or the principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer to authorize the release of the Fund’s portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, either directly or through reports by the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Fund is required to disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31). The Fund discloses a complete or summary schedule of investments (which includes the Fund’s 50 largest holdings in unaffiliated issuers and each investment in unaffiliated issuers that exceeds one percent of the Fund’s net asset value (“Summary Schedule”)) in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. The Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters is available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and the Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters, is available in Shareholder Reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
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Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Should the Fund include only a Summary Schedule rather than a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Shareholder Reports, its complete schedule of investments will be available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-4TSW-FUN. In addition, the Fund generally publishes a complete list of its portfolio holdings on a monthly basis, as of the end of the previous month. For example, the Fund’s investments as of the end of January would ordinarily be published at the end of February. The Fund also publishes a list of its ten largest portfolio holdings, and the percentage of the Fund’s assets that each of these holdings represents, on a monthly basis, ten (10) days after the end of the month. The portfolio information described above can be found on the internet at http://aicfundholdings.com/tsw. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of the Fund’s portfolio holdings from publication when deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund.
In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator or Transfer Agent, in connection with their services to the Fund. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Fund. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of the Fund’s portfolio along with related performance attribution statistics. The lag time for such disclosures will vary. The Fund believes that these third parties have legitimate objectives in requesting such portfolio holdings information.
The Fund’s policies and procedures provide that the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders and that to the extent conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders and those of the Fund’s Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund exists, such conflicts are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The disclosures will not be made sooner than three days after the date of the information. The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, the Fund requires any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank the Fund, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation, depending on the recipient of the information.
The Fund’s policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Fund, Adviser and its affiliates or recipients of the Fund’s portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of the Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of the Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of the Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
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The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund. Each share of a fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Board may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Fund to the Adviser. The Adviser will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Fund’s complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-866-4TSW-FUN; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics (each a “Code of Ethics” and together the “Codes of Ethics”) apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by access persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. The Codes of Ethics further require certain access persons to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings and limited offerings. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
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PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of the shares of the Fund. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the persons listed below in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of the Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling the Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
Name and Address | % of Fund |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC REINVEST ACCOUNT ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104-4151
|
83.23% |
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
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Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
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Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;
The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and
The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.
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An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
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D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
* | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
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Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
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For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
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Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
A- 8
APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
PROXY VOTING POLICY
Policy
TSW has a fiduciary responsibility to its clients for voting proxies, where authorized, for portfolio securities, domestic and foreign, consistent with the best economic interests of its clients. TSW maintains written policies and procedures as to the handling, research, voting and reporting of proxy voting and makes appropriate disclosures about our Firm’s proxy voting policies and practices in Form ADV Part 2A. In addition, we review our policies and practices no less than annually for adequacy; to make sure they have been implemented effectively, and to make sure they continue to be reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interests of our clients. Our policy and practice includes the responsibility to monitor corporate actions and potential conflicts of interest, receive and vote client proxies, and make information available to clients about the voting of proxies for their portfolio securities while maintaining relevant and required records.
Background
Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders, and reasonable care and diligence should be undertaken to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised.
Investment advisers registered with the SEC, and which exercise voting authority with respect to client securities, are required by Rule 206(4)-6 of the Advisers Act to (a) adopt and implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that client securities are voted in the best interests of clients, which should include how an adviser addresses material conflicts that may arise between an adviser's interests and those of its clients; (b) disclose to clients how they may obtain information from the adviser with respect to the voting of proxies for their securities; (c) describe to clients a summary of its proxy voting policies and procedures and, upon request, furnish a copy to its clients; and (d) maintain certain records relating to the adviser's proxy voting activities when the adviser does have proxy voting authority.
A related companion release by the SEC also adopted rule and form amendments under the Securities Act and Investment Company Act similar to the above which TSW complies with when acting as a sub-adviser to a mutual fund.
Responsibility
TSW’s Compliance Officer (Proxy Coordinator) has the responsibility for the organization and monitoring of our proxy voting policy, practices, and recordkeeping. Implementation and disclosure, including outlining our voting guidelines in our procedures, is the responsibility of the CCO and Director of Operations. TSW has retained the services of a third-party provider, Institutional Shareholder Services, Inc. (“ISS”) to assist with the proxy process. ISS is a Registered Investment Adviser under the Advisers Act. It is a leading provider of proxy voting and corporate governance services. ISS provides TSW proxy proposal research and voting recommendations and votes accounts on TSW’s behalf under the guidance of ISS’s standard voting guidelines. Those guidelines cover the following areas:
B- 1
• | Operational Issues |
• | Board of Directors |
• | Proxy Contests |
• | Anti-takeover Defenses and Voting Related Issues |
• | Mergers and Corporate Restructurings |
• | State of Incorporation |
• | Capital Structure |
• | Executive & Director Compensation |
▪ | Equity Compensation Plans |
▪ | Specific Treatment of Certain Award Types in Equity Plan Evaluations |
▪ | Other Compensation Proposals & Policies |
▪ | Shareholder Proposals on Compensation |
• | Corporate Responsibility |
▪ | Consumer Issues and Public Safety |
▪ | Environment and Energy |
▪ | General Corporate Issues |
▪ | Labor Standards and Human Rights |
▪ | Military Business |
▪ | Workplace Diversity |
• | Mutual Fund Proxies |
TSW’s Proxy Coordinator is responsible for monitoring ISS’s voting procedures on an ongoing basis. TSW’s general procedure regarding the voting of proxies is as follows:
Procedure
TSW has adopted various procedures and internal controls to review, monitor and ensure the Firm’s Proxy Voting policy is observed, implemented properly and amended or updated, as appropriate, which include the following:
Voting Procedures
• | Upon timely receipt of proxy materials, ISS will automatically release vote instructions on client’s behalf as soon as custom research is completed. TSW retains authority to override the votes (before cut-off date) if TSW disagrees with the vote recommendation. |
• | The Proxy Coordinator will monitor the voting process at ISS via ISS Proxy Exchange website (ISS’s online voting and research platform). Records of which accounts are voted, how accounts are voted, and how many shares are voted are kept electronically with ISS. |
B- 2
• | For proxies not received at ISS, TSW and ISS will make a best effort attempt to receive ballots from the clients’ custodian. |
• | TSW will be responsible for account maintenance - opening and closing of accounts, transmission of holdings and account environment monitoring. ISS will email TSW Compliance personnel to get approval when closing an account. |
• | The Manager of Research Operations (“MRO” and proxy oversight representative) will keep abreast of any critical or exceptional events or events qualifying as a conflict of interest via ISS Proxy Exchange website and email. TSW has the ability to override vote instructions, and the MRO will consult with TSW’s Investment Policy Committee or product managers in these types of situations. |
All domestic and foreign security proxies are voted solely in the best interest of clients on a best efforts basis. Proactive communication takes place via regular meetings with ISS’s Client Relations team.
Disclosure
TSW will provide conspicuously displayed information in its Disclosure Document summarizing this Proxy Voting policy, including a statement that clients may request information regarding how TSW voted a client’s proxies, and that clients may request a copy of these policies and procedures.
See ADV Part 2A - Item 17- Voting Client Securities
Client Requests for Information
• | All client requests for information regarding proxy votes, or policies and procedures, received by any associate should be forwarded to the Proxy Coordinator. |
• | In response to any request, the Proxy Coordinator will prepare a written response to the client with the information requested, and as applicable, will include the name of the issuer, the proposal voted upon, and how TSW voted the client’s proxy with respect to each proposal about which the client inquired. |
Voting Guidelines
• | TSW has a fiduciary responsibility under ERISA to vote ERISA Plan proxies unless the Plan directs otherwise. TSW will vote proxies when directed by non-ERISA clients. In the absence of specific voting guidelines from the client and upon timely receipt of proxy materials from the custodian, TSW will vote proxies in the best interests of each particular client according to the recommended election of ISS. ISS’s policy is to vote all proxies from a specific issuer the same way for each client, absent qualifying restrictions from a client. Clients are permitted to place reasonable restrictions on TSW's voting authority in the same manner that they may place such restrictions on the actual selection of account securities. |
B- 3
• | ISS will generally vote in favor of routine corporate housekeeping proposals such as the election of directors and selection of auditors absent conflicts of interest raised by auditors' non-audit services. |
• | ISS will generally vote against proposals that cause board members to become entrenched, reduce shareholder control over management or in some way diminish shareholders’ present or future value. |
• | In reviewing proposals, ISS will further consider the opinion of management and the effect on management, and the effect on shareholder value and the issuer’s business practices. |
• | A complete summary of ISS’s US and International voting guidelines is available at: http:// www.issgovernance.com/policy |
Forensic Testing Procedures
• | No less than quarterly, TSW will review the ISS Proxy Exchange list of accounts voted to ensure all appropriate accounts are being voted. This will be performed by the Proxy Coordinator. |
Conflicts of Interest
• | TSW will identify any conflicts that exist between the interests of the adviser and each client by reviewing the relationship of TSW with the issuer of each security to determine if TSW or any of its associates has any financial, business or personal relationship with the issuer. |
• | If a material conflict of interest exists, the Proxy Coordinator will instruct ISS to vote using ISS’s standard policy guidelines which are derived independently from TSW. |
• | TSW will maintain a record of the voting resolution of any conflict of interest. |
• | ISS also maintains a Conflicts Policy which indicates how they address any potential conflicts of interest and is available at: http://www.issgovernance.com/compliance/due-diligence-materials |
Practical Limitations Relating to Proxy Voting
TSW makes a best effort to vote proxies. In certain circumstances, it may be impractical or impossible for TSW to do so. Identifiable circumstances include:
• | Limited Value: Where TSW has concluded that to do so would have no identifiable economic benefit to the client-shareholder; |
• | Unjustifiable Cost: When the costs of or disadvantages resulting from voting, in TSW’s judgment, outweigh the economic benefits of voting; |
B- 4
• | Securities Lending: If securities are on loan at the record date, the client lending the security cannot vote the proxy. Because TSW generally is not aware of when a security may be on loan, it may not have the opportunity to recall the security prior to the record date; and |
• | Failure to receive proxy statements: TSW may not be able to vote proxies in connection with certain holdings, most frequently for foreign securities, if it does not receive the account’s proxy statement in time to vote the proxy. |
Recordkeeping
TSW and/or ISS shall retain the following proxy records in accordance with the SEC’s five-year retention requirement:
• | These policies and procedures and any amendments; |
• | Each proxy statement that ISS receives; |
• | A record of each vote that ISS casts on behalf of TSW; |
• | Any document ISS created that was material to making a decision regarding how to vote proxies, or that memorializes that decision; and |
• | A copy of each written request from a client for information on how ISS voted such client’s proxies, and a copy of any written response. |
Due Diligence and Error Procedures
TSW will periodically perform due diligence on ISS, focusing on the following areas:
• | Adequacy of ISS’s staffing and personnel; |
• | Adequacy/robustness of ISS’s P&P and review of their P&P for conflict issues; |
• | Review of any specific conflicts ISS may have with regard to TSW; |
• | Review of ISS for any business changes that may affect services provided to TSW; and |
• | Review quarterly reporting package provided by ISS and enhance this package as necessary for any additional information that is needed. |
TSW will take the following steps should there ever be an issue/error that occurs with regard to its proxy voting responsibilities:
• | Follow up with ISS to determine the cause of and the details surrounding the issue; |
B- 5
• | Report back to the affected client immediately with such details and how the issue will be resolved; |
• | Put additional controls in place if necessary to prevent such issues from occurring in the future; and |
• | Report back to the affected client with the final resolution and any remedial steps. |
B- 6
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund
Ticker Symbol: WWLAX
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund
Ticker Symbol: WWIAX
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund
Ticker Symbol: WWEAX
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund
Ticker Symbol: WSDAX
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund
Ticker Symbol:
A Class Shares Prospectus
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Westwood Management Corp.
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of a Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from a Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with a Fund, you can inform a Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all Westwood Funds if you invest directly with a Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus |
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about each Fund, please see:
Page |
||
Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation |
||
Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers | Appendix A |
A Class Shares of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund are currently not available for purchase.
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund |
The investment objective of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold A Class Shares of the Fund. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in the Fund. More information about these and other discounts is available (i) from your financial professional and (ii) in the section “Sales Charges” on page 55 of this Prospectus. Investors investing in the Fund through an intermediary should consult Appendix A - Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers, which includes information regarding broker-defined sales charges and related discount and/or waiver policies that apply to purchases through certain intermediaries.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) |
5.00% |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of net asset value) |
None |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Reinvested Dividends and Other Distributions (as a percentage of offering price) |
None |
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if applicable) |
None |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Management Fees 1 |
0.60% |
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.12% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.97% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(0.07)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.90% |
1 | Management Fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
2 | Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for A Class Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.90% of the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The |
1
Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$587 |
$787 |
$1,003 |
$1,624 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 49% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in common stocks and other equity securities of large capitalization companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers large capitalization companies to be companies that have market capitalizations of greater than $5 billion at the time of initial purchase. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks, but may also include shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), royalty trusts, and master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). The Fund generally invests in equity securities of domestic companies, but may also invest in equity securities of foreign companies and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). In the event that the Fund invests in foreign securities and ADRs, the Adviser expects that the Fund’s investments in such securities would normally represent less than 25% of the Fund’s assets.
The Fund invests in approximately 40-60 securities that are well diversified among market sectors. The Adviser utilizes a value style of investing and selects securities for the Fund that it believes are currently undervalued in the market and offer an attractive opportunity for price appreciation coupled with downside risk limitation. Key metrics for evaluating the risk/return profile of an investment may include strong free cash flow, an improving return on equity, a strengthening balance sheet and, in the case of common equities, positive earnings surprises without a corresponding change in the stock price. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching a predetermined price target or a change to a company’s fundamentals that negatively impacts the original investment thesis. The Adviser will not necessarily sell a security that has depreciated below the stated market capitalization defined above.
2
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or its prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Royalty Trust Risk – The Fund may invest in royalty trusts. A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields. The Fund’s investment in royalty trusts may result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the royalty trusts’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Royalty trust operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in the Prospectus.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in a MLP than investors in a corporation. For example, investors in MLPs may have
3
limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in A Class Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s A Class Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. The bar chart figures do not include sales charges that may have been paid when investors bought and sold A Class Shares of the Fund. If sales charges were included, the returns would be lower. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
4
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
13.18% |
(17.53)% |
(12/31/2011) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average annual total returns (after applicable sales charges) for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund – A Class |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(6.30)% |
6.76% |
10.09% |
5.39% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(13.17)% |
3.46% |
7.83% |
3.40% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(5.49)% |
3.99% |
7.59% |
3.62% |
Russell 1000 Value Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(8.27)% |
5.95% |
11.18% |
5.60% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Related Performance Data of the Adviser” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp.
5
Mr. Casey Flanagan, CFA, Associate Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2019.
Mr. Scott D. Lawson, CFA, Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Matthew Lockridge, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2012.
Dr. Varun V. Singh, PhD, CFA, Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2013.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA or other tax qualified account, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 31 of the Prospectus.
6
The primary investment objective of the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund (the “Fund”) is to provide current income. A secondary objective of the Fund is to provide the opportunity for long-term capital appreciation.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold A Class Shares of the Fund. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in the Fund. More information about these and other discounts is available (i) from your financial professional and (ii) in the section “Sales Charges” on page 55 of this Prospectus. Investors investing in the Fund through an intermediary should consult Appendix A - Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers, which includes information regarding broker-defined sales charges and related discount and/or waiver policies that apply to purchases through certain intermediaries.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) |
5.00% |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of net asset value) |
None |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Reinvested Dividends and Other Distributions (as a percentage of offering price) |
None |
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if applicable) |
None |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Management Fees |
0.75% |
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.08% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.02% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1,2 |
1.10% |
1 | The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 | Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for A Class Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.15% of the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The |
7
Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$607 |
$832 |
$1,076 |
$1,773 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 42% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund seeks to meet its investment objectives by investing generally more than 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in dividend-paying and/or interest-bearing securities. By utilizing income-producing securities from diverse asset classes, the Fund also seeks to maintain a lower volatility profile than traditional equity-only products. The Fund aims to invest in securities of companies with a strong and improving cash flow sufficient to support a sustainable or rising income stream for investors. In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser chooses among a diversified group of income-producing asset classes. Equity securities may include dividend-paying common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible securities and warrants. Fixed income securities may include bonds and other debt securities, and money market instruments. Other types of income-producing securities may include interests in royalty trusts and master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), securities of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), and shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”). The Fund generally invests in securities of domestic companies, but may also invest in securities of foreign companies and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). In the event the Fund invests in foreign securities and ADRs, the Adviser expects that the Fund’s investments in such securities would normally represent less than 25% of the Fund’s assets.
The Fund is permitted to invest in companies of any capitalization range. The Fund’s fixed income investments are, in the aggregate, of investment grade (i.e., those rated in one of the three highest rating categories by a rating agency), but may at times include securities rated below investment grade (high yield or “junk” bonds). In addition, the Fund’s fixed income securities may include unrated securities, if deemed by the Adviser to be of comparable quality to investment grade.
The Fund seeks to provide a higher level of current income than that offered by traditional fixed income products such as U.S. government bonds and money market securities. The Adviser’s
8
investment process incorporates relative value analysis among capital instruments, as well as among asset classes, to determine where downside potential can be limited to achieve the goal of generating an attractive level of current income along with capital appreciation. Key metrics for evaluating the risk/return profile of an investment may include strong free cash flow, an improving return on equity, a strengthening balance sheet and, in the case of common equities, positive earnings surprises without a corresponding change in the stock price. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching a predetermined price target, a change to a company’s fundamentals that makes the risk/return profile unattractive, or a need to improve the overall risk/return profile of the Fund.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Fixed Income Risk – Fixed income securities are subject to a number of risks, including credit and interest rate risks. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer or obligor will not make timely payments of principal and interest. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. The Fund is subject to greater levels of credit risk to the extent it holds below investment grade debt securities, or “junk bonds.” Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of a fixed income security will fall when interest rates rise. In general, the longer the maturity and the lower the credit quality of a fixed income security, the more likely its value will decline. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
High Yield Bond Risk – High yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”) are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small
9
management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Micro-Capitalization Company Risk – Micro-capitalization companies may be newly formed or in the early stages of development with limited product lines, markets or financial resources. Therefore, micro-capitalization companies may be less financially secure than large-, mid- and small- capitalization companies and may be more vulnerable to key personnel losses due to reliance on a smaller number of management personnel. In addition, there may be less public information available about these companies. Micro-cap stock prices may be more volatile than large-, mid- and small- capitalization companies and such stocks may be more thinly traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Royalty Trust Risk – The Fund may invest in royalty trusts. A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields. The Fund’s investment in royalty trusts may result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the royalty trusts’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Royalty trust operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in the Prospectus.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in a MLP than investors in a corporation. For example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state
10
taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in A Class Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s A Class Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. The bar chart figures do not include sales charges that may have been paid when investors bought and sold A Class Shares of the Fund. If sales charges were included, the returns would be lower. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
11
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
8.41% |
(6.38)% |
(03/31/2013) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average annual total returns (after applicable sales charges) for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad-based indices.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund – A Class |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(5.12)% |
3.40% |
7.02% |
5.90% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(11.09)% |
1.56% |
5.81% |
4.69% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(5.38)% |
1.71% |
5.23% |
4.27% |
Citigroup 10-Year Treasury Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(0.02)% |
2.64% |
2.23% |
3.75% |
Citigroup 3-Month Treasury Bill Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
1.86% |
0.61% |
0.35% |
0.48% |
S&P 500 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(4.38)% |
8.49% |
13.12% |
7.25% |
FTSE NAREIT U.S. Equity Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(4.04)% |
8.32% |
12.53% |
6.63% |
25/25/25/25 Blended Benchmark Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(1.31)% |
5.22% |
7.43% |
5.21% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Related Performance Data of the Adviser” section of the Prospectus.
12
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. Daniel J. Barnes, CFA, Vice President, Global Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2018.
Mr. Todd L. Williams, CFA, Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2005.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA or other tax qualified account, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 31 of the Prospectus.
13
The investment objective of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold A Class Shares of the Fund. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in the Fund. More information about these and other discounts is available (i) from your financial professional and (ii) in the section “Sales Charges” on page 55 of this Prospectus. Investors investing in the Fund through an intermediary should consult Appendix A - Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers, which includes information regarding broker-defined sales charges and related discount and/or waiver policies that apply to purchases through certain intermediaries.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) |
5.00% |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of net asset value) |
None |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Reinvested Dividends and Other Distributions (as a percentage of offering price) |
None |
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if applicable) |
None |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Management Fees |
0.95% |
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.22% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.03% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
1.45% |
Plus Previously Waived Fees and/or Reimbursed Expenses Recovered 2 |
0.03% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Previously Waived Fees and/or Reimbursed Expenses Recovered 1 |
1.48% |
1 | The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table, both before and after previously waived fees and/or reimbursed expenses recovered, do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 | Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for A Class Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.45% of the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during |
14
the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$643 |
$938 |
$1,255 |
$2,151 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 23% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of emerging market companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers a company to be an emerging market company if (i) at least 50% of the company’s assets are located in emerging markets; (ii) at least 50% of the company’s revenues are generated in emerging markets; or (iii) the company is domiciled in an emerging market. “Emerging markets” include countries in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, and other countries that the Fund considers to be equivalent to those in that index based on their level of economic development or the size and experience of their securities markets. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks, but may also include exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), preferred stock, warrants and real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). Equity securities also include participatory notes, which are derivative instruments with economic characteristics similar to equity securities designed to replicate equity market exposure in certain foreign markets where direct investment is either impossible or difficult due to local investment restrictions. The Fund typically invests in companies with market capitalizations exceeding $500 million.
The Fund invests in approximately 70-90 securities to achieve its investment objective. The Adviser utilizes a fundamental, bottom-up investment process and seeks to invest in securities of sound businesses that it believes are currently undervalued in the market and can generate positive and sustainable earnings growth and, thus, economic profits over time. Key characteristics that the Adviser looks for in evaluating an investment may include management aligned with an Economic
15
Value Added (“EVA”) philosophy, strong core franchise value, above average cash flow generation and consistency of earnings growth. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching its estimated fair value, an adverse change in a company’s fundamentals, or when more attractive alternatives exist.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs and GDRs, which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs and GDRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs and GDRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
16
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of participatory notes is subject to market risk, correlation risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and valuation risk. Liquidity risk and credit risk are described below. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities
17
to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
Credit Risk – The risk that the issuer of a security or the counterparty to a contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in A Class Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s A Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. The bar chart figures do not include sales charges that may have been paid when investors bought and sold A Class Shares of the Fund. If sales charges were included, the returns would be lower. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
12.95% |
(18.98)% |
(03/31/2017) |
(09/30/2015) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average annual total returns (after applicable sales charges) for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
18
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund – A Class |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(14.35)% |
0.85% |
(1.54)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(18.59)% |
(0.16)% |
(2.36)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(11.23)% |
0.06% |
(1.69)% |
MSCI Emerging Markets Index (Net) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes (except foreign withholding taxes)) |
(14.58)% |
1.65% |
1.06% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Comparable Fund Performance” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp.
Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2012.
Thomas Pinto Basto, CFA, Vice President, has managed the Fund since 2019.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA or other tax qualified account, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 31 of the Prospectus.
19
The investment objective of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund (the “Fund”) is to generate a high level of current income while experiencing lower volatility than the broader high yield market.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold A Class Shares of the Fund. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $100,000 in the Fund. More information about these and other discounts is available (i) from your financial professional and (ii) in the section “Sales Charges” on page 55 of this Prospectus. Investors investing in the Fund through an intermediary should consult Appendix A - Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers, which includes information regarding broker-defined sales charges and related discount and/or waiver policies that apply to purchases through certain intermediaries.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) |
2.25% |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of net asset value) |
None |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Reinvested Dividends and Other Distributions (as a percentage of offering price) |
None |
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if applicable) |
None |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Management Fees |
0.70% |
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
0.25% |
Other Expenses |
0.31% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.26% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.21)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.05% |
1 | Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for A Class Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.05% of the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The |
20
Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$330 |
$595 |
$881 |
$1,695 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 37% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in high yield securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of the 80% policy, high yield securities include “junk” bonds (bonds rated BB+/Ba1, or below, by independent rating agencies at the time of purchase by the Fund, or bonds that are unrated but judged to be of comparable quality by SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC (the “Sub-Adviser”)), as well as senior secured, second lien or other subordinated or unsecured fixed or floating rate bank loans (through both assignments and participation). The Fund may invest in securities of any rating, including securities that are in default.
In seeking to achieve the Fund’s objective, the Sub-Adviser generally invests in a portfolio of high yield securities of U.S. companies, as described in further detail below. While the Sub-Adviser may purchase securities of any maturity, under normal market conditions, the Sub-Adviser generally expects to invest in high yield securities, including privately placed securities, that have an expected redemption through maturity, call or other corporate action within three years or less, although this may vary if, in the Sub-Adviser’s opinion, it is warranted by current market conditions. While there is no maximum duration on individual securities, the average maximum “duration to worst” of the Fund is expected to be under three years. “Duration to worst” is the duration of a bond computed using the bond’s nearest call date or maturity, whichever comes first. The Sub-Adviser believes such a portfolio serves to reduce volatility and preserve capital when compared to traditional high yield portfolios. In the Sub-Adviser’s view, traditional high yield portfolios generally possess durations to worst of longer than three years. Portfolios with longer durations to worst are generally more sensitive to interest rate changes and other market risks. Accordingly, the Sub-Adviser seeks to achieve less volatility and better preservation of capital for the Fund relative to traditional high yield portfolios by maintaining a duration to worst for the Fund that is significantly shorter than that of
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traditional high yield portfolios. The Fund also invests in high yield securities of non-U.S. companies, and the Sub-Adviser expects that the Fund’s investments in non-U.S. companies will normally represent less than 25% of the Fund’s assets, and may include investments in emerging markets.
In selecting securities for the Fund’s portfolio, the Sub-Adviser seeks issuers that exhibit attractive characteristics including, but not limited to: stable businesses with projectable cash flows; positive year-over-year cash flow comparisons supported by stable industry conditions; generation of cash in excess of corporate and financial obligations; and management intentions for use of cash flows favorable to bond holders. In making investment decisions, the Sub-Adviser utilizes an investment process that is based on fundamental analysis of issuers, markets, and general macro-economic conditions and supported by quantitative valuation and risk monitoring tools. The goal of the investment process is to identify high yield securities with attractively priced income streams and to achieve superior long term returns from investments. The Sub-Adviser employs an established selling discipline and may generally sell a security for one of three non-exclusive reasons: (i) there is a negative change in the Sub-Adviser’s fundamental assessment of a security; (ii) the security becomes overvalued relative to other opportunities; or (iii) the Sub-Adviser is shifting the portfolio from one sector or risk segment to another.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
High Yield Bond Risk – High yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”) are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Liquidity Risk – Insufficient liquidity in the non-investment grade bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of non-investment grade bonds and may cause the Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines.
Valuation Risk – A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value non-investment grade bonds accurately.
Credit Risk – The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a fixed income debt security. Generally, the lower the credit quality of a security, the greater the perceived risk that the issuer will fail to pay interest fully and return principal in a timely manner. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the security may lose some or all of its value. The issuer of an investment-grade security is considered by the rating agency or the Sub-Adviser to be more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower quality bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal.
Interest Rate Risk – As with most funds that invest in fixed income securities, changes in interest rates are a factor that could affect the value of your investment. Rising interest rates tend to cause the prices of fixed income securities (especially those with longer maturities) and the Fund’s share price to fall. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
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The concept of duration is useful in assessing the sensitivity of a fixed income fund to interest rate movements, which are usually the main source of risk for most fixed income funds. Duration measures price volatility by estimating the change in price of a debt security for a 1% change in its yield. For example, a duration of five years means the price of a debt security will change about 5% for every 1% change in its yield. Thus, the longer the duration, the more volatile the security.
Fixed income debt securities have a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the principal amount of the bond. Some fixed income debt securities, known as callable bonds, may repay the principal earlier than the stated maturity date. Fixed income debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate.
Private Placements Risk – Investment in privately placed securities may be less liquid than in publicly traded securities. Although these securities may be resold in privately negotiated transactions, the prices realized from these sales could be less than those originally paid by the Fund or less than what may be considered the fair value of such securities. Further, companies whose securities are not publicly traded may not be subject to the disclosure and other investor protection requirements that might be applicable if their securities were publicly traded.
Foreign Securities Risk – Investing in securities of foreign issuers poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect foreign securities markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in securities of foreign issuers are generally denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. In an attempt to reduce currency risk associated with non-U.S. denominated securities, the Fund intends to hedge its foreign currency exposure by entering into forward currency contracts. A forward currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price, thereby fixing the exchange rate for a specified time in the future. However, the Sub-Adviser has limited ability to direct or control foreign exchange execution rates, and there is no guarantee that such hedging strategies will be successful in reducing the currency risk associated with investing in foreign securities. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
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Bank Loans Risk – Investments in bank loans (through both assignments and participations) are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. There may be limited public information available regarding bank loans and bank loans may be difficult to value. If the Fund holds a bank loan through another financial institution, or relies on a financial institution to administer the loan, its receipt of principal and interest on the loan may be subject to the credit risk of that financial institution. It is possible that any collateral securing a loan may be insufficient or unavailable to the Fund, and that the Fund’s rights to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or insolvency laws. In addition, the secondary market for bank loans may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads, and extended trade settlement periods, which may cause the Fund to be unable to realize the full value of its investment in a bank loan.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as the Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in A Class Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s A Class Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. The bar chart figures do not include sales charges that may have been paid when investors bought and sold A Class Shares of the Fund. If sales charges were included, the returns would be lower. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
2.74% |
(2.88)% |
(09/30/2016) |
(09/30/2015) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average annual total returns (after applicable sales charges) for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
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After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund – A Class |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
0.35% |
1.70% |
2.30% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(3.42)% |
(0.52)% |
0.08% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(1.17)% |
0.06% |
0.55% |
ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(2.26)% |
3.82% |
4.54% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Comparable Fund Performance” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp. serves as investment adviser to the Fund. SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC serves as investment sub-adviser to the Fund.
Anne Yobage, CFA, Lead Portfolio Manager, Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2011.
David Kinsley, CFA, Portfolio Manager, Principal and Head of Investing of the Sub-Adviser, has managed the Fund since 2015.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, including an initial purchase through an IRA or other tax qualified account, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 31 of the Prospectus.
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The investment objective of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold A Class Shares of the Fund. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in the Fund. More information about these and other discounts is available (i) from your financial professional and (ii) in the section “Sales Charges” on page 55 of this Prospectus. Investors investing in the Fund through an intermediary should consult Appendix A - Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers, which includes information regarding broker-defined sales charges and related discount and/or waiver policies that apply to purchases through certain intermediaries.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) |
5.00% |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of net asset value) |
None |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Reinvested Dividends and Other Distributions (as a percentage of offering price) |
None |
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if applicable) |
None |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
A Class Shares |
|
Management Fees |
0.95% |
Distribution (12b-1) Fees |
0.25% |
Other Expenses 1 |
1.06% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses 1 |
0.01% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
2.27% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(0.81)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.46% |
1 | Other Expenses and Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are based on estimated amounts for the current fiscal year. |
2 | Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for A Class Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.45% of the Fund’s A Class Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The |
26
Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020.
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
$641 |
$1,100 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of emerging market companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers a company to be an emerging market company if (i) at least 50% of the company’s assets are located in emerging markets; (ii) at least 50% of the company’s revenues are generated in emerging markets; or (iii) the company is domiciled in an emerging market. “Emerging markets” include countries in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, and other countries that the Fund considers to be equivalent to those in that index based on their level of economic development or the size and experience of their securities markets. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks, but may also include exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), preferred stock, warrants and real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). Equity securities also include participatory notes, which are derivative instruments with economic characteristics similar to equity securities designed to replicate equity market exposure in certain foreign markets where direct investment is either impossible or difficult due to local investment restrictions. The Fund typically invests in companies with market capitalizations exceeding $1.5 billion.
The Fund invests in approximately 50-70 securities to achieve its investment objective. The Adviser utilizes a fundamental, bottom-up investment process and seeks to invest in securities of sound businesses that it believes are currently undervalued in the market and can generate positive and sustainable earnings growth and, thus, economic profits over time. Key characteristics that the Adviser looks for in evaluating an investment may include management aligned with an Economic Value Added (“EVA”) philosophy, strong core franchise value, above average cash flow generation and consistency of earnings growth. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching its estimated fair value, an adverse change in a company’s fundamentals, or when more attractive alternatives exist.
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As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs and GDRs, which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs and GDRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs and GDRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events
28
than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of participatory notes is subject to market risk, correlation risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and valuation risk. Liquidity risk and credit risk are described below. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
Credit Risk – The risk that the issuer of a security or the counterparty to a contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation.
New Fund Risk – Investors in the Fund bear the risk that the Fund may not be successful in implementing its investment strategy, may not employ a successful investment strategy, or may
29
fail to attract sufficient assets under management to realize economies of scale, any of which could result in the Fund being liquidated at any time without shareholder approval and at a time that may not be favorable for all shareholders. Such liquidation could have negative tax consequences for shareholders and will cause shareholders to incur expenses of liquidation.
The Fund has not commenced operations as of the date of this Prospectus and therefore does not have performance history for a full calendar year. Once the Fund has completed a full calendar year of operations, a bar chart and table will be included that will provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing the variability of the Fund’s returns and comparing the Fund’s performance to a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Current performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
Westwood Management Corp.
Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA, Senior Vice President, is expected to manage the Fund upon its inception.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
A Class Shares of the Fund are currently not available for purchase.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 31 of the Prospectus.
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SUMMARY INFORMATION ABOUT TAXES AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY COMPENSATION
Tax Information
Each Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or individual retirement account (“IRA”), in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Funds through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Funds and their related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Funds over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
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Investing in each Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that each Fund will achieve its goals. The Adviser’s and the Sub-Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser or Sub-Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in a Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in a Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity Risk – Equity securities include public and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, interests in master limited partnerships (“MLPs”) and royalty trusts, shares of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), as well as shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a Fund invests will cause the Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which a Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which a Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the- counter or listed on an exchange.
Fixed Income Risk – The market values of fixed income investments change in response to interest rate changes and other factors. During periods of rising interest rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities generally decrease. Moreover, while securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields, the prices of longer maturity securities are also subject to greater market value fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. During periods of falling interest rates, certain debt obligations with high interest rates may be prepaid (or “called”) by the issuer prior to
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maturity, and during periods of rising interest rates, certain debt obligations with low interest rates may be extended beyond maturity. Current market conditions may pose heightened risks for the Funds. While interest rates in the U.S. are near historic lows, changes in government policy, including the Federal Reserve ending its quantitative easing program and beginning to raise the federal funds rate, have increased the risk that interest rates will continue to rise in the near future. A rise in interest rates may, in turn, increase volatility and reduce liquidity in the fixed income markets, and result in a decline in the value of the fixed income investments held by the Funds. In addition, reductions in dealer market-making capacity as a result of structural or regulatory changes could further decrease liquidity and/or increase volatility in the fixed income markets. As a result of these conditions, a Fund’s value may fluctuate and/or a Fund may experience increased redemptions from shareholders, which may impact a Fund’s liquidity or force a Fund to sell securities into a declining or illiquid market.
In addition to these risks, fixed income securities may be subject to credit risk, which is the possibility that an issuer will be unable or unwilling to make timely payments of either principal or interest.
High Yield (“Junk”) Bond Risk – High yield, or “junk,” bonds are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less creditworthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. Compared with investment-grade bonds, high yield bonds are considered to carry a greater degree of risk and are considered to be less likely to make payments of interest and principal. In particular, lower-quality high yield bonds (rated CCC, CC, C, or unrated securities judged to be of comparable quality) are subject to a greater degree of credit risk than higher-quality high yield bonds and may be near default. High yield bonds rated D are in default. Market developments and the financial and business conditions of the corporation issuing these securities generally influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities.
Foreign/Emerging Market Securities Risk – Investments in securities of foreign companies (including direct investments as well as investments through ADRs and GDRs) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. These risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
European Economic Risk. The Economic and Monetary Union (the “EMU”) of the European Union (the “EU”) requires compliance by member states with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, interest rates and debt levels, as well as fiscal and monetary controls, each of which may significantly affect every country in Europe, including those countries that are not members of the EU. Changes in imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro (the common currency of certain EU countries), the default or threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt and/or an economic recession in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect on the economies of EU member countries and their trading partners. The European financial markets
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have historically experienced volatility and adverse trends due to concerns about economic downturns or rising government debt levels in several European countries, including, but not limited to, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ukraine. These events have adversely affected the exchange rate of the euro and may continue to significantly affect European countries.
Responses to financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not produce the desired results, may result in social unrest, may limit future growth and economic recovery or may have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and other entities of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world. In addition, one or more countries may abandon the euro and/or withdraw from the EU. In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom resolved to leave the EU. The referendum may introduce significant uncertainties and instability in the financial markets as the United Kingdom negotiates its exit from the EU. Secessionist movements, such as the Catalan movement in Spain and the independence movement in Scotland, as well as governmental or other responses to such movements, may also create instability and uncertainty in the region. In addition, the national politics of countries in the EU have been unpredictable and subject to influence by varying political groups and ideologies. The governments of EU countries may be subject to change and such countries may experience social and political unrest. Unanticipated or sudden political or social developments may result in sudden and significant investment losses.
The occurrence of terrorist incidents throughout Europe also could impact financial markets. The impact of these events is not clear but could be significant and far-reaching and adversely affect the value of the Funds.
Foreign Currency Risk – Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the dollar, the value of a Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry or industries, such as the energy industries, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry or industries. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in an MLP than investors in a corporation; for example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors. A Fund’s investment in MLPs may result in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the MLPs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. MLP operating expenses are not reflected in the fee tables and examples in this Prospectus.
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REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Funds. Accordingly, a Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee tables and examples in this Prospectus.
Some REITs may have limited diversification and may be subject to risks inherent in financing a limited number of properties. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions, and may be subject to defaults by borrowers and to self-liquidations. In addition, a REIT may be affected by its failure to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or its failure to maintain exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. and non-U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that a Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based or the ETF’s other holdings and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of a Fund. Accordingly, a Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses.
Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their NAV and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate a Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Liquidity Risk – Certain investments and types of investments are subject to restrictions on resale, may trade in the over-the-counter market or in limited volume, or may not have an active trading market. In addition, at times all or a large portion of segments of the market may not have an active trading market due to adverse market, economic, industry, political, regulatory, geopolitical and other conditions, including investors trying to sell large quantities of a particular investment or type of investment, or lack of market makers or other buyers for a particular investment or type of investment. At times, all or a significant portion of a market may not have an active trading market. Without an active trading market where frequent and large purchase and sale transactions of a security occur without significantly affecting the price of that security, it may be difficult to value and impossible to sell these investments, and a Fund may have to sell such an investment at a price or time that is not advantageous in order to meet redemptions or other cash needs. The price of illiquid securities may be more volatile than more liquid investments.
Derivatives Risk – A Fund’s use of participatory notes is subject to derivatives risk. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify a Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect a Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective(s) with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends upon the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives a Fund buys or sells. A Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly or at all with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold.
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The lack of a liquid secondary market for a derivative may prevent a Fund from closing its derivative positions and could adversely impact its ability to achieve its investment objective or to realize profits or limit losses.
Additionally, derivative instruments are subject to counterparty risk, meaning that the party that issues the derivative may experience a significant credit event and may be unwilling or unable to make timely settlement payments or otherwise honor its obligations.
Participatory Notes. Participatory notes are derivatives that are generally traded over-the-counter and constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks and broker-dealers that issue them.
Generally, these banks and broker-dealers buy securities listed on certain foreign exchanges and then issue participatory notes which are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets. The performance results of participatory notes will not correlate exactly to the performance of the issuers or markets that they seek to replicate due to transaction costs and other expenses. The holder of a participatory note typically does not receive voting or other rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security, but is subject to the same risks of investing directly in the underlying security.
Bank Loans Risk – Bank loans are arranged through private negotiations between a company and one or more financial institutions (lenders). Investments in bank loans are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. This means bank loans are subject to greater credit risks than other investments, including a greater possibility that the borrower will be adversely affected by changes in market or economic conditions and may default or enter bankruptcy. Bank loans made in connection with highly leveraged transactions, including operating loans, leveraged buyout loans, leveraged capitalization loans and other types of acquisition financing, are subject to greater credit risks than other types of bank loans. In addition, it may be difficult to obtain reliable information about and value any bank loan.
A Fund may invest in bank loans in the form of participations in the loans (participations) and assignments of all or a portion of the loans from third parties (assignments). In connection with purchasing participations, a Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the loan, nor any rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not benefit directly from any collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation. As a result, the Fund will assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the lender that is selling the participation. When a Fund purchases assignments from lenders, the Fund will acquire direct rights against the borrower on the loan. The Fund may have difficulty disposing of bank loans because, in certain cases, the market for such instruments is not highly liquid. The lack of a highly liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the value of such instruments and on the Fund’s ability to dispose of the bank loan in response to a specific economic event, such as deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower. Furthermore, transactions in many loans settle on a delayed basis, and the Fund may not receive the proceeds from the sale of a loan for a substantial period of time after the sale. As a result, those proceeds will not be available to make additional investments or to meet the Fund’s redemption obligations.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as a Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
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MORE INFORMATION ABOUT FUND INVESTMENTS
The investment objective of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
The primary investment objective of the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund is to provide current income. A secondary objective of the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund is to provide the opportunity for long-term capital appreciation.
The investment objective of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
The investment objective of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund is to generate a high level of current income while experiencing lower volatility than the broader high yield market.
The investment objective of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund is fundamental and cannot be changed without shareholder approval. The investment objectives of the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, and Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund may be changed without shareholder approval, upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Funds use under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, each Fund may, but is not obligated to, invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective(s). If a Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective(s). The Funds will only do so if the Adviser or Sub-Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for capital appreciation or current income.
This Prospectus describes the Funds’ principal investment strategies, and the Funds will normally invest in the types of securities and other investments described in this Prospectus. In addition to the securities and other investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, each Fund also may invest to a lesser extent in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in detail in the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) (for information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI see the back cover of this Prospectus). Of course, there is no guarantee that a Fund will achieve its investment goals.
INFORMATION ABOUT PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
A description of the Funds’ policy and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Funds disclose their portfolio holdings is available in the SAI. Within 10 days of the end of each calendar quarter, each Fund, except for the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, will post its complete portfolio holdings on the internet at www.westwoodfunds.com. The Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund will post their top 10 holdings within 10 days of the end of each calendar quarter on the internet at www.westwoodfunds.com. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of a Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund. Nevertheless, as described in the SAI, each Fund will disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter.
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Westwood Management Corp., a New York corporation formed in 1983, serves as the investment adviser to the Funds. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200, Dallas, Texas 75201. The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of Westwood Holdings Group, Inc., an institutional asset management company. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $13.8 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Funds, except for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, and continuously reviews, supervises and administers each Fund’s investment program. In addition, the Adviser oversees the Sub-Adviser (as defined below) to ensure its compliance with the investment policies and guidelines of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, and monitors the Sub-Adviser’s adherence to its investment style. The Adviser pays the Sub-Adviser out of the advisory fee it receives from the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. The Board supervises the Adviser and Sub-Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser and Sub-Adviser must follow in their management activities.
In rendering investment advisory services to the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund, the Adviser may use the portfolio management, research and other resources of Westwood International Advisors Inc. (“Westwood International”), an affiliate of the Adviser. Westwood International is not registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. Westwood International has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) with the Adviser pursuant to which Westwood International is considered a “participating affiliate” of the Adviser as that term is used in relief granted by the staff of the SEC allowing U.S. registered investment advisers to use portfolio management or research resources of advisory affiliates subject to the supervision of a registered adviser. Investment professionals from Westwood International may render portfolio management, research and other services to the Funds under the MOU and are subject to supervision by the Adviser.
For its services, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of each Fund, as set forth in the table below.
1 | Prior to November 15, 2017, the advisory fee for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund was 0.70%. |
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The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce its fees and reimburse expenses of the A Class Shares of each Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding the amounts listed in the table below, as a percentage of the average daily net assets of each Fund until February 28, 2020.
1 | Prior to November 15, 2017, the expense cap for A Class Shares of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund was 1.00%. |
In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the Fund’s total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Fund’s expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser received advisory fees (after fee reductions or recoveries) as a percentage of the average daily net assets of each Fund as follows:
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund |
0.53% |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund |
0.75% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund |
0.98% |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund |
0.48% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund |
N/A 1 |
1 | The Fund has not commenced operations as of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018. |
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Funds’ investment advisory agreements is available in the Funds’ Annual Report to Shareholders dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.
SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC (the “Sub-Adviser”), a Delaware limited liability company established in 2011, serves as the sub-adviser to the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s investments. The Sub-Adviser is a wholly-owned subsidiary of SKY Harbor Capital Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. The Sub-Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 20 Horseneck Lane, Greenwich, Connecticut 06830. As of December 31, 2018, the Sub-Adviser had approximately $4.25 billion in assets under management.
The Westwood LargeCap Value Fund and the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund are each managed by a portfolio management team. The Adviser also manages institutional separate
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accounts and is the sub-adviser to other mutual funds with similar strategies as these Funds. The investment process for these Funds is the same for similar accounts and is driven by proprietary team-oriented, in-depth, fundamental research. The investment research team is organized by industry coverage and supports all of the accounts managed in each of the Adviser’s investment strategies. Weekly research meetings provide a forum where the Adviser’s investment professionals discuss current investment ideas within their assigned industries. Generally, the entire portfolio management team, or a sub-set of the team, then debates the merits of recommendations, taking into account the prevailing market environment, the portfolio’s current composition, and the relative value of alternative investments. Investment decisions are generally made by majority agreement of the portfolio management team. The Adviser has identified the following team members as those with the most significant responsibility for each Fund’s assets. This list does not include all members of the investment team.
Mr. Daniel J. Barnes, CFA, has served as Vice President and Global Analyst for the Adviser since December 2014. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Barnes was a Senior Credit Analyst at Coronation Global Investments where he managed an investment grade and high yield bond portfolio from 2013 to 2014. Additionally, he served as a Capital Structure Research Analyst at Imperial Capital from 2011 to 2013 and as a Senior European Investment Analyst at Coronation Capital from 2005 to 2009. Mr. Barnes has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund since 2018. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Barnes has more than 15 years of investment experience.
Mr. Casey Flanagan, CFA, has served as Associate Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2019. Prior to this appointment, he served as Research Analyst for the Adviser from January 2018 to February 2019 and Associate Analyst from March 2016 to January 2018. Mr. Flanagan joined the Adviser in 2012 as a Research Associate. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Flanagan was a student at Southern Methodist University, graduating in May 2012 with a BBA in Finance with a specialization in Alternative Asset Management and a minor in Art History. Mr. Flanagan is a member of the CFA Institute. Mr. Flanagan has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund since 2019. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Flanagan has more than 7 years of investment experience.
Mr. Scott D. Lawson, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2019. Prior to this appointment, he served as Vice President, Senior Research Analyst since joining the Adviser in October 2003 until February 2019. Mr. Lawson has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund since the Fund’s inception in 2006. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Lawson was an Assistant Portfolio Manager at Bank of America from 2000 to 2003. From 1995 to 2000, he was a Research Analyst with Mississippi Valley Advisors, specializing in the Technology and Industrial sectors. Mr. Lawson participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Lawson has more than 29 years of investment experience.
Mr. Matthew R. Lockridge has served as Senior Vice President, Research Analyst since March 2015. Prior to this appointment, he served as Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser from May 2010 to March 2015. He has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund since 2012. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Lockridge was a Managing Director at Dearborn Partners, L.L.C. from 2004 to 2010, and he was with Deloitte Consulting, L.L.P. from 2001 to 2004, where he worked as a Senior Consultant. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Lockridge has more than 17 years of investment experience.
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Dr. Varun V. Singh, PhD, CFA, has served as Vice President, Senior Research Analyst for the Adviser since joining the Adviser in February 2012. He has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund since 2013. Prior to joining the Adviser, Dr. Singh served as Vice President and equity analyst at Wellington Management Company, LLP from 2005 to 2012. From 2003 to 2005 Dr. Singh worked at Robert W. Baird & Co. as an equity analyst. Dr. Singh is a member of the CFA Institute and the Boston Security Analyst Society. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Dr. Singh has more than 16 years of investment experience.
Mr. Todd L. Williams, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2012. Prior to this appointment, he served as Vice President and Research Analyst for the Adviser from July 2005 until February 2012, as Assistant Vice President and Research Analyst from July 2003 to July 2005, and as Research Analyst from November 2002 to July 2003. Before joining the Adviser, Mr. Williams was a portfolio manager and analyst with AMR Investments, Inc. Mr. Williams graduated from Southern Methodist University with a BBA in Finance and is a member of the CFA Institute and the CFA Society of Dallas Fort Worth. Mr. Williams has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund since the Fund’s inception in 2005. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Williams has more than 23 years of investment experience.
The Westwood Emerging Markets Fund is, and, upon its inception, the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund is expected to be, managed by the following individuals. Ms. Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA, and Mr. Thomas Pinto Basto, CFA, serve as co-lead portfolio managers of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and Ms. Perez-Coutts is expected to serve as lead portfolio manager of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund upon its inception. The Adviser also manages institutional separate accounts and is the sub-adviser to other mutual funds with similar strategies as these Funds. The investment process for these Funds is the same for similar accounts and, while the portfolio managers are ultimately responsible for the investment decisions in the strategies, the investment process is driven by proprietary team-oriented, in-depth, fundamental research. To that end, each research analyst on the global research team is able to assume responsibility as a sector portfolio manager and support all of the accounts managed in each of the Adviser’s global and emerging markets investment strategies.
Ms. Perez-Coutts, CFA, Senior Vice President, joined the Adviser in May 2012 and moved to Westwood International in August 2012 after having managed emerging markets portfolios for eleven years for AGF Investments, Inc. Prior to 2001, she served as Vice President and Portfolio Manager for AIM Trimark Investments, Vice President of Research for First Mercantile Corporation and as Economist for Peru’s Institute of Foreign Trade. She earned an Honors BA in Economics from Pontifica Universidad del Peru and a BA in Mathematics for Commerce from York University. Ms. Perez-Coutts has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund since its inception in 2012. Ms. Perez-Coutts participates in the investment decision process. She has authority to direct trading for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Ms. Perez-Coutts has more than 33 years of investment experience.
Mr. Thomas Pinto Basto, CFA, Vice President, joined the Adviser in May 2012 and moved to Westwood International in August 2012 after having served on the global and emerging markets investment teams for over six years for AGF Investments Inc. Prior to 2005, he served as a corporate strategy consultant with Deloitte Consulting in Canada and Hong Kong and as a Global Analyst for both fixed income and equities with Altamira management. Mr. Pinto Basto earned a BA in Economics from Carleton University. He is a member of the CFA Institute and the Toronto Society of Financial Analysts. Mr. Pinto Basto has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund since 2019. Mr. Pinto Basto participates in the investment decision process. He has the authority to direct trading activity for the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Pinto Basto has more than 24 years of investment experience.
The Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund is managed by Ms. Anne Yobage, CFA, Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, and David Kinsley, CFA, Principal and Head of Investing of the Sub-Adviser. The Sub-Adviser also manages institutional separate accounts. The investment process for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund is the same for similar accounts and is driven by fundamental analysis of issuers, markets, and general macro-economic conditions and supported by quantitative valuation and risk monitoring tools.
Ms. Anne Yobage, CFA, Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, has served as the lead portfolio manager for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund since its inception in 2011. Prior to co-founding the Sub-Adviser, she was a senior portfolio manager at AXA Investment Managers (“AXA
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IM”) from September 2001 to June 2011. Prior to joining AXA IM, Ms. Yobage co-founded Cardinal Capital Management (“Cardinal”) in March 1995, a small cap value and high yield asset management firm located in Greenwich, Connecticut, where she was the co-head of the high yield group. Before founding Cardinal, Ms. Yobage worked at Deltec Asset Management (“Deltec”) from 1990 to 1995, where she served as co-head of the high yield group. Ms. Yobage began her career in 1987 as a credit analyst in Kidder Peabody’s high yield research group. Ms. Yobage participates in the investment decision process during the portfolio team meetings in which the team decides the bond/weight selection for the model portfolio. She has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Ms. Yobage has more than 31 years of high yield investment experience.
Mr. David W. Kinsley, CFA, Principal and Head of Investing of the Sub-Adviser, has served as portfolio manager for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund since 2015. He is a portfolio manager for short duration high yield portfolios, including the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, and serves as backup portfolio manager for the Short Duration High Yield strategy. He was previously Co-Head of US Investing at AXA Investment Managers and lead portfolio manager for Custom Credit strategies. Mr. Kinsley holds a BA from Williams College and has the CFA professional designation. Mr. Kinsley participates in the investment decision process. He has the authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Kinsley has more than 17 years of investment experience.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
RELATED PERFORMANCE DATA OF THE ADVISER
The following tables give the related performance of fee-paying separate accounts, each referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies, strategies and risks substantially similar to those of each Fund. None of the Composites reflect all of the firm’s assets under management. Complete lists and descriptions of the firm’s composites are available upon request. The data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts. The data does not represent the performance of the Funds. Moreover, the performance shown does not represent the future performance of the Funds or of the Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composites differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Funds. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. Except as otherwise noted, all returns reflect the payment of investment management fees, brokerage commissions, and execution costs paid by the accounts included in the Composites, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. Custodial fees, if any, were not included in the calculations. Securities are valued as of trade-date. Accounts in each Composite were under management for the entire reporting period. Beginning January 1, 2006, the minimum portfolio size for inclusion in a Composite is $5 million. The exclusion of accounts with portfolio sizes below $5 million had no material effect on the performance of the Composites. Prior to January 1, 2006, there was no minimum asset size for inclusion in the Composites.
The currency used to express performance in each Composite is U.S. dollars. Performance results are presented both net of fees and gross of fees. Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
42
The performance of the Composites (net of fees) reflects the Adviser’s applicable account fees and expenses; however, each Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the accounts included in the respective Composite. If the Funds’ fees and expenses had been imposed on the accounts included in the respective Composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The accounts that are included in each Composite are not subject to the same type of expenses to which the Funds are subject and are not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for each Composite could have been adversely affected if the accounts in the Composite were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Funds.
The investment results for each Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Funds. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Funds’ own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
Performance Information for the Adviser’s LargeCap Value Strategy Composite 1
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts and does not represent the performance of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund.
Year |
Total Return (Net
|
Total Return
|
Russell 1000
|
Number of
|
Dispersion 4 |
Total Assets at
|
Percentage of
|
2018 |
-5.97% |
-5.26% |
-8.27% |
19 |
0.2 |
$2,974.5 |
21.5% |
2017 |
20.66% |
21.55% |
13.66% |
27 |
0.2 |
$4,006.0 |
19.1% |
2016 |
10.94% |
11.77% |
17.34% |
27 |
0.2 |
$3,504.3 |
19.3% |
2015 |
-0.26% |
0.49% |
-3.83% |
28 |
0.3 |
$3,401.4 |
19.1% |
2014 |
12.15% |
12.99% |
13.45% |
29 |
0.2 |
$4,082.6 |
21.5% |
2013 |
29.94% |
30.70% |
32.53% |
36 |
0.3 |
$5,322.6 |
30.1% |
2012 |
16.38% |
16.76% |
17.51% |
39 |
0.3 |
$4,521.7 |
34.4% |
2011 |
-0.28% |
0.06% |
0.39% |
41 |
0.3 |
$4,982.2 |
41.6% |
2010 |
13.28% |
13.68% |
15.51% |
47 |
0.3 |
$5,057.0 |
48.0% |
2009 |
14.16% |
14.52% |
19.69% |
46 |
0.5 |
$4,375.5 |
46.9% |
Average Annual Total Returns (since inception through 12/31/2018) |
|||
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
|||
Time Period |
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
Russell 1000 Value Index 2,3 |
1 Year |
-5.97% |
-5.26% |
-8.27% |
5 Years |
7.08% |
7.88% |
5.95% |
10 Years |
10.63% |
11.25% |
11.18% |
Since Inception 5 |
10.79% |
11.46% |
9.86% |
1 | The calculation of returns is computed on a monthly basis starting January 1, 1987 for the Composite; including accrued dividends and interest income. Actual results may vary depending on level of assets and fee schedule. Performance results net of fees reflect the actual rate of fees paid by the accounts included in the Composite. Westwood’s fee schedules are as follows for the LargeCap Value strategy: 0.75% annually on the first $25 million and negotiable thereafter. All fees are stated in annual rates and are typically billed quarterly. Westwood claims compliance with GIPS ® and has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. Westwood has been independently verified for the periods January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. Verification assesses whether (1) |
43
the firm has complied with all the composite construction requirements of the GIPS ® standards on a firm-wide basis and (2) the firm’s policies and procedures are designed to calculate and present performance in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The LargeCap Value Strategy Composite has been examined for the periods January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. The verification and performance examination reports are available upon request. |
2 | The Russell 1000 Value Index is an unmanaged index which measures the performance of the large-capitalization sector of the U.S. equity markets. It contains those Russell 1000 Index companies with lower-price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values. |
3 | The comparative benchmark returns include interest and dividend income but do not include taxes, potential transaction costs or management fees. |
4 | Dispersion is measured using the asset-weighted standard deviation of accounts managed for the entire year. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the degree to which an individual portfolio’s return varies from the median return for the composite. Greater deviation means greater risk to the investor. |
5 | Inception date of the LargeCap Value Strategy Composite is January 1, 1987. |
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Income Opportunity Strategy Composite 1
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts and does not represent the performance of the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund.
Year |
Total
|
Total
|
Citigroup
|
Citigroup
|
S&P 500
|
FTSE NAREIT
|
Blended
|
Number of
|
Dispersion 8 |
Total Assets
|
Percentage
|
2018 |
-4.76% |
-3.99% |
-0.02% |
1.86% |
-4.38% |
-4.04% |
-1.31% |
7 |
0.2 |
$2,924.2 |
21.2% |
2017 |
11.09% |
11.97% |
2.13% |
0.84% |
21.83% |
8.67% |
8.13% |
10 |
0.1 |
$3,723.4 |
17.8% |
2016 |
6.33% |
7.18% |
-0.14% |
0.27% |
11.96% |
8.63% |
5.37% |
10 |
0.6 |
$3,336.4 |
18.3% |
2015 |
-2.54% |
-1.76% |
0.90% |
0.03% |
1.38% |
2.83% |
1.61% |
13 |
0.2 |
$3,487.3 |
19.6% |
2014 |
9.40% |
10.28% |
10.72% |
0.03% |
13.69% |
28.03% |
12.88% |
9 |
0.5 |
$3,468.8 |
18.3% |
2013 |
15.31% |
16.10% |
-7.85% |
0.05% |
32.39% |
2.86% |
6.15% |
9 |
1.0 |
$2,213.2 |
12.5% |
2012 |
8.67% |
9.11% |
4.23% |
0.07% |
16.00% |
19.70% |
9.97% |
9 |
0.4 |
$1,279.5 |
9.7% |
2011 |
7.38% |
8.04% |
16.99% |
0.08% |
2.11% |
8.28% |
7.32% |
5 |
0.3 |
$759.8 |
6.3% |
2010 |
14.49% |
15.19% |
8.10% |
0.13% |
15.06% |
27.95% |
13.11% |
3 |
0.8 |
$313.2 |
2.8% |
2009 |
13.28% |
13.89% |
-9.92% |
0.16% |
26.46% |
27.99% |
12.02% |
3 |
1.3 |
$203.5 |
2.2% |
Average Annual Total Returns (since inception through 12/31/2018) |
|||||||
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
|||||||
Time Period |
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
Citigroup
|
Citigroup
|
S&P 500 Index 4,7 |
FTSE NAREIT
|
Blended
|
1 Year |
-4.76% |
-3.99% |
-0.02% |
1.86% |
-4.38% |
-4.04% |
-1.31% |
5 Years |
3.70% |
4.53% |
2.64% |
0.60% |
8.49% |
8.32% |
5.22% |
10 Years |
7.66% |
8.41% |
2.23% |
0.35% |
13.12% |
12.53% |
7.43% |
Since Inception 9 |
7.83% |
8.46% |
3.77% |
1.25% |
8.97% |
10.11% |
6.57% |
1 | The calculation of returns is computed on a monthly basis starting January 1, 2003 for the Composite; including accrued dividends and interest income. Actual results may vary depending on level of assets and fee schedule. Performance results net of fees reflect the actual rate of fees paid by the accounts included in the Composite. Westwood’s fee schedule for the Income Opportunity strategy: 0.80% on the first $25 million and negotiable thereafter. All fees are stated in annual rates and are typically billed quarterly. Westwood claims compliance with GIPS ® and has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. Westwood has been independently |
44
verified for the periods January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. Verification assesses whether (1) the firm has complied with all the composite construction requirements of the GIPS ® standards on a firm-wide basis and (2) the firm’s policies and procedures are designed to calculate and present performance in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The Income Opportunity Strategy Composite has been examined for the periods January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2017. The verification and performance examination reports are available upon request. |
2 | The Citigroup 10-Year Treasury Index computes returns for the current Treasury Notes with a maturity of 10 years or less. Treasury Notes are fixed income securities whose interest and principal payments are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. |
3 | The Citigroup 3-Month Treasury Bill Index computes returns for the current Treasury Bills with a maturity of 90 days or less. |
4 | The S&P ® 500 Index is a widely recognized, market value weighted (higher market value stocks have more influence that lower market value stocks) index of 500 stocks designed to mimic the overall U.S. equity market’s industry weightings. |
5 | The FTSE NAREIT U.S. Equity Index is an unmanaged index of all tax qualified REITs listed on the NYSE, AMEX and NASDAQ which have 75% or more of their gross invested book assets invested directly or indirectly in the equity ownership of real estate. |
6 | The blended benchmark is comprised of the following: 25% S&P 500 Index / 25% FTSE NAREIT U.S. Equity Index / 25% Citigroup 3-Month Treasury Bill Index / 25% Citigroup 10-Year Treasury Index. |
7 | The comparative benchmark returns include interest and dividend income but do not include taxes, potential transaction costs or management fees. |
8 | Dispersion is measured using the asset-weighted standard deviation of accounts managed for the entire year. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the degree to which an individual portfolio’s return varies from the median return for the composite. Greater deviation means greater risk to the investor. |
9 | Inception date of the Income Opportunity Strategy Composite is January 1, 2003. |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund
Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA (the “Portfolio Manager”) is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund’s portfolio. The Portfolio Manager previously was primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the portfolio of the AGF Emerging Markets Fund (the “Comparable Fund”) from its inception date June 2003, through April 2012 (the “Relevant Period”). The Comparable Fund belongs to the AGF Group of Funds, which are Canadian open-end mutual funds established under the laws of Ontario and managed by AGF Investments, Inc. Throughout the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager was identified to Comparable Fund shareholders as being responsible for exercising final decision-making authority over all material aspects concerning the investment objective, policies, strategies, and security selection decisions of the Comparable Fund and the Portfolio Manager will exercise the same level of authority and discretion in managing the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund. The investment objective, policies and strategies of the Comparable Fund are substantially similar in all material respects to those of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund. During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager also managed other accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund. Performance results for these other accounts have not been provided due to lack of supporting records. However, the composite performance of these other accounts is not materially different than the Comparable Fund performance.
The following tables set forth performance data relating to the historical performance of the MF Series class of the Comparable Fund. The data provided, which is net of all actual fees and expenses (including any sales loads and account fees) of the Comparable Fund, illustrates the past performance of the Portfolio Manager in managing a substantially similar fund as measured against the MSCI Emerging Markets Index (the “Comparable Index”). The Comparable Fund is not subject to the same types of expenses to which the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund is subject, nor the specific tax restrictions and investment limitations imposed by the 1940 Act or Subchapter M of the Code. Consequently, the performance results for the Comparable Fund expressed below could have been adversely affected if the Comparable Fund had been regulated as an investment
45
company under the Federal securities and tax laws. In addition, the performance information shown below was not calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology. If the performance information was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Comparable Fund is a separate fund and its historical performance is not indicative of the potential future performance of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund. The expenses of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund (gross and net of waivers and reimbursements) are higher than the expenses of the Comparable Fund. If the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the Comparable Fund, the performance shown below would have been lower.
The performance results are calculated using Canadian dollars.
Comparable Fund Performance
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Portfolio Manager in managing the Comparable Fund and does not represent the performance of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund.
Calendar Year
|
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
Comparable Fund (2) |
16.6% |
35.3% |
40.4% |
12.4% |
-35.3% |
60.3% |
15.3% |
-14.6% |
Comparable Index (3) |
16.8% |
31.2% |
32.1% |
18.6% |
-41.4% |
52.0% |
13.0% |
-16.2% |
As of 4/30/12
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
Since
|
Comparable Fund (2) |
-4.38% |
15.25% |
4.05% |
15.47% |
Comparable Index (3) |
-8.73% |
11.59% |
1.47% |
12.51% |
(1) | After-tax returns would be lower than those shown. |
(2) | The AGF Emerging Markets Fund, a substantially similar fund previously managed by the Portfolio Manager, commenced operations on June 16, 2003. |
(3) | The MSCI Emerging Markets Index (“Comparable Index”) is a free float-adjusted market capitalization index that is designed to measure equity market performance of emerging markets. The Comparable Fund was benchmarked against the Comparable Index, and the Adviser benchmarks the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund to the Comparable Index. |
(4) | Returns are shown from July 1, 2003 through April 30, 2012. |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund
Anne Yobage, CFA (the “Portfolio Manager”) is a co-founding member of the Sub-Adviser, and is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund’s portfolio. The Portfolio Manager previously was primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the portfolio of the U.S. Short Duration High Yield Fund (the “Comparable Fund”) from its inception date April 2004, through May 2011 (the “Relevant Period”). The Comparable Fund, referred to as a “sub-fund,” is a stand-alone fund constituting a separate investment portfolio of the AXA IM Fixed Income Investment Strategies. AXA IM Fixed Income Investment Strategies is incorporated in Luxembourg as an open-ended investment company and qualifies as a UCITS fund (“Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities”). UCITS is a regulatory regime governing the marketing and distribution of securities within the European Union. During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager exercised final decision-making authority over all material aspects concerning the investment objective, policies, strategies, and security selection decisions of the Comparable Fund, and the Portfolio Manager exercises the same level of authority and discretion in managing the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. The investment objective,
46
policies and strategies of the Comparable Fund are substantially similar in all material respects to those of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund.
The following table sets forth performance data relating to the historical performance of the A USD share class of the Comparable Fund. The data provided, which is net of all actual fees and expenses (including any sales loads and account fees) of the Comparable Fund, illustrates the past performance of the Portfolio Manager in managing a substantially similar fund as the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund as measured against the ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index (the “Index”), which is a representative index of the broader U.S. publicly issued corporate high yield market, which has, among other characteristics, a longer duration than both the Comparable Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. The Comparable Fund is not subject to the same types of expenses to which the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund is subject, nor the specific tax restrictions and investment limitations imposed by the 1940 Act, or Subchapter M of the Code. Consequently, the performance results for the Comparable Fund expressed below could have been adversely affected if the Comparable Fund had been regulated as an investment company under the Federal securities and tax laws. In addition, the performance information shown below was not calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology. If the performance information was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Comparable Fund is a separate fund and its historical performance is not indicative of the potential future performance of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. The expenses of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund (gross and net of waivers and reimbursements) are higher than the expenses of the Comparable Fund. If the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the Comparable Fund, the performance shown below would have been lower. During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager also managed other accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. Performance results for these other accounts have not been provided due to lack of supporting records. However, the composite performance of these other accounts is not materially different than the Comparable Fund performance.
Comparable Fund Performance
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Portfolio Manager in managing the Comparable Fund and does not represent the performance of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund.
Calendar Year
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
Comparable Fund (2) |
2.87% |
7.26% |
4.58% |
-9.01% |
20.60% |
9.20% |
Index (3) |
2.74% |
11.77% |
2.15% |
-26.39% |
57.51% |
15.19% |
As of 5/31/2011
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
Since
|
Comparable Fund (2) |
10.02% |
6.47% |
6.08% |
5.70% |
Index (3) |
18.09% |
11.75% |
9.34% |
8.56% |
(1) | After tax returns would be lower than those shown. |
(2) | The U.S. Short Duration High Yield Fund, a substantially similar fund previously managed by the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund’s portfolio manager, commenced operations on April 1, 2004. |
(3) | The ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index (“Index”) is a representative index of the broader U.S. publicly issued corporate high yield market, and is included solely for the purpose of comparing the Comparable Fund’s historical performance against the performance of the broader high yield market, which has, among other characteristics, a longer duration |
47
than both the Comparable Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. The Comparable Fund, however, was not and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund is not managed towards the Index or any other benchmark. |
(4) | Returns are shown from April 1, 2004 through May 31, 2011. |
PURCHASING, SELLING AND EXCHANGING FUND SHARES
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange A Class Shares of the Funds.
The Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund also offer Institutional Shares that are not subject to sales charges or distribution (12b-1) fees with a minimum initial investment of $100,000. Because Institutional Shares will always be a more favorable investment than A Class Shares for investments of $100,000 or more, the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund will generally not accept a purchase order for A Class Shares in the amount of $100,000 or more. While the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund will take reasonable steps to prevent investments of $100,000 or more in A Class Shares, they may not be able to identify such investments made through certain financial intermediaries or omnibus accounts. Although Institutional Shares may not be offered by your financial intermediary, you can purchase Institutional Shares directly from the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Funds, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Purchase Fund Shares
You will ordinarily submit your purchase orders through your securities broker or other financial intermediary through which you opened your shareholder account. To purchase shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) or log on to the Funds’ website at www.westwoodfunds.com.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Funds do not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Funds reserve the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Funds are not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Funds’ policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Funds do not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Funds subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Funds for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Funds by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Funds a check and, if possible, the
48
“Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund name and the share class.
Regular Mail Address
Westwood Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Westwood Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 W. 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name, the share class and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA#: 101000695
Westwood Funds
DDA# 9871063178
Ref: Fund name/account name/share class/account number
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days that either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. Each Fund’s price per share will be the next determined NAV per share after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form, plus the front-end sales charge. “Proper form” means that the Funds were provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
Each Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, a Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Funds reserve the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Funds will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since
49
securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of a Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Funds through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Funds), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Funds prior to the time each Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Funds on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Funds after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Funds with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on a Fund’s behalf. A Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at a Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of a Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Funds. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact the financial intermediary directly.
How the Funds Calculate NAV
The NAV of a class of each Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class. In calculating NAV, each Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or a Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. A Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
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There may be limited circumstances in which the Funds would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Funds calculated their NAV.
With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Funds, the Funds may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Funds may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Funds price their shares, the value the Funds assign to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Funds may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of more than 60 days, the Funds use the value of the security provided by pricing services. The values provided by a pricing service may be based upon market quotations for the same security, securities expected to trade in a similar manner or a pricing matrix. When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less, the Funds may use the security’s amortized cost. Amortized cost and the use of a pricing matrix in valuing fixed income securities are forms of fair value pricing.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Purchases In Kind
Subject to the approval of a Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Funds reserve the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Minimum Purchases
You can open an account with the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, including an initial purchase through an IRA or other tax qualified account, with a minimum initial investment of $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments. Each Fund may accept initial investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Funds. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually and annually in amounts of at least $25 per Fund. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Funds at: Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
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Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Funds to purchase or exchange A Class Shares, check a Fund’s daily NAV or obtain additional information. Because A Class Shares of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund are currently not available to investors, this Fund does not have a ticker symbol, CUSIP or Fund Code.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund |
WWLAX |
0075W0635 |
2685 |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund |
WWIAX |
0075W0643 |
2686 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund |
WWEAX |
0075W0478 |
3985 |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund |
WSDAX |
0075W0452 |
3987 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Funds directly by mail or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Funds.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Funds in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Funds must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before they grant a redemption request, the Funds may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Funds participate in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-877-386-3944 for more information.
The sale price will be the NAV per share next determined after the Funds receive your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Funds signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
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● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
Westwood Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Westwood Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 W. 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privileges) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, a Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Funds.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, a Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. A Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with a Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
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A Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, a Fund may also meet redemption requests by drawing on a line of credit (Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund), using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In Kind
The Funds generally pay sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Funds’ remaining shareholders, the Funds might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $5,000 because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Funds will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Funds reserve the right to waive the minimum account value requirement in their sole discretion.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Funds may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may exchange between like share classes or different share classes of any Westwood Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund. Exchanges are subject to the eligibility requirements and the fees and expenses of the share class you exchange into, as set forth in the applicable prospectus. You may only exchange shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the same Fund is not a taxable event.
The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term or excessive trading. The Funds may suspend or terminate your exchange privilege if you engage in a pattern of exchanges that is excessive, as determined in the sole discretion of the Funds. For more information about the Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Funds have certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Funds are not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions they reasonably believe to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Funds over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
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Front-End Sales Charges – A Class Shares
The offering price of A Class Shares is the next calculated NAV after the Funds receive your request, plus the front-end sales charge. The amount of any front-end sales charge included in your offering price varies depending on the amount of your investment.
For the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund, the sales charges below apply:
If Your Investment Is: |
Your Sales Charge
|
Your Sales Charge
|
Dealer Reallowance
|
Less than $50,000 |
5.00% |
5.26% |
5.00% |
$50,000 but less than $100,000 |
4.00% |
4.17% |
4.00% |
$100,000 but less than $250,000 |
3.00% |
3.09% |
3.00% |
$250,000 but less than $500,000 |
2.50% |
2.56% |
2.50% |
$500,000 and over |
2.00% |
2.04% |
2.00% |
For the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, the sales charges below apply:
If Your Investment Is: |
Your Sales Charge
|
Your Sales Charge
|
Dealer Reallowance
|
Less than $100,000 |
2.25% |
2.30% |
2.00% |
$100,000 but less than $250,000 |
2.00% |
2.04% |
1.75% |
$250,000 but less than $500,000 |
1.50% |
1.52% |
1.25% |
$500,000 and over |
1.25% |
1.27% |
1.10% |
You may qualify for reduced sales charges or sales charge waivers. If you believe that you may qualify for a reduction or waiver of the sales charge, you should discuss this matter with your broker or other financial intermediary. To qualify for these reductions or waivers, you or your financial intermediary must provide sufficient information at the time of purchase to verify that your purchase qualifies for such treatment. This information could be used to aggregate, for example, holdings in personal or retirement accounts, Fund shares owned by your family members, and holdings in accounts at other brokers or financial intermediaries. The Funds or your financial intermediary may request documentation from you in order to verify your eligibility for a breakpoint discount. This information may include account statements and records regarding Fund shares held at all financial intermediaries by you and members of your family. In addition to breakpoint discounts, the following sections describe other circumstances in which sales charges are waived or otherwise may be reduced. Your financial intermediary may not offer any or all of the waivers or discounts discussed below, in which case you would be required to purchase A Class Shares directly from a Fund or through another intermediary in order to receive the desired waiver or discount. Investors investing in a Fund through an intermediary should consult “Sales Charge Waivers and Reductions Available Through Certain Financial Intermediaries” below, and Appendix A - Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers, which includes information regarding broker-defined sales charges and related discount and/or waiver policies that apply to purchases through certain intermediaries.
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Waiver of Front-End Sales Charge – A Class Shares
Certain investors may be eligible for a waiver of the sales loads due to the nature of the investors and/or the reduced sales efforts necessary to obtain their investments. The front-end sales charge will be waived on A Class Shares purchased:
● |
Through reinvestment of dividends and distributions; |
● |
Through an account advised or sub-advised by the Adviser or its affiliates; |
● |
By persons repurchasing shares they redeemed within the last 90 days (see “Repurchase of A Class Shares”); |
● |
By employees, officers and directors, and members of their family, of the Adviser and its affiliates; |
● |
By persons reinvesting distributions from qualified employee benefit retirement plans and rollovers from IRAs as long as the plan was previously invested in one or more Westwood Funds; |
● |
By investors who purchase shares with redemption proceeds (but only to the extent of such redemption proceeds) from another investment company within 30 days of such redemption, provided that the investors paid either a front-end or contingent deferred sales charge on the original shares redeemed; |
● |
Through dealers, retirement plans, asset allocation programs and financial institutions that, under their dealer agreements with the distributor or otherwise, do not receive any portion of the front-end sales charge; |
● |
Purchases by registered representatives and other employees of certain financial intermediaries (and their family members) having selling agreements with the Adviser or distributor; |
● |
Broker-dealer sponsored wrap program accounts and/or fee-based accounts maintained for clients of certain financial intermediaries who have entered into selling agreements with the distributor; and |
● |
Certain other investors as deemed appropriate by the Adviser. |
You should inquire with your financial intermediary regarding whether a waiver of front-end sales charge is applicable to you.
Repurchase of A Class Shares
You may repurchase any amount of A Class Shares of any Fund at NAV (without the normal front-end sales charge), up to the limit of the value of any amount of A Class Shares (other than those which were purchased with reinvested dividends and distributions) that you redeemed within the past 90 days. In effect, this allows you to reacquire shares that you may have had to redeem, without repaying the front-end sales charge. To exercise this privilege, a Fund must receive your purchase order within 90 days of your redemption. In addition, you must notify your investment professional or institution when you send in your purchase order that you are repurchasing shares. Certain tax rules may limit your ability to recognize a loss on the redemption of your A Class Shares, and you should consult your tax advisor if recognizing such a loss is important to you.
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Rights of Accumulation
In calculating the appropriate sales charge rate, this right allows you to add the value of the A Class Shares you already own to the amount that you are currently purchasing. The Funds will combine the value of your current purchases with the current value of any A Class Shares you purchased previously for (i) your account, (ii) your spouse’s account, (iii) a joint account with your spouse, or (iv) your minor children’s trust or custodial accounts. A fiduciary purchasing shares for the same fiduciary account, trust or estate may also use this right of accumulation. If your investment qualifies for a reduced sales load due to accumulation of purchases, you must notify the transfer agent at the time of purchase of the existence of other accounts and/or holdings eligible to be aggregated to reduce or eliminate the sales load. You may be required to provide records, such as account statements, regarding Fund shares held by you or related accounts at the Funds or at other financial intermediaries in order to verify your eligibility for a breakpoint discount. You will receive the reduced sales load only on the additional purchases and not retroactively on previous purchases. The Funds may amend or terminate this right of accumulation at any time.
Letter of Intent
You may purchase A Class Shares at the sales charge rate applicable to the total amount of the purchases you intend to make over a 13-month period. In other words, a Letter of Intent allows you to purchase A Class Shares of a Fund over a 13-month period and receive the same sales charge as if you had purchased all the shares at the same time. The Fund will only consider the value of A Class Shares sold subject to a sales charge. As a result, shares of the A Class Shares purchased with dividends or distributions will not be included in the calculation. To be entitled to a reduced sales charge on the purchase of A Class Shares based on shares you intend to purchase over the 13-month period, you must send the Fund a Letter of Intent. In calculating the total amount of purchases, you may include in your Letter purchases made up to 90 days before the date of the Letter. Purchases resulting from the reinvestment of dividends and capital gains do not apply toward fulfillment of the Letter. The 13-month period begins on the date of the first purchase, including those purchases made in the 90-day period before the date of the Letter. Please note that the purchase price of these prior purchases will not be adjusted.
You are not legally bound by the terms of your Letter of Intent to purchase the amount of your shares stated in the Letter. The Letter does, however, authorize the Fund to hold in escrow 5% of the total amount you intend to purchase. If you do not complete the total intended purchase of A Class Shares at the end of the 13-month period, the Fund’s transfer agent will redeem the necessary portion of the escrowed shares to make up the difference between the reduced rate sales charge (based on the amount you intended to purchase) and the sales charge that would normally apply (based on the actual amount you purchased).
Combined Purchase/Quantity Discount Privilege
When calculating the appropriate sales charge rate, a Fund will combine same-day purchases of A Class Shares (that are subject to a sales charge) made by you, your spouse and your minor children (under age 21). This combination also applies to A Class Shares you purchase with a Letter of Intent.
Sales Charge Waivers and Reductions Available Through Certain Financial Intermediaries
The availability of certain sales charge waivers and discounts may depend on whether you purchase your shares directly from a Fund or through a financial intermediary. Different intermediaries may impose different sales charges (including potential reductions in or waivers of sales charges). Such intermediary-specific sales charge variations are described in Appendix A to this Prospectus, entitled
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“Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers.” Appendix A is incorporated herein by reference and, therefore, is legally a part of this Prospectus.
In all instances, it is the purchaser’s responsibility to notify a Fund or the purchaser’s financial intermediary at the time of purchase of any relationship or other facts qualifying the purchaser for sales charge waivers or discounts. For waivers and discounts not available through a particular intermediary, shareholders will have to purchase Fund shares directly from a Fund or through another intermediary to receive such waivers or discounts.
General Information about Sales Charges
Your securities dealer is paid a commission when you buy your shares and is paid a servicing fee as long as you hold your shares. From time to time, some financial institutions may be reallowed up to the entire sales charge. Firms that receive a reallowance of the entire sales charge may be considered underwriters for the purpose of federal securities law.
The Funds’ distributor may, from time to time in its sole discretion, institute one or more promotional incentive programs for dealers, which will be paid for by the Funds’ distributor from any sales charge it receives or from any other source available to it. Under any such program, the Funds’ distributor may provide cash or non-cash compensation as recognition for past sales or encouragement for future sales that may include merchandise, travel expenses, prizes, meals, lodgings, and gifts that do not exceed $100 per year, per individual.
Information regarding the Funds’ sales charges may be obtained free of charge by calling toll-free 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
Because this Prospectus is available on the Funds’ website free of charge, the Funds do not separately make information regarding the Funds’ sales charges available on the website.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
The Funds and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Funds and/or their shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information, please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Funds have adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the 1940 Act for A Class Shares that allows the Funds to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of a Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 fee for A Class Shares of a Fund is 0.25%.
Other Payments by the Funds
The Funds may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial
58
intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, distribution fees the Funds may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Funds’ distribution plan.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Funds. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Funds. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Funds available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Funds with “shelf space,” placing them on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Funds in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of a Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Funds, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Funds are intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourage shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Funds may present risks to the Funds’ long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Funds’ investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Funds to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Funds may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time a Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds
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investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by a Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of a Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair values. Although each Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
In addition, Funds that invest in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Funds’ shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Funds’ service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Funds’ policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Funds’ service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Funds’ policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than 4 “round trips,” including exchanges, into or out of any Fund over any rolling 12 month period. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Funds and/or their service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Funds define a “round trip” as a purchase or exchange into a Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser or the Sub-Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
Each Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser/Sub-Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Funds and/or their service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Funds’ long-term shareholders. The Funds do not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Funds will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Funds for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Funds have entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Funds to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Funds. If the Funds or their service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Funds, the Funds or their service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Funds or their service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Funds, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Funds by that customer. If the Funds are not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Funds may terminate the intermediary’s
60
ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Funds’ shares is requested by the Funds and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Funds have an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Funds, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Funds on behalf of other persons.
The Funds and their service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Funds. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Funds to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Funds will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Funds to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Funds are required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Funds are required to collect documents to fulfill their legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV per share.
The Funds reserve the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if they are unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds. Further, the Funds reserve the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Funds’ overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Funds have adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Funds from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Funds reserve the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or
61
illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Funds or in cases when the Funds are requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Funds are required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the applicable Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Funds (if shares are held directly with the Funds) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Funds).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
The Westwood LargeCap Value, Westwood Emerging Markets and Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Funds distribute their net investment income and make distributions of their net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually.
The Westwood Income Opportunity Fund distributes its net investment income quarterly and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually.
The Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund distributes its net investment income monthly and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually.
If you own Fund shares on a Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution. You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Funds in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Funds receive your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Funds written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about federal, state and local income taxes. The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Funds. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject
62
to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to regulated investment companies (“RICs”), such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
The Funds intend to elect and to qualify each year to be treated as RICs under the Code. In order to do so each Fund must derive at least 90% of its gross income each taxable year from qualifying income and diversify its assets as described in more detail in the SAI. Certain investments of a Fund generally do not generate qualifying income if made directly by such Fund. For example, certain Funds intend to invest in royalty trusts. Depending on the U.S. federal income tax classification of these royalty trusts in which a Fund invests, securities issued by certain royalty trusts (such as royalty trusts which are grantor trusts for U.S. federal income tax purposes) may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the requirements to be treated as a RIC under the Code. Additionally, a Fund may be deemed to directly own the assets of each royalty trust, and would need to look to such assets when determining its compliance with the diversification requirements under the Code. Certain Canadian royalty trusts may be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and distributions from such may be qualifying income when received by a Fund. Each Fund will monitor its investments in royalty trusts with the objective of maintaining its continued qualification as a RIC under the Code.
The Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Funds, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Distributions that are reported by the Funds as long-term capital gains and as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). It is not anticipated that any distributions by the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund will be eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. Once a year the Funds (or their administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less, or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain
63
distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares purchased on or after January 1, 2012 and sold on or after that date. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, a Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, a Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, a Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by Fund shareholders (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent a Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of a Fund consists of foreign securities, such Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. A Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
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The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Funds’ investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Funds. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Funds that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Funds. The Funds may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Funds and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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The tables that follow present performance information about the A Class Shares of the Funds. This information is intended to help you understand each Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years. Certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in a Fund (assuming reinvestment of dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Funds. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Funds, which is available upon request by calling the Funds at 1-877-386-3944.
Because A Class Shares of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund were not in operation as of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, financial highlights are not available.
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Westwood LargeCap Value Fund A Class Shares
Selected Per Shares Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 13.15 | $ | 11.09 | $ | 11.98 | $ | 13.04 | $ | 12.94 | ||||||||||
Income from Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.17 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.09 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
0.62 | 2.23 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 1.62 | |||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.79 | 2.37 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 1.71 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.12 | ) | (0.10 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.05 | ) | (0.08 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
(0.70 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.96 | ) | (1.49 | ) | (1.53 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.82 | ) | (0.31 | ) | (1.05 | ) | (1.54 | ) | (1.61 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 13.12 | $ | 13.15 | $ | 11.09 | $ | 11.98 | $ | 13.04 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
6.02 | % † | 21.83 | % † | 1.74 | % † | 3.73 | % | 14.83 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 13,183 | $ | 1,984 | $ | 1,762 | $ | 1,788 | $ | 6,031 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.90 | % | 1.00 | % | 1.05 | % | 1.14 | % | 1.14 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
0.97 | % | 1.08 | % | 1.11 | % | 1.14 | % | 1.14 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.25 | % | 1.14 | % | 1.07 | % | 1.22 | % | 0.76 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
49 | % | 44 | % | 39 | % | 32 | % | 47 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.
^^ | Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† | Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† | Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
67
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund A Class Shares
Selected Per Shares Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 15.71 | $ | 14.57 | $ | 14.37 | $ | 14.87 | $ | 13.61 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) From Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.24 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.11 | ) | 1.18 | 0.21 | (0.37 | ) | 1.21 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.13 | 1.40 | 0.42 | (0.16 | ) | 1.43 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.24 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.19 | ) | (0.15 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
(0.30 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.15 | ) | (0.02 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.54 | ) | (0.26 | ) | (0.22 | ) | (0.34 | ) | (0.17 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 15.30 | $ | 15.71 | $ | 14.57 | $ | 14.37 | $ | 14.87 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
0.78 | % | 9.71 | % | 2.96 | % | (1.05 | )% | 10.56 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 74,510 | $ | 98,976 | $ | 123,030 | $ | 144,239 | $ | 215,541 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.08 | % | 1.08 | % | 1.09 | % | 1.09 | % | 1.09 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.08 | % | 1.08 | % | 1.09 | % | 1.09 | % | 1.09 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.56 | % | 1.45 | % | 1.49 | % | 1.41 | % | 1.55 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
42 | % | 34 | % | 22 | % | 24 | % | 19 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.
^^ | Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
†† | Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
68
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund A Class Shares
Selected Per Shares Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 9.75 | $ | 8.73 | $ | 7.71 | $ | 9.41 | $ | 9.28 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) From Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.11 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.10 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(1.27 | ) | 1.01 | 1.00 | (1.67 | ) | 0.10 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(1.16 | ) | 1.09 | 1.08 | (1.61 | ) | 0.20 | |||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.05 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.06 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.07 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.05 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.06 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.07 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 8.54 | $ | 9.75 | $ | 8.73 | $ | 7.71 | $ | 9.41 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
(11.98 | )% | 12.64 | % † | 14.16 | % † | (17.24 | )% † | 2.24 | % † | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 416 | $ | 546 | $ | 435 | $ | 377 | $ | 517 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.45 | % ^ | 1.45 | % (a) | 1.45 | % | 1.45 | % | 1.45 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.42 | % | 1.43 | % | 1.52 | % | 1.64 | % | 2.10 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.12 | % | 0.93 | % | 1.07 | % | 0.73 | % | 1.07 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
23 | % | 25 | % | 47 | % | 45 | % | 28 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.
^ | Ratio includes previously waived investment advisory fees recaptured. The impact of the recaptured fees may cause a higher net expense ratio. |
^^ | Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† | Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† | Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(a) | Ratio includes previously waived investment advisory fees recovered. |
69
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund A Class Shares
Selected Per Shares Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 9.37 | $ | 9.31 | $ | 9.30 | $ | 9.89 | $ | 10.12 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) From Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.40 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.39 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.23 | ) | 0.06 | 0.02 | (0.58 | ) | (0.21 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.17 | 0.46 | 0.40 | (0.19 | ) | 0.18 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.39 | ) | (0.40 | ) | (0.39 | ) | (0.40 | ) | (0.40 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
— | — | — | — | (0.01 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Return of Capital |
— | — | — | — | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.39 | ) | (0.40 | ) | (0.39 | ) | (0.40 | ) | (0.41 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 9.15 | $ | 9.37 | $ | 9.31 | $ | 9.30 | $ | 9.89 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
1.91 | % † | 5.01 | % † | 4.50 | % † | (1.98 | )% † | 1.77 | % † | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 31 | $ | 596 | $ | 1,541 | $ | 1,158 | $ | 1,110 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.05 | % | 1.05 | % | 1.08 | % | 1.15 | % | 1.15 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.26 | % | 1.26 | % | 1.32 | % | 1.19 | % | 1.18 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
4.26 | % | 4.25 | % | 4.18 | % | 4.11 | % | 3.91 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
37 | % | 71 | % | 54 | % | 44 | % | 36 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.
1 | Amount less than $0.01 per share. |
^^ | Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† | Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† | Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
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The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
WESTWOOD FUNDS
Investment Adviser
Westwood Management Corp.
200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200
Dallas, Texas 75201
Sub-Adviser (Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund)
SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC
20 Horseneck Lane
Greenwich, Connecticut 06830
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Funds is available, without charge, through the following:
Appendix A to the Prospectus - Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers
Appendix A contains more information about specific sales charge discounts and waivers available for shareholders who purchase Fund shares through a specific financial intermediary. Appendix A is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that Appendix A, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about the Funds and The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Funds’ holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Funds.
To obtain more information about the Funds or to request a copy of the documents listed above:
By Telephone: |
1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) |
By Mail: |
Westwood Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.westwoodfunds.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
WHG-PS-007-1300
Appendix A
Intermediary-Specific Sales Charge Discounts and Waivers
Specific intermediaries may have different policies and procedures regarding the availability of front-end sales charge waivers, which are discussed below. In all instances, it is the purchaser’s responsibility to notify a Fund or the purchaser’s financial intermediary at the time of purchase of any relationship or other facts qualifying the purchaser for sales charge waivers or discounts. For waivers and discounts not available through a particular intermediary, shareholders will have to purchase Fund shares directly from a Fund or through another intermediary to receive such waivers or discounts. Please see the “Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares - Sales Charges” section of the A Class Shares Prospectus for more information on sales charge discounts and waivers.
The following descriptions of financial intermediary sales charge waivers, discounts, policies or procedures, as the case may be, are reproduced based on information provided by the intermediary. The financial intermediary sales charge waivers, discounts, policies or procedures disclosed in this Appendix may vary from those disclosed in the A Class Shares Prospectus or SAI and are subject to change. This Appendix will be updated based on information provided by the financial intermediaries. Neither the Funds, nor the Adviser, nor the Distributor supervises the implementation of financial intermediary sales charge waivers, discounts, policies or procedures nor do they verify the intermediaries’ administration of such waivers, discounts, policies or procedures.
The information in this Appendix is part of, and incorporated into, the A Class Shares Prospectus.
Raymond James & Associates, Inc., Raymond James Financial Services, Inc., & Raymond James affiliates (“Raymond James”)
Effective March 1, 2019, shareholders purchasing Fund shares through a Raymond James platform or account will be eligible only for the following front-end sales charge waivers and discounts, which may differ from those disclosed elsewhere in the A Class Shares Prospectus or SAI.
Front-end sales load waivers on A Class Shares available at Raymond James
● |
Shares purchased in an investment advisory program. |
● |
Shares purchased through reinvestment of capital gains distributions and dividend reinvestment when purchasing shares of the same Fund (but not any other Fund within the Westwood Fund family). |
● |
Employees and registered representatives of Raymond James or its affiliates and their family members as designated by Raymond James. |
● |
Shares purchased from the proceeds of redemptions within the Westwood Fund family, provided (1) the repurchase occurs within 90 days following the redemption, (2) the redemption and purchase occur in the same account, and (3) redeemed shares were subject to a front-end sales load (known as Rights of Reinstatement). |
Front-end load discounts available at Raymond James: breakpoints, and/or rights of accumulation
● |
Breakpoints as described in the A Class Shares Prospectus. |
● |
Rights of accumulation which entitle shareholders to breakpoint discounts will be automatically calculated based on the aggregated holding of Westwood Fund family assets held by accounts within the purchaser’s household at Raymond James. Eligible Westwood Fund family assets not held at Raymond James may be included in the rights of accumulation calculation only if the shareholder notifies his or her financial advisor about such assets. |
A-1
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund Ticker Symbol: WHGLX
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund Ticker Symbol: WHGPX
Westwood SmallCap Fund Ticker Symbol: WHGSX
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund Ticker Symbol: WHGIX
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund Ticker Symbol: WWEMX
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund Ticker Symbol: WWHYX
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund Ticker Symbol: WSCIX |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund Ticker Symbol: WLVIX
Westwood SMidCap Fund Ticker Symbol: WHGMX
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund Ticker Symbol: WMLPX
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund Ticker Symbol: WWIOX
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund Ticker Symbol: WHGHX
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund Ticker Symbol: WMNIX
Westwood Flexible Income Fund Ticker Symbol:WFLEX
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund Ticker Symbol: |
Prospectus
March 1, 2019
Institutional Shares
Investment Adviser:
Westwood Management Corp.
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of a Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from a Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with a Fund, you can inform a Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all Westwood Funds if you invest directly with a Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these
securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus |
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about each Fund, please see:
Page |
||
Institutional Shares of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund are currently not available for purchase.
The investment objective of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below. Shares of the Fund are available in other share classes that have different fees and expenses.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees 1 |
0.60% |
Other Expenses |
0.12% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.72% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(0.07)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.65% |
1 |
Management Fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
2 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.65% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$66 |
$223 |
$394 |
$888 |
1
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 49% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in common stocks and other equity securities of large capitalization companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers large capitalization companies to be companies that have market capitalizations of greater than $5 billion at the time of initial purchase. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks, but may also include shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), royalty trusts, and master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). The Fund generally invests in equity securities of domestic companies, but may also invest in equity securities of foreign companies and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). In the event that the Fund invests in foreign securities and ADRs, the Adviser expects that the Fund’s investments in such securities would normally represent less than 25% of the Fund’s assets.
The Fund invests in approximately 40-60 securities that are well diversified among market sectors. The Adviser utilizes a value style of investing and selects securities for the Fund that it believes are currently undervalued in the market and offer an attractive opportunity for price appreciation coupled with downside risk limitation. Key metrics for evaluating the risk/return profile of an investment may include strong free cash flow, an improving return on equity, a strengthening balance sheet and, in the case of common equities, positive earnings surprises without a corresponding change in the stock price. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching a predetermined price target or a change to a company’s fundamentals that negatively impacts the original investment thesis. The Adviser will not necessarily sell a security that has depreciated below the stated market capitalization defined above.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s
2
value or its prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Royalty Trust Risk – The Fund may invest in royalty trusts. A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields. The Fund’s investment in royalty trusts may result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the royalty trusts’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Royalty trust operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in the Prospectus.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in a MLP than investors in a corporation. For example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their
3
respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
4
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
13.13% |
(17.42)% |
(12/31/2011) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(6.04)% |
7.02% |
10.36% |
6.80% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(8.38)% |
4.66% |
8.57% |
5.34% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(2.27)% |
5.04% |
8.29% |
5.30% |
Russell 1000 Value Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(8.27)% |
5.95% |
11.18% |
6.22% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Related Performance Data of the Adviser” section of the Prospectus.
5
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. Casey Flanagan, CFA, Associate Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2019.
Mr. Scott D. Lawson, CFA, Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2006.
Mr. Matthew Lockridge, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2012.
Dr. Varun V. Singh, PhD, CFA, Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2013.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
6
The investment objective of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek to provide total return, through a combination of current income and capital appreciation, with a lower level of volatility than traditional equity-oriented strategies over a market cycle.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.70% |
Other Expenses |
0.35% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.05% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.30)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.75% |
1 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.75% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets. This contractual arrangement shall continue in effect until February 28, 2020 and shall thereafter continue in effect until its termination by shareholders of the Fund. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$77 |
$304 |
$550 |
$1,255 |
7
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 26% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily publicly traded common stocks. For purposes of the Fund’s 80% investment policy, however, equity securities also include, but are not limited to, preferred stocks, warrants, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), royalty trusts, American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), convertible securities, and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) and derivative instruments with economic characteristics similar to equity securities. The Fund may invest in U.S. and non-U.S. (including both developed and emerging market) companies, and may invest in companies of any market capitalization. The Fund may also invest in trust preferred securities.
For purposes of the Fund’s 80% investment policy, convertible securities include, but are not limited to, corporate bonds, debentures, notes or preferred stocks and their hybrids that can be immediately converted (exchanged) into common stock or other securities, such as warrants or options, which provide an opportunity for equity participation. The Fund may also invest in “out-of-the-money” convertible securities.
The Fund may utilize derivatives, principally options and futures, to seek to hedge risks or enhance the returns of the Fund. In particular, the Fund may seek to generate income from option premiums, and reduce the Fund’s volatility, by writing (selling) “covered” call options on securities or indices in which the Fund holds long positions.
The Adviser utilizes fundamental research to seek to identify investments for the Fund that will enable it to capture market upside while limiting downside risk. Specifically, the Adviser assesses the strength of a company’s management, business models, and financial condition, as well as the value, volatility, income characteristics, credit quality and liquidity of its securities to seek to invest in securities of undervalued companies with the potential for capital appreciation and strong and improving cash flows sufficient to support a sustainable or rising income stream for investors. The Adviser will consider selling a security when it believes that the security is no longer undervalued, or there are unfavorable changes in the fundamentals of the underlying company or the structure of the security.
8
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Royalty Trust Risk – The Fund may invest in royalty trusts. A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields. The Fund’s investment in royalty trusts may result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the royalty trusts’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Royalty trust operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Trust Preferred Securities Risk – Trust preferred securities are preferred stocks issued by a special purpose trust subsidiary backed by subordinated debt of the corporate parent. These securities typically bear a market rate coupon comparable to interest rates available on debt of a similarly
9
rated company. The securities are generally senior in claim to standard preferred stock but junior to other bondholders. Trust preferred securities are subject to unique risks, due to the fact that dividend payments will only be paid if interest payments on the underlying obligations are made, which interest payments are dependent on the financial condition of the parent corporation and may be deferred for up to 20 consecutive quarters. Such risks include increased credit risk and market value volatility, as well as the risk that the Fund may have to liquidate other investments in order to satisfy the distribution requirements applicable to regulated investment companies if the trust preferred security or the subordinated debt is treated as an original issue discount obligation, and thereby causes the Fund to accrue interest income without receiving corresponding cash payments. There is also the risk that the underlying obligations, and thus the trust preferred securities, may be prepaid after a stated call date or as a result of certain tax or regulatory events, resulting in a lower yield to maturity.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security in which the Fund invests is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based or the other holdings of an active or index ETF, and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
10
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of futures contracts and options is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, hedging risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Hedging risk is the risk that derivative instruments used for hedging purposes may also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Liquidity risk is the risk that certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a derivative, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or its prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
11
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Prior to December 30, 2016, the Fund employed a different investment strategy. Therefore, the past performance shown for periods prior to December 30, 2016 may have differed had the Fund’s current investment strategy been in effect. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
The Fund acquired the assets and assumed the historical performance of another fund (the “Predecessor Fund”) on February 5, 2011. The performance shown in the bar chart and performance table for periods prior to that date represents the performance of the Predecessor Fund.
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
16.45% |
(11.50)% |
(06/30/2009) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(6.11)% |
4.70% |
10.88% |
7.79% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(15.30)% |
0.48% |
7.83% |
3.67% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
3.40% |
3.21% |
8.70% |
4.35% |
Russell 1000 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(4.78)% |
8.21% |
13.28% |
6.66% |
12
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. Daniel J. Barnes, CFA, Vice President, Global Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2016.
Mr. David Clott, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since 2016.
Mr. Matthew Lockridge, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Mr. Shawn Mato, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since 2016.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
13
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund |
The investment objective of the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional Shares |
||
Management Fees |
0.75% |
|
Other Expenses |
0.20% |
|
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.02% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
0.18% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.95% |
|
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.14)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.81% |
1 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.81% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$83 |
$289 |
$512 |
$1,154 |
14
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 51% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small- and mid-cap companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers small- and mid-cap companies to be those companies with market capitalizations between $2 billion and $20 billion. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks, but may also include shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), royalty trusts, and master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). The Fund generally invests in securities of domestic companies, but may also invest in equity securities of foreign companies and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). In the event the Fund invests in foreign securities and ADRs, the Adviser expects that the Fund’s investment in such companies would normally represent less than 15% of the Fund’s assets.
The Fund invests in approximately 45-70 securities that are well diversified among market sectors. The Adviser utilizes a value style of investing and selects securities for the Fund that it believes are currently undervalued in the market and offer an attractive opportunity for price appreciation coupled with downside risk limitation. Key metrics for evaluating the risk/return profile of an investment may include strong free cash flow, an improving return on equity, a strengthening balance sheet and, in the case of common equities, positive earnings surprises without a corresponding change in the stock price. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching a predetermined price target, a change to a company’s fundamentals that makes the risk/return profile unattractive, or a need to improve the overall risk/return profile of the Fund. The Adviser will not necessarily sell a security that has appreciated or depreciated outside the Fund’s target capitalization range.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events
15
than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or its prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs can generally be classified as Equity REITs, Mortgage REITs and Hybrid REITs. Equity REITs, which invest the majority of their assets directly in real property, derive their income primarily from rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs, which invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages, derive their income primarily from interest payments. Hybrid REITs combine the characteristics of both Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate or mortgages, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; prepayment of mortgages during periods of declining interest rates; inability of mortgagors/tenants to make loan/rent payments; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Royalty Trust Risk – The Fund may invest in royalty trusts. A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields. The Fund’s investment in royalty trusts may result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the royalty trusts’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Royalty trust operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in the Prospectus.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in a MLP than investors in a corporation. For example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances
16
for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based, and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
17
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
12.13% |
(16.98)% |
(03/31/2013) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(12.55)% |
2.26% |
5.84% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(16.00)% |
1.14% |
4.92% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(4.34)% |
1.92% |
4.79% |
Russell 2500 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(10.00)% |
5.15% |
8.64% |
18
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. Prashant Inamdar, CFA, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2013.
Mr. Thomas C. Lieu, CFA, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Mr. William Costello, CFA, Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2018.
Mr. Grant L. Taber, CFA, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2011.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
19
The investment objective of the Westwood SMidCap Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional Shares |
||
Management Fees |
0.75% |
|
Other Expenses |
0.28% |
|
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.18% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
0.10% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.03% |
|
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.15)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.88% |
1 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.88% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$90 |
$313 |
$554 |
$1,246 |
20
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 58% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small- and mid-cap companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers small-and mid-cap companies to be those companies within the market capitalization range of the Russell 2500 Index at the time of initial purchase. While the market capitalization range of the Russell 2500 Index changes throughout the year, as of the most recent annual reconstitution of the index on June 22, 2018, the market capitalization range of the companies in the index was between $50 million and $14.6 billion. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks, but may also include shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), royalty trusts, and master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). The Fund generally invests in securities of domestic companies, but may also invest in equity securities of foreign companies and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). In the event the Fund invests in foreign securities or ADRs, the Adviser expects that the Fund’s investment in such securities would normally represent less than 15% of the Fund’s assets.
The Fund invests in approximately 45-75 securities that are well diversified among market sectors. The Adviser utilizes a value style of investing and selects securities for the Fund that it believes are currently undervalued in the market and offer an attractive opportunity for price appreciation coupled with downside risk limitation. Key metrics for evaluating the risk/return profile of an investment may include strong free cash flow, an improving return on equity, a strengthening balance sheet and, in the case of common equities, positive earnings surprises without a corresponding change in the stock price. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching a predetermined price target, a change to a company’s fundamentals that makes the risk/return profile unattractive, or a need to improve the overall risk/return profile of the Fund. The Adviser will not necessarily sell a security that has appreciated or depreciated outside the Fund’s target capitalization range.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
21
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or its prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Royalty Trust Risk – The Fund may invest in royalty trusts. A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields. The Fund’s investment in royalty trusts may result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the royalty trusts’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Royalty trust operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in the Prospectus.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in a MLP than investors in a corporation. For example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
22
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
23
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
16.84% |
(22.22)% |
(09/30/2009) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood SMidCap Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(11.47)% |
2.14% |
10.78% |
7.87% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(14.51)% |
(0.04)% |
8.93% |
6.37% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(4.97)% |
1.44% |
8.86% |
6.40% |
Russell 2500 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(10.00)% |
5.15% |
13.15% |
7.49% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Related Performance Data of the Adviser” section of the Prospectus.
24
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. Prashant Inamdar, CFA, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2013.
Mr. Thomas C. Lieu, CFA, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2010.
Mr. William Costello, CFA, Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2018.
Mr. Grant L. Taber, CFA, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2008.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
25
The investment objective of the Westwood SmallCap Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional Shares |
||
Management Fees |
0.85% |
|
Other Expenses |
0.23% |
|
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.13% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
0.10% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.08% |
|
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.09)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.99% |
1 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.99% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$101 |
$335 |
$587 |
$1,309 |
26
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 50% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-cap companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers small-cap companies to be those companies within the market capitalization range of the Russell 2000 Index at the time of initial purchase. While the market capitalization range of the Russell 2000 Index changes throughout the year, as of the most recent annual reconstitution of the index on June 22, 2018, the market capitalization range of the companies in the index was between $50 million and $6.6 billion. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks, but may also include shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), royalty trusts, and master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). The Fund generally invests in securities of domestic companies, but may also invest in equity securities of foreign companies and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). In the event the Fund invests in foreign securities and ADRs, the Adviser expects that the Fund’s investment in such securities would normally represent less than 25% of the Fund’s assets.
The Fund invests in approximately 50-70 securities that are well diversified among market sectors. The Adviser selects securities for the Fund that it believes are currently undervalued in the market and offer an attractive opportunity for price appreciation coupled with downside risk limitation. Key metrics for evaluating the risk/return profile of an investment may include strong free cash flow, an improving return on equity, a strengthening balance sheet and, in the case of common equities, positive earnings surprises without a corresponding change in the stock price. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching a predetermined price target, a change to a company’s fundamentals that makes the risk/return profile unattractive, or a need to improve the overall risk/return profile of the Fund. The Adviser will not necessarily sell a security that has appreciated or depreciated outside the Fund’s target capitalization range.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
27
Small-Capitalization Company Risk – The small-capitalization companies in which the Fund will invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Investment Style Risk – The Fund pursues a “value style” of investing. Value investing focuses on companies with stocks that appear undervalued in light of factors such as the company’s earnings, book value, revenues or cash flow. If the Adviser’s assessment of market conditions, or a company’s value or its prospects for exceeding earnings expectations is inaccurate, the Fund could suffer losses or produce poor performance relative to other funds. In addition, “value stocks” can continue to be undervalued by the market for long periods of time.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Royalty Trust Risk – The Fund may invest in royalty trusts. A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields. The Fund’s investment in royalty trusts may result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the royalty trusts’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Royalty trust operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in the Prospectus.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in a MLP than investors in a corporation. For example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
28
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
29
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
19.36% |
(21.02)% |
(12/31/2011) |
(09/30/2011) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood SmallCap Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(14.16)% |
4.31% |
12.29% |
6.45% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(15.67)% |
3.07% |
11.14% |
5.50% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(8.28)% |
3.16% |
10.20% |
5.10% |
Russell 2000 Value Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(12.86)% |
3.61% |
10.40% |
4.58% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Related Performance Data of the Adviser” section of the Prospectus.
30
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. William Costello, CFA, Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2010.
Mr. Matthew Lockridge, Senior Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2010.
Mr. Fred G. Rowsey, CFA, Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2013.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
31
The investment objective of the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek to provide total return through a combination of capital appreciation and current income.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.85% |
Other Expenses |
0.54% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.01% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
1.40% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(0.39)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
1.01% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table, both before and after fee reductions and/or expense reimbursements, do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.00% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year
32
of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$103 |
$405 |
$729 |
$1,646 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 44% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in Master Limited Partnerships (“MLPs”) and other energy-related investments. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. MLPs and other energy-related investments are:
(i) |
MLPs that are publicly traded and treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which are involved in “energy-related activities,” including the exploration, production, gathering, transportation, processing, storage, refining, distribution or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids (including propane), crude oil, refined petroleum products, coal or other energy sources (“energy-related MLPs”). |
(ii) |
Companies structured as MLPs that have elected to be taxed as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which are involved in energy-related activities. |
(iii) |
I-Shares issued by MLP affiliates, substantially all of whose assets consist of units or ownership interests of an affiliated energy-related MLP. |
(iv) |
Companies other than MLPs that derive at least 50% of their revenues or operating income from energy-related activities, including energy-related utilities companies. |
(v) |
Exchange-traded notes whose returns are linked to the returns of energy-related MLPs or indices thereof. |
(vi) |
Exchange-traded, open-end or closed-end funds that invest primarily in energy-related MLPs or their affiliates. |
(vii) |
Instruments that provide economic exposure to each type of investment listed in items (i) through (vi) above, including derivative instruments, such as futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps. |
The Fund may invest in companies of any market capitalization, and may invest in initial public offerings. The Fund may invest in fixed income securities of any credit quality, including securities rated below investment grade or, if unrated, deemed by the Adviser to be of comparable quality (“junk bonds”). The Fund may invest up to 25% of its net assets in foreign securities.
The Fund may invest no more than 25% (or such higher amount as permitted by any applicable tax diversification rules) of its total assets in the securities of MLPs and other entities treated as qualified
33
publicly traded partnerships (“QPTPs”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This limitation does not apply to I-Shares issued by MLP affiliates that are not treated as partnerships, or another type of pass-through entity, for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
The Fund will concentrate its investments in the securities of companies in the energy industries. The Fund is also classified as “non-diversified,” which means it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund.
In deciding which securities to purchase for the Fund, the Adviser employs a proprietary fundamental bottom-up approach, which includes generating investment ideas and identifying companies with a favorable reward/risk ratio and certain other characteristics.
The Adviser considers the following security characteristics before investing:
● |
Current price and yield |
● |
Price target and upside potential |
● |
Downside risk |
● |
Discounted cash flows |
● |
Valuation multiples |
● |
Distribution growth |
The Adviser creates proprietary models based on a set of inputs – risk-adjusted discount rates and oil and natural gas price curves – which produce reward/risk ratios based on the price targets and downside risk scenarios.
In addition to a favorable reward/risk ratio, the Adviser also seeks to invest in companies with the following characteristics:
● |
Solid balance sheet |
● |
Readily identifiable value drivers |
● |
An experienced, prudent management team |
● |
Access to capital and favorable cost of capital |
● |
A history of successful execution |
● |
Well-positioned assets |
● |
Stable long-term contracts |
● |
Equitable cash flow sharing with limited partners |
In deciding whether to sell a security for the Fund, the Adviser utilizes sell signals, which include, but are not limited to: a security reaching a predetermined price target, a change to a company’s fundamentals that makes the reward/risk profile less attractive, or a need to improve the overall reward/risk profile of the Fund. To control the risk of negative price movements, the Adviser reviews a security for sale when it perceives negative changes to the investment thesis or when the price declines 15% over 30 days.
34
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in an MLP than investors in a corporation; for example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
The performance of securities issued by MLP affiliates, including I-Shares, primarily depends on the performance of the affiliated MLP. The risks and uncertainties that affect an MLP, its operational results, financial condition, cash flows and distributions also affect the value of securities issued by that MLP’s affiliate. I-Shares may trade at a market price below that of the affiliated MLP and may be less liquid than securities of the affiliated MLP.
Energy Industries Risk – The Fund is subject to the risk of concentrating investments in the energy industries, which makes it more susceptible to factors adversely affecting issuers within those industries than a fund investing in a more diversified portfolio of securities. A downturn in the energy industries could have an adverse impact on the Fund. At times, the performance of securities of companies in the energy industries may lag the performance of other industries or the broader market as a whole. Energy companies are affected by worldwide energy prices and costs related to energy production. These companies may have significant operations in areas at risk for natural disasters, social unrest and environmental damage. These companies may also be at risk for increased government regulation and intervention, energy conservation efforts, litigation and negative publicity and perception.
Investments in energy-related utilities companies involve special considerations, including the risk of changing commodity prices, government regulation and oversight, increased tariffs, changes in tax laws, interest rate fluctuations and changes in the cost of providing utility services. Utilities companies are also subject to potential terrorist attacks, natural disasters and severe weather conditions, as well as regulatory and operational burdens associated with the operation and maintenance of facilities.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization
35
companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) Risk – The market value of shares in an IPO may fluctuate considerably or decline shortly after the IPO, due to factors such as the absence of a prior public market, unseasoned trading, the small number of shares available for trading and limited information about the issuer. In addition, there is also a risk that participation in IPOs may have an outsized effect on performance of strategies with lower assets under management that may not be replicable as the assets in such strategies increases.
Fixed Income Risk – Fixed income securities are subject to a number of risks, including credit and interest rate risks. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer or obligor will not make timely payments of principal and interest. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. The Fund is subject to greater levels of credit risk to the extent it holds below investment grade debt securities, or “junk bonds.” Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of a fixed income security will fall when interest rates rise. In general, the longer the maturity and the lower the credit quality of a fixed income security, the more likely its value will decline. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
High Yield Bond Risk – High yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”) are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Exchange-Traded Note (“ETN”) Risk – An ETN is a debt security of an issuer that is listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. Similar to other debt
36
securities, ETNs tend to have a maturity date and are backed only by the credit of the issuer. ETNs are designed to provide investors access to the returns of various market benchmarks, such as a securities index, currency or investment strategy, less fees and expenses. The value of an ETN may be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in the underlying market, changes in the applicable interest rates, and changes in the issuer’s credit rating and economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the referenced market. When the Fund invests in ETNs, it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses associated with investment in such securities. Such fees reduce the amount of return on investment at maturity or upon redemption. There may be restrictions on the Fund’s right to redeem its investment in an ETN, which are meant to be held until maturity. There are no periodic interest payments for ETNs, and principal is not protected. The Fund could lose some of or the entire amount invested in ETNs. The Fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may also be limited by the availability of a secondary market.
Risks of Investing in Other Investment Companies – To the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies, such as exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), closed-end funds and other open-end funds, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities held by such other investment companies. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund relies on that investment company to achieve its investment objective. If the investment company fails to achieve its objective, the value of the Fund’s investment could decline, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance. By investing in another investment company, Fund shareholders indirectly bear the Fund’s proportionate share of the fees and expenses of the other investment company, in addition to the fees and expenses that Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with the Fund’s own operations.
Because closed-end funds and ETFs are listed on national stock exchanges and are traded like stocks listed on an exchange, their shares potentially may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value. Investments in closed-end funds and ETFs are also subject to brokerage and other trading costs, which could result in greater expenses to the Fund. In addition, because the value of closed-end funds and ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect Fund performance.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, hedging risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Hedging risk is the risk that derivative instruments used for hedging purposes may also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Liquidity risk is described below. The Fund’s use of forwards and swaps is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Tax Risk – The Fund intends to qualify each year as a regulated investment company (a “RIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). For any year in which the Fund so qualifies, it will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on income or gain that it timely distributes to shareholders as dividends. In order to qualify as a RIC, the Fund must meet requirements including with respect to the diversification of its assets. In particular,
37
the Fund may not invest more than 25% of its total assets in the securities of entities treated as QPTPs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including certain MLPs. If the Fund were to fail to qualify as a RIC, the Fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and distributions from earnings and profits would generally be taxable to Fund shareholders as ordinary income.
Industry Concentration Risk – The Fund concentrates its investments in the energy industries. Concentration in particular industries subjects the Fund to the risks associated with those industries. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss as a result of adverse economic, business or other developments affecting those industries than funds investing in a broader range of industries.
Non-Diversification Risk – The Fund is classified as “non-diversified,” which means it may invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund. To the extent the Fund invests its assets in a smaller number of issuers, the Fund will be more susceptible to negative events affecting those issuers than a diversified fund.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
13.22% |
(25.75)% |
(06/30/2016) |
(09/30/2015) |
38
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(18.43)% |
(10.40)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(19.70)% |
(11.01)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(11.16)% |
(8.40)% |
Alerian MLP Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(12.42)% |
(10.28)% |
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. Matthew Na, CFA, Vice President, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Mr. Todd L. Williams, CFA, Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
39
The primary investment objective of the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund (the “Fund”) is to provide current income. A secondary objective of the Fund is to provide the opportunity for long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below. Shares of the Fund are available in other share classes that have different fees and expenses.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.75% |
Other Expenses |
0.08% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.02% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1,2 |
0.85% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.90% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$87 |
$271 |
$471 |
$1,049 |
40
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 42% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund seeks to meet its investment objectives by investing generally more than 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in dividend-paying and/or interest-bearing securities. By utilizing income-producing securities from diverse asset classes, the Fund also seeks to maintain a lower volatility profile than traditional equity-only products. The Fund aims to invest in securities of companies with a strong and improving cash flow sufficient to support a sustainable or rising income stream for investors. In selecting securities for the Fund, the Adviser chooses among a diversified group of income-producing asset classes. Equity securities may include dividend-paying common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible securities and warrants. Fixed income securities may include bonds and other debt securities, and money market instruments. Other types of income-producing securities may include interests in royalty trusts and master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), securities of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), and shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”). The Fund generally invests in securities of domestic companies, but may also invest in securities of foreign companies and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). In the event the Fund invests in foreign securities and ADRs, the Adviser expects that the Fund’s investments in such securities would normally represent less than 25% of the Fund’s assets.
The Fund is permitted to invest in companies of any capitalization range. The Fund’s fixed income investments are, in the aggregate, of investment grade (i.e., those rated in one of the three highest rating categories by a rating agency), but may at times include securities rated below investment grade (high yield or “junk” bonds). In addition, the Fund’s fixed income securities may include unrated securities, if deemed by the Adviser to be of comparable quality to investment grade.
The Fund seeks to provide a higher level of current income than that offered by traditional fixed income products such as U.S. government bonds and money market securities. The Adviser’s investment process incorporates relative value analysis among capital instruments, as well as among asset classes, to determine where downside potential can be limited to achieve the goal of generating an attractive level of current income along with capital appreciation. Key metrics for evaluating the risk/return profile of an investment may include strong free cash flow, an improving return on equity, a strengthening balance sheet and, in the case of common equities, positive earnings surprises without a corresponding change in the stock price. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching a predetermined price target, a change to a company’s fundamentals that makes the risk/return profile unattractive, or a need to improve the overall risk/return profile of the Fund.
41
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Fixed Income Risk – Fixed income securities are subject to a number of risks, including credit and interest rate risks. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer or obligor will not make timely payments of principal and interest. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. The Fund is subject to greater levels of credit risk to the extent it holds below investment grade debt securities, or “junk bonds.” Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of a fixed income security will fall when interest rates rise. In general, the longer the maturity and the lower the credit quality of a fixed income security, the more likely its value will decline. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
High Yield Bond Risk – High yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”) are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Micro-Capitalization Company Risk – Micro-capitalization companies may be newly formed or in the early stages of development with limited product lines, markets or financial resources. Therefore, micro-capitalization companies may be less financially secure than large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies and may be more vulnerable to key personnel losses due to reliance on a smaller number of management personnel. In addition, there may be less public information available about these companies. Micro-cap stock prices may be more volatile than large-, mid- and small-capitalization companies and such stocks may be more thinly traded and thus difficult for the Fund to buy and sell in the market.
42
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Royalty Trust Risk – The Fund may invest in royalty trusts. A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields. The Fund’s investment in royalty trusts may result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the royalty trusts’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Royalty trust operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in the Prospectus.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in a MLP than investors in a corporation. For example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding
43
tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year for the past 10 years and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1, 5 and 10 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
44
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
8.46% |
(6.31)% |
(03/31/2013) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad-based indices.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
5 Years |
10 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(4.87)% |
3.66% |
7.29% |
6.12% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(6.24)% |
2.80% |
6.55% |
5.23% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(2.17)% |
2.75% |
5.91% |
4.82% |
Citigroup 10-Year Treasury Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(0.02)% |
2.64% |
2.23% |
4.05% |
Citigroup 3-Month Treasury Bill Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
1.86% |
0.61% |
0.35% |
1.13% |
S&P 500 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(4.38)% |
8.49% |
13.12% |
7.66% |
FTSE NAREIT U.S. Equity Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(4.04)% |
8.32% |
12.53% |
6.65% |
25/25/25/25 Blended Benchmark Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) |
(1.31)% |
5.22% |
7.43% |
5.50% |
45
For information about related performance, please see the “Related Performance Data of the Adviser” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. Daniel J. Barnes, CFA, Vice President, Global Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2018.
Mr. Todd L. Williams, CFA, Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2005.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
46
The investment objective of the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek to provide total return, through a combination of current income and capital appreciation, with a lower level of volatility than traditional equity-oriented strategies.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional Shares |
||
Management Fees |
0.75% |
|
Other Expenses |
2.30% |
|
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.06% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
2.24% |
|
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.03% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
3.08% |
|
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(2.10)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
0.98% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table, both before and after fee reductions and/or expense reimbursements, do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.95% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year
47
of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$100 |
$753 |
$1,432 |
$3,245 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 33% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in dividend-paying and/or interest-bearing securities. The Fund seeks to maintain a lower level of volatility than traditional equity-oriented strategies by investing in a variety of income-producing equity and fixed income securities. The equity securities in which the Fund invests may include common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible securities, warrants, master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), royalty trusts, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”). Equity securities also include participatory notes, which are derivative instruments with economic characteristics similar to equity securities, designed to replicate equity exposure in certain foreign markets where direct investment is either impossible or difficult due to local investment restrictions. The fixed income securities in which the Fund invests may include U.S. and foreign government securities, municipal bonds, corporate bonds, bank obligations, mortgage-backed securities and money market instruments.
Under normal market conditions, the Fund invests at least 40% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in non-U.S. assets, and invests in at least three different countries. Non-U.S. assets include securities of foreign countries, and securities of companies organized or located or doing a substantial amount of business outside the United States, in both developed and emerging markets. From time to time, the Fund may focus its investments in a particular geographic region, such as the United States, Europe, Asia or Latin America. The Fund may invest in securities of any market capitalization, maturity, duration or credit quality, including securities rated below investment grade or, if unrated, deemed by the Adviser to be of comparable quality (“junk bonds”). The Fund may use derivative instruments, such as futures contracts, forward contracts and options to seek to hedge foreign currency risks. The Fund may also seek to generate income from option premiums by writing (selling) “covered” call options on securities in which the Fund holds long positions.
The Adviser’s investment process incorporates relative value analysis among securities, as well as among asset classes, to seek to determine where downside potential can be limited to achieve the goal of providing an attractive total rate of return, with a lower level of volatility than traditional equity-oriented strategies. Key metrics for evaluating the risk/return profile of an investment may include strong free cash flow, an improving return on equity, a strengthening balance sheet and, in the case of equities, positive earnings surprises without a corresponding change in price. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching a predetermined
48
price target, or a change to a company’s fundamentals that makes its risk/return profile less attractive relative to other investment alternatives. The Fund may buy and sell securities frequently, which could result in a high portfolio turnover rate.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security in which the Fund invests is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in an MLP than investors in a corporation; for example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors. The Fund’s investment in MLPs may result in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the MLPs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. MLP operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
49
Royalty Trust Risk – A royalty trust generally owns the rights to royalties on the production and sales of a natural resource company, and distributes the income it receives to its investors. A sustained decline in demand for natural resource and related products could adversely affect royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Such a decline could result from a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand. The Fund’s investment in royalty trusts may result in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the royalty trusts’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Royalty trust operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Fixed Income Risk – Fixed income securities are subject to a number of risks, including credit and interest rate risks. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer or obligor will not make timely payments of principal and interest. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. The Fund is subject to greater levels of credit risk to the extent it holds below investment grade debt securities, or “junk bonds.” Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of a fixed income security will fall when interest rates rise. In general, the longer the maturity and the lower the credit quality of a fixed income security, the more likely its value will decline. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
High Yield Bond Risk – The Fund may invest in high yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”), which are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
U.S. Government Securities Risk – The Fund’s investments in U.S. government obligations may include securities issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. government, or its agencies or instrumentalities. Payment of principal and interest on U.S. government obligations may be backed by the full faith and credit of the United States or may be backed solely by the issuing or guaranteeing agency or instrumentality itself. There can be no assurance that the U.S. government would provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities (including government-sponsored enterprises) where it is not obligated to do so. In addition, U.S. government securities are not guaranteed against price movements due to changing interest rates.
Foreign Sovereign Debt Securities Risk – The Fund’s investments in foreign sovereign debt securities are subject to the risks that: (i) the governmental entity that controls the repayment of sovereign debt may not be willing or able to repay the principal and/or interest when it becomes due, due to factors such as debt service burden, political constraints, cash flow problems and other national economic factors; (ii) governments may default on their debt securities, which may require holders of such securities to participate in debt rescheduling or additional lending to defaulting
50
governments; and (iii) there is no bankruptcy proceeding by which defaulted sovereign debt may be collected in whole or in part.
Municipal Bonds Risk – The value of municipal bonds in which the Fund may invest could be impacted by events in the municipal securities market. Negative events, such as severe fiscal difficulties, bankruptcy, an economic downturn, unfavorable legislation, court rulings or political developments could adversely affect the ability of municipal issuers to repay principal and to make interest payments.
Bank Obligations Risk – The Fund’s investments in bank obligations are subject to risks generally applicable to debt securities, as well as to the risk of negative events affecting the banking industry. Obligations of foreign banks and foreign branches of U.S. banks are subject to additional risks, including negative political and economic developments in the country in which the bank or branch is located and actions by a foreign government that might adversely affect the payment of principal and interest on such obligations, such as the seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits. Additionally, U.S. and state banking laws and regulations may not apply to foreign branches of U.S. banks, and generally do not apply to foreign banks.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk – The mortgage-backed securities in which the Fund may invest are affected by, among other things, interest rate changes and the possibility of prepayment of the underlying mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities are also subject to the risk that underlying borrowers will be unable to meet their obligations.
Money Market Instruments Risk – The value of money market instruments may be affected by changing interest rates and by changes in the credit ratings of the investments. An investment in a money market fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by any bank, the FDIC or any other government agency. A money market fund’s sponsor has no legal obligation to provide financial support to the fund, and there should be no expectation that the sponsor will provide financial support to the fund at any time. Certain money market funds float their net asset value while others seek to preserve the value of investments at a stable net asset value (typically, $1.00 per share). An investment in a money market fund, even an investment in a fund seeking to maintain a stable net asset value per share, is not guaranteed and it is possible for the Fund to lose money by investing in these and other types of money market funds. If the liquidity of a money market fund’s portfolio deteriorates below certain levels, the money market fund may suspend redemptions (i.e., impose a redemption gate) and thereby prevent the Fund from selling its investment in the money market fund or impose a fee of up to 2% on amounts the Fund redeems from the money market fund (i.e., impose a liquidity fee). These measures may result in an investment loss or prohibit the Fund from redeeming shares when the Adviser would otherwise redeem shares. Money market funds and the securities they invest in are subject to comprehensive regulations. The enactment of new legislation or regulations, as well as changes in interpretation and enforcement of current laws, may affect the manner of operation, performance and/or yield of money market funds.
Foreign Securities Risk – Investing in foreign securities, including direct investments and through ADRs and GDRs, which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While
51
ADRs and GDRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs and GDRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Regional Focus Risk – To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular geographic region, the Fund may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that region. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a fund holding more geographically diverse investments.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – The Fund’s investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of futures contracts, forward contracts, options and participatory notes is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, hedging risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Hedging risk is the risk that derivative instruments used for hedging purposes may also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Liquidity risk is described below. The Fund’s use of forwards and participatory notes is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
52
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. and non-U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based or the ETF’s other holdings and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Portfolio Turnover Risk – Due to its investment strategy, the Fund may buy and sell securities frequently. Such a strategy often involves higher expenses, including brokerage commissions, and may increase the amount of capital gains (in particular, short-term gains) realized by the Fund. Shareholders may pay tax on such capital gains.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
3.51% |
(6.12)% |
(06/30/2016) |
(12/31/2018) |
53
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of appropriate broad-based indices.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(4.95)% |
0.73% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(5.47)% |
0.31% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(2.89)% |
0.49% |
MSCI World Index (Net) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes (except foreign withholding taxes)) |
(8.71)% |
3.42% |
FTSE/EPRA NAREIT Developed Index (Net) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes (except foreign withholding taxes)) |
(5.63)% |
1.34% |
Bloomberg Barclays Global Treasury G-7 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
0.11% |
1.90% |
Citigroup 3-Month Treasury Bill Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
1.86% |
0.81% |
25/25/25/25 Blended Benchmark Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(2.93)% |
2.07% |
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. Daniel J. Barnes, CFA, Vice President, Global Analyst, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2015.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
54
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
55
The investment objective of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below. Shares of the Fund are available in other share classes that have different fees and expenses.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.95% |
Other Expenses |
0.22% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.03% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
1.20% |
Plus Previously Waived Fees and/or Reimbursed Expenses Recovered 2 |
0.03% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Previously Waived Fees and/or Reimbursed Expenses Recovered 1 |
1.23% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table, both before and after previously waived fees and/or reimbursed expenses recovered, do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.20% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same.
56
Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$125 |
$384 |
$663 |
$1,457 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 23% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of emerging market companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers a company to be an emerging market company if (i) at least 50% of the company’s assets are located in emerging markets; (ii) at least 50% of the company’s revenues are generated in emerging markets; or (iii) the company is domiciled in an emerging market. “Emerging markets” include countries in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, and other countries that the Fund considers to be equivalent to those in that index based on their level of economic development or the size and experience of their securities markets. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks, but may also include exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), preferred stock, warrants and real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). Equity securities also include participatory notes, which are derivative instruments with economic characteristics similar to equity securities designed to replicate equity market exposure in certain foreign markets where direct investment is either impossible or difficult due to local investment restrictions. The Fund typically invests in companies with market capitalizations exceeding $500 million.
The Fund invests in approximately 70-90 securities to achieve its investment objective. The Adviser utilizes a fundamental, bottom-up investment process and seeks to invest in securities of sound businesses that it believes are currently undervalued in the market and can generate positive and sustainable earnings growth and, thus, economic profits over time. Key characteristics that the Adviser looks for in evaluating an investment may include management aligned with an Economic Value Added (“EVA”) philosophy, strong core franchise value, above average cash flow generation and consistency of earnings growth. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching its estimated fair value, an adverse change in a company’s fundamentals, or when more attractive alternatives exist.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
57
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs and GDRs, which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs and GDRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs and GDRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
58
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of participatory notes is subject to market risk, correlation risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and valuation risk. Liquidity risk and credit risk are described below. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
Credit Risk – The risk that the issuer of a security or the counterparty to a contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation.
59
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
13.22% |
(18.87)% |
(03/31/2017) |
(09/30/2015) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(14.17)% |
1.10% |
(1.28)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(14.17)% |
1.06% |
(1.33)% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(8.34)% |
1.08% |
(0.84)% |
MSCI Emerging Markets Index (Net) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes (except foreign withholding taxes)) |
(14.58)% |
1.65% |
1.06% |
60
For information about related performance, please see the “Comparable Fund Performance” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp.
Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2012.
Thomas Pinto Basto, CFA, Vice President, has managed the Fund since 2019.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
61
The investment objective of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund (the “Fund”) is to generate a high level of current income while experiencing lower volatility than the broader high yield market.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below. Shares of the Fund are available in other share classes that have different fees and expenses.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.70% |
Other Expenses |
0.32% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.02% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.22)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.80% |
1 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.80% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$82 |
$303 |
$542 |
$1,228 |
62
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 37% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in high yield securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of the 80% policy, high yield securities include “junk” bonds (bonds rated BB+/Ba1, or below, by independent rating agencies at the time of purchase by the Fund, or bonds that are unrated but judged to be of comparable quality by SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC (the “Sub-Adviser”)), as well as senior secured, second lien or other subordinated or unsecured fixed or floating rate bank loans (through both assignments and participation). The Fund may invest in securities of any rating, including securities that are in default.
In seeking to achieve the Fund’s objective, the Sub-Adviser generally invests in a portfolio of high yield securities of U.S. companies, as described in further detail below. While the Sub-Adviser may purchase securities of any maturity, under normal market conditions, the Sub-Adviser generally expects to invest in high yield securities, including privately placed securities, that have an expected redemption through maturity, call or other corporate action within three years or less, although this may vary if, in the Sub-Adviser’s opinion, it is warranted by current market conditions. While there is no maximum duration on individual securities, the average maximum “duration to worst” of the Fund is expected to be under three years. “Duration to worst” is the duration of a bond computed using the bond’s nearest call date or maturity, whichever comes first. The Sub-Adviser believes such a portfolio serves to reduce volatility and preserve capital when compared to traditional high yield portfolios. In the Sub-Adviser’s view, traditional high yield portfolios generally possess durations to worst of longer than three years. Portfolios with longer durations to worst are generally more sensitive to interest rate changes and other market risks. Accordingly, the Sub-Adviser seeks to achieve less volatility and better preservation of capital for the Fund relative to traditional high yield portfolios by maintaining a duration to worst for the Fund that is significantly shorter than that of traditional high yield portfolios. The Fund also invests in high yield securities of non-U.S. companies, and the Sub-Adviser expects that the Fund’s investments in non-U.S. companies will normally represent less than 25% of the Fund’s assets, and may include investments in emerging markets.
In selecting securities for the Fund’s portfolio, the Sub-Adviser seeks issuers that exhibit attractive characteristics including, but not limited to: stable businesses with projectable cash flows; positive year-over-year cash flow comparisons supported by stable industry conditions; generation of cash in excess of corporate and financial obligations; and management intentions for use of cash flows favorable to bond holders. In making investment decisions, the Sub-Adviser utilizes an investment process that is based on fundamental analysis of issuers, markets, and general macro-economic conditions and supported by quantitative valuation and risk monitoring tools. The goal of the investment process is to identify high yield securities with attractively priced income streams and to achieve superior long term returns from investments. The Sub-Adviser employs an established selling discipline and may generally sell a security for one of three non-exclusive reasons: (i) there is a negative change in the Sub-Adviser’s fundamental assessment of a security; (ii) the security becomes overvalued relative to other opportunities; or (iii) the Sub-Adviser is shifting the portfolio from one sector or risk segment to another.
63
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
High Yield Bond Risk – High yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”) are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Liquidity Risk – Insufficient liquidity in the non-investment grade bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of non-investment grade bonds and may cause the Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines.
Valuation Risk – A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value non-investment grade bonds accurately.
Credit Risk – The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a fixed income debt security. Generally, the lower the credit quality of a security, the greater the perceived risk that the issuer will fail to pay interest fully and return principal in a timely manner. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the security may lose some or all of its value. The issuer of an investment-grade security is considered by the rating agency or the Sub-Adviser to be more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower quality bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal.
Interest Rate Risk – As with most funds that invest in fixed income securities, changes in interest rates are a factor that could affect the value of your investment. Rising interest rates tend to cause the prices of fixed income securities (especially those with longer maturities) and the Fund’s share price to fall. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
The concept of duration is useful in assessing the sensitivity of a fixed income fund to interest rate movements, which are usually the main source of risk for most fixed income funds. Duration measures price volatility by estimating the change in price of a debt security for a 1% change in its yield. For example, a duration of five years means the price of a debt security will change about 5% for every 1% change in its yield. Thus, the longer the duration, the more volatile the security.
Fixed income debt securities have a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the principal amount of the bond. Some fixed income debt securities, known as callable bonds, may repay the principal earlier than the stated maturity date. Fixed income debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate.
Private Placements Risk – Investment in privately placed securities may be less liquid than in publicly traded securities. Although these securities may be resold in privately negotiated transactions, the prices realized from these sales could be less than those originally paid by the Fund or less than what may be considered the fair value of such securities. Further, companies whose securities are not publicly traded may not be subject to the disclosure and other investor protection requirements that might be applicable if their securities were publicly traded.
64
Foreign Securities Risk – Investing in securities of foreign issuers poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect foreign securities markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in securities of foreign issuers are generally denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. In an attempt to reduce currency risk associated with non-U.S. denominated securities, the Fund intends to hedge its foreign currency exposure by entering into forward currency contracts. A forward currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price, thereby fixing the exchange rate for a specified time in the future. However, the Sub-Adviser has limited ability to direct or control foreign exchange execution rates, and there is no guarantee that such hedging strategies will be successful in reducing the currency risk associated with investing in foreign securities. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Bank Loans Risk – Investments in bank loans (through both assignments and participations) are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. There may be limited public information available regarding bank loans and bank loans may be difficult to value. If the Fund holds a bank loan through another financial institution, or relies on a financial institution to administer the loan, its receipt of principal and interest on the loan may be subject to the credit risk of that financial institution. It is possible that any collateral securing a loan may be insufficient or unavailable to the Fund, and that the Fund’s rights to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or insolvency laws. In addition, the secondary market for bank loans may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads, and extended trade settlement periods, which may cause the Fund to be unable to realize the full value of its investment in a bank loan.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as the Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
65
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 and 5 years and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
2.91% |
(2.82)% |
(09/30/2016) |
(09/30/2015) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
5 Years |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
0.36% |
1.90% |
2.95% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(1.35)% |
0.01% |
1.04% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
0.23% |
0.52% |
1.37% |
ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(2.26)% |
3.82% |
5.96% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Comparable Fund Performance” section of the Prospectus.
66
Westwood Management Corp. serves as investment adviser to the Fund. SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC serves as investment sub-adviser to the Fund.
Anne Yobage, CFA, Lead Portfolio Manager, Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2011.
David Kinsley, CFA, Portfolio Manager, Principal and Head of Investing of the Sub-Adviser, has managed the Fund since 2015.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $100,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
67
The investment objective of the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek to maximize total return through a high level of current income and capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below. Shares of the Fund are available in other share classes that have different fees and expenses.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional Shares |
||
Management Fees |
0.55% |
|
Other Expenses |
6.95% |
|
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.10% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
6.85% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
7.50% |
|
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(6.75)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.75% |
1 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.75% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$77 |
$1,601 |
$3,051 |
$6,370 |
68
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 78% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in high yield securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of the 80% policy, high yield securities include “junk bonds” (bonds rated BB+/Ba1, or below, at the time of purchase by the Fund, or bonds that are unrated but judged to be of comparable quality by SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC (the “Sub-Adviser”)), as well as senior secured, second lien or other subordinated or unsecured fixed or floating rate bank loans (through both assignments and participations). The Fund will principally invest in U.S. dollar denominated securities of both U.S. and non-U.S. companies, including emerging market companies. From time to time, the Fund may focus its investments in a particular geographic region, such as Europe.
The Fund does not normally invest in or continue to hold securities that are in default or have defaulted with respect to the payment of interest or repayment of principal, but may do so depending on market conditions. The Fund may, however, invest in securities whose ratings imply an imminent risk of default with respect to such payments.
The Fund may also invest in other fixed income securities (including investment-grade corporate bonds, U.S. government bonds, zero coupon bonds, and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities), equity securities (including common and preferred stock, convertible securities, and warrants), and other investment companies (including exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”)). The Fund may invest in fixed income securities with any maturity or duration and may invest in equity securities with any market capitalization. In addition, the Fund may invest in derivative instruments, principally futures and swaps (including credit default swaps and credit default swap indexes) to gain exposure to certain securities, markets or asset classes, to hedge positions within the Fund’s portfolio, or to otherwise enhance the Fund’s return.
In selecting securities for the Fund’s portfolio, the Sub-Adviser seeks issuers that it believes exhibit attractive characteristics including, but not limited to: stable businesses with projectable cash flows; positive year-over-year cash flow comparisons supported by stable industry conditions; generation of cash in excess of corporate and financial obligations; and management intentions for use of cash flows favorable to debt holders. In making investment decisions, the Sub-Adviser utilizes an investment process that is based on fundamental analysis of issuers, markets, and general macro-economic conditions and supported by quantitative valuation and risk monitoring tools.
The Sub-Adviser employs an established selling discipline and may generally sell a security for one of three non-exclusive reasons: (i) there is a negative change in the Sub-Adviser’s fundamental assessment of a security; (ii) the security becomes overvalued relative to other opportunities; or (iii) the Sub-Adviser is shifting the portfolio from one sector or risk segment to another.
69
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
High Yield Bond Risk – High yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”) are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Bank Loans Risk – Investments in bank loans (through both assignments and participations) are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. There may be limited public information available regarding bank loans and bank loans may be difficult to value. If the Fund holds a bank loan through another financial institution, or relies on a financial institution to administer the loan, its receipt of principal and interest on the loan may be subject to the credit risk of that financial institution. It is possible that any collateral securing a loan may be insufficient or unavailable to the Fund, and that the Fund’s rights to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or insolvency laws. In addition, the secondary market for bank loans may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads, and extended trade settlement periods, which may cause the Fund to be unable to realize the full value of its investment in a bank loan.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as the Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
U.S. Government Securities Risk – The Fund’s investment in U.S. government obligations may include securities issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. government, or its agencies or instrumentalities. Payment of principal and interest on U.S. government obligations may be backed by the full faith and credit of the United States or may be backed solely by the issuing or guaranteeing agency or instrumentality itself. There can be no assurance that the U.S. government would provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities (including government-sponsored enterprises) where it is not obligated to do so. In addition, U.S. government securities are not guaranteed against price movements due to changing interest rates.
Zero Coupon Bonds Risk – The value of zero coupon bonds is subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market interest rates than the value of bonds which make regular payments of interest. Even though zero coupon bonds do not pay current interest in cash, the Fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and may be required to distribute that income at least annually to shareholders. Thus, the Fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments in order to satisfy its dividend requirements.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk – Mortgage-backed securities are affected by, among other things, interest rate changes and the possibility of prepayment of the underlying mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities are also subject to the risk that underlying borrowers will be unable to meet their obligations.
Asset-Backed Securities Risk – Payment of principal and interest on asset-backed securities is dependent largely on the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities, and asset-backed securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets.
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Credit Risk – The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a fixed income debt security. Generally, the lower the credit quality of a security, the greater the perceived risk that the issuer will fail to pay interest fully and return principal in a timely manner. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the security may lose some or all of its value.
Interest Rate Risk – As with most funds that invest in fixed income securities, changes in interest rates could affect the value of your investment. Rising interest rates tend to cause the prices of fixed income securities (especially those with longer maturities and lower credit qualities) and the Fund’s share price to fall. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies are generally denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Emerging Market Company Risk – Investments in emerging market companies are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign companies. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable and economies that are less developed. Furthermore, future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Regional Focus Risk – To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular geographic region, the Fund may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that region. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a fund holding more geographically diverse investments.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events
71
than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
Risks of Investing in Other Investment Companies – To the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies, such as ETFs, and other open-end funds, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities held by such other investment companies. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund relies on that investment company to achieve its investment objective. If the investment company fails to achieve its objective, the value of the Fund’s investment could decline, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance. By investing in another investment company, Fund shareholders indirectly bear the Fund’s proportionate share of the fees and expenses of the other investment company, in addition to the fees and expenses that Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with the Fund’s own operations.
Because ETFs are listed on national stock exchanges and are traded like stocks listed on an exchange, their shares potentially may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value. Investments in ETFs are also subject to brokerage and other trading costs, which could result in greater expenses to the Fund. In addition, because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect Fund performance.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of futures contracts and swaps is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, hedging risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Hedging risk is the risk that derivative instruments used for hedging purposes may also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Liquidity risk is described below. The Fund’s use
72
of swaps is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Valuation Risk – A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value non-investment grade securities accurately.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
5.43% |
(4.93)% |
(09/30/2016) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to
73
investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(3.67)% |
2.96% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(5.64)% |
0.47% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(2.28)% |
1.07% |
ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(2.26)% |
4.15% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund Related Performance Data” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp. serves as investment adviser to the Fund. SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC serves as investment sub-adviser to the Fund.
Ms. Hannah Strasser, CFA, Lead Portfolio Manager, Managing Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Mr. Trevor Kaufman, CFA, Portfolio Manager, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2018.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
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The investment objective of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek to generate positive total returns in all market conditions through a combination of current income and capital appreciation.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below. Shares of the Fund are available in other share classes that have different fees and expenses.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investments)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 30 days) |
1.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional Shares |
||
Management Fees |
0.85% |
|
Other Expenses |
0.77% |
|
Shareholder Servicing Fees |
0.10% |
|
Dividend and Interest Expenses on Securities Sold Short |
0.07% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
0.60% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.62% |
|
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.35)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.27% |
1 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Dividend and Interest Expenses on Securities Sold Short, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.20% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your
75
investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$129 |
$477 |
$848 |
$1,892 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 88% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The Fund employs a market neutral investment strategy, which means that the Fund seeks to earn a positive return in all market conditions, by maintaining a portfolio that is designed to have low volatility and low correlations with the general stock and bond markets.
In seeking to achieve its goals, the Fund invests primarily in income producing convertible securities. Convertible securities include, but are not limited to, corporate bonds, debentures, notes or preferred stocks and their hybrids that can be converted into (exchanged for) common stock or other securities, such as warrants or options, which provide an opportunity for equity participation. The Fund may also invest in equity securities and non-convertible fixed income securities, and may invest in securities of any market capitalization, maturity, duration or credit quality, including securities rated below investment grade or, if unrated, deemed by the Adviser to be of comparable quality (“junk bonds”). The Fund may invest in foreign companies in both developed and emerging markets, and will generally have exposure to the United States, Europe and Asia.
The Fund seeks to exploit certain arbitrage opportunities by, for example, selling common stocks or bonds short against positions in which the Fund has invested in convertible securities, or establishing short positions in convertible securities with long positions in the corresponding common stock or bond. When the Fund sells a security short, it is selling a security it does not own. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments, such as futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps (including credit default swaps) to seek to hedge risks such as issuer, equity market, credit, interest rate and foreign currency risks, or enhance the returns of the Fund. The Fund may also seek to generate income from option premiums by writing (selling) call and put options on individual securities, broad-based securities indexes or exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”).
The Adviser seeks to identify undervalued convertible securities by utilizing quantitative tools and fundamental research to assess a security’s income characteristics, liquidity, credit quality, volatility and equity value. The Adviser seeks to invest in companies with strong business models, quality management, and favorable financial conditions. The Adviser will consider selling a convertible security when it believes that the security is no longer undervalued, or there are unfavorable changes in the fundamentals of the underlying company or the structure of the convertible security. The Fund may buy and sell securities frequently, which could result in a high portfolio turnover rate.
When the Adviser believes that market conditions are unfavorable for profitable investing, or is otherwise unable to locate attractive investment opportunities, it may increase the Fund’s
76
investments in cash or money market instruments to protect the Fund’s assets and maintain liquidity. When the Fund’s investments in cash or money market instruments increase, it may not participate in market advances or declines to the same extent that it would if the Fund remained more fully invested in equity and fixed income securities.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security in which the Fund invests is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
Fixed Income Risk – Fixed income securities are subject to a number of risks, including credit and interest rate risks. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer or obligor will not make timely payments of principal and interest. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. The Fund is subject to greater levels of credit risk to the extent it holds below investment grade debt securities, or “junk bonds.” Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of a fixed income security will fall when interest rates rise. In general, the longer the maturity and the lower the credit quality of a fixed income security, the more likely its value will decline. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
High Yield Bond Risk – The Fund may invest in high yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”), which are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater
77
potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
Foreign Securities Risk – Investing in foreign securities poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Regional Focus Risk – To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular geographic region, the Fund may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that region. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a fund holding more geographically diverse investments.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – The Fund’s investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Short Sales Risk – A short sale involves the sale of a security that the Fund does not own in the expectation of purchasing the same security (or a security exchangeable therefore) at a later date at a lower price. Short sales expose the Fund to the risk that it will be required to buy the security sold short (also known as “covering” the short position) at a time when the security has appreciated in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. Investment in short sales may also cause the Fund to incur expenses
78
related to borrowing securities. Reinvesting proceeds received from short selling may create leverage which can amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund and, therefore, the Fund’s share price. Theoretically, uncovered short sales have the potential to expose the Fund to unlimited losses.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, hedging risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Hedging risk is the risk that derivative instruments used for hedging purposes may also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Liquidity risk is described below. The Fund’s use of forwards and swaps is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. and non-U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based or the ETF’s other holdings and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Money Market Instruments Risk – The value of money market instruments may be affected by changing interest rates and by changes in the credit ratings of the investments. An investment in a money market fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by any bank, the FDIC or any other government agency. A money market fund’s sponsor has no legal obligation to provide financial support to the fund, and there should be no expectation that the sponsor will provide financial support to the fund at any time. Certain money market funds float their net asset value while others seek to preserve the value of investments at a stable net asset value (typically, $1.00 per share). An investment in a money market fund, even an investment in a fund seeking to maintain a stable net asset value per share, is not guaranteed and it is possible for the Fund to lose money by investing in these and other types of money market funds. If the liquidity of a money market fund’s portfolio deteriorates below certain levels, the money market fund may suspend redemptions (i.e., impose a redemption gate) and thereby prevent the Fund from selling its investment in the money market fund or impose a fee of up to 2% on amounts the Fund redeems from the money market fund (i.e., impose a liquidity fee). These measures may result in an investment loss or prohibit the Fund from redeeming shares when the Adviser would otherwise redeem shares. Money market funds and the securities they invest in are subject to comprehensive regulations. The enactment of new legislation or regulations, as well as changes in interpretation and enforcement of current laws, may affect the manner of operation, performance and/or yield of money market funds.
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Market Neutral Strategy Risk – The Fund’s market neutral strategy may cause the Fund to underperform compared to equity or fixed income markets or other mutual funds that do not utilize a market neutral strategy. For example, in rising markets, the Fund’s short positions may significantly impact the Fund’s overall performance and cause the Fund to underperform or sustain losses. Periodic underperformance is to be expected and is a result of the Fund’s overall hedging techniques employed for the market neutral strategy. Additionally, there is a risk that the Adviser will be unable to construct a portfolio that limits the Fund’s exposure to market movements, and as a result, the Fund’s performance may reflect general market movements.
Portfolio Turnover Risk – Due to its investment strategy, the Fund may buy and sell securities frequently. Such a strategy often involves higher expenses, including brokerage commissions, and may increase the amount of capital gains (in particular, short-term gains) realized by the Fund. Shareholders may pay tax on such capital gains.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
3.48% |
(1.51)% |
(06/30/2016) |
(12/31/2017) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
80
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
0.42% |
1.69% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(0.19)% |
0.81% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
0.15% |
0.89% |
Citigroup 1-Month U.S. Treasury Bill Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
1.82% |
0.77% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Related Performance Data of the Adviser” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. David Clott, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2015.
Mr. Shawn Mato, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2015.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
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The investment objective of the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek to provide total return through a combination of capital appreciation and current income.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investments)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 30 days) |
1.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.75% |
Other Expenses |
1.88% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.01% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses 1 |
2.64% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(1.78)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
0.86% |
1 |
The Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table, both before and after fee reductions and/or expense reimbursements, do not correlate to the expense ratio in the Fund’s Financial Highlights because the Financial Highlights include only the direct operating expenses incurred by the Fund, and exclude Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
2 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.85% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
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Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$88 |
$651 |
$1,240 |
$2,841 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 175% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in convertible securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. Convertible securities include, but are not limited to, corporate bonds, debentures, notes or preferred stocks and their hybrids that can be converted into (exchanged for) common stock or other securities, such as warrants or options, which provide an opportunity for equity participation.
The Fund may also invest in equity securities and non-convertible fixed income securities, and may invest in securities of any market capitalization, maturity, duration or credit quality, including securities rated below investment grade or, if unrated, deemed by the Adviser to be of comparable quality (“junk bonds”). The Fund may invest in U.S. and non-U.S. (including both developed and emerging market) companies. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments, such as futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps to seek to hedge risks such as issuer, equity market, credit, interest rate and foreign currency risks, or enhance the returns of the Fund.
The Adviser seeks to identify undervalued convertible securities by utilizing quantitative tools and fundamental research to assess a security’s income characteristics, liquidity, credit quality, volatility and equity value. The Adviser seeks to invest in companies with strong business models, quality management, and favorable financial conditions. The Adviser will consider selling a convertible security when it believes that the security is no longer undervalued, or there are unfavorable changes in the fundamentals of the underlying company or the structure of the convertible security. The Fund may buy and sell securities frequently, which could result in a high portfolio turnover rate.
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As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security in which the Fund invests is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
Fixed Income Risk – Fixed income securities are subject to a number of risks, including credit and interest rate risks. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer or obligor will not make timely payments of principal and interest. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. The Fund is subject to greater levels of credit risk to the extent it holds below investment grade debt securities, or “junk bonds.” Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of a fixed income security will fall when interest rates rise. In general, the longer the maturity and the lower the credit quality of a fixed income security, the more likely its value will decline. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
High Yield Bond Risk – The Fund may invest in high yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”), which are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
Foreign Securities Risk – Investing in foreign securities poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities
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of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – The Fund’s investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, hedging risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Hedging risk is the risk that derivative instruments used for hedging purposes may also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Liquidity risk is described below. The Fund’s use of forwards and swaps is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be
85
difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Portfolio Turnover Risk – Due to its investment strategy, the Fund may buy and sell securities frequently. Such a strategy often involves higher expenses, including brokerage commissions, and may increase the amount of capital gains (in particular, short-term gains) realized by the Fund. Shareholders may pay tax on such capital gains.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Institutional Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Prior to July 31, 2017, the Fund employed a different investment strategy. Therefore, the past performance shown for periods prior to July 31, 2017 may have differed had the Fund’s current investment strategy been in effect. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
4.51% |
(7.70)% |
(03/31/2017) |
(12/31/2018) |
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Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before-tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund – Institutional |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(1.13)% |
1.66% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(1.64)% |
0.94% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(0.66)% |
1.00% |
Thomson Reuters US Focus Convertible Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(1.25)% |
2.49% |
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. David Clott, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2015.
Mr. Shawn Mato, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2015.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
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The primary investment objective of the Westwood Flexible Income Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek to provide current income. A secondary investment objective of the Fund is to seek to provide capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.69% |
Other Expenses 1 |
1.50% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses 1,2 |
0.50% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
2.69% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 3 |
(1.40)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.29% |
1 |
Other Expenses and Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are based on estimated amounts for the current fiscal year. |
2 |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are fees and expenses incurred indirectly by the Fund as a result of investment in the shares of other investment companies, including business development companies (“BDCs”), and are not paid directly by the Fund. Because U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules require that the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses in this fee table include the internal expenses of these other investment companies, the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses may differ from the ratio of expenses to average net assets included in the Fund’s financial statements, which reflects the operating expenses of the Fund and does not include indirect expenses such as Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. |
3 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.79% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your
88
investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
$131 |
$702 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. Because the Fund was not in operation as of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, it does not have portfolio turnover information to report.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The Fund invests primarily in income-producing fixed income and equity securities, including exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that invest primarily in income-producing securities.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 65% of its net assets in fixed income securities and preferred stocks. The fixed income securities in which the Fund invests include U.S. dollar-denominated corporate bonds of both U.S. and non-U.S. companies, bank loans, mortgage-backed securities, municipal bonds, U.S. government securities, and money market instruments. The Fund may invest in bank loans in the form of participations in the loans (participations) and assignments of all or a portion of the loans from third parties (assignments). The Fund may invest in fixed income securities with any maturity, duration or credit quality, including securities rated below investment grade or, if unrated, deemed by the Adviser to be of comparable quality (“junk bonds”). The preferred stocks in which the Fund invests include BDC preferred securities.
The Fund may invest up to 35% of its net assets in equity securities, other than preferred stocks. The equity securities, other than preferred stocks, in which the Fund invests include common stocks, convertible securities, master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), BDCs and American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). The Fund may take long and short positions in equity securities, and may invest in companies with any market capitalization.
The Fund may seek to generate income by writing (selling) “covered” call options on securities in which the Fund holds long positions, or writing (selling) “covered” put options on securities in which the Fund holds short positions. In addition, the Fund may purchase options, and utilize other derivatives, principally futures and swaps (including credit default swaps), to hedge risks or enhance the returns of the Fund.
In selecting securities to buy for the Fund, the Adviser employs a bottom-up research-focused investment process that seeks to identify securities with favorable risk/reward characteristics relative to other securities in a company’s capital structure, and relative to other securities in its asset class. The Adviser may sell a security if it believes that the security no longer has favorable risk/reward characteristics, or it identifies a more attractive investment opportunity.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 25% of its assets in the financials sector. In addition, the Fund may, from time to time, focus its investments in one or more other sectors.
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As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objectives. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Fixed Income Risk – Fixed income securities are subject to a number of risks, including credit and interest rate risks. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer or obligor will not make timely payments of principal and interest. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. The Fund is subject to greater levels of credit risk to the extent it holds below investment grade debt securities, or “junk bonds.” Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of a fixed income security will fall when interest rates rise. In general, the longer the maturity and the lower the credit quality of a fixed income security, the more likely its value will decline. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
High Yield Bond Risk – The Fund may invest in high yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”), which are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Bank Loans Risk – Investments in bank loans (through both assignments and participations) are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. There may be limited public information available regarding bank loans and bank loans may be difficult to value. If the Fund holds a bank loan through another financial institution, or relies on a financial institution to administer the loan, its receipt of principal and interest on the loan may be subject to the credit risk of that financial institution. It is possible that any collateral securing a loan may be insufficient or unavailable to the Fund, and that the Fund’s rights to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or insolvency laws. In addition, the secondary market for bank loans may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads, and extended trade settlement periods, which may cause the Fund to be unable to realize the full value of its investment in a bank loan.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as the Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk – The mortgage-backed securities in which the Fund may invest are affected by, among other things, interest rate changes and the possibility of prepayment of the underlying mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities are also subject to the risk that underlying borrowers will be unable to meet their obligations.
Municipal Bonds Risk – The value of municipal bonds in which the Fund may invest could be impacted by events in the municipal securities market. Negative events, such as severe fiscal difficulties, bankruptcy, an economic downturn, unfavorable legislation, court rulings or political developments could adversely affect the ability of municipal issuers to repay principal and to make interest payments.
U.S. Government Securities Risk – The Fund’s investments in U.S. government obligations may include securities issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. government, or its agencies or instrumentalities. Payment of principal and interest on U.S. government obligations may
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be backed by the full faith and credit of the United States or may be backed solely by the issuing or guaranteeing agency or instrumentality itself. There can be no assurance that the U.S. government would provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities (including government-sponsored enterprises) where it is not obligated to do so. In addition, U.S. government securities are not guaranteed against price movements due to changing interest rates.
Money Market Instruments Risk – The value of money market instruments may be affected by changing interest rates and by changes in the credit ratings of the investments. An investment in a money market fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by any bank, the FDIC or any other government agency. A money market fund’s sponsor has no legal obligation to provide financial support to the fund, and there should be no expectation that the sponsor will provide financial support to the fund at any time.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Short Sales Risk – A short sale involves the sale of a security that the Fund does not own in the expectation of purchasing the same security (or a security exchangeable therefore) at a later date at a lower price. Short sales expose the Fund to the risk that it will be required to buy the security sold short (also known as “covering” the short position) at a time when the security has appreciated in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. Investment in short sales may also cause the Fund to incur expenses related to borrowing securities. Reinvesting proceeds received from short selling may create leverage which can amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund and, therefore, the Fund’s share price. Uncovered short sales have the potential to expose the Fund to unlimited losses.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security in which the Fund invests is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
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MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry or industries, such as the energy industries, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry or industries. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation, such as limited control of management, limited voting rights and tax risks. MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions, which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors. The Fund’s investment in MLPs may result in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the MLPs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. MLP operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Energy companies are affected by worldwide energy prices and costs related to energy production. These companies may have significant operations in areas at risk for natural disasters, social unrest and environmental damage. These companies may also be at risk for increased government regulation and intervention, energy conservation efforts, litigation and negative publicity and perception.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
BDC Risk – BDCs are a type of closed-end investment company regulated under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”). BDCs generally invest in less mature private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies which involve greater risk than well-established publicly-traded companies. Generally, little public information exists for private and thinly traded companies in which a BDC may invest and there is a risk that investors may not be able to make a fully informed evaluation of a BDC and its portfolio of investments. Fund shareholders will indirectly bear the Fund’s proportionate share of any management and other operating expenses, and of any performance based or incentive fees, charged by the BDCs in which the Fund invests, in addition to the fees and expenses that Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with the Fund’s own operations. BDC shares are not redeemable at the option of the BDC shareholder and, as with shares of other closed-end funds, they may trade in the secondary market at a discount or premium to their net asset value.
Foreign Securities Risk – Investing in foreign securities, including direct investments and through ADRs, which are traded on U.S. exchanges and represent an ownership interest in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the SEC and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing
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the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of futures contracts, options and swaps is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, hedging risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Hedging risk is the risk that derivative instruments used for hedging purposes may also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Liquidity risk is described below. The Fund’s use of forwards and swaps is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. and non-U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based or the ETF’s other holdings and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses.
Sector Focus Risk – Because the Fund may, from time to time, be more heavily invested in particular sectors, the value of its shares may be especially sensitive to factors and economic risks that specifically affect those sectors. As a result, the Fund’s share price may fluctuate more widely than the value of shares of a mutual fund that invests in a broader range of sectors.
Financials Sector Risk – Performance of companies in the financials sector may be adversely impacted by many factors, including, among others, government regulations, economic conditions, credit rating downgrades, changes in interest rates, and decreased liquidity in credit markets. The impact of more stringent capital requirements, recent or future regulation of any individual financial company, or recent or future regulation of the financials sector as a whole cannot be predicted. In recent years, cyber attacks and technology malfunctions have become increasingly frequent in this sector and have caused significant losses to companies in this sector, which may negatively impact the Fund.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
New Fund Risk – Investors in the Fund bear the risk that the Fund may not be successful in implementing its investment strategy, may not employ a successful investment strategy, or may fail to attract sufficient assets under management to realize economies of scale, any of which could
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result in the Fund being liquidated at any time without shareholder approval and at a time that may not be favorable for all shareholders. Such liquidation could have negative tax consequences for shareholders and will cause shareholders to incur expenses of liquidation.
The Fund commenced operations on December 19, 2018, and therefore does not have performance history for a full calendar year. Once the Fund has completed a full calendar year of operations, a bar chart and table will be included that will provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing the variability of the Fund’s returns and comparing the Fund’s performance to a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
Current performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
For information about related performance, please see the “Westwood Flexible Income Fund Related Performance Data of the Portfolio Manager” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. Michael J. Carne, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2018.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
To purchase shares of the Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Fund directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Fund.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
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The investment objective of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Institutional Shares of the Fund. You may be required to pay commissions and/or other forms of compensation to a broker for transactions in Institutional Shares, which are not reflected in the table or the example below. Shares of the Fund are available in other share classes that have different fees and expenses.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Institutional
|
|
Management Fees |
0.95% |
Other Expenses 1 |
1.06% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses 1 |
0.01% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
2.02% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 2 |
(0.81)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.21% |
1 |
Other Expenses and Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are based on estimated amounts for the current fiscal year. |
2 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Institutional Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.20% of the Fund’s Institutional Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
$123 |
$555 |
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Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of emerging market companies. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. The Fund considers a company to be an emerging market company if (i) at least 50% of the company’s assets are located in emerging markets; (ii) at least 50% of the company’s revenues are generated in emerging markets; or (iii) the company is domiciled in an emerging market. “Emerging markets” include countries in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, and other countries that the Fund considers to be equivalent to those in that index based on their level of economic development or the size and experience of their securities markets. The equity securities in which the Fund invests are primarily common stocks, but may also include exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), preferred stock, warrants and real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). Equity securities also include participatory notes, which are derivative instruments with economic characteristics similar to equity securities designed to replicate equity market exposure in certain foreign markets where direct investment is either impossible or difficult due to local investment restrictions. The Fund typically invests in companies with market capitalizations exceeding $1.5 billion.
The Fund invests in approximately 50-70 securities to achieve its investment objective. The Adviser utilizes a fundamental, bottom-up investment process and seeks to invest in securities of sound businesses that it believes are currently undervalued in the market and can generate positive and sustainable earnings growth and, thus, economic profits over time. Key characteristics that the Adviser looks for in evaluating an investment may include management aligned with an Economic Value Added (“EVA”) philosophy, strong core franchise value, above average cash flow generation and consistency of earnings growth. The Adviser has disciplines in place that serve as sell signals, such as a security reaching its estimated fair value, an adverse change in a company’s fundamentals, or when more attractive alternatives exist.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response. These factors contribute to price volatility, which is the principal risk of investing in the Fund.
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Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies, including direct investments and through ADRs and GDRs, which are traded on exchanges and represent an ownership in a foreign security, poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers. While ADRs and GDRs provide an alternative to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their respective national markets and currencies, investments in ADRs and GDRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – Investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating
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expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee table and example in this Prospectus.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of participatory notes is subject to market risk, correlation risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and valuation risk. Liquidity risk and credit risk are described below. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
Credit Risk – The risk that the issuer of a security or the counterparty to a contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation.
New Fund Risk – Investors in the Fund bear the risk that the Fund may not be successful in implementing its investment strategy, may not employ a successful investment strategy, or may fail to attract sufficient assets under management to realize economies of scale, any of which could result in the Fund being liquidated at any time without shareholder approval and at a time that may not be favorable for all shareholders. Such liquidation could have negative tax consequences for shareholders and will cause shareholders to incur expenses of liquidation.
The Fund has not commenced operations as of the date of this Prospectus and therefore does not have performance history for a full calendar year. Once the Fund has completed a full calendar year of operations, a bar chart and table will be included that will provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing the variability of the Fund’s returns and comparing the Fund’s performance to a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future.
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Current performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
Westwood Management Corp.
Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA, Senior Vice President, is expected to manage the Fund upon its inception.
PURCHASE AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
Institutional Shares of the Fund are currently not available for purchase.
For important information about taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 100 of the Prospectus.
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SUMMARY INFORMATION ABOUT TAXES AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY COMPENSATION
Tax Information
Each Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or individual retirement account (“IRA”), in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Funds through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Funds and their related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Funds over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
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Investing in each Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that each Fund will achieve its goals. The Adviser’s and the Sub-Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser or Sub-Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in a Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in a Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings. The Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund is non-diversified, meaning that it may invest a large percentage of its assets in a single issuer or a relatively small number of issuers.
Equity Risk – Equity securities include public and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, interests in master limited partnerships (“MLPs”) and royalty trusts, shares of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), shares of business development companies (“BDCs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), as well as shares of exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a Fund invests will cause the Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which a Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which a Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Fixed Income Risk – The market values of fixed income investments change in response to interest rate changes and other factors. During periods of rising interest rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities generally decrease. Moreover, while securities with longer maturities tend
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to produce higher yields, the prices of longer maturity securities are also subject to greater market value fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. During periods of falling interest rates, certain debt obligations with high interest rates may be prepaid (or “called”) by the issuer prior to maturity, and during periods of rising interest rates, certain debt obligations with low interest rates may be extended beyond maturity. Current market conditions may pose heightened risks for the Funds. While interest rates in the U.S. are near historic lows, changes in government policy, including the Federal Reserve ending its quantitative easing program and beginning to raise the federal funds rate, have increased the risk that interest rates will continue to rise in the near future. A rise in interest rates may, in turn, increase volatility and reduce liquidity in the fixed income markets, and result in a decline in the value of the fixed income investments held by the Funds. In addition, reductions in dealer market-making capacity as a result of structural or regulatory changes could further decrease liquidity and/or increase volatility in the fixed income markets. As a result of these conditions, a Fund’s value may fluctuate and/or a Fund may experience increased redemptions from shareholders, which may impact a Fund’s liquidity or force a Fund to sell securities into a declining or illiquid market.
In addition to these risks, fixed income securities may be subject to credit risk, which is the possibility that an issuer will be unable or unwilling to make timely payments of either principal or interest.
High Yield (“Junk”) Bond Risk – High yield, or “junk,” bonds are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less creditworthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. Compared with investment-grade bonds, high yield bonds are considered to carry a greater degree of risk and are considered to be less likely to make payments of interest and principal. In particular, lower-quality high yield bonds (rated CCC, CC, C, or unrated securities judged to be of comparable quality) are subject to a greater degree of credit risk than higher-quality high yield bonds and may be near default. High yield bonds rated D are in default. Market developments and the financial and business conditions of the corporation issuing these securities generally influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities.
Municipal Bonds Risk – Municipal bonds are fixed income securities issued by state or local governments or their agencies to finance capital expenditures and operations. The obligation to pay principal and interest on municipal bonds may be a general obligation of the state or local government or may be supported only by an agency or a particular source of revenues. Therefore, municipal bonds vary in credit quality. Municipal bonds, like other fixed income securities, rise and fall in value in response to economic and market factors, primarily changes in interest rates, and actual or perceived credit quality. State and local governments rely on taxes and, to some extent, revenues from private projects financed by municipal bonds, to pay interest and principal on municipal bonds. Poor statewide or local economic results or changing political sentiments may reduce tax revenues and increase the expenses of municipal issuers, making it more difficult for them to meet their obligations. Also, there may be economic or political changes that impact the ability of issuers of municipal bonds to repay principal and to make interest payments. Any changes in the financial condition of municipal issuers may also adversely affect the value of a Fund’s securities.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk – Mortgage-backed securities are fixed income securities representing an interest in a pool of underlying mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities are sensitive to changes in interest rates, but may respond to these changes differently from other fixed income securities due to the possibility of prepayment of the underlying mortgage loans. As a result, it may not be possible to determine in advance the actual maturity date or average life of a mortgage-backed security. Rising interest rates tend to discourage refinancings, with the result that the average life and volatility of the security will increase, exacerbating its decrease in market price. When interest rates fall, however, mortgage-backed securities may not gain as much in market value
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because of the expectation of additional mortgage prepayments, which must be reinvested at lower interest rates.
Asset-Backed Securities Risk – Asset-backed securities are securities backed by non-mortgage assets such as company receivables, truck and auto loans, leases and credit card receivables. Asset-backed securities may be issued as pass-through certificates, which represent undivided fractional ownership interests in the underlying pools of assets. Therefore, repayment depends largely on the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities. Asset-backed securities entail prepayment risk, which may vary depending on the type of asset, but is generally less than the prepayment risk associated with mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities present credit risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in collateral that is comparable in quality to mortgage assets. If the issuer of an asset-backed security defaults on its payment obligations, there is the possibility that, in some cases, a Fund will be unable to possess and sell the underlying collateral and that the Fund’s recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on the security. In the event of a default, a Fund may suffer a loss if it cannot sell collateral quickly and receive the amount it is owed.
U.S. Government Securities Risk – U.S. government securities, such as Treasury bills, notes and bonds and mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association, are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States; others are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury; others are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase the agency’s obligations; and still others are supported only by the credit of the issuing agency, instrumentality, or enterprise. Although U.S. government-sponsored enterprises such as Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) may be chartered or sponsored by Congress, they are not funded by Congressional appropriations, and their securities are not issued by the U.S. Treasury nor supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. There is no assurance that the U.S. government would provide financial support to its agencies and instrumentalities if not required to do so. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. government securities held by a Fund may greatly exceed their current resources, including any legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that issuers of U.S. government securities will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been operating under conservatorship, with the Federal Housing Finance Administration (“FHFA”) acting as their conservator, since September 2008. The entities are dependent upon the continued support of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and FHFA in order to continue their business operations. These factors, among others, could affect the future status and role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the value of their securities and the securities which they guarantee. Additionally, the U.S. government and its agencies and instrumentalities do not guarantee the market values of their securities, which may fluctuate.
Money Market Instruments Risk – The value of money market instruments may be affected by changing interest rates and by changes in the credit ratings of the investments. An investment in a money market fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by any bank, the FDIC or any other government agency. A money market fund’s sponsor has no legal obligation to provide financial support to the fund, and there should be no expectation that the sponsor will provide financial support to the fund at any time. Certain money market funds float their NAV while others seek to preserve the value of investments at a stable NAV (typically, $1.00 per share). An investment in a money market fund, even an investment in a fund seeking to maintain a stable NAV per share, is not guaranteed and it is possible for a Fund to lose money by investing in these and other types of money market funds. If the liquidity of a money market fund’s portfolio deteriorates below certain levels, the money market fund may suspend redemptions (i.e., impose a redemption gate) and
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thereby prevent a Fund from selling its investment in the money market fund or impose a fee of up to 2% on amounts the Fund redeems from the money market fund (i.e., impose a liquidity fee). These measures may result in an investment loss or prohibit a Fund from redeeming shares when the Adviser would otherwise redeem shares. Money market funds and the securities they invest in are subject to comprehensive regulations. The enactment of new legislation or regulations, as well as changes in interpretation and enforcement of current laws, may affect the manner of operation, performance and/or yield of money market funds.
Convertible Securities Risk – Convertible securities are fixed income securities, preferred stocks or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for common stock of the issuer (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at either a stated price or a stated rate. The market values of convertible securities may decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, increase as interest rates decline. A convertible security’s market value, however, tends to reflect the market price of the common stock of the issuing company when that stock price approaches or is greater than the convertible security’s “conversion price.” The conversion price is defined as the predetermined price at which the convertible security could be exchanged for the associated stock. As the market price of the underlying common stock declines, the price of the convertible security tends to be influenced more by the yield of the convertible security. Thus, it may not decline in price to the same extent as the underlying common stock. In the event of a liquidation of the issuing company, holders of convertible securities may be paid before the company’s common stockholders but after holders of any senior debt obligations of the company. Consequently, the issuer’s convertible securities generally entail less risk than its common stock but more risk than its debt obligations.
Foreign/Emerging Market Securities Risk – Investments in securities of foreign companies (including direct investments as well as investments through ADRs and GDRs) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. These risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
European Economic Risk. The Economic and Monetary Union (the “EMU”) of the European Union (the “EU”) requires compliance by member states with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, interest rates and debt levels, as well as fiscal and monetary controls, each of which may significantly affect every country in Europe, including those countries that are not members of the EU. Changes in imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro (the common currency of certain EU countries), the default or threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt and/or an economic recession in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect on the economies of EU member countries and their trading partners. The European financial markets have historically experienced volatility and adverse trends due to concerns about economic downturns or rising government debt levels in several European countries, including, but not limited to, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ukraine.
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These events have adversely affected the exchange rate of the euro and may continue to significantly affect European countries.
Responses to financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not produce the desired results, may result in social unrest, may limit future growth and economic recovery or may have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and other entities of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world. In addition, one or more countries may abandon the euro and/or withdraw from the EU. In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom resolved to leave the EU. The referendum may introduce significant uncertainties and instability in the financial markets as the United Kingdom negotiates its exit from the EU. Secessionist movements, such as the Catalan movement in Spain and the independence movement in Scotland, as well as governmental or other responses to such movements, may also create instability and uncertainty in the region. In addition, the national politics of countries in the EU have been unpredictable and subject to influence by varying political groups and ideologies. The governments of EU countries may be subject to change and such countries may experience social and political unrest. Unanticipated or sudden political or social developments may result in sudden and significant investment losses.
The occurrence of terrorist incidents throughout Europe also could impact financial markets. The impact of these events is not clear but could be significant and far-reaching and adversely affect the value of the Funds.
Asian Economic Risk. Many Asian economies have experienced rapid growth and industrialization in recent years, but there is no assurance that this growth rate will be maintained. Other Asian economies, however, have experienced high inflation, high unemployment, currency devaluations and restrictions, and over-extension of credit. Geopolitical hostility, political instability, as well as economic or environmental events in any one Asian country may have a significant economic effect on the entire Asian region, as well as on major trading partners outside Asia. Many Asian countries are subject to political risk, including political instability, corruption and regional conflict with neighboring countries. Certain Asian countries have also developed increasingly strained relationships with the U.S., and if these relations were to worsen, they could adversely affect Asian issuers that rely on the U.S. for trade. In addition, many Asian countries are subject to social and labor risks associated with demands for improved political, economic and social conditions. These risks, among others, may adversely affect the value of a Fund’s investments.
Latin American Economic Risk. The economies of countries in Latin America are generally considered emerging market economies. High interest, inflation (in some cases substantial and prolonged), and unemployment rates generally characterize each economy. Because commodities such as agricultural products, minerals, and metals represent a significant percentage of exports of many Latin American countries, the economies of those countries are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. Investments in the region may also be subject to currency risks, such as restrictions on the flow of money in and out of the country, extreme volatility relative to the U.S. dollar, and devaluation, all of which could decrease the value of a Fund. Governments of many Latin American countries exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector, and any such exercise could have a significant effect on companies in which a Fund invests. Other Latin American market risks include foreign exchange controls, difficulties in pricing securities, defaults on sovereign debt, difficulties in enforcing favorable legal judgments in local courts, and political and social instability.
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Foreign Currency Risk – Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the dollar, the value of a Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
Bank Loans Risk – Bank loans are arranged through private negotiations between a company and one or more financial institutions (lenders). Investments in bank loans are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. This means bank loans are subject to greater credit risks than other investments, including a greater possibility that the borrower will be adversely affected by changes in market or economic conditions and may default or enter bankruptcy. Bank loans made in connection with highly leveraged transactions, including operating loans, leveraged buyout loans, leveraged capitalization loans and other types of acquisition financing, are subject to greater credit risks than other types of bank loans. In addition, it may be difficult to obtain reliable information about and value any bank loan.
A Fund may invest in bank loans in the form of participations in the loans (participations) and assignments of all or a portion of the loans from third parties (assignments). In connection with purchasing participations, a Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the loan, nor any rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not benefit directly from any collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation. As a result, the Fund will assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the lender that is selling the participation. When a Fund purchases assignments from lenders, the Fund will acquire direct rights against the borrower on the loan. The Fund may have difficulty disposing of bank loans because, in certain cases, the market for such instruments is not highly liquid. The lack of a highly liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the value of such instruments and on the Fund’s ability to dispose of the bank loan in response to a specific economic event, such as deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower. Furthermore, transactions in many loans settle on a delayed basis, and the Fund may not receive the proceeds from the sale of a loan for a substantial period of time after the sale. As a result, those proceeds will not be available to make additional investments or to meet the Fund’s redemption obligations.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as a Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
MLP Risk – MLPs are limited partnerships in which the ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own several properties or businesses (or own interests) that are related to oil and gas industries or other natural resources, but they also may finance other projects. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are all in a particular industry or industries, such as the energy industries, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry or industries. Additional risks of investing in an MLP also include those involved in investing in a partnership as opposed to a corporation. For example, state law governing partnerships is often less restrictive than state law governing corporations. Accordingly, there may be fewer protections afforded to investors in an MLP than investors in a corporation; for example, investors in MLPs may have limited voting rights or be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of their investment. In addition, MLPs may be subject to state taxation in certain jurisdictions which will have the effect of reducing the amount of income paid by the MLP to its investors. A Fund’s investment in MLPs may result in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders will indirectly bear
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a proportionate share of the MLPs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. MLP operating expenses are not reflected in the fee tables and examples in this Prospectus.
Energy Industries Risk – The profitability of companies in the energy industries is related to worldwide energy prices and costs related to energy production. The energy industries are cyclical and highly dependent on commodity prices. Energy-related companies can be significantly affected by the supply of, and demand for, particular energy products (such as oil and natural gas). Companies in the energy industries may be adversely affected by natural disasters or other catastrophes. These companies may be at risk for environmental damage claims and other types of litigation. Companies in the energy industries also may be adversely affected by changes in exchange rates, interest rates, economic conditions, tax treatment, government regulation and intervention, negative perception, efforts at energy conservation and world events in the regions in which the companies operate (e.g., expropriation, nationalization, confiscation of assets and property or the imposition of restrictions on foreign investments and repatriation of capital, military coups, social unrest, violence or labor unrest). Companies in the energy industries may have significant capital investments in, or engage in transactions involving, emerging market countries, which may heighten these risks.
Investments in energy-related utilities companies involve special considerations, including the risk of changing commodity prices, government regulation and oversight, increased tariffs, changes in tax laws, interest rate fluctuations and changes in the cost of providing utility services. Utilities companies also are subject to potential terrorist attacks, natural disasters and severe weather conditions, as well as regulatory and operational burdens associated with the operation and maintenance of facilities. Government regulators monitor and control utility revenues and costs, and therefore may limit utility profits. In certain countries, regulatory authorities may also restrict a company’s access to new markets, thereby diminishing the company’s long-term prospects. The deregulation of certain utility companies may eliminate restrictions on profits but may also subject these companies to greater risks of loss.
Industry Concentration Risk – The Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund concentrates its investments in the energy industries. Concentration in particular industries subjects the Fund to the risks associated with those industries. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss as a result of adverse economic, business or other developments affecting those industries than funds investing in a broader range of industries.
REIT Risk – REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and usually operate, income-producing real estate. REITs are susceptible to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the following: declines in property values; increases in property taxes, operating expenses, interest rates or competition; overbuilding; zoning changes; and losses from casualty or condemnation. REITs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Funds. Accordingly, a Fund’s investments in REITs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the REITs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. REIT operating expenses are not reflected in the fee tables and examples in this Prospectus.
Some REITs may have limited diversification and may be subject to risks inherent in financing a limited number of properties. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions, and may be subject to defaults by borrowers and to self-liquidations. In addition, a REIT may be affected by its failure to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or its failure to maintain exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).
BDC Risk – BDCs are a type of closed-end investment company regulated under the 1940 Act. BDCs generally invest in less mature private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies
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which involve greater risk than well-established publicly-traded companies. Generally, little public information exists for private and thinly traded companies in which a BDC may invest and there is a risk that investors may not be able to make a fully informed evaluation of a BDC and its portfolio of investments. Investments made by BDCs generally are subject to legal and other restrictions on resale and otherwise are less liquid than publicly traded securities. The illiquidity of these investments may make it difficult to sell such investments if the need arises, and if there is a need for a BDC in which a Fund invests to liquidate its portfolio quickly, it may realize a loss on its investments. While a BDC is expected to generate income in the form of dividends, certain BDCs during certain periods of time may not pay dividends. Investment advisers to BDCs may be entitled to compensation based on the BDC’s performance, which may result in riskier or more speculative investments in an effort to maximize incentive compensation. Fund shareholders will indirectly bear a Fund’s proportionate share of any management and other operating expenses, and of any performance based or incentive fees, charged by the BDCs in which the Fund invests, in addition to the fees and expenses that Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with the Fund’s own operations. BDC shares are not redeemable at the option of the BDC shareholder and, as with shares of other closed-end funds, they may trade in the secondary market at a discount or premium to their NAV.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. and non-U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that a Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based or the ETF’s other holdings and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of a Fund. Accordingly, a Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses.
Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their NAV and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate a Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Sector Focus Risk – Because a Fund may, from time to time, be more heavily invested in particular sectors, the value of its shares may be especially sensitive to factors and economic risks that specifically affect those sectors. As a result, a Fund’s share price may fluctuate more widely than the value of shares of a mutual fund that invests in a broader range of sectors.
Financials Sector Risk – Companies in the financials sector of an economy are subject to extensive governmental regulation and intervention, which may adversely affect the scope of their activities, the prices they can charge, the amount of capital they must maintain and, potentially, their size. Governmental regulation may change frequently and may have significant adverse consequences for companies in the financials sector, including effects not intended by such regulation. The impact of more stringent capital requirements, or recent or future regulation in various countries of any individual financial company or of the financials sector as a whole cannot be predicted. Certain risks may impact the value of investments in the financials sector more severely than those of investments outside this sector, including the risks associated with companies that operate with substantial financial leverage. Companies in the financials sector may also be adversely affected by increases in interest rates and loan losses, decreases in the availability of money or asset valuations, credit rating downgrades and adverse conditions in other related markets. Insurance companies, in particular, may be subject to severe price competition and/or rate regulation, which may have an adverse impact on their profitability. The financials sector is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates. The financials sector is also a target for cyber attacks, and may experience technology
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malfunctions and disruptions. In recent years, cyber attacks and technology failures have become increasingly frequent in this sector and have reportedly caused losses to companies in this sector, which may negatively impact a Fund.
Short Sales Risk – Short sales are transactions in which a Fund sells a security it does not own. The Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund is then obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of replacement. The price at such time may be higher or lower than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. If the underlying security goes down in price between the time the Fund sells the security and buys it back, the Fund will realize a gain on the transaction. Conversely, if the underlying security goes up in price during the period, the Fund will realize a loss on the transaction. Because the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could be subject to an unlimited loss. The risk of such price increases is the principal risk of engaging in short sales.
In addition, a Fund’s investment performance may suffer if the Fund is required to close out a short position earlier than it had intended. This would occur if the securities lender required the Fund to deliver the securities the Fund borrowed and the Fund was unable to borrow the securities from another securities lender or otherwise obtain the security by other means. Moreover, a Fund may be subject to expenses related to short sales that are not typically associated with investing in securities directly, such as costs of borrowing and margin account maintenance costs associated with the Fund’s open short positions. These expenses negatively impact the performance of the Fund. For example, when a Fund short sells an equity security that pays a dividend, it is obligated to pay the dividend on the security it has sold. Furthermore, a Fund may be required to pay a premium or interest to the lender of the security. The forgoing types of short sale expenses are sometimes referred to as the “negative cost of carry,” and will tend to cause the Fund to lose money on a short sale even in instances where the price of the underlying security sold short does not change over the duration of the short sale. A Fund is also required to segregate other assets on its books to cover its obligation to return the security to the lender which means that those other assets may not be available to meet the Fund’s needs for immediate cash or other liquidity.
Liquidity Risk – Certain investments and types of investments are subject to restrictions on resale, may trade in the over-the-counter market or in limited volume, or may not have an active trading market. In addition, at times all or a large portion of segments of the market may not have an active trading market due to adverse market, economic, industry, political, regulatory, geopolitical and other conditions, including investors trying to sell large quantities of a particular investment or type of investment, or lack of market makers or other buyers for a particular investment or type of investment. At times, all or a significant portion of a market may not have an active trading market. Without an active trading market where frequent and large purchase and sale transactions of a security occur without significantly affecting the price of that security, it may be difficult to value and impossible to sell these investments, and a Fund may have to sell such an investment at a price or time that is not advantageous in order to meet redemptions or other cash needs. The price of illiquid securities may be more volatile than more liquid investments.
Derivatives Risk – A Fund’s use of futures contracts, forward contracts, options, swaps and participatory notes is subject to derivatives risk. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify a Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect a Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective(s) with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends upon the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives the Fund buys or sells. The Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly or at all with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold. The lack of a liquid secondary market for a derivative may prevent the Fund from closing its derivative positions and could adversely impact its ability to achieve its investment
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objective(s) or to realize profits or limit losses. Since derivatives may be purchased for a fraction of their value, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss or gain to the Fund. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and the Fund may lose more in a derivative than it originally invested in it. Additionally, some derivative instruments are subject to counterparty risk, meaning that the party that issues the derivative may experience a significant credit event and may be unwilling or unable to make timely settlement payments or otherwise honor its obligations.
Futures Contracts. Futures contracts provide for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified amount of a specific security or asset at a specified future time and at a specified price. Because futures require only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they involve a high degree of leverage. Accordingly, the fluctuation of the value of futures in relation to the underlying assets upon which they are based is magnified. Thus, a Fund may experience losses that exceed losses experienced by funds that do not use futures contracts. There may be imperfect correlation, or even no correlation, between price movements of a futures contract and price movements of investments for which futures are used as a substitute, or which futures are intended to hedge. Such lack of correlation may be due to factors unrelated to the value of the investments being substituted or hedged, such as speculative or other pressures on the markets in which these instruments are traded.
While futures contracts are generally liquid instruments, under certain market conditions they may become illiquid. For example, futures exchanges may impose daily or intra-day price change limits and/or limit the volume of trading. Additionally, government regulation may further reduce liquidity through similar trading restrictions. As a result, a Fund may be unable to close out its futures contracts at a time that is advantageous.
Forward Contracts. A forward contract involves a negotiated obligation to purchase or sell a specific security or currency at a future date (with or without delivery required), which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. Forward contracts are not traded on exchanges; rather, a bank or dealer will act as agent or as principal in order to make or take future delivery of a specified lot of a particular security or currency for a Fund’s account. Risks associated with forwards may include: (i) an imperfect correlation between the movement in prices of forward contracts and the securities or currencies underlying them; (ii) an illiquid market for forwards; (iii) difficulty in obtaining an accurate value for the forwards; and (iv) the risk that the counterparty to the forward contract will default or otherwise fail to honor its obligation. Because forwards require only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they also involve a high degree of leverage.
Options. Options involve the payment or receipt of a premium by the investor and the corresponding right or obligation, as the case may be, to either purchase or sell the underlying instrument for a specific price at a certain time or during a certain period. Purchasing options involves the risk that the underlying instrument will not change price in the manner expected, so that the investor loses its premium. Selling options involves potentially greater risk because the investor is exposed to the extent of the actual price movement in the underlying instrument rather than only the premium payment received (which could result in a potentially unlimited loss). If a Fund writes a “covered” call option (i.e., a call option on a security in which the Fund holds a long position), the Fund may not participate fully in a rise in market value of the underlying security. If a Fund writes a “covered” put option (i.e., a put option on a security in which the Fund holds a short position), the Fund may not participate fully in a decline in market value of the underlying security. Over-the-counter options also involve counterparty risk.
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Swaps. In a swap transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns, differentials in rates of return or some other amount earned or realized on the “notional amount” of predetermined investments or instruments, which may be adjusted for an interest factor. Swaps can involve greater risks than direct investment in securities, because swaps may be leveraged and are subject to counterparty risk and valuation risk. Swaps may also be considered illiquid. It may not be possible for a Fund to liquidate a swap position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.
A credit default swap enables a Fund to buy or sell protection against a defined credit event of an issuer. The buyer of a credit default swap is generally obligated to pay the seller a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract in return for a contingent payment upon the occurrence of a credit event with respect to an underlying reference obligation. A Fund may also invest in credit default swap indexes, which are designed to track representative segments of the credit default swap market and provide investors with exposure to specific baskets of issuers. Credit default swaps and credit default swap indexes are subject to the general risks of swaps described above.
Participatory Notes. Participatory notes are derivatives that are generally traded over-the-counter and constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks and broker-dealers that issue them.
Generally, these banks and broker-dealers buy securities listed on certain foreign exchanges and then issue participatory notes which are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets. The performance results of participatory notes will not correlate exactly to the performance of the issuers or markets that they seek to replicate due to transaction costs and other expenses. The holder of a participatory note typically does not receive voting or other rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security, but is subject to the same risks of investing directly in the underlying security.
More Information about Fund Investments
The investment objective of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund and Westwood SmallCap Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
The investment objective of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund is to seek to provide total return, through a combination of current income and capital appreciation, with a lower level of volatility than traditional equity-oriented strategies over a market cycle.
The investment objective of the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund and the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund is to seek to provide total return through a combination of capital appreciation and current income.
The primary investment objective of the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund is to provide current income. A secondary objective of the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund is to provide the opportunity for long-term capital appreciation.
The investment objective of the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund is to seek to provide total return, through a combination of current income and capital appreciation, with a lower level of volatility than traditional equity-oriented strategies.
The investment objective of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund is to seek long-term capital appreciation.
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The investment objective of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund is to generate a high level of current income while experiencing lower volatility than the broader high yield market.
The investment objective of the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund is to seek to maximize total return through a high level of current income and capital appreciation.
The investment objective of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund is to seek to generate positive total returns in all market conditions through a combination of current income and capital appreciation.
The primary investment objective of the Westwood Flexible Income Fund is to seek to provide current income. A secondary investment objective of the Westwood Flexible Income Fund is to seek to provide capital appreciation.
The investment objectives of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund and Westwood SmallCap Fund are fundamental and cannot be changed without shareholder approval. The investment objectives of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund, Westwood Flexible Income Fund and Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund may be changed without shareholder approval, upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Funds use under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, each Fund may, but is not obligated to, invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective(s). If a Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective(s). The Funds will only do so if the Adviser or Sub-Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for capital appreciation or current income.
This Prospectus describes the Funds’ principal investment strategies, and the Funds will normally invest in the types of securities and other investments described in this Prospectus. In addition to the securities and other investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, each Fund also may invest to a lesser extent in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in detail in the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) (for information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI see the back cover of this Prospectus). Of course, there is no guarantee that a Fund will achieve its investment goals.
Information about Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Funds’ policy and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Funds disclose their portfolio holdings is available in the SAI. Within 10 days of the end of each calendar quarter, the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund, Westwood SmallCap Fund, Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund, Westwood Flexible Income Fund and Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund will post their complete portfolio holdings on the internet at www.westwoodfunds.com. The Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield
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Fund will post their top 10 holdings within 10 days of the end of each calendar quarter on the internet at www.westwoodfunds.com. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of a Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund. Nevertheless, as described in the SAI, each Fund will disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter.
Westwood Management Corp., a New York corporation formed in 1983, serves as the investment adviser to the Funds. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200, Dallas, Texas 75201. The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of Westwood Holdings Group, Inc., an institutional asset management company. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $13.8 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Funds, except for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, and continuously reviews, supervises and administers each Fund’s investment program. In addition, the Adviser oversees the Sub-Adviser (as defined below) to ensure its compliance with the investment policies and guidelines of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, and monitors the Sub-Adviser’s adherence to its investment style. The Adviser pays the Sub-Adviser out of the advisory fees it receives from the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund. The Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) supervises the Adviser and Sub-Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser and Sub-Adviser must follow in their management activities.
In rendering investment advisory services to the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund, the Adviser may use the portfolio management, research and other resources of Westwood International Advisors Inc. (“Westwood International”), an affiliate of the Adviser. Westwood International is not registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. Westwood International has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) with the Adviser pursuant to which Westwood International is considered a “participating affiliate” of the Adviser as that term is used in relief granted by the staff of the SEC allowing U.S. registered investment advisers to use portfolio management or research resources of advisory affiliates subject to the supervision of a registered adviser. Investment professionals from Westwood International may render portfolio management, research and other services to the Funds under the MOU and are subject to supervision by the Adviser.
For its services, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, as set forth in the table below.
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Westwood Emerging Markets Fund |
0.95% |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund |
0.70% |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund |
0.55% |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund |
0.85% |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund |
0.75% |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund |
0.69% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund |
0.95% |
1 |
Prior to November 15, 2017, the advisory fee for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund was 0.70%. |
The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce its fees and reimburse expenses of the Institutional Shares of each Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, dividend and interest expenses on securities sold short, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding the amounts listed in the table below, as a percentage of the average daily net assets of each Fund.
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund |
0.65% 1 |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund |
0.75% |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund |
0.81% 2 |
Westwood SMidCap Fund |
0.88% 3 |
Westwood SmallCap Fund |
0.99% 4 |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund |
1.00% |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund |
0.90% |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund |
0.95% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund |
1.20% |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund |
0.80% |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund |
0.75% |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund |
1.20% |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund |
0.85% |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund |
0.79% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund |
1.20% |
1 |
Prior to November 15, 2017, the expense cap for Institutional Shares of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund was 0.75%. |
2 |
Prior to November 15, 2017, the expense cap for Institutional Shares of the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund was 1.00%. |
3 |
Prior to November 15, 2017, the expense cap for Institutional Shares of the Westwood SMidCap Fund was 1.25%. |
4 |
Prior to November 15, 2017, the expense cap for Institutional Shares of the Westwood SmallCap Fund was 1.10%. |
With the exception of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, the above contractual fee waivers shall continue in effect until, but may be terminated by the Adviser effective, February 28, 2020. With respect to the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, the contractual arrangement shall continue in effect until February 28, 2020 and shall thereafter continue in effect until its termination by shareholders of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund.
In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the Fund’s total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Fund’s expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-
114
year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser received advisory fees (after fee reductions or recoveries) as a percentage of the average daily net assets of each Fund as follows:
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund |
0.53% |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund |
0.40% |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund |
0.61% |
Westwood SMidCap Fund |
0.60% |
Westwood SmallCap Fund |
0.76% |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund |
0.46% |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund |
0.75% |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund |
0% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund |
0.98% |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund |
0.48% |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund |
0% |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund |
0.45% |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund |
0% |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund |
N/A 1 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund |
N/A 1 |
1 |
The Fund had not commenced operations as of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018. |
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Funds’ investment advisory agreements, except the Westwood Flexible Income Fund's investment advisory agreement, is available in the Funds’ Annual Report to Shareholders dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018. A discussion regarding the basis for the Board's approval of the Westwood Flexible Income Fund's investment advisory agreement will be available in the Fund's first Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders dated April 30, 2019, which will cover the period from the Fund's inception to April 30, 2019.
SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC (the “Sub-Adviser”), a Delaware limited liability company established in 2011, serves as the sub-adviser to the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Funds’ investments. The Sub-Adviser is a wholly-owned subsidiary of SKY Harbor Capital Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. The Sub-Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 20 Horseneck Lane, Greenwich, Connecticut 06830. As of December 31, 2018, the Sub-Adviser had approximately $4.25 billion in assets under management.
The Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Fund, the Westwood SmallCap Fund, the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund,
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the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund are each managed by a portfolio management team, and the members of a Fund’s portfolio management team are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio. The Adviser also manages institutional separate accounts and is the sub-adviser to other mutual funds with similar strategies as these Funds. The investment process for these Funds is the same for similar accounts and is driven by proprietary team-oriented, in-depth, fundamental research. The investment research team is organized by industry coverage and supports all of the accounts managed in each of the Adviser’s investment strategies. Weekly research meetings provide a forum where the Adviser’s investment professionals discuss current investment ideas within their assigned industries. Generally, the entire portfolio management team, or a sub-set of the team, then debates the merits of recommendations, taking into account the prevailing market environment, the portfolio’s current composition, and the relative value of alternative investments. Investment decisions are generally made by majority agreement of the portfolio management team. The Adviser has identified the following team members as those with the most significant responsibility for each Fund’s assets. This list does not include all members of the investment team.
Mr. Daniel J. Barnes, CFA, has served as Vice President and Global Analyst for the Adviser since December 2014. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Barnes was a Senior Credit Analyst at Coronation Global Investments where he managed an investment grade and high yield bond portfolio from 2013 to 2014. Additionally, he served as a Capital Structure Research Analyst at Imperial Capital from 2011 to 2013 and as a Senior European Investment Analyst at Coronation Capital from 2005 to 2009. Mr. Barnes has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund since 2016 and the portfolio team for the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund since 2018. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Mr. Barnes has more than 15 years of investment experience.
Mr. David Clott, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President for the Adviser since October 2014, and leads the Adviser’s Global Convertible Securities Team. Prior to joining the Adviser, he managed both the long only and absolute return global convertible securities strategies at Aviva Investors for 15 years and co-founded their convertibles funds in April 2002. Prior to 1999, Mr. Clott was a Portfolio Manager and Equity Analyst at HSB Group for one year, and an Equity Analyst and later a Convertible Securities Analyst at Phoenix Investment Partners for seven years. Mr. Clott has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund and the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund since their inceptions in 2015, and he has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund since 2016. Mr. Clott participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Mr. Clott has more than 27 years of investment experience.
Mr. William E. Costello, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst since joining the Adviser in July 2010. He has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood SmallCap Fund since 2010 and has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood SMidCap Fund and the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund since 2018. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Costello was a Portfolio Manager and Director of Research at the Boston Company, where he worked from 1997 to 2009, and he worked at Delphi Management as a generalist equity analyst from 1992 until 1997. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Mr. Costello has more than 31 years of investment experience.
Mr. Casey Flanagan, CFA, has served as Associate Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2019. Prior to this appointment, he served as Research Analyst for the Adviser
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from January 2018 to February 2019 and Associate Analyst from March 2016 to January 2018. Mr. Flanagan joined the Adviser in 2012 as a Research Associate. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Flanagan was a student at Southern Methodist University, graduating in May 2012 with a BBA in Finance with a specialization in Alternative Asset Management and a minor in Art History. Mr. Flanagan is a member of the CFA Institute. Mr. Flanagan has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund since 2019. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Flanagan has more than 7 years of investment experience.
Mr. Prashant Inamdar, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2018. Prior to this appointment, he served as Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser since joining the Adviser in June 2013 until February 2018. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Inamdar served as Senior Analyst at 3 Twelve Capital from 2012 to 2013. From 2010 to 2012, Mr. Inamdar served as a Vice President of Research at Chilton Investment Company, and from 2000 to 2009, he served as a Securities Analyst at Stark Investments. He has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood SMidCap Fund and Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund since 2013. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Mr. Inamdar has more than 19 years of investment experience.
Mr. Scott D. Lawson, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2019. Prior to this appointment, he served as Vice President, Senior Research Analyst since joining the Adviser in October 2003 until February 2019. Mr. Lawson has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund since the Fund’s inception in 2006. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Lawson was an Assistant Portfolio Manager at Bank of America from 2000 to 2003. From 1995 to 2000, he was a Research Analyst with Mississippi Valley Advisors, specializing in the Technology and Industrial sectors. Mr. Lawson participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Lawson has more than 29 years of investment experience.
Mr. Thomas C. Lieu, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2015. Prior to this appointment, he served as Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser from August 2010 to February 2014. He has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood SMidCap Fund since 2010 and the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund since its inception in 2011. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Lieu worked as a Senior Analyst at Persistency Capital from 2006 to 2010. From 2000 until 2006, he was employed at Banc of America Securities as a Senior Associate, and he worked as an analyst at Lazard Asset Management from 1997 to 2000. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Mr. Lieu has more than 21 years of investment experience.
Mr. Matthew R. Lockridge has served as Senior Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser since March 2015. Prior to this appointment, he served as Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser from May 2010 to March 2015. He has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund since 2012, the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund since its inception in 2011 and the Westwood SmallCap Fund since 2010. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Lockridge was a Managing Director at Dearborn Partners, L.L.C. from 2004 to 2010, and he was with Deloitte Consulting, L.L.P. from 2001 to 2004, where he worked as a Senior Consultant. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Mr. Lockridge has more than 17 years of investment experience.
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Mr. Shawn Mato, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President for the Adviser since October 2014. Prior to joining the Adviser, he co-managed both the long only and absolute return global convertible securities strategies at Aviva Investors for 13 years. Prior to 2002, he was a Research Associate at Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein, a Financial Consultant at Deloitte and Touche LLP, and a US Government Bond Trader at Nomura Securities. Mr. Mato has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund and the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund since their inceptions in 2015, and he has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund since 2016. Mr. Mato participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Mr. Mato has more than 25 years of investment experience.
Mr. Matthew Na, CFA, has served as Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2017. Prior to this appointment, he served as Associate Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser from March 2014 until February 2017. He joined the Adviser in July 2008 as a Research Associate. Mr. Na graduated from The University of Texas at Austin with a BBA in Finance and minor in Accounting. While pursuing his degree, he worked with two independent financial advisers and was also a Peer Career Advisor at the McCombs School of Business. Mr. Na is a member of the CFA Institute and the CFA Society of Dallas-Fort Worth. Mr. Na has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund since the Fund’s inception in 2014. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Na has more than 11 years of investment experience.
Mr. Fred G. Rowsey, CFA, has served as Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2018. Prior to this appointment, he served as Associate Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser from March 2015 until February 2018. He joined the Adviser in July 2010 as a Research Associate. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Rowsey was a student at Harvard University, graduating in May 2010 with a BA in Economics. Mr. Rowsey is a member of the CFA Institute. He has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood SmallCap Fund since 2013. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Rowsey has more than 9 years of investment experience.
Mr. Grant L. Taber, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President, Research Analyst for the Adviser since May 2015. Prior to this appointment, he served as Vice President, Research Analyst from March 2008 to May 2015. He has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood SMidCap Fund since 2008 and the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund since its inception in 2011. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Taber worked at Bessemer Trust Company from 2004 until 2008, where he served as Vice President, Large Cap Research Analyst. He worked at Bear Stearns from 2001 until 2004, where he served as Senior Associate. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Mr. Taber has more than 19 years of investment experience.
Dr. Varun V. Singh, PhD, CFA, has served as Vice President, Senior Research Analyst for the Adviser since joining the Adviser in February 2012. He has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund since 2013. Prior to joining the Adviser, Dr. Singh served as Vice President and equity analyst at Wellington Management Company, LLP from 2005 to 2012. From 2003 to 2005 Dr. Singh worked at Robert W. Baird & Co. as an equity analyst. Dr. Singh is a member of the CFA Institute and the Boston Security Analyst Society. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Dr. Singh has more than 16 years of investment experience.
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Mr. Todd L. Williams, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President, Senior Research Analyst for the Adviser since February 2012. Prior to this appointment, he served as Vice President and Research Analyst for the Adviser from July 2005 until February 2012, as Assistant Vice President and Research Analyst from July 2003 to July 2005, and as Research Analyst from November 2002 to July 2003. Before joining the Adviser, Mr. Williams was a portfolio manager and analyst with AMR Investments, Inc. Mr. Williams graduated from Southern Methodist University with a BBA in Finance and is a member of the CFA Institute and the CFA Society of Dallas-Fort Worth. Mr. Williams has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund since the Fund’s inception in 2005 and the portfolio team for the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund since the Fund’s inception in 2014. He participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Mr. Williams has more than 23 years of investment experience.
The Westwood Emerging Markets Fund is, and, upon its inception, the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund is expected to be, managed by the following individuals. Ms. Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA, and Mr. Thomas Pinto Basto, CFA, serve as co-lead portfolio managers of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and Ms. Perez-Coutts is expected to serve as lead portfolio manager of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund upon its inception. The Adviser also manages institutional separate accounts and is the sub-adviser to other mutual funds with similar strategies as these Funds. The investment process for these Funds is the same for similar accounts and, while the portfolio managers are ultimately responsible for the investment decisions in the strategies, the investment process is driven by proprietary team-oriented, in-depth, fundamental research. To that end, each research analyst on the global research team is able to assume responsibility as a sector portfolio manager and support all of the accounts managed in each of the Adviser’s global and emerging markets investment strategies.
Ms. Perez-Coutts, CFA, Senior Vice President, joined the Adviser in May 2012 and moved to Westwood International in August 2012 after having managed emerging markets portfolios for eleven years for AGF Investments, Inc. Prior to 2001, she served as Vice President and Portfolio Manager for AIM Trimark Investments, Vice President of Research for First Mercantile Corporation and as Economist for Peru’s Institute of Foreign Trade. She earned an Honors BA in Economics from Pontifica Universidad del Peru and a BA in Mathematics for Commerce from York University. Ms. Perez-Coutts has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund since its inception in 2012. Ms. Perez-Coutts participates in the investment decision process. She has authority to direct trading for the Funds and is also responsible for representing the Funds to investors. Ms. Perez-Coutts has more than 33 years of investment experience.
Mr. Thomas Pinto Basto, CFA, Vice President, joined the Adviser in May 2012 and moved to Westwood International in August 2012 after having served on the global and emerging markets investment teams for over six years for AGF Investments Inc. Prior to 2005, he served as a corporate strategy consultant with Deloitte Consulting in Canada and Hong Kong and as a Global Analyst for both fixed income and equities with Altamira management. Mr. Pinto Basto earned a BA in Economics from Carleton University. He is a member of the CFA Institute and the Toronto Society of Financial Analysts. Mr. Pinto Basto has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund since 2019. Mr. Pinto Basto participates in the investment decision process. He has the authority to direct trading activity for the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Pinto Basto has more than 24 years of investment experience.
The Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund is managed by Mr. Daniel J. Barnes, CFA, whose biography is included above. Mr. Barnes has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2015. He has final decision-making authority over the Fund’s investment portfolio. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors.
The Westwood Flexible Income Fund is managed by Mr. Michael J. Carne, CFA. Mr. Carne, has served as Senior Vice President for the Adviser since January 2018. Prior to joining the Adviser, Mr. Carne served as Founder and Principal Owner of Horner Street Capital Management, LLC, from 2015 to 2017. From 2002 to 2015, he was a Managing Director and Head of Income Strategies at NWQ Investment Management, and was the Portfolio Manager of the Nuveen NWQ Flexible Income Strategy from its inception in 2009 until 2015. Mr. Carne has served on the portfolio team for the Fund since its inception in 2018. He has final decision-making authority over the Fund’s investment portfolio. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Carne has had experience managing and trading portfolios of both fixed income and equities over his more than 34 years of investment experience.
The Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund is managed by Ms. Anne Yobage, CFA, Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, and David Kinsley, CFA, Principal and Head of Investing of the Sub-Adviser. The Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund is managed by Ms. Hannah Strasser, CFA, Managing Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, and Mr. Trevor Kaufman, CFA. The Sub-Adviser also manages institutional separate accounts. The investment process for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund is the same for similar
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accounts and is driven by fundamental analysis of issuers, markets, and general macro-economic conditions and supported by quantitative valuation and risk monitoring tools.
Ms. Anne Yobage, CFA, Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, has served as the lead portfolio manager for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund since its inception in 2011. Prior to co-founding the Sub-Adviser, she was a senior portfolio manager at AXA Investment Managers (“AXA IM”) from September 2001 to June 2011. Prior to joining AXA IM, Ms. Yobage co-founded Cardinal Capital Management (“Cardinal”) in March 1995, a small cap value and high yield asset management firm located in Greenwich, Connecticut, where she was the co-head of the high yield group. Before founding Cardinal, Ms. Yobage worked at Deltec Asset Management (“Deltec”) from 1990 to 1995, where she served as co-head of the high yield group. Ms. Yobage began her career in 1987 as a credit analyst in Kidder Peabody’s high yield research group. Ms. Yobage participates in the investment decision process during the portfolio team meetings in which the team decides the bond/weight selection for the model portfolio. She has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Ms. Yobage has more than 31 years of high yield investment experience.
Mr. David W. Kinsley, CFA, Principal and Head of Investing of the Sub-Adviser, has served as portfolio manager for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund since 2015. He is a portfolio manager for short duration high yield portfolios, including the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, and serves as backup portfolio manager for the Short Duration High Yield strategy. He was previously Co-Head of US Investing at AXA Investment Managers and lead portfolio manager for Custom Credit strategies. Mr. Kinsley holds a BA from Williams College and has the CFA professional designation. Mr. Kinsley participates in the investment decision process. He has the authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Kinsley has more than 17 years of investment experience.
Ms. Hannah Strasser, CFA, Managing Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, has served as lead portfolio manager for the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund since its inception in 2014. Previously, Ms. Strasser was the Head of US Fixed Income and a senior portfolio manager at AXA Investment Managers. Ms. Strasser holds a B.A. from Amherst College and has the CFA professional designation. Ms. Strasser participates in the investment decision process. She has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Ms. Strasser has more than 36 years of investment experience.
Mr. Trevor Kaufman, CFA, Portfolio Manager and Research Analyst for the Sub-Adviser, has served as a portfolio manager for the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund since 2018. He is also responsible for sector coverage, fundamental analysis and credit valuation for the Consumer Goods, Retail and Technology sectors at the Sub-Adviser. Prior to joining the Sub-Adviser in 2012, Mr. Kaufman was an associate at Deutsche Bank Securities–Debt Capital Markets, specializing in new issue and liability management transactions for financial services firms. Mr. Kaufman holds an MBA from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business and a B.A. from Cornell University, and has the CFA professional designation. Mr. Kaufman participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Kaufman has more than 11 years of investment experience.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
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Related Performance Data of the Adviser
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund, Westwood SmallCap Fund and Westwood Income Opportunity Fund
The following tables give the related performance of fee-paying separate accounts, each referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies, strategies and risks substantially similar to those of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund, Westwood SmallCap Fund and Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, as applicable. None of the Composites reflect all of the firm’s assets under management. Complete lists and descriptions of the firm’s composites are available upon request. The data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts. The data does not represent the performance of the Funds. Moreover, the performance shown does not represent the future performance of the Funds or of the Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composites differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Funds. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. Except as otherwise noted, all returns reflect the payment of investment management fees, brokerage commissions, and execution costs paid by the accounts included in the Composites, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. Custodial fees, if any, were not included in the calculations. Securities are valued as of trade-date. Accounts in each Composite were under management for the entire reporting period. Beginning January 1, 2006, the minimum portfolio size for inclusion in a Composite is $5 million. The exclusion of accounts with portfolio sizes below $5 million had no material effect on the performance of the Composites. Prior to January 1, 2006, there was no minimum asset size for inclusion in the Composites.
The currency used to express performance in each Composite is U.S. dollars. Performance results are presented both net of fees and gross of fees. Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The performance of the Composites (net of fees) reflects the Adviser’s applicable account fees and expenses; however, each Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the accounts included in the respective Composite. If the Funds’ fees and expenses had been imposed on the accounts included in the respective Composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The accounts that are included in each Composite are not subject to the same type of expenses to which the Funds are subject and are not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for each Composite could have been adversely affected if the accounts in the Composite were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Funds.
The investment results for each Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Funds. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Funds’ own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
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Performance Information for the Adviser’s LargeCap Value Strategy Composite 1
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts and does not represent the performance of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund.
Year |
Total Return (Net
|
Total Return
|
Russell 1000
|
Number of
|
Dispersion 4 |
Total Assets at
|
Percentage of
|
2018 |
-5.97% |
-5.26% |
-8.27% |
19 |
0.2 |
$2,974.5 |
21.5% |
2017 |
20.66% |
21.55% |
13.66% |
27 |
0.2 |
$4,006.0 |
19.1% |
2016 |
10.94% |
11.77% |
17.34% |
27 |
0.2 |
$3,504.3 |
19.3% |
2015 |
-0.26% |
0.49% |
-3.83% |
28 |
0.3 |
$3,401.4 |
19.1% |
2014 |
12.15% |
12.99% |
13.45% |
29 |
0.2 |
$4,082.6 |
21.5% |
2013 |
29.94% |
30.70% |
32.53% |
36 |
0.3 |
$5,322.6 |
30.1% |
2012 |
16.38% |
16.76% |
17.51% |
39 |
0.3 |
$4,521.7 |
34.4% |
2011 |
-0.28% |
0.06% |
0.39% |
41 |
0.3 |
$4,982.2 |
41.6% |
2010 |
13.28% |
13.68% |
15.51% |
47 |
0.3 |
$5,057.0 |
48.0% |
2009 |
14.16% |
14.52% |
19.69% |
46 |
0.5 |
$4,375.5 |
46.9% |
Average Annual Total Returns (since inception through 12/31/2018) |
|||
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
|||
Time Period |
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
Russell 1000 Value Index 2,3 |
1 Year |
-5.97% |
-5.26% |
-8.27% |
5 Years |
7.08% |
7.88% |
5.95% |
10 Years |
10.63% |
11.25% |
11.18% |
Since Inception 5 |
10.79% |
11.46% |
9.86% |
1 |
The calculation of returns is computed on a monthly basis starting January 1, 1987 for the Composite; including accrued dividends and interest income. Actual results may vary depending on level of assets and fee schedule. Performance results net of fees reflect the actual rate of fees paid by the accounts included in the Composite. Westwood’s fee schedules are as follows for the LargeCap Value strategy: 0.75% annually on the first $25 million and negotiable thereafter. All fees are stated in annual rates and are typically billed quarterly. Westwood claims compliance with GIPS ® and has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. Westwood has been independently verified for the periods January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. Verification assesses whether (1) the firm has complied with all the composite construction requirements of the GIPS ® standards on a firm-wide basis and (2) the firm’s policies and procedures are designed to calculate and present performance in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The LargeCap Value Strategy Composite has been examined for the periods January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. The verification and performance examination reports are available upon request. |
2 |
The Russell 1000 Value Index is an unmanaged index which measures the performance of the large-capitalization sector of the U.S. equity markets. It contains those Russell 1000 Index companies with lower-price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values. |
3 |
The comparative benchmark returns include interest and dividend income but do not include taxes, potential transaction costs or management fees. |
4 |
Dispersion is measured using the asset-weighted standard deviation of accounts managed for the entire year. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the degree to which an individual portfolio’s return varies from the median return for the composite. Greater deviation means greater risk to the investor. |
5 |
Inception date of the LargeCap Value Strategy Composite is January 1, 1987. |
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Performance Information for the Adviser’s SMidCap Strategy Composite 1
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts and does not represent the performance of the Westwood SMidCap Fund.
Year |
Total Return (Net
|
Total Return
|
Russell 2500
|
Number of
|
Dispersion 4 |
Total Assets at
|
Percentage of
|
2018 |
-11.28% |
-10.51% |
-10.00% |
13 |
0.3 |
$876.6 |
6.3% |
2017 |
10.45% |
11.39% |
16.81% |
20 |
0.3 |
$2,104.4 |
10.0% |
2016 |
11.52% |
12.46% |
17.59% |
15 |
0.5 |
$1,658.6 |
9.1% |
2015 |
-2.67% |
-1.84% |
-2.90% |
19 |
0.4 |
$1,845.6 |
10.4% |
2014 |
4.94% |
5.83% |
7.07% |
19 |
0.4 |
$2,300.8 |
12.1% |
2013 |
34.21% |
35.08% |
36.80% |
19 |
0.3 |
$2,356.3 |
13.3% |
2012 |
13.75% |
14.23% |
17.88% |
21 |
0.4 |
$1,914.3 |
14.6% |
2011 |
-1.76% |
-1.20% |
-2.51% |
22 |
0.2 |
$1,959.6 |
16.4% |
2010 |
27.20% |
28.07% |
26.71% |
23 |
0.4 |
$1,877.2 |
16.7% |
2009 |
34.29% |
35.02% |
34.39% |
21 |
0.5 |
$1,559.7 |
16.7% |
Average Annual Total Returns (since inception through 12/31/2018) |
|||
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
|||
Time Period |
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
Russell 2500 Index 2,3 |
1 Year |
-11.28% |
-10.51% |
-10.00% |
5 Years |
2.22% |
3.10% |
5.15% |
10 Years |
11.08% |
11.87% |
13.15% |
Since Inception 5 |
11.15% |
11.77% |
8.48% |
1 |
The calculation of returns is computed on a monthly basis starting July 1, 1997 for the Composite; including accrued dividends and interest income. Actual results may vary depending on level of assets and fee schedule. Performance results net of fees reflect the actual rate of fees paid by the accounts included in the Composite. Westwood’s fee schedules are as follows for the SMidCap strategy: 0.85% on the first $25 million and negotiable thereafter. All fees are stated in annual rates and are typically billed quarterly. Westwood claims compliance with GIPS ® and has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. Westwood has been independently verified for the periods January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. Verification assesses whether (1) the firm has complied with all the composite construction requirements of the GIPS ® standards on a firm-wide basis and (2) the firm’s policies and procedures are designed to calculate and present performance in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The SMidCap Strategy Composite has been examined for the periods July 1, 1997 through December 31, 2017. The verification and performance examination reports are available upon request. |
2 |
The Russell 2500 Index is an unmanaged index of the 2,500 smallest companies in the Russell 3000 Index, which contains the 3,000 largest stocks in the U.S. based on total market capitalization. |
3 |
The comparative benchmark returns include interest and dividend income but do not include taxes, potential transaction costs or management fees. |
4 |
Dispersion is measured using the asset-weighted standard deviation of accounts managed for the entire year. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the degree to which an individual portfolio’s return varies from the median return for the composite. Greater deviation means greater risk to the investor. |
5 |
Inception date of the SMidCap Strategy Composite is July 1, 1997. |
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Performance Information for the Adviser’s SmallCap Strategy Composite 1
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts and does not represent the performance of the Westwood SmallCap Fund.
Year |
Total Return (Net
|
Total Return
|
Russell 2000
|
Number of
|
Dispersion 4 |
Total Assets at
|
Percentage of
|
2018 |
-14.32% |
-13.45% |
-12.86% |
17 |
0.4 |
$1,133.0 |
8.2% |
2017 |
12.69% |
13.81% |
7.84% |
17 |
0.4 |
$1,266.4 |
6.0% |
2016 |
28.54% |
29.79% |
31.74% |
14 |
0.3 |
$686.8 |
3.8% |
2015 |
-5.41% |
-4.45% |
-7.47% |
11 |
0.6 |
$333.8 |
1.9% |
2014 |
6.01% |
7.07% |
4.22% |
10 |
0.3 |
$386.7 |
2.0% |
2013 |
49.96% |
50.94% |
34.52% |
9 |
0.5 |
$327.0 |
1.8% |
2012 |
18.42% |
18.98% |
18.05% |
9 |
0.4 |
$210.3 |
1.6% |
2011 |
-1.30% |
-0.62% |
-5.50% |
9 |
0.6 |
$201.9 |
1.7% |
2010 |
23.69% |
24.55% |
24.50% |
8 |
1.0 |
$204.6 |
1.9% |
2009 |
20.55% |
21.35% |
20.58% |
11 |
0.3 |
$242.2 |
2.6% |
Average Annual Total Returns (since inception through 12/31/2018) |
|||
Adviser’s Composite Returns |
|||
Time Period |
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
Russell 2000 Value Index 2,3 |
1 Year |
-14.32% |
-13.45% |
-12.86% |
5 Years |
4.47% |
5.51% |
3.61% |
10 Years |
12.52% |
13.44% |
10.40% |
Since Inception 5 |
9.72% |
10.46% |
6.91% |
1 |
The calculation of returns is computed on a monthly basis starting January 1, 2004 for the Composite; including accrued dividends and interest income. Actual results may vary depending on level of assets and fee schedule. Performance results net of fees reflect the actual rate of fees paid by the accounts included in the Composite. Westwood’s fee schedules are as follows for the SmallCap strategy: 1.00% on the first $10 million and negotiable thereafter. All fees are stated in annual rates and are typically billed quarterly. Westwood claims compliance with GIPS ® and has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. Westwood has been independently verified for the periods January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. Verification assesses whether (1) the firm has complied with all the composite construction requirements of the GIPS ® standards on a firm-wide basis and (2) the firm’s policies and procedures are designed to calculate and present performance in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The SmallCap Strategy Composite has been examined for the periods January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2017. The verification and performance examination reports are available upon request. |
2 |
The Russell 2000 Value Index is an unmanaged market index that measures the performance of the 2,000 smallest companies in the Russell 3000 Index. |
3 |
The comparative benchmark returns include interest and dividend income but do not include taxes, potential transaction costs or management fees. |
4 |
Dispersion is measured using the asset-weighted standard deviation of accounts managed for the entire year. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the degree to which an individual portfolio’s return varies from the median return for the composite. Greater deviation means greater risk to the investor. |
5 |
Inception date of the SmallCap Strategy Composite is January 1, 2004. |
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Performance Information for the Adviser’s Income Opportunity Strategy Composite 1
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Adviser in managing substantially similar accounts and does not represent the performance of the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund.
Year |
Total
|
Total
|
Citigroup
|
Citigroup
|
S&P 500
|
FTSE NAREIT
|
Blended
|
Number of
|
Dispersion 8 |
Total Assets
|
Percentage
|
2018 |
-4.76% |
-3.99% |
-0.02% |
1.86% |
-4.38% |
-4.04% |
-1.31% |
7 |
0.2 |
$2,924.2 |
21.2% |
2017 |
11.09% |
11.97% |
2.13% |
0.84% |
21.83% |
8.67% |
8.13% |
10 |
0.1 |
$3,723.4 |
17.8% |
2016 |
6.33% |
7.18% |
-0.14% |
0.27% |
11.96% |
8.63% |
5.37% |
10 |
0.6 |
$3,336.4 |
18.3% |
2015 |
-2.54% |
-1.76% |
0.90% |
0.03% |
1.38% |
2.83% |
1.61% |
13 |
0.2 |
$3,487.3 |
19.6% |
2014 |
9.40% |
10.28% |
10.72% |
0.03% |
13.69% |
28.03% |
12.88% |
9 |
0.5 |
$3,468.8 |
18.3% |
2013 |
15.31% |
16.10% |
-7.85% |
0.05% |
32.39% |
2.86% |
6.15% |
9 |
1.0 |
$2,213.2 |
12.5% |
2012 |
8.67% |
9.11% |
4.23% |
0.07% |
16.00% |
19.70% |
9.97% |
9 |
0.4 |
$1,279.5 |
9.7% |
2011 |
7.38% |
8.04% |
16.99% |
0.08% |
2.11% |
8.28% |
7.32% |
5 |
0.3 |
$759.8 |
6.3% |
2010 |
14.49% |
15.19% |
8.10% |
0.13% |
15.06% |
27.95% |
13.11% |
3 |
0.8 |
$313.2 |
2.8% |
2009 |
13.28% |
13.89% |
-9.92% |
0.16% |
26.46% |
27.99% |
12.02% |
3 |
1.3 |
$203.5 |
2.2% |
1 |
The calculation of returns is computed on a monthly basis starting January 1, 2003 for the Composite; including accrued dividends and interest income. Actual results may vary depending on level of assets and fee schedule. Performance results net of fees reflect the actual rate of fees paid by the accounts included in the Composite. Westwood’s fee schedule for the Income Opportunity strategy: 0.80% on the first $25 million and negotiable thereafter. All fees are stated in annual rates and are typically billed quarterly. Westwood claims compliance with GIPS ® and has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. Westwood has been independently verified for the periods January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. Verification assesses whether (1) the firm has complied with all the composite construction requirements of the GIPS ® standards on a firm-wide basis and (2) the firm’s policies and procedures are designed to calculate and present performance in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The Income Opportunity Strategy Composite has been examined for the periods January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2017. The verification and performance examination reports are available upon request. |
2 |
The Citigroup 10-Year Treasury Index computes returns for the current Treasury Notes with a maturity of 10 years or less. Treasury Notes are fixed income securities whose interest and principal payments are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. |
3 |
The Citigroup 3-Month Treasury Bill Index computes returns for the current Treasury Bills with a maturity of 90 days or less. |
4 |
The S&P ® 500 Index is a widely recognized, market value weighted (higher market value stocks have more influence that lower market value stocks) index of 500 stocks designed to mimic the overall U.S. equity market’s industry weightings. |
5 |
The FTSE NAREIT U.S. Equity Index is an unmanaged index of all tax qualified REITs listed on the NYSE, AMEX and NASDAQ which have 75% or more of their gross invested book assets invested directly or indirectly in the equity ownership of real estate. |
125
6 |
The blended benchmark is comprised of the following: 25% S&P 500 Index / 25% FTSE NAREIT U.S. Equity Index / 25% Citigroup 3-Month Treasury Bill Index / 25% Citigroup 10-Year Treasury Index. |
7 |
The comparative benchmark returns include interest and dividend income but do not include taxes, potential transaction costs or management fees. |
8 |
Dispersion is measured using the asset-weighted standard deviation of accounts managed for the entire year. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the degree to which an individual portfolio’s return varies from the median return for the composite. Greater deviation means greater risk to the investor. |
9 |
Inception date of the Income Opportunity Strategy Composite is January 1, 2003. |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund
The following tables give the related performance of fee-paying separate accounts, referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies, strategies and risks substantially similar to those of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund. The Composite does not reflect all of the firm’s assets under management. Complete lists and descriptions of the firm’s composites are available upon request. The data does not represent the performance of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund. Moreover, the performance shown does not represent the future performance of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund or of the Adviser.
David Clott, CFA and Shawn Mato, CFA (the “Portfolio Managers”) are primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Composite. For periods prior to October 1, 2014, the Composite includes the performance of an account managed by the Portfolio Managers while employed by a firm unaffiliated with the Adviser (the “Prior Adviser Comparable Account”). The Portfolio Managers exercised final decision-making authority over all material aspects concerning the investment objective, policies, strategies, and security selection decisions of the Prior Adviser Comparable Account, and exercise the same level of authority and discretion in managing the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Composite. While at the prior firm, the Portfolio Managers managed no other accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Composite.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. All returns reflect the payment of investment management fees, brokerage commissions, execution costs, sales loads and account fees paid by the accounts included in the Composite, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. Custodial fees, if any, were not included in the calculations. Securities are valued as of trade-date.
The currency used to express performance in the Composite is U.S. dollars. Because of variation in fee levels, the Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the accounts included in the Composite. If the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the accounts included in the Composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The accounts that are included in the Composite are also not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the accounts in the Composite were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund.
126
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Market Neutral Income Strategy Composite 1
The following data does not represent the performance of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund.
Calendar Year Total Pre-Tax Returns |
||||
Year |
Total Pre-Tax Return
|
Citigroup 1-Month U.S.
|
Number of Portfolios |
Total Assets at End of Period
|
2018 |
-0.52% |
1.82% |
2 |
$624.3 |
2017 |
0.73% |
0.80% |
2 |
$706.3 |
2016 |
6.67% |
0.21% |
2 |
$224.5 |
2015 |
1.85% |
0.02% |
2 |
$308.3 |
2014 |
-0.51% |
0.02% |
1 |
$406.5 |
2013 |
6.04% |
0.03% |
1 |
$413.3 |
2012 |
12.42% |
0.05% |
1 |
$250.6 |
2011 |
-3.01% |
0.05% |
1 |
$272.7 |
2010 |
7.25% |
0.12% |
1 |
$179.2 |
1 |
Composite returns are calculated on a monthly basis and only accounts that are included in the Composite for the entire month are included in the calculations. Westwood claims compliance with GIPS ® and has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. Westwood has been independently verified for the periods from January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. Verification assesses whether (1) the firm has complied with all the composite construction requirements of the GIPS ® standards on a firm-wide basis and (2) the firm’s policies and procedures are designed to calculate and present performance in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The Market Neutral Income Strategy Composite has been examined for the period from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017. The verification and performance examination reports are available upon request. |
2 |
The Citigroup 1-Month U.S. Treasury Bill Index is a market value-weighted index of public obligations of the U.S. Treasury with maturities of one month. |
3 |
Inception date of the Market Neutral Income Strategy Composite is January 1, 2010. |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund
Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA (the “Portfolio Manager”) is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund’s portfolio. The Portfolio Manager previously was primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the portfolio of the AGF Emerging Markets Fund (the “Comparable Fund”) from its inception date June 2003, through April 2012 (the
127
“Relevant Period”). The Comparable Fund belongs to the AGF Group of Funds, which are Canadian open-end mutual funds established under the laws of Ontario and managed by AGF Investments, Inc. Throughout the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager was identified to Comparable Fund shareholders as being responsible for exercising final decision-making authority over all material aspects concerning the investment objective, policies, strategies, and security selection decisions of the Comparable Fund and the Portfolio Manager will exercise the same level of authority and discretion in managing the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund. The investment objective, policies and strategies of the Comparable Fund are substantially similar in all material respects to those of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund. During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager also managed other accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund. Performance results for these other accounts have not been provided due to lack of supporting records. However, the composite performance of these other accounts is not materially different than the Comparable Fund performance.
The following tables set forth performance data relating to the historical performance of the MF Series class of the Comparable Fund. The data provided, which is net of all actual fees and expenses (including any sales loads and account fees) of the Comparable Fund, illustrates the past performance of the Portfolio Manager in managing a substantially similar fund as measured against the MSCI Emerging Markets Index (the “Comparable Index”). The Comparable Fund is not subject to the same types of expenses to which the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund is subject, nor the specific tax restrictions and investment limitations imposed by the 1940 Act or Subchapter M of the Code. Consequently, the performance results for the Comparable Fund expressed below could have been adversely affected if the Comparable Fund had been regulated as an investment company under the Federal securities and tax laws. In addition, the performance information shown below was not calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology. If the performance information was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Comparable Fund is a separate fund and its historical performance is not indicative of the potential future performance of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund. The expenses of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund (gross and net of waivers and reimbursements) are higher than the expenses of the Comparable Fund. If the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the Comparable Fund, the performance shown below would have been lower.
The performance results are calculated using Canadian dollars.
Comparable Fund Performance
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Portfolio Manager in managing the Comparable Fund and does not represent the performance of the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund.
Calendar Year
|
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
Comparable Fund (2) |
16.6% |
35.3% |
40.4% |
12.4% |
-35.3% |
60.3% |
15.3% |
-14.6% |
Comparable Index (3) |
16.8% |
31.2% |
32.1% |
18.6% |
-41.4% |
52.0% |
13.0% |
-16.2% |
As of 4/30/12
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
Since
|
Comparable Fund (2) |
-4.38% |
15.25% |
4.05% |
15.47% |
Comparable Index (3) |
-8.73% |
11.59% |
1.47% |
12.51% |
(1) |
After-tax returns would be lower than those shown. |
(2) |
The AGF Emerging Markets Fund, a substantially similar fund previously managed by the Portfolio Manager, commenced operations on June 16, 2003. |
128
(3) |
The MSCI Emerging Markets Index (“Comparable Index”) is a free float-adjusted market capitalization index that is designed to measure equity market performance of emerging markets. The Comparable Fund was benchmarked against the Comparable Index, and the Adviser benchmarks the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund to the Comparable Index. |
(4) |
Returns are shown from July 1, 2003 through April 30, 2012. |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund
Anne Yobage, CFA (the “Portfolio Manager”) is a co-founding member of the Sub-Adviser, and is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund’s portfolio. The Portfolio Manager previously was primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the portfolio of the U.S. Short Duration High Yield Fund (the “Comparable Fund”) from its inception date April 2004, through May 2011 (the “Relevant Period”). The Comparable Fund, referred to as a “sub-fund,” is a stand-alone fund constituting a separate investment portfolio of the AXA IM Fixed Income Investment Strategies. AXA IM Fixed Income Investment Strategies is incorporated in Luxembourg as an open-ended investment company and qualifies as a UCITS fund (“Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities”). UCITS is a regulatory regime governing the marketing and distribution of securities within the European Union. During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager exercised final decision-making authority over all material aspects concerning the investment objective, policies, strategies, and security selection decisions of the Comparable Fund, and the Portfolio Manager exercises the same level of authority and discretion in managing the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. The investment objective, policies and strategies of the Comparable Fund are substantially similar in all material respects to those of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund.
The following table sets forth performance data relating to the historical performance of the A USD share class of the Comparable Fund. The data provided, which is net of all actual fees and expenses (including any sales loads and account fees) of the Comparable Fund, illustrates the past performance of the Portfolio Manager in managing a substantially similar fund as the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund as measured against the ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index (the “Index”), which is a representative index of the broader U.S. publicly issued corporate high yield market, which has, among other characteristics, a longer duration than both the Comparable Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. The Comparable Fund is not subject to the same types of expenses to which the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund is subject, nor the specific tax restrictions and investment limitations imposed by the 1940 Act, or Subchapter M of the Code. Consequently, the performance results for the Comparable Fund expressed below could have been adversely affected if the Comparable Fund had been regulated as an investment company under the Federal securities and tax laws. In addition, the performance information shown below was not calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology. If the performance information was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Comparable Fund is a separate fund and its historical performance is not indicative of the potential future performance of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. The expenses of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund (gross and net of waivers and reimbursements) are higher than the expenses of the Comparable Fund. If the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the Comparable Fund, the performance shown below would have been lower. During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager also managed other accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. Performance results for these other accounts have not been provided due to lack of supporting records. However, the composite performance of these other accounts is not materially different than the Comparable Fund performance.
129
Comparable Fund Performance
The following data illustrates the past performance of the Portfolio Manager in managing the Comparable Fund and does not represent the performance of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund.
Calendar Year
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
Comparable Fund (2) |
2.87% |
7.26% |
4.58% |
-9.01% |
20.60% |
9.20% |
Index (3) |
2.74% |
11.77% |
2.15% |
-26.39% |
57.51% |
15.19% |
As of 5/31/2011
|
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
Since
|
Comparable Fund (2) |
10.02% |
6.47% |
6.08% |
5.70% |
Index (3) |
18.09% |
11.75% |
9.34% |
8.56% |
(1) |
After tax returns would be lower than those shown. |
(2) |
The U.S. Short Duration High Yield Fund, a substantially similar fund previously managed by the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund’s portfolio manager, commenced operations on April 1, 2004. |
(3) |
The ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index (“Index”) is a representative index of the broader U.S. publicly issued corporate high yield market, and is included solely for the purpose of comparing the Comparable Fund’s historical performance against the performance of the broader high yield market, which has, among other characteristics, a longer duration than both the Comparable Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund. The Comparable Fund, however, was not and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund is not managed towards the Index or any other benchmark. |
(4) |
Returns are shown from April 1, 2004 through May 31, 2011. |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund Related Performance Data
Sub-Adviser Comparable Account Composite
The following tables give the related performance of all separate accounts managed by the Sub-Adviser that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund (the “Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts”). The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of the Sub-Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Sub-Adviser has prepared and presented the following in compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS ® ). The Sub-Adviser’s policies on valuing portfolios, calculating performance, and preparing GIPS ® compliant performance presentations are available upon request.
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. Investment transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. All returns reflect the payment of brokerage commissions, execution costs, withholding taxes, sales loads and account fees, if any, paid by the Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts included in the composite, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. “Net of fees” returns also reflect the payment of actual investment management fees. All fees and expenses, except certain custodial fees, were included in the calculations.
Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Sub-Adviser Comparable Account. Therefore, the performance
130
information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The performance of the composite (net of fees) reflects the Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts’ applicable portfolio fees and expenses; however, the Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the composite. If the Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts that are included in the composite are also not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed on the Fund by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the composite could have been adversely affected if the Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts in the composite were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
The investment results for the composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
The following data does not represent the performance of the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund.
Performance Information for the Sub-Adviser Comparable Account Composite 1
Calendar Year Total Pre-Tax Returns |
|||||
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
ICE BofAML U.S. High
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at End of
|
2018 |
-2.41% |
-2.82% |
-2.26% |
6 |
$919.43 |
2017 |
7.79% |
7.27% |
7.48% |
7 |
$1,266.16 |
2016 |
15.65% |
15.09% |
17.49% |
6 |
$954.18 |
2015 |
-3.54% |
-4.06% |
-4.64% |
6 |
$973.58 |
2014 |
1.51% |
0.98% |
2.50% |
4 |
$703.20 |
2013 |
9.47% |
8.95% |
7.42% |
5 |
$641.48 |
2012 |
14.96% |
14.53% |
15.58% |
9 |
$333.69 |
2011 3 |
5.86% |
5.75% |
6.18% |
2 |
$53.16 |
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 12/31/2018) |
|||
Sub-Adviser Comparable
|
|||
Time Period |
Gross of Fees |
Net of Fees |
ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index 2 |
1 Year |
-2.41% |
-2.82% |
-2.26% |
5 Years |
3.56% |
3.05% |
3.82% |
Since Inception 3 |
6.57% |
6.07% |
6.61% |
1 |
The composite performance information is calculated in and expressed in United States dollars. |
2 |
The ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated below investment grade corporate debt publicly issued in the U.S. domestic market. Among other criteria, qualifying securities must have a below investment grade rating (based on an average of Moody’s, S&P and Fitch), at least 18 months to final maturity at the time of issuance, at least one year remaining term to final maturity as of the rebalancing date, a fixed coupon schedule and a minimum amount outstanding of $100 million. |
3 |
The inception date of the composite is September 30, 2011. |
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Prior Adviser Comparable Account Composite
Hannah Strasser (the “Portfolio Manager”) serves as lead portfolio manager for the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund. While at prior firms unaffiliated with the Sub-Adviser, the Portfolio Manager was primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of certain accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund (the “Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts”) from December 1, 1998 until May 31, 2011 (the “Relevant Period”). During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager exercised final decision-making authority over all material aspects concerning the investment objective, policies, strategies, and security selection decisions of the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts, and the Portfolio Manager exercises the same level of authority and discretion in managing the Fund. During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager also managed other accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund. Performance results for these other accounts have not been provided due to lack of supporting records. However, the composite performance of these other accounts is not materially different than the composite performance of the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts.
The following tables give the related performance of the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. The performance should also not be viewed as that of the Sub-Adviser or an indication of how the Sub-Adviser would have performed in the past. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund, the Sub-Adviser or the Portfolio Manager.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The following has been prepared and presented in compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS ® ).
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. Investment transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. All returns reflect the payment of brokerage commissions, execution costs, withholding taxes, sales loads and account fees, if any, paid by the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts included in the composite, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. “Net of fees” returns also reflect the payment of actual investment management fees. All fees and expenses, except certain custodial fees, were included in the calculations.
Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Prior Adviser Comparable Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The performance of the composite (net of fees) reflects the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts’ applicable portfolio fees and expenses; however, the Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the composite. If the Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts that are included in the composite are also not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed on the Fund by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the composite could have been adversely affected if the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts in the composite were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
The investment results for the composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a
132
substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
The following data does not represent the performance of the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund.
Performance Information for the Prior Adviser Comparable Account Composite 1
Calendar Year Total Pre-Tax Returns |
|||||||
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
ICE BofAML U.S.
|
Composite
|
Index 3-Year
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2011 3 |
6.13% |
5.81% |
6.00% |
11.72% |
16.71% |
3 |
2,952.52 |
2010 |
15.43% |
14.59% |
15.19% |
11.86% |
16.92% |
3 |
1,834.83 |
2009 |
48.59% |
47.53% |
57.51% |
11.56% |
16.78% |
3 |
420.48 |
2008 |
-15.88% |
-16.51% |
-26.39% |
8.84% |
13.31% |
3 |
163.55 |
2007 |
5.04% |
4.26% |
2.15% |
3.51% |
4.48% |
3 |
101.01 |
2006 |
8.54% |
7.74% |
11.77% |
3.17% |
3.81% |
3 |
48.74 |
2005 |
3.17% |
2.40% |
2.74% |
3.59% |
5.39% |
2 |
25.42 |
2004 |
9.40% |
8.59% |
10.87% |
3.72% |
8.36% |
2 |
29.63 |
2003 |
16.85% |
15.99% |
28.15% |
5.62% |
10.48% |
2 |
20.48 |
2002 |
6.26% |
5.47% |
-1.89% |
5.69% |
10.15% |
2 |
12.54 |
2001 |
5.02% |
4.24% |
4.48% |
5.31% |
7.82% |
2 |
12.80 |
2000 |
3.44% |
2.67% |
-5.12% |
N/A |
N/A |
2 |
10.92 |
1999 |
3.08% |
2.31% |
2.51% |
N/A |
N/A |
2 |
9.94 |
1998 4 |
0.27% |
0.21% |
-0.18% |
N/A |
N/A |
2 |
8.99 |
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 5/31/11) |
|||
Prior Adviser Comparable Account
|
|||
Time Period |
Gross of Fees |
Net of Fees |
ICE BofAML U.S.
|
1 Year |
18.35% |
17.49% |
18.09% |
5 Years |
11.11% |
10.29% |
9.33% |
10 Years |
9.26% |
8.45% |
8.58% |
Since Inception 4 |
8.42% |
7.62% |
7.07% |
1 |
The composite performance information is calculated in and expressed in United States dollars. |
2 |
The ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated below investment grade corporate debt publicly issued in the U.S. domestic market. Among other criteria, qualifying securities must have a below investment grade rating (based on an average of Moody’s, S&P and Fitch), at least 18 months to final maturity at the time of issuance, at least one year remaining term to final maturity as of the rebalancing date, a fixed coupon schedule and a minimum amount outstanding of $100 million. |
3 |
The termination date of the composite is May 31, 2011. |
4 |
The inception date of the composite is December 1, 1998. |
133
Westwood Flexible Income Fund Related Performance Data of the Portfolio Manager
Michael J. Carne (the “Portfolio Manager”) is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Westwood Flexible Income Fund. While at a prior firm unaffiliated with the Adviser, the Portfolio Manager was primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of an account with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund (the “Prior Adviser Comparable Account”) from January 1, 2015 until December 31, 2017 (the “Relevant Period”). During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager exercised final decision-making authority over all material aspects concerning the investment objective, policies, strategies, and security selection decisions of the Prior Adviser Comparable Account and the Portfolio Manager exercises the same level of authority and discretion in managing the Fund. During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager managed no other accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund.
The following tables give the related performance of the Prior Adviser Comparable Account. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. The performance should also not be viewed as that of the Adviser or an indication of how the Adviser would have performed in the past. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund, the Adviser or the Portfolio Manager.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Prior Adviser Comparable Account differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The following has been prepared and presented in compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS ® ).
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. Investment transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. All returns reflect the payment of brokerage commissions, execution costs, withholding taxes, sales loads and account fees, if any, paid by the Prior Adviser Comparable Account, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. “Net of fees” returns also reflect the payment of investment management fees. All fees and expenses, except custodial fees, were included in the calculations. The Prior Adviser Comparable Account was a non-fee-paying account. Accordingly, “net of fees” returns are calculated using an annual investment management fee of 0.80%.
The Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the Prior Adviser Comparable Account. If the Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the Prior Adviser Comparable Account, the performance shown below would have been lower. The Prior Adviser Comparable Account is also not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed on the Fund by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Prior Adviser Comparable Account could have been adversely affected if the Prior Adviser Comparable Account were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
The investment results for the Prior Adviser Comparable Account presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
134
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND.
Performance Information for the Prior Adviser Comparable Account 1
Calendar Year Total Pre-Tax Returns |
||||||||
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
Bloomberg
|
Bloomberg
|
Bloomberg
|
50% High Yield
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
($ millions) |
2017 |
8.13% |
8.99% |
3.54% |
6.92% |
6.42% |
6.67% |
1 |
0.27 |
2016 |
11.31% |
12.20% |
2.65% |
14.14% |
6.11% |
10.08% |
1 |
0.25 |
2015 |
0.17% |
0.97% |
0.55% |
2.79% |
-0.68% |
1.69% |
1 |
0.57 |
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 12/31/2017) |
||||||
Prior Adviser Comparable
|
||||||
Time Period |
Net of Fees |
Gross of Fees |
Bloomberg
|
Bloomberg
|
Bloomberg
|
50% High Yield
|
1 Year |
8.13% |
8.99% |
3.54% |
6.92% |
6.42% |
6.67% |
3 Years |
6.43% |
7.28% |
2.24% |
5.86% |
3.90% |
4.90% |
1 |
The performance information is calculated in and expressed in United States dollars. |
2 |
The Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index is an unmanaged index representing domestic taxable investment grade bonds, with index components for government and corporate securities, mortgage pass-through securities, and asset-backed securities with an average maturity of one year or more at the time of their issue. |
3 |
The Bloomberg Barclays Ba to B U.S. High Yield Index measures the market of USD-denominated, non-investment grade, fixed-rate, taxable corporate bonds with a middle rating of Moody’s, Fitch, and S&P between Ba1/BB+/BB+ and B3/B-/B-. |
4 |
The Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Credit - Corporate - Investment Grade Index is a broad-based benchmark that measures the investment grade, U.S. dollar-denominated, fixed-rate, taxable corporate bond market. It includes USD-denominated securities publicly issued by U.S. and non-U.S. industrial, utility, and financial issuers that meet specified maturity, liquidity, and quality requirements. |
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Institutional Shares of the Funds.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Funds, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
135
How to Purchase Fund Shares
You will ordinarily submit your purchase orders through your securities broker or other financial intermediary through which you opened your shareholder account. To purchase shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) or log on to the Funds’ website at www.westwoodfunds.com.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Funds do not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Funds reserve the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Funds are not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Funds’ policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Funds do not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Funds subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Funds for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Funds by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Funds a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund name and the share class.
Regular Mail Address
Westwood Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Westwood Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 W. 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name, the share class and your account number).
136
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA#: 101000695
Westwood Funds
DDA# 9871063178
Ref: Fund name/account name/share class/account number
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days that either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. Each Fund’s price per share will be the next determined NAV per share after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Funds were provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
Each Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, a Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Funds reserve the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Funds will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of a Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Funds through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Funds), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Funds prior to the time each Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Funds on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Funds after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Funds with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on a Fund’s behalf. A Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at a Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of a Fund
137
with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Funds. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact the financial intermediary directly.
How the Funds Calculate NAV
The NAV of a class of each Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class. In calculating NAV, each Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or a Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. A Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
There may be limited circumstances in which the Funds would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Funds calculated their NAV.
With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Funds, the Funds may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Funds may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Funds price their shares, the value the Funds assign to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Funds may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of more than 60 days, the Funds use the value of the security provided by pricing services. The values provided by a pricing service may be based upon market quotations for the same security, securities expected to trade in a similar manner or a pricing matrix. When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less, the Funds may use the security’s amortized cost. Amortized cost and the use of a pricing matrix in valuing fixed income securities are forms of fair value pricing.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
138
Purchases In Kind
Subject to the approval of a Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Funds reserve the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Minimum Purchases
You can open an account with the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund with a minimum initial investment of $100,000. You can open an account with the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Fund, the Westwood SmallCap Fund, the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund and the Westwood Flexible Income Fund with a minimum initial investment of $5,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments. Each Fund may accept initial investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Funds. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually and annually in amounts of at least $25 per Fund. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Funds at: Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Funds to purchase or exchange Institutional Shares, check a Fund’s daily NAV or obtain additional information. Because Institutional Shares of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund are currently not available for purchase, the Fund does not have a ticker symbol, CUSIP or Fund Code.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund |
WHGLX |
0075W0734 |
2689 |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund |
WLVIX |
0075W0718 |
2684 |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund |
WHGPX |
0075W0544 |
2683 |
Westwood SMidCap Fund |
WHGMX |
0075W0767 |
2691 |
Westwood SmallCap Fund |
WHGSX |
0075W0726 |
2687 |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund |
WMLPX |
00769G279 |
3990 |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund |
WHGIX |
0075W0775 |
2690 |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund |
WWIOX |
00769G220 |
3994 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund |
WWEMX |
0075W0510 |
3986 |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund |
WHGHX |
00769G758 |
2682 |
139
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund |
WWHYX |
00769G261 |
3989 |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund |
WMNIX |
00769G238 |
3992 |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund |
WSCIX |
00769G246 |
3993 |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund |
WFLEX |
0075W0379 |
2681 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Funds directly by mail or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Funds.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Funds in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Funds must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before they grant a redemption request, the Funds may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Funds participate in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-877-386-3944 for more information.
The sale price will be the NAV per share next determined after the Funds receive your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Funds signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
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The Fund name; |
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The share class; |
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The account number; |
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The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
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The account name(s); and |
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The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
Westwood Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Westwood Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 W. 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privileges) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, a Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $10,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Funds.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, a Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. A Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with a Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
A Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, a Fund may also meet redemption requests by drawing on a line of credit (Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund), using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
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Redemptions In Kind
The Funds generally pay sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Funds’ remaining shareholders, the Funds might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $5,000 because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Funds will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Funds reserve the right to waive the minimum account value requirement in their sole discretion. If your Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund or Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund shares are redeemed for this reason within 30 days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Funds may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may exchange between like share classes or different share classes of any Westwood Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund. Exchanges are subject to the eligibility requirements and the fees and expenses of the share class you exchange into, as set forth in the applicable prospectus. You may only exchange shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the same Fund is not a taxable event.
The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term or excessive trading. The Funds may suspend or terminate your exchange privilege if you engage in a pattern of exchanges that is excessive, as determined in the sole discretion of the Funds. For more information about the Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Funds have certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Funds are not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions they reasonably believe to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Funds over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Funds and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Funds and/or their shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered
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investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information, please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Shareholder Servicing Plan
The Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Fund and the Westwood SmallCap Fund have adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.20% based on the average daily net assets of the Funds’ Institutional Shares. The Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund have adopted a shareholder servicing plan that provides that the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for shareholder services in an annual amount not to exceed 0.15% based on the average daily net assets of the Funds’ Institutional Shares. The services for which financial intermediaries are compensated may include record-keeping, transaction processing for shareholders’ accounts and other shareholder services.
Other Payments by the Funds
The Funds may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, shareholder services fees the Funds may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Funds’ shareholder servicing plan.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Funds. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Funds. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Funds available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Funds with “shelf space,” placing them on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Funds in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence
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a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of a Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Funds, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Funds are intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourage shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Funds may present risks to the Funds’ long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Funds’ investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Funds to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Funds may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time a Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by a Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of a Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair values. Although each Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
In addition, Funds that invest in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Funds’ shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Funds’ service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Funds’ policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Funds’ service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Funds’ policies and procedures include:
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Shareholders are restricted from making more than 4 “round trips,” including exchanges, into or out of any Fund over any rolling 12 month period. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Funds and/or their service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Funds define a “round trip” as a purchase or exchange into a Fund by a |
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shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser or the Sub-Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund.
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A redemption fee of 1.00% of the value of the shares sold will be imposed on shares of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund redeemed within 30 days or less after their date of purchase (subject to certain exceptions as discussed below in “Redemption Fees”). |
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Each Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser/Sub-Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Funds and/or their service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Funds’ long-term shareholders. The Funds do not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Funds will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Funds for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Funds have entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Funds to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Funds. If the Funds or their service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Funds, the Funds or their service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Funds or their service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Funds, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Funds by that customer. If the Funds are not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Funds may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Funds’ shares is requested by the Funds and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Funds have an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Funds, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Funds on behalf of other persons.
The Funds and their service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Funds. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Funds to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Redemption Fee
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund charge a 1.00% redemption fee on redemptions (including exchanges) of shares that have been held for less than 30 days. The redemption fee is deducted from a Fund’s sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund from which the redemption was made. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with
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reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of a Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly from a Fund or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Fund on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Funds request that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Funds. However, the Funds recognize that due to operational and systems limitations, intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Funds’. Therefore, to the extent that financial intermediaries are unable to collect the redemption fee, a Fund may not be able to defray the expenses associated with those short-term trades made by that financial intermediary’s customers.
Each Fund reserves the right to waive its redemption fee at its discretion when it believes such waiver is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories currently include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic withdrawals; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Funds will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Funds to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Funds are required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Funds are required to collect documents to fulfill their legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV per share.
The Funds reserve the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if they are unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds. Further, the Funds reserve the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank,
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which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Funds’ overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Funds have adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Funds from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Funds reserve the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Funds or in cases when the Funds are requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Funds are required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the applicable Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Funds (if shares are held directly with the Funds) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Funds).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
The Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund, Westwood SmallCap Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund distribute their net investment income and make distributions of their net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually.
The Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund distribute their net investment income quarterly and make distributions of their net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually.
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The Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Flexible Income Fund distribute their net investment income monthly and makes distributions of their net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually.
If you own Fund shares on a Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution. You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Funds in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Funds receive your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Funds written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about federal, state and local income taxes. The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Funds. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to regulated investment companies ("RICs"), such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
The Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Funds, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Distributions that are reported by the Funds as long-term capital gains and as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). It is not anticipated that any distributions by the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund will be eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. Once a year the Funds (or their administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year. The writing of call options by a Fund may significantly reduce or eliminate its ability to make distributions eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or
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loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less, or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, a Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, a Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, a Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by Fund shareholders (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
The Funds intend to elect and to qualify each year to be treated as RICs for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to do so each Fund must derive at least 90% of its gross income each taxable year from qualifying income and diversify its assets as described in more detail in the SAI. In particular, a Fund may not invest more than 25% of its total assets in the securities of entities treated as qualified publicly traded partnerships (“QPTPs”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund and the Westwood Flexible Income Fund each intends to significantly invest in MLPs taxed as QPTPs and accordingly the Adviser intends to monitor each Fund’s investments to ensure compliance with the 25% limit on investments in QPTPs. If a Fund fails to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a RIC in any taxable year, such Fund may be eligible for relief provisions but only if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements (including the 25% limit on QPTPs) where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If a Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, such Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for distributions to shareholders and distributions from earnings and profits would generally be taxable to Fund shareholders as ordinary income.
The Tax Act treats “qualified publicly traded partnership income” within the meaning of Section 199A(e)(5) of the Code as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. Qualified publicly traded partnership income is generally income of a “publicly traded partnership” that is not treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is effectively connected with such entity’s trade or business, but does not include certain investment income. A “publicly traded partnership” for purposes of this deduction is not necessarily the same as a QPTP as defined for purposes of the immediately preceding paragraph. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a
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maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). The Tax Act does not contain a provision permitting a RIC, such as a Fund, to pass the special character of this income through to its shareholders. Currently, direct investors in entities that generate “qualified publicly traded partnership income” will enjoy the lower rate, but investors in RICs that invest in such entities will not. It is uncertain whether future technical corrections or administrative guidance will address this issue to enable a Fund to pass through the special character of “qualified publicly traded partnership income” to shareholders.
MLPs and other partnerships that the Funds may invest in will deliver Form K-1s to the Funds to report their share of income, gains, losses, deductions and credits of the MLP or other partnership. These Form K-1s may be delayed and may not be received until after the time that a Fund issues its tax reporting statements. As a result, a Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues you your Form 1099 tax reporting statement and, accordingly, send you a corrected Form 1099.
Certain investments of a Fund generally do not generate qualifying income if made directly by such Fund. For example, certain Funds intend to invest in royalty trusts. Depending on the U.S. federal income tax classification of these royalty trusts in which a Fund invests, securities issued by certain royalty trusts (such as royalty trusts which are grantor trusts for U.S. federal income tax purposes) may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the requirements to be treated as a RIC under the Code. Additionally, a Fund may be deemed to directly own the assets of each royalty trust, and would need to look to such assets when determining its compliance with the diversification requirements under the Code. Certain Canadian royalty trusts may be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and distributions from such may be qualifying income when received by a Fund. Each Fund will monitor its investments in royalty trusts with the objective of maintaining its continued qualification as a RIC under the Code.
Certain Funds may invest in REITs. The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Funds may rely, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. A Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which a Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, a Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, a Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
To the extent a Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than
150
50% of the total assets of a Fund consists of foreign securities, such Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. A Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Funds’ investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Funds. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Funds that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Funds. The Funds may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Funds and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
151
The tables that follow present performance information about the Institutional Shares of the Funds. This information is intended to help you understand each Fund’s financial performance for the past five fiscal years or the period of the Fund’s operations. Certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in a Fund (assuming reinvestment of dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Funds. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Funds, which is available upon request by calling the Funds at 1-877-386-3944.
Because the Westwood Flexible Income Fund had not commenced operations during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, financial highlights for this Fund are not available. Because the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund was not in operation as of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, financial highlights for this Fund are not available.
152
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund Institutional Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 13.10 | $ | 11.06 | $ | 11.95 | $ | 13.07 | $ | 12.96 | ||||||||||
Income from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.20 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
0.62 | 2.21 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 1.61 | |||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.82 | 2.38 | 0.19 | 0.51 | 1.74 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.15 | ) | (0.13 | ) | (0.12 | ) | (0.14 | ) | (0.10 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
(0.70 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.96 | ) | (1.49 | ) | (1.53 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.85 | ) | (0.34 | ) | (1.08 | ) | (1.63 | ) | (1.63 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 13.07 | $ | 13.10 | $ | 11.06 | $ | 11.95 | $ | 13.07 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
6.30 | % † | 22.00 | % † | 2.00 | % † | 4.00 | % | 15.15 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 213,175 | $ | 205,645 | $ | 185,171 | $ | 134,658 | $ | 159,973 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.65 | % | 0.75 | % | 0.79 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.89 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
0.72 | % | 0.83 | % | 0.86 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.89 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.50 | % | 1.40 | % | 1.29 | % | 1.15 | % | 1.03 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
49 | % | 44 | % | 39 | % | 32 | % | 47 | % |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
153
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund Institutional Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 11.94 | $ | 10.73 | $ | 11.58 | $ | 12.57 | $ | 12.57 | ||||||||||
Income from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.14 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.12 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
0.15 | 1.35 | (0.02 | ) | 0.33 | 1.38 | ||||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.29 | 1.51 | 0.16 | 0.46 | 1.50 | |||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.12 | ) | (0.14 | ) | (0.17 | ) | (0.11 | ) | (0.14 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
(1.65 | ) | (0.16 | ) | (0.84 | ) | (1.34 | ) | (1.36 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(1.77 | ) | (0.30 | ) | (1.01 | ) | (1.45 | ) | (1.50 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 10.46 | $ | 11.94 | $ | 10.73 | $ | 11.58 | $ | 12.57 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
2.35 | % † | 14.24 | % | 1.82 | % | 3.62 | % | 13.30 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 7,803 | $ | 44,778 | $ | 57,401 | $ | 74,331 | $ | 84,009 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.75 | % | 0.78 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.91 | % | 0.91 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.05 | % | 0.99 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.91 | % | 0.91 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.30 | % | 1.40 | % | 1.72 | % | 1.06 | % | 0.98 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
26 | % | 122 | % | 39 | % | 67 | % | 67 | % |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
154
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund Institutional Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 15.68 | $ | 13.33 | $ | 13.45 | $ | 13.89 | $ | 13.07 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.09 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.20 | ) | 2.36 | (0.05 | ) | — | 1.37 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.11 | ) | 2.43 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.39 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.06 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.05 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
(2.42 | ) | — | (0.08 | ) | (0.44 | ) | (0.52 | ) | |||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(2.48 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.15 | ) | (0.47 | ) | (0.57 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 13.09 | $ | 15.68 | $ | 13.33 | $ | 13.45 | $ | 13.89 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
(1.80 | )% † | 18.28 | % | 0.30 | % | 0.19 | % | 11.05 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 22,402 | $ | 157,882 | $ | 129,017 | $ | 119,445 | $ | 116,384 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.81 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.91 | % | 0.99 | % ^ | 1.00 | % ^ | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
0.95 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.91 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.98 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
0.59 | % | 0.45 | % | 0.61 | % | 0.23 | % | 0.17 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
51 | % | 38 | % | 54 | % | 52 | % | 49 | % |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0
^ |
Ratio includes previously waived investment advisory fees recaptured. The impact of the recaptured fees may cause a higher net expense ratio. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
155
Westwood SMidCap Fund Institutional Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 17.44 | $ | 14.74 | $ | 16.02 | $ | 17.91 | $ | 18.38 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.11 | ) | 2.84 | (0.27 | ) | 0.02 | 1.45 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.03 | ) | 2.91 | (0.21 | ) | 0.04 | 1.47 | |||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.04 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.07 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
(1.87 | ) | (0.14 | ) | (1.05 | ) | (1.91 | ) | (1.87 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(1.91 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (1.07 | ) | (1.93 | ) | (1.94 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 15.50 | $ | 17.44 | $ | 14.74 | $ | 16.02 | $ | 17.91 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
(0.33 | )% † | 19.83 | % | (1.08 | )% | 0.14 | % | 8.90 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 315,140 | $ | 346,913 | $ | 393,434 | $ | 490,554 | $ | 538,952 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.88 | % | 0.97 | % | 0.98 | % | 0.96 | % | 0.95 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.03 | % | 0.97 | % | 0.98 | % | 0.96 | % | 0.95 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
0.50 | % | 0.40 | % | 0.41 | % | 0.09 | % | 0.11 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
58 | % | 55 | % | 82 | % | 56 | % | 51 | % |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
156
Westwood SmallCap Fund Institutional Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 18.39 | $ | 14.39 | $ | 13.58 | $ | 14.57 | $ | 14.12 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.10 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.47 | ) | 4.18 | 0.80 | (0.15 | ) | 1.52 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.37 | ) | 4.25 | 0.87 | (0.11 | ) | 1.56 | |||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.07 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.04 | ) | (0.04 | ) | (0.02 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
(1.19 | ) | (0.16 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.84 | ) | (1.09 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(1.26 | ) | (0.25 | ) | (0.06 | ) | (0.88 | ) | (1.11 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 16.76 | $ | 18.39 | $ | 14.39 | $ | 13.58 | $ | 14.57 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
2.28 | % † | 29.71 | % † | 6.40 | % † | (0.87 | )% | 11.89 | % † | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 341,713 | $ | 234,321 | $ | 143,085 | $ | 135,973 | $ | 107,158 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.99 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.10 | % ^ | 1.10 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.08 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.11 | % | 1.09 | % | 1.12 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
0.58 | % | 0.42 | % | 0.50 | % | 0.30 | % | 0.26 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
50 | % | 56 | % | 65 | % | 55 | % | 68 | % |
^ |
Ratio includes previously waived investment advisory fees recaptured. The impact of the recaptured fees may cause a higher net expense ratio. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
157
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund Institutional Shares
(commenced operations on December 29, 2014)
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 6.98 | $ | 7.25 | $ | 7.73 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.12 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.11 | ||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.38 | ) | (0.11 | ) | (0.33 | ) | (2.32 | ) | ||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.26 | ) | (0.04 | ) | (0.18 | ) | (2.21 | ) | ||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.19 | ) | (0.06 | ) | (0.16 | ) | (0.06 | ) | ||||||||
Return of Capital |
— | (0.17 | ) | (0.14 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.19 | ) | (0.23 | ) | (0.30 | ) | (0.06 | ) | ||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 6.53 | $ | 6.98 | $ | 7.25 | $ | 7.73 | ||||||||
Total Return †† |
(3.79 | )% † | (0.65 | )% † | (1.93 | )% † | (22.13 | )% † | ||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 15,987 | $ | 14,575 | $ | 30,354 | $ | 25,931 | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.00 | % | 1.00 | % | 1.00 | % | 1.00 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.39 | % | 1.24 | % | 1.28 | % | 1.79 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.62 | % | 0.93 | % | 2.19 | % | 1.46 | % * | ||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
44 | % | 36 | % | 44 | % | 34 | % * * |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0
1 |
For the period from December 29, 2014 through October 31, 2015. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Not annualized. |
158
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund Institutional Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 15.72 | $ | 14.58 | $ | 14.39 | $ | 14.88 | $ | 13.62 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.28 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.26 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.11 | ) | 1.18 | 0.20 | (0.35 | ) | 1.20 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.17 | 1.44 | 0.45 | (0.11 | ) | 1.46 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.28 | ) | (0.23 | ) | (0.23 | ) | (0.23 | ) | (0.18 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
(0.30 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.15 | ) | (0.02 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.58 | ) | (0.30 | ) | (0.26 | ) | (0.38 | ) | (0.20 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 15.31 | $ | 15.72 | $ | 14.58 | $ | 14.39 | $ | 14.88 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
1.04 | % | 9.98 | % | 3.15 | % | (0.72 | )% | 10.82 | % | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 2,408,695 | $ | 2,584,805 | $ | 2,278,599 | $ | 2,387,027 | $ | 2,085,017 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.83 | % | 0.83 | % | 0.84 | % | 0.84 | % | 0.84 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
0.83 | % | 0.83 | % | 0.84 | % | 0.84 | % | 0.84 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.80 | % | 1.72 | % | 1.74 | % | 1.66 | % | 1.79 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
42 | % | 34 | % | 22 | % | 24 | % | 19 | % |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
159
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund Institutional Shares
(commenced operations on May 1, 2015)
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 10.21 | $ | 9.37 | $ | 9.54 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.17 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.17 | ) | 0.81 | (0.16 | ) | (0.49 | ) | |||||||||
Total from Operations |
— | 0.96 | (0.02 | ) | (0.41 | ) | ||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.16 | ) | (0.12 | ) | (0.15 | ) | (0.05 | ) | ||||||||
Return of Capital |
— | — | — | — | (1) | |||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.16 | ) | (0.12 | ) | (0.15 | ) | (0.05 | ) | ||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 10.05 | $ | 10.21 | $ | 9.37 | $ | 9.54 | ||||||||
Total Return †† |
(0.05 | )% † | 10.37 | % † | (0.17 | )% † | (4.12 | )% † | ||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 2,726 | $ | 4,861 | $ | 6,526 | $ | 7,728 | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.95 | % | 0.95 | % | 0.95 | % | 0.95 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
3.05 | % | 2.20 | % | 2.17 | % | 2.44 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.65 | % | 1.57 | % | 1.48 | % | 1.56 | % * | ||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
33 | % | 41 | % | 54 | % | 28 | % * * |
(a) |
For the period from May 1, 2015 through October 31, 2015. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Not annualized. |
(1) |
Amount less than $0.01 per share. |
160
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund Institutional Shares
Selected Per Shares Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 9.77 | $ | 8.75 | $ | 7.72 | $ | 9.44 | $ | 9.31 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) From Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.14 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(1.29 | ) | 1.01 | 1.00 | (1.72 | ) | 0.09 | |||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(1.15 | ) | 1.11 | 1.11 | (1.60 | ) | 0.22 | |||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.07 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.12 | ) | (0.09 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.07 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.12 | ) | (0.09 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 8.55 | $ | 9.77 | $ | 8.75 | $ | 7.72 | $ | 9.44 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
(11.85 | )% † | 12.89 | % † | 14.61 | % † | (17.09 | )% † | 2.43 | % † | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 269,547 | $ | 349,628 | $ | 214,725 | $ | 230,966 | $ | 49,954 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.20 | % ^ | 1.20 | % (a) | 1.20 | % | 1.20 | % | 1.20 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.17 | % | 1.18 | % | 1.27 | % | 1.29 | % | 1.86 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
1.40 | % | 1.07 | % | 1.36 | % | 1.36 | % | 1.46 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
23 | % | 25 | % | 47 | % | 45 | % | 28 | % |
^ |
Ratio includes previously waived investment advisory fees recaptured. The impact of the recaptured fees may cause a higher net expense ratio. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
(a) |
Ratio includes previously waived investment advisory fees recovered. |
161
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund Institutional Shares
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
|||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 9.37 | $ | 9.31 | $ | 9.30 | $ | 9.90 | $ | 10.13 | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.42 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.42 | |||||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.24 | ) | 0.06 | 0.03 | (0.60 | ) | (0.22 | ) | ||||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.18 | 0.48 | 0.43 | (0.18 | ) | 0.20 | ||||||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.43 | ) | (0.42 | ) | (0.42 | ) | (0.42 | ) | (0.42 | ) | ||||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
— | — | — | — | (0.01 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Return of Capital |
— | — | — | — | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.43 | ) | (0.42 | ) | (0.42 | ) | (0.42 | ) | (0.43 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 9.12 | $ | 9.37 | $ | 9.31 | $ | 9.30 | $ | 9.90 | ||||||||||
Total Return †† |
1.92 | % † | 5.27 | % † | 4.75 | % † | (1.83 | )% † | 2.01 | % † | ||||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 64,926 | $ | 77,595 | $ | 70,368 | $ | 130,775 | $ | 184,609 | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.80 | % | 0.80 | % | 0.84 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.90 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.02 | % | 1.01 | % | 1.05 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.93 | % | ||||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average Net Assets |
4.57 | % | 4.51 | % | 4.39 | % | 4.35 | % | 4.17 | % | ||||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
37 | % | 71 | % | 54 | % | 44 | % | 36 | % |
1 |
Amount less than $0.01 per share. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
162
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund Institutional Shares
(commenced operations on December 29, 2014)
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 9.91 | $ | 9.73 | $ | 9.62 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.53 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.39 | ||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.52 | ) | 0.22 | 0.10 | (0.44 | ) | ||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.01 | 0.81 | 0.68 | (0.05 | ) | |||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.60 | ) | (0.63 | ) | (0.57 | ) | (0.33 | ) | ||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.60 | ) | (0.63 | ) | (0.57 | ) | (0.33 | ) | ||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 9.32 | $ | 9.91 | $ | 9.73 | $ | 9.62 | ||||||||
Total Return †† |
0.07 | % † | 8.57 | % † | 7.46 | % † | (0.55 | )% † | ||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 901 | $ | 550 | $ | 464 | $ | 273 | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.70 | % | 0.70 | % | 0.70 | % | 0.65 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
7.50 | % | 5.28 | % | 5.11 | % | 5.97 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
5.50 | % | 5.97 | % | 6.17 | % | 4.71 | % * | ||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
78 | % | 67 | % | 60 | % | 37 | % * * |
1 |
For the period from December 29, 2014 through October 31, 2015. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Not annualized. |
163
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund Institutional Shares
(commenced operations on May 1, 2015)
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 10.12 | $ | 10.01 | $ | 10.11 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.18 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.09 | ||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.29 | ) | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.05 | |||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.11 | ) | 0.22 | 0.35 | 0.14 | |||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.16 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.03 | ) | ||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
— | (0.02 | ) | (0.24 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Return of Capital |
(0.03 | ) | — | — | — | |||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.19 | ) | (0.11 | ) | (0.45 | ) | (0.03 | ) | ||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 9.82 | $ | 10.12 | $ | 10.01 | $ | 10.11 | ||||||||
Total Return †† |
(1.09 | )% † | 2.16 | % † | 3.62 | % † | 1.38 | % † | ||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 6,193 | $ | 7,490 | $ | 2,392 | $ | 3,291 | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.22 | % (4) | 1.37 | % (3) | 1.27 | % (2) | 1.35 | % * (1) | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.62 | % | 2.15 | % | 3.27 | % | 4.22 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
1.85 | % | 1.69 | % | 2.22 | % | 1.83 | % * | ||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
88 | % | 80 | % | 99 | % | 22 | % * * |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.
(a) |
For the period from May 1, 2015 through October 31, 2015. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Not annualized. |
(1) |
Excluding stock loan fees, and dividends on securities sold short, the ratio of expenses average net assets would have been 1.12% for Institutional Class. |
(2) |
Excluding stock loan fees, and dividends on securities sold short, the ratio of expenses average net assets would have been 1.16% for Institutional Class. |
(3) |
Excluding stock loan fees, and dividends on securities sold short, the ratio of expenses average net assets would have been 1.18% for Institutional Class. |
(4) |
Excluding stock loan fees, and dividends on securities sold short, the ratio of expenses average net assets would have been 1.15% for Institutional Class. |
164
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund Institutional Shares
(commenced operations on May 1, 2015)
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 10.42 | $ | 9.62 | $ | 9.78 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.04 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.05 | ||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
0.31 | 0.87 | (0.18 | ) | (0.27 | ) | ||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.35 | 0.91 | (0.10 | ) | (0.22 | ) | ||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.08 | ) | (0.11 | ) | (0.06 | ) | — | |||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
(0.33 | ) | — | — | — | |||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.41 | ) | (0.11 | ) | (0.06 | ) | — | |||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 10.36 | $ | 10.42 | $ | 9.62 | $ | 9.78 | ||||||||
Total Return †† |
3.47 | % † | 9.53 | % † | (1.04 | )% † | (2.20 | )% † | ||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 6,875 | $ | 6,625 | $ | 6,235 | $ | 5,669 | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.85 | % | 0.85 | % | 0.85 | % | 0.85 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
2.63 | % | 2.30 | % | 2.48 | % | 3.02 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
0.37 | % | 0.42 | % | 0.80 | % | 1.11 | % * | ||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
175 | % | 125 | % | 118 | % | 78 | % * * |
Amounts designated as “—” are $0.
1 |
For the period from May 1, 2015 through October 31, 2015. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Not annualized. |
165
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
WESTWOOD FUNDS
Investment Adviser
Westwood Management Corp.
200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200
Dallas, Texas 75201
Sub-Adviser (Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund)
SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC
20 Horseneck Lane
Greenwich, Connecticut 06830
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Funds is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about the Funds and The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Funds’ holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Funds.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) |
By Mail: |
Westwood Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.westwoodfunds.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
WHG-PS-001-1400
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
Ultra Shares
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund
Ticker Symbol: WHYUX
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund
Ticker Symbol: WMNUX
Prospectus
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
Westwood Management Corp.
Beginning on March 1, 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of a Fund’s shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from a Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can follow the instructions included with this disclosure, if applicable, or you can contact your financial intermediary to inform it that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. If you invest directly with a Fund, you can inform a Fund that you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944). Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your financial intermediary if you invest through a financial intermediary or all Westwood Funds if you invest directly with a Fund.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved
these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this Prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
About This Prospectus |
This Prospectus has been arranged into different sections so that you can easily review this important information. For detailed information about each Fund, please see:
Page |
||
Fund Related Performance Data (Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund) |
||
Related Performance Data of the Adviser (Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund) |
||
The investment objective of the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek to maximize total return through a high level of current income and capital appreciation.
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Ultra Shares of the Fund.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Ultra Shares |
|
Management Fees |
0.55% |
Other Expenses |
6.66% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
7.21% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(6.61)% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
0.60% |
1 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Ultra Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 0.60% of the Fund’s Ultra Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$61 |
$1,534 |
$2,942 |
$6,198 |
1
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 78% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Under normal circumstances, the Fund invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in high yield securities. This investment policy may be changed by the Fund upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders. For purposes of the 80% policy, high yield securities include “junk bonds” (bonds rated BB+/Ba1, or below, at the time of purchase by the Fund, or bonds that are unrated but judged to be of comparable quality by SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC (the “Sub-Adviser”)), as well as senior secured, second lien or other subordinated or unsecured fixed or floating rate bank loans (through both assignments and participations). The Fund will principally invest in U.S. dollar denominated securities of both U.S. and non-U.S. companies, including emerging market companies. From time to time, the Fund may focus its investments in a particular geographic region, such as Europe.
The Fund does not normally invest in or continue to hold securities that are in default or have defaulted with respect to the payment of interest or repayment of principal, but may do so depending on market conditions. The Fund may, however, invest in securities whose ratings imply an imminent risk of default with respect to such payments.
The Fund may also invest in other fixed income securities (including investment-grade corporate bonds, U.S. government bonds, zero coupon bonds, and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities), equity securities (including common and preferred stock, convertible securities, and warrants), and other investment companies (including exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”)). The Fund may invest in fixed income securities with any maturity or duration and may invest in equity securities with any market capitalization. In addition, the Fund may invest in derivative instruments, principally futures and swaps (including credit default swaps and credit default swap indexes) to gain exposure to certain securities, markets or asset classes, to hedge positions within the Fund’s portfolio, or to otherwise enhance the Fund’s return.
In selecting securities for the Fund’s portfolio, the Sub-Adviser seeks issuers that it believes exhibit attractive characteristics including, but not limited to: stable businesses with projectable cash flows; positive year-over-year cash flow comparisons supported by stable industry conditions; generation of cash in excess of corporate and financial obligations; and management intentions for use of cash flows favorable to debt holders. In making investment decisions, the Sub-Adviser utilizes an investment process that is based on fundamental analysis of issuers, markets, and general macro-economic conditions and supported by quantitative valuation and risk monitoring tools.
The Sub-Adviser employs an established selling discipline and may generally sell a security for one of three non-exclusive reasons: (i) there is a negative change in the Sub-Adviser’s fundamental assessment of a security; (ii) the security becomes overvalued relative to other opportunities; or (iii) the Sub-Adviser is shifting the portfolio from one sector or risk segment to another.
2
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
High Yield Bond Risk – High yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”) are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Bank Loans Risk – Investments in bank loans (through both assignments and participations) are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. There may be limited public information available regarding bank loans and bank loans may be difficult to value. If the Fund holds a bank loan through another financial institution, or relies on a financial institution to administer the loan, its receipt of principal and interest on the loan may be subject to the credit risk of that financial institution. It is possible that any collateral securing a loan may be insufficient or unavailable to the Fund, and that the Fund’s rights to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or insolvency laws. In addition, the secondary market for bank loans may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads, and extended trade settlement periods, which may cause the Fund to be unable to realize the full value of its investment in a bank loan.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as the Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
U.S. Government Securities Risk – The Fund’s investment in U.S. government obligations may include securities issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. government, or its agencies or instrumentalities. Payment of principal and interest on U.S. government obligations may be backed by the full faith and credit of the United States or may be backed solely by the issuing or guaranteeing agency or instrumentality itself. There can be no assurance that the U.S. government would provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities (including government-sponsored enterprises) where it is not obligated to do so. In addition, U.S. government securities are not guaranteed against price movements due to changing interest rates.
Zero Coupon Bonds Risk – The value of zero coupon bonds is subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market interest rates than the value of bonds which make regular payments of interest. Even though zero coupon bonds do not pay current interest in cash, the Fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and may be required to distribute that income at least annually to shareholders. Thus, the Fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments in order to satisfy its dividend requirements.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk – Mortgage-backed securities are affected by, among other things, interest rate changes and the possibility of prepayment of the underlying mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities are also subject to the risk that underlying borrowers will be unable to meet their obligations.
Asset-Backed Securities Risk – Payment of principal and interest on asset-backed securities is dependent largely on the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities, and asset-backed securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets.
3
Credit Risk – The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a fixed income debt security. Generally, the lower the credit quality of a security, the greater the perceived risk that the issuer will fail to pay interest fully and return principal in a timely manner. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the security may lose some or all of its value.
Interest Rate Risk – As with most funds that invest in fixed income securities, changes in interest rates could affect the value of your investment. Rising interest rates tend to cause the prices of fixed income securities (especially those with longer maturities and lower credit qualities) and the Fund’s share price to fall. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
Foreign Company Risk – Investing in foreign companies poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. In addition, investments in foreign companies are generally denominated in a foreign currency. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies compared to the U.S. dollar may affect (positively or negatively) the value of the Fund’s investments. These currency movements may occur separately from, and in response to, events that do not otherwise affect the value of the security in the issuer’s home country. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Emerging Market Company Risk – Investments in emerging market companies are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign companies. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable and economies that are less developed. Furthermore, future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Regional Focus Risk – To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular geographic region, the Fund may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that region. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a fund holding more geographically diverse investments.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events
4
than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
Risks of Investing in Other Investment Companies – To the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies, such as ETFs, and other open-end funds, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities held by such other investment companies. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund relies on that investment company to achieve its investment objective. If the investment company fails to achieve its objective, the value of the Fund’s investment could decline, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance. By investing in another investment company, Fund shareholders indirectly bear the Fund’s proportionate share of the fees and expenses of the other investment company, in addition to the fees and expenses that Fund shareholders directly bear in connection with the Fund’s own operations.
Because ETFs are listed on national stock exchanges and are traded like stocks listed on an exchange, their shares potentially may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value. Investments in ETFs are also subject to brokerage and other trading costs, which could result in greater expenses to the Fund. In addition, because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect Fund performance.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of futures contracts and swaps is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, hedging risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Hedging risk is the risk that derivative instruments used for hedging purposes may also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Liquidity risk is described below. The Fund’s use
5
of swaps is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
Valuation Risk – A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value non-investment grade securities accurately.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Ultra Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Ultra Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Ultra Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
5.35% |
(4.91)% |
(09/30/2016) |
(12/31/2018) |
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Ultra Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Returns after taxes on distributions and sale of Fund shares may be higher than before tax returns when a net capital loss occurs upon the redemption of Fund shares.
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Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund – Ultra |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
(3.58)% |
3.03% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(5.59)% |
0.49% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
(2.22)% |
1.10% |
ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
(2.26)% |
4.15% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Fund Related Performance Data” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp. serves as investment adviser to the Fund. SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC serves as investment sub-adviser to the Fund.
Ms. Hannah Strasser, CFA, Lead Portfolio Manager, Managing Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2014.
Mr. Trevor Kaufman, CFA, Portfolio Manager, Research Analyst, has managed the Fund since 2018.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 15 of the Prospectus.
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The investment objective of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund (the “Fund”) is to seek to generate positive total returns in all market conditions through a combination of current income and capital appreciation.
These tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Ultra Shares of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investments)
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of amount redeemed, if shares redeemed have been held for less than 30 days) |
1.00% |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Ultra Shares |
||
Management Fees |
0.85% |
|
Other Expenses |
0.67% |
|
Dividend and Interest Expenses on Securities Sold Short |
0.07% |
|
Other Operating Expenses |
0.60% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.52% |
|
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements 1 |
(0.40)% |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements |
1.12% |
1 |
Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”) has contractually agreed to reduce fees and reimburse expenses in order to keep Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses for Ultra Shares (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Dividend and Interest Expenses on Securities Sold Short, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding 1.05% of the Fund’s Ultra Shares’ average daily net assets until February 28, 2020. In addition, the Adviser may receive from the Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment. This Agreement may be terminated: (i) by the Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), for any reason at any time; or (ii) by the Adviser, upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the Trust, effective as of the close of business on February 28, 2020. |
Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses (including one year
8
of capped expenses in each period) remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 Year |
3 Years |
5 Years |
10 Years |
$114 |
$441 |
$791 |
$1,778 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in total annual Fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During its most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 88% of the average value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The Fund employs a market neutral investment strategy, which means that the Fund seeks to earn a positive return in all market conditions, by maintaining a portfolio that is designed to have low volatility and low correlations with the general stock and bond markets.
In seeking to achieve its goals, the Fund invests primarily in income producing convertible securities. Convertible securities include, but are not limited to, corporate bonds, debentures, notes or preferred stocks and their hybrids that can be converted into (exchanged for) common stock or other securities, such as warrants or options, which provide an opportunity for equity participation. The Fund may also invest in equity securities and non-convertible fixed income securities, and may invest in securities of any market capitalization, maturity, duration or credit quality, including securities rated below investment grade or, if unrated, deemed by the Adviser to be of comparable quality (“junk bonds”). The Fund may invest in foreign companies in both developed and emerging markets, and will generally have exposure to the United States, Europe and Asia.
The Fund seeks to exploit certain arbitrage opportunities by, for example, selling common stocks or bonds short against positions in which the Fund has invested in convertible securities, or establishing short positions in convertible securities with long positions in the corresponding common stock or bond. When the Fund sells a security short, it is selling a security it does not own. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments, such as futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps (including credit default swaps) to seek to hedge risks such as issuer, equity market, credit, interest rate and foreign currency risks, or enhance the returns of the Fund. The Fund may also seek to generate income from option premiums by writing (selling) call and put options on individual securities, broad-based securities indexes or exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”).
The Adviser seeks to identify undervalued convertible securities by utilizing quantitative tools and fundamental research to assess a security’s income characteristics, liquidity, credit quality, volatility and equity value. The Adviser seeks to invest in companies with strong business models, quality management, and favorable financial conditions. The Adviser will consider selling a convertible security when it believes that the security is no longer undervalued, or there are unfavorable changes in the fundamentals of the underlying company or the structure of the convertible security. The Fund may buy and sell securities frequently, which could result in a high portfolio turnover rate.
When the Adviser believes that market conditions are unfavorable for profitable investing, or is otherwise unable to locate attractive investment opportunities, it may increase the Fund’s investments in cash or money market instruments to protect the Fund’s assets and maintain
9
liquidity. When the Fund’s investments in cash or money market instruments increase, it may not participate in market advances or declines to the same extent that it would if the Fund remained more fully invested in equity and fixed income securities.
As with all mutual funds, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. A Fund share is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government agency. The principal risk factors affecting shareholders’ investments in the Fund are set forth below.
Convertible Securities Risk – The value of a convertible security in which the Fund invests is influenced by changes in interest rates (with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline) and the credit standing of the issuer. The price of a convertible security will also normally vary in some proportion to changes in the price of the underlying common stock because of the conversion or exercise feature.
Fixed Income Risk – Fixed income securities are subject to a number of risks, including credit and interest rate risks. Credit risk is the risk that the issuer or obligor will not make timely payments of principal and interest. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. The Fund is subject to greater levels of credit risk to the extent it holds below investment grade debt securities, or “junk bonds.” Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of a fixed income security will fall when interest rates rise. In general, the longer the maturity and the lower the credit quality of a fixed income security, the more likely its value will decline. Risks associated with rising interest rates are heightened given that the Federal Reserve has begun to raise the federal funds rate.
High Yield Bond Risk – The Fund may invest in high yield bonds (often called “junk bonds”), which are debt securities rated below investment grade. Junk bonds are speculative, involve greater risks of default, downgrade, or price declines and are more volatile and tend to be less liquid than investment-grade securities. Companies issuing high yield bonds are less financially strong, are more likely to encounter financial difficulties, and are more vulnerable to adverse market events and negative sentiments than companies with higher credit ratings.
Equity Risk – Since it purchases equity securities, the Fund is subject to the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. Historically, the equity markets have moved in cycles, and the value of the Fund’s equity securities may fluctuate drastically from day to day. Individual companies may report poor results or be negatively affected by industry and/or economic trends and developments. The prices of securities issued by such companies may suffer a decline in response.
Preferred Stock Risk – Preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest are sensitive to interest rate changes, and are also subject to equity risk, which is the risk that stock prices will fall over short or extended periods of time. The rights of preferred stocks on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights associated with a company’s debt securities.
Warrants Risk – Warrants in which the Fund may invest are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Warrants may be more speculative than other types of investments. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and an investment in a warrant may therefore create greater potential for capital loss than an investment in the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
10
Foreign Securities Risk – Investing in foreign securities poses additional risks since political and economic events unique to a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers. These risks will not necessarily affect the U.S. economy or similar issuers located in the United States. Securities of foreign companies may not be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and foreign companies are generally not subject to the regulatory controls imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Income from foreign securities owned by the Fund may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce income received from the securities comprising the Fund’s portfolio. Foreign securities may also be more difficult to value than securities of U.S. issuers.
Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of the Fund’s investments in securities or other investments denominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to currency risk. Currency risk is the risk that foreign currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar, in which case, the dollar value of an investment in the Fund would be adversely affected.
Regional Focus Risk – To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular geographic region, the Fund may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that region. As a result, the Fund may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a fund holding more geographically diverse investments.
Emerging Markets Securities Risk – The Fund’s investments in emerging markets securities are considered speculative and subject to heightened risks in addition to the general risks of investing in foreign securities. Unlike more established markets, emerging markets may have governments that are less stable, markets that are less liquid and economies that are less developed. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries may consist of companies with smaller market capitalizations and may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible restrictions on repatriation of investment income and capital. Furthermore, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales, and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization or creation of government monopolies.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which the Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the-counter or listed on an exchange.
Short Sales Risk – A short sale involves the sale of a security that the Fund does not own in the expectation of purchasing the same security (or a security exchangeable therefore) at a later date at a lower price. Short sales expose the Fund to the risk that it will be required to buy the security sold short (also known as “covering” the short position) at a time when the security has appreciated in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. Investment in short sales may also cause the Fund to incur expenses related to borrowing securities. Reinvesting proceeds received from short selling may create leverage which can amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund and, therefore,
11
the Fund’s share price. Theoretically, uncovered short sales have the potential to expose the Fund to unlimited losses.
Derivatives Risk – The Fund’s use of futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps is subject to market risk, leverage risk, correlation risk, hedging risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk that the market value of an investment may move up and down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Leverage risk is the risk that the use of leverage may amplify the effects of market volatility on the Fund’s share price and may also cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations. Correlation risk is the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly or at all with the underlying asset, rate or index. Hedging risk is the risk that derivative instruments used for hedging purposes may also limit any potential gain that may result from the increase in value of the hedged asset. To the extent that the Fund engages in hedging strategies, there can be no assurance that such strategy will be effective or that there will be a hedge in place at any given time. Liquidity risk is described below. The Fund’s use of forwards and swaps is also subject to credit risk and valuation risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a derivative contract will default or otherwise become unable to honor a financial obligation. Valuation risk is the risk that the derivative may be difficult to value. Each of these risks could cause the Fund to lose more than the principal amount invested in a derivative instrument.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. and non-U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that the Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based or the ETF’s other holdings and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses. Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their net asset value and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate the Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Money Market Instruments Risk – The value of money market instruments may be affected by changing interest rates and by changes in the credit ratings of the investments. An investment in a money market fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by any bank, the FDIC or any other government agency. A money market fund’s sponsor has no legal obligation to provide financial support to the fund, and there should be no expectation that the sponsor will provide financial support to the fund at any time. Certain money market funds float their net asset value while others seek to preserve the value of investments at a stable net asset value (typically, $1.00 per share). An investment in a money market fund, even an investment in a fund seeking to maintain a stable net asset value per share, is not guaranteed and it is possible for the Fund to lose money by investing in these and other types of money market funds. If the liquidity of a money market fund’s portfolio deteriorates below certain levels, the money market fund may suspend redemptions (i.e., impose a redemption gate) and thereby prevent the Fund from selling its investment in the money market fund or impose a fee of up to 2% on amounts the Fund redeems from the money market fund (i.e., impose a liquidity fee). These measures may result in an investment loss or prohibit the Fund from redeeming shares when the Adviser would otherwise redeem shares. Money market funds and the securities they invest in are subject to comprehensive regulations. The enactment of new legislation or regulations, as well as changes in interpretation and enforcement of current laws, may affect the manner of operation, performance and/or yield of money market funds.
12
Market Neutral Strategy Risk – The Fund’s market neutral strategy may cause the Fund to underperform compared to equity or fixed income markets or other mutual funds that do not utilize a market neutral strategy. For example, in rising markets, the Fund’s short positions may significantly impact the Fund’s overall performance and cause the Fund to underperform or sustain losses. Periodic underperformance is to be expected and is a result of the Fund’s overall hedging techniques employed for the market neutral strategy. Additionally, there is a risk that the Adviser will be unable to construct a portfolio that limits the Fund’s exposure to market movements, and as a result, the Fund’s performance may reflect general market movements.
Portfolio Turnover Risk – Due to its investment strategy, the Fund may buy and sell securities frequently. Such a strategy often involves higher expenses, including brokerage commissions, and may increase the amount of capital gains (in particular, short-term gains) realized by the Fund. Shareholders may pay tax on such capital gains.
Liquidity Risk – Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and the price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to accept a lower price to sell a security, sell other securities to raise cash, or give up an investment opportunity, any of which could have a negative effect on Fund management or performance.
The bar chart and the performance table below illustrate the risks and volatility of an investment in Ultra Shares of the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s Ultra Shares’ performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s Ultra Shares’ average annual total returns for 1 year and since inception compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. Of course, the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not necessarily indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on the Fund’s website at www.westwoodfunds.com or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
BEST QUARTER |
WORST QUARTER |
3.52% |
(1.42)% |
(06/30/2016) |
(12/31/2017) |
13
Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2018
This table compares the Fund’s Ultra Shares’ average annual total returns for the periods ended December 31, 2018 to those of an appropriate broad-based index.
After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Your actual after-tax returns will depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their Fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”).
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund – Ultra |
1 Year |
Since Inception
|
Fund Returns Before Taxes |
0.51% |
1.80% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions |
(0.13)% |
0.87% |
Fund Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares |
0.20% |
0.95% |
Citigroup 1-Month U.S. Treasury Bill Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
1.82% |
0.77% |
For information about related performance, please see the “Related Performance Data of the Adviser” section of the Prospectus.
Westwood Management Corp.
Mr. David Clott, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2015.
Mr. Shawn Mato, CFA, Senior Vice President, has managed the Fund since its inception in 2015.
For important information about the purchase and sale of Fund shares, taxes and financial intermediary compensation, please turn to “Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation” on page 15 of the Prospectus.
14
SUMMARY INFORMATION ABOUT THE PURCHASE AND SALE OF
FUND SHARES, TAXES AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY COMPENSATION
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
To purchase shares of a Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $250,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business by contacting the Funds directly by mail at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by a Fund.
Tax Information
Each Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the Funds through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Funds and their related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Funds over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
15
Investing in each Fund involves risk and there is no guarantee that each Fund will achieve its goals. The Adviser’s and the Sub-Adviser’s judgments about the markets, the economy, or companies may not anticipate actual market movements, economic conditions or company performance, and these judgments may affect the return on your investment. In fact, no matter how good of a job the Adviser or Sub-Adviser does, you could lose money on your investment in a Fund, just as you could with similar investments.
The value of your investment in a Fund is based on the value of the securities the Fund holds. These prices change daily due to economic and other events that affect particular companies and other issuers. These price movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or lesser depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which they trade. The effect on the Fund of a change in the value of a single security will depend on how widely the Fund diversifies its holdings.
Equity Risk – Equity securities include public and privately issued equity securities, common and preferred stocks, warrants, rights to subscribe to common stock, convertible securities, interests in master limited partnerships (“MLPs”) and royalty trusts, shares of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), as well as shares of ETFs that attempt to track the price movement of equity indices. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock provides a fixed dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. Like common stock, preferred stocks represent partial ownership in a company, although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rights of common stockholders. Also, unlike common stock, a preferred stock pays a fixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not have to pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. The value of securities convertible into equity securities, such as warrants or convertible debt, is also affected by prevailing interest rates, the credit quality of the issuer and any call provision. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a Fund invests will cause the Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”) to fluctuate. An investment in a portfolio of equity securities may be more suitable for long-term investors who can bear the risk of these share price fluctuations.
Large-Capitalization Company Risk – The large capitalization companies in which a Fund may invest may lag the performance of smaller capitalization companies because large capitalization companies may experience slower rates of growth than smaller capitalization companies and may not respond as quickly to market changes and opportunities.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk – The small- and mid-capitalization companies in which a Fund may invest may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, investments in these small- and mid-sized companies may pose additional risks, including liquidity risk, because these companies tend to have limited product lines, markets and financial resources, and may depend upon a relatively small management group. Therefore, small- and mid-cap stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies. These securities may be traded over-the- counter or listed on an exchange.
Fixed Income Risk – The market values of fixed income investments change in response to interest rate changes and other factors. During periods of rising interest rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities generally decrease. Moreover, while securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields, the prices of longer maturity securities are also subject to greater market value fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. During periods of falling interest rates, certain debt obligations with high interest rates may be prepaid (or “called”) by the issuer prior to
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maturity, and during periods of rising interest rates, certain debt obligations with low interest rates may be extended beyond maturity. Current market conditions may pose heightened risks for the Funds. While interest rates in the U.S. are near historic lows, changes in government policy, including the Federal Reserve ending its quantitative easing program and beginning to raise the federal funds rate, have increased the risk that interest rates will continue to rise in the near future. A rise in interest rates may, in turn, increase volatility and reduce liquidity in the fixed income markets, and result in a decline in the value of the fixed income investments held by the Funds. In addition, reductions in dealer market-making capacity as a result of structural or regulatory changes could further decrease liquidity and/or increase volatility in the fixed income markets. As a result of these conditions, a Fund’s value may fluctuate and/or a Fund may experience increased redemptions from shareholders, which may impact a Fund’s liquidity or force a Fund to sell securities into a declining or illiquid market.
In addition to these risks, fixed income securities may be subject to credit risk, which is the possibility that an issuer will be unable or unwilling to make timely payments of either principal or interest.
High Yield (“Junk”) Bond Risk – High yield, or “junk,” bonds are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less creditworthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. Compared with investment-grade bonds, high yield bonds are considered to carry a greater degree of risk and are considered to be less likely to make payments of interest and principal. In particular, lower-quality high yield bonds (rated CCC, CC, C, or unrated securities judged to be of comparable quality) are subject to a greater degree of credit risk than higher-quality high yield bonds and may be near default. High yield bonds rated D are in default. Market developments and the financial and business conditions of the corporation issuing these securities generally influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities.
U.S. Government Securities Risk – U.S. government securities, such as Treasury bills, notes and bonds and mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association, are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States; others are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury; others are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase the agency’s obligations; and still others are supported only by the credit of the issuing agency, instrumentality, or enterprise. Although U.S. government-sponsored enterprises such as Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) may be chartered or sponsored by Congress, they are not funded by Congressional appropriations, and their securities are not issued by the U.S. Treasury nor supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. There is no assurance that the U.S. government would provide financial support to its agencies and instrumentalities if not required to do so. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. government securities held by a Fund may greatly exceed their current resources, including any legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that issuers of U.S. government securities will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been operating under conservatorship, with the Federal Housing Finance Administration (“FHFA”) acting as their conservator, since September 2008. The entities are dependent upon the continued support of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and FHFA in order to continue their business operations. These factors, among others, could affect the future status and role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the value of their securities and the securities which they guarantee. Additionally, the U.S. government and its agencies and instrumentalities do not guarantee the market values of their securities, which may fluctuate.
Money Market Instruments Risk – The value of money market instruments may be affected by changing interest rates and by changes in the credit ratings of the investments. An investment in a money market fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by any bank, the FDIC or
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any other government agency. A money market fund’s sponsor has no legal obligation to provide financial support to the fund, and there should be no expectation that the sponsor will provide financial support to the fund at any time. Certain money market funds float their NAV while others seek to preserve the value of investments at a stable NAV (typically, $1.00 per share). An investment in a money market fund, even an investment in a fund seeking to maintain a stable NAV per share, is not guaranteed and it is possible for a Fund to lose money by investing in these and other types of money market funds. If the liquidity of a money market fund’s portfolio deteriorates below certain levels, the money market fund may suspend redemptions (i.e., impose a redemption gate) and thereby prevent a Fund from selling its investment in the money market fund or impose a fee of up to 2% on amounts the Fund redeems from the money market fund (i.e., impose a liquidity fee). These measures may result in an investment loss or prohibit a Fund from redeeming shares when the Adviser would otherwise redeem shares. Money market funds and the securities they invest in are subject to comprehensive regulations. The enactment of new legislation or regulations, as well as changes in interpretation and enforcement of current laws, may affect the manner of operation, performance and/or yield of money market funds.
Convertible Securities Risk – Convertible securities are fixed income securities, preferred stocks or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for common stock of the issuer (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at either a stated price or a stated rate. The market values of convertible securities may decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, increase as interest rates decline. A convertible security’s market value, however, tends to reflect the market price of the common stock of the issuing company when that stock price approaches or is greater than the convertible security’s “conversion price.” The conversion price is defined as the predetermined price at which the convertible security could be exchanged for the associated stock. As the market price of the underlying common stock declines, the price of the convertible security tends to be influenced more by the yield of the convertible security. Thus, it may not decline in price to the same extent as the underlying common stock. In the event of a liquidation of the issuing company, holders of convertible securities may be paid before the company’s common stockholders but after holders of any senior debt obligations of the company. Consequently, the issuer’s convertible securities generally entail less risk than its common stock but more risk than its debt obligations.
Foreign/Emerging Market Securities Risk – Investments in securities of foreign companies (including direct investments as well as investments through ADRs and GDRs) can be more volatile than investments in U.S. companies. Diplomatic, political, or economic developments, including nationalization or appropriation, could affect investments in foreign companies. Foreign securities markets generally have less trading volume and less liquidity than U.S. markets. Financial statements of foreign issuers are governed by different accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards than the financial statements of U.S. issuers and may be less transparent and uniform than in the United States. Thus, there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers than about most U.S. issuers. Transaction costs are generally higher than those in the United States and expenses for custodial arrangements of foreign securities may be somewhat greater than typical expenses for custodial arrangements of similar U.S. securities. Some foreign governments levy withholding taxes against dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion will reduce the income received from the securities comprising the portfolio. These risks may be heightened with respect to emerging market countries since political turmoil and rapid changes in economic conditions are more likely to occur in these countries.
European Economic Risk. The Economic and Monetary Union (the “EMU”) of the European Union (the “EU”) requires compliance by member states with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, interest rates and debt levels, as well as fiscal and monetary controls, each of which may significantly affect every country in Europe, including those countries that are not members of
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the EU. Changes in imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro (the common currency of certain EU countries), the default or threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt and/or an economic recession in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect on the economies of EU member countries and their trading partners. The European financial markets have historically experienced volatility and adverse trends due to concerns about economic downturns or rising government debt levels in several European countries, including, but not limited to, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ukraine. These events have adversely affected the exchange rate of the euro and may continue to significantly affect European countries.
Responses to financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not produce the desired results, may result in social unrest, may limit future growth and economic recovery or may have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and other entities of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets and asset valuations around the world. In addition, one or more countries may abandon the euro and/or withdraw from the EU. In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom resolved to leave the EU. The referendum may introduce significant uncertainties and instability in the financial markets as the United Kingdom negotiates its exit from the EU. Secessionist movements, such as the Catalan movement in Spain and the independence movement in Scotland, as well as governmental or other responses to such movements, may also create instability and uncertainty in the region. In addition, the national politics of countries in the EU have been unpredictable and subject to influence by varying political groups and ideologies. The governments of EU countries may be subject to change and such countries may experience social and political unrest. Unanticipated or sudden political or social developments may result in sudden and significant investment losses.
The occurrence of terrorist incidents throughout Europe also could impact financial markets. The impact of these events is not clear but could be significant and far-reaching and adversely affect the value of the Funds.
Asian Economic Risk. Many Asian economies have experienced rapid growth and industrialization in recent years, but there is no assurance that this growth rate will be maintained. Other Asian economies, however, have experienced high inflation, high unemployment, currency devaluations and restrictions, and over-extension of credit. Geopolitical hostility, political instability, as well as economic or environmental events in any one Asian country may have a significant economic effect on the entire Asian region, as well as on major trading partners outside Asia. Many Asian countries are subject to political risk, including political instability, corruption and regional conflict with neighboring countries. Certain Asian countries have also developed increasingly strained relationships with the U.S., and if these relations were to worsen, they could adversely affect Asian issuers that rely on the U.S. for trade. In addition, many Asian countries are subject to social and labor risks associated with demands for improved political, economic and social conditions. These risks, among others, may adversely affect the value of a Fund’s investments.
Foreign Currency Risk – Because non-U.S. securities are usually denominated in currencies other than the dollar, the value of a Fund’s portfolio may be influenced by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may
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continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
Bank Loans Risk – Bank loans are arranged through private negotiations between a company and one or more financial institutions (lenders). Investments in bank loans are generally subject to the same risks as investments in other types of debt instruments, including, in many cases, investments in junk bonds. This means bank loans are subject to greater credit risks than other investments, including a greater possibility that the borrower will be adversely affected by changes in market or economic conditions and may default or enter bankruptcy. Bank loans made in connection with highly leveraged transactions, including operating loans, leveraged buyout loans, leveraged capitalization loans and other types of acquisition financing, are subject to greater credit risks than other types of bank loans. In addition, it may be difficult to obtain reliable information about and value any bank loan.
A Fund may invest in bank loans in the form of participations in the loans (participations) and assignments of all or a portion of the loans from third parties (assignments). In connection with purchasing participations, a Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the loan, nor any rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not benefit directly from any collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation. As a result, the Fund will assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the lender that is selling the participation. When a Fund purchases assignments from lenders, the Fund will acquire direct rights against the borrower on the loan. The Fund may have difficulty disposing of bank loans because, in certain cases, the market for such instruments is not highly liquid. The lack of a highly liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the value of such instruments and on the Fund’s ability to dispose of the bank loan in response to a specific economic event, such as deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower. Furthermore, transactions in many loans settle on a delayed basis, and the Fund may not receive the proceeds from the sale of a loan for a substantial period of time after the sale. As a result, those proceeds will not be available to make additional investments or to meet the Fund’s redemption obligations.
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as a Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities Risk – Mortgage-backed securities are fixed income securities representing an interest in a pool of underlying mortgage loans. Mortgage-backed securities are sensitive to changes in interest rates, but may respond to these changes differently from other fixed income securities due to the possibility of prepayment of the underlying mortgage loans. As a result, it may not be possible to determine in advance the actual maturity date or average life of a mortgage-backed security. Rising interest rates tend to discourage refinancings, with the result that the average life and volatility of the security will increase, exacerbating its decrease in market price. When interest rates fall, however, mortgage-backed securities may not gain as much in market value because of the expectation of additional mortgage prepayments, which must be reinvested at lower interest rates.
Asset-backed securities are securities backed by non-mortgage assets such as company receivables, truck and auto loans, leases and credit card receivables. Asset-backed securities may be issued as pass-through certificates, which represent undivided fractional ownership interests in the underlying pools of assets. Therefore, repayment depends largely on the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities. Asset-backed securities entail prepayment risk, which may vary depending on the type of asset, but is generally less than the prepayment risk associated with mortgage-backed securities. Asset-backed securities present credit risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of
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a security interest in collateral that is comparable in quality to mortgage assets. If the issuer of an asset-backed security defaults on its payment obligations, there is the possibility that, in some cases, a Fund will be unable to possess and sell the underlying collateral and that the Fund’s recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on the security. In the event of a default, a Fund may suffer a loss if it cannot sell collateral quickly and receive the amount it is owed.
ETF Risk – ETFs are pooled investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies and grantor trusts, whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. and non-U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the over-the-counter market. To the extent that a Fund invests in ETFs, the Fund will be subject to substantially the same risks as those associated with the direct ownership of the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based or the ETF’s other holdings and the value of the Fund’s investment will fluctuate in response to the performance of the underlying index or holdings. ETFs typically incur fees that are separate from those of a Fund. Accordingly, a Fund’s investments in ETFs will result in the layering of expenses such that shareholders will indirectly bear a proportionate share of the ETFs’ operating expenses, in addition to paying Fund expenses.
Because the value of ETF shares depends on the demand in the market, shares may trade at a discount or premium to their NAV and the Adviser may not be able to liquidate a Fund’s holdings at the most optimal time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
Short Sales Risk – Short sales are transactions in which a Fund sells a security it does not own. The Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund is then obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of replacement. The price at such time may be higher or lower than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. If the underlying security goes down in price between the time the Fund sells the security and buys it back, the Fund will realize a gain on the transaction. Conversely, if the underlying security goes up in price during the period, the Fund will realize a loss on the transaction. Because the market price of the security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could be subject to a theoretically unlimited loss. The risk of such price increases is the principal risk of engaging in short sales.
In addition, a Fund’s investment performance may suffer if the Fund is required to close out a short position earlier than it had intended. This would occur if the securities lender required the Fund to deliver the securities the Fund borrowed and the Fund was unable to borrow the securities from another securities lender or otherwise obtain the security by other means. Moreover, a Fund may be subject to expenses related to short sales that are not typically associated with investing in securities directly, such as costs of borrowing and margin account maintenance costs associated with the Fund’s open short positions. These expenses negatively impact the performance of the Fund. For example, when a Fund short sells an equity security that pays a dividend, it is obligated to pay the dividend on the security it has sold. Furthermore, a Fund may be required to pay a premium or interest to the lender of the security. The forgoing types of short sale expenses are sometimes referred to as the “negative cost of carry,” and will tend to cause the Fund to lose money on a short sale even in instances where the price of the underlying security sold short does not change over the duration of the short sale. A Fund is also required to segregate other assets on its books to cover its obligation to return the security to the lender which means that those other assets may not be available to meet the Fund’s needs for immediate cash or other liquidity.
Liquidity Risk – Certain investments and types of investments are subject to restrictions on resale, may trade in the over-the-counter market or in limited volume, or may not have an active trading market. In addition, at times all or a large portion of segments of the market may not have an active trading market due to adverse market, economic, industry, political, regulatory, geopolitical and other conditions, including investors trying to sell large quantities of a particular investment or type of investment, or lack of market makers or other buyers for a particular investment or type of
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investment. At times, all or a significant portion of a market may not have an active trading market. Without an active trading market where frequent and large purchase and sale transactions of a security occur without significantly affecting the price of that security, it may be difficult to value and impossible to sell these investments, and a Fund may have to sell such an investment at a price or time that is not advantageous in order to meet redemptions or other cash needs. The price of illiquid securities may be more volatile than more liquid investments.
Derivatives Risk – A Fund’s use of futures contracts, forward contracts, options and swaps is subject to derivatives risk. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and may magnify a Fund’s gains or losses. There are various factors that affect a Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective(s) with derivatives. Successful use of a derivative depends upon the degree to which prices of the underlying assets correlate with price movements in the derivatives a Fund buys or sells. A Fund could be negatively affected if the change in market value of its securities fails to correlate perfectly or at all with the values of the derivatives it purchased or sold. The lack of a liquid secondary market for a derivative may prevent a Fund from closing its derivative positions and could adversely impact its ability to achieve its investment objective or to realize profits or limit losses. Since derivatives may be purchased for a fraction of their value, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss or gain to a Fund. Derivatives are often more volatile than other investments and a Fund may lose more in a derivative than it originally invested in it. Additionally, some derivative instruments are subject to counterparty risk, meaning that the party that issues the derivative may experience a significant credit event and may be unwilling or unable to make timely settlement payments or otherwise honor its obligations.
Futures Contracts. Futures contracts provide for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified amount of a specific security or asset at a specified future time and at a specified price. Because futures require only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they involve a high degree of leverage. Accordingly, the fluctuation of the value of futures in relation to the underlying assets upon which they are based is magnified. Thus, a Fund may experience losses that exceed losses experienced by funds that do not use futures contracts. There may be imperfect correlation, or even no correlation, between price movements of a futures contract and price movements of investments for which futures are used as a substitute, or which futures are intended to hedge. Such lack of correlation may be due to factors unrelated to the value of the investments being substituted or hedged, such as speculative or other pressures on the markets in which these instruments are traded.
While futures contracts are generally liquid instruments, under certain market conditions they may become illiquid. For example, futures exchanges may impose daily or intra-day price change limits and/or limit the volume of trading. Additionally, government regulation may further reduce liquidity through similar trading restrictions. As a result, a Fund may be unable to close out its futures contracts at a time that is advantageous.
Forward Contracts. A forward contract involves a negotiated obligation to purchase or sell a specific security or currency at a future date (with or without delivery required), which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. Forward contracts are not traded on exchanges; rather, a bank or dealer will act as agent or as principal in order to make or take future delivery of a specified lot of a particular security or currency for a Fund’s account. Risks associated with forwards may include: (i) an imperfect correlation between the movement in prices of forward contracts and the securities or currencies underlying them; (ii) an illiquid market for forwards; (iii) difficulty in obtaining an accurate value for the forwards; and (iv) the risk that the counterparty to the forward contract will default or otherwise fail to honor its obligation. Because forwards require
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only a small initial investment in the form of a deposit or margin, they also involve a high degree of leverage.
Options. Options involve the payment or receipt of a premium by the investor and the corresponding right or obligation, as the case may be, to either purchase or sell the underlying instrument for a specific price at a certain time or during a certain period. Purchasing options involves the risk that the underlying instrument will not change price in the manner expected, so that the investor loses its premium. Selling options involves potentially greater risk because the investor is exposed to the extent of the actual price movement in the underlying instrument rather than only the premium payment received (which could result in a potentially unlimited loss). If a Fund writes a “covered” call option (i.e., a call option on a security in which the Fund holds a long position), the Fund may not participate fully in a rise in market value of the underlying security. If a Fund writes a “covered” put option (i.e., a put option on a security in which the Fund holds a short position), the Fund may not participate fully in a decline in market value of the underlying security. Over-the-counter options also involve counterparty risk.
Swaps. In a swap transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns, differentials in rates of return or some other amount earned or realized on the “notional amount” of predetermined investments or instruments, which may be adjusted for an interest factor. Swaps can involve greater risks than direct investment in securities, because swaps may be leveraged and are subject to counterparty risk and valuation risk. Swaps may also be considered illiquid. It may not be possible for a Fund to liquidate a swap position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.
A credit default swap enables a Fund to buy or sell protection against a defined credit event of an issuer. The buyer of a credit default swap is generally obligated to pay the seller a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract in return for a contingent payment upon the occurrence of a credit event with respect to an underlying reference obligation. A Fund may also invest in credit default swap indexes, which are designed to track representative segments of the credit default swap market and provide investors with exposure to specific baskets of issuers. Credit default swaps and credit default swap indexes are subject to the general risks of swaps described above.
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MORE INFORMATION ABOUT FUND INVESTMENTS
The investment objective of the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund is to seek to maximize total return through a high level of current income and capital appreciation. The investment objective of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund is to seek to generate positive total returns in all market conditions through a combination of current income and capital appreciation. The investment objective of each Fund may be changed without shareholder approval, upon 60 days’ prior written notice to shareholders.
The investments and strategies described in this Prospectus are those that the Funds use under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, each Fund may, but is not obligated to, invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective(s). If a Fund invests in this manner, it may not achieve its investment objective(s). The Funds will only do so if the Adviser or Sub-Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity for capital appreciation or current income.
This Prospectus describes the Funds’ principal investment strategies, and the Funds will normally invest in the types of securities and other investments described in this Prospectus. In addition to the securities and other investments and strategies described in this Prospectus, each Fund also may invest to a lesser extent in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Prospectus, are described in detail in the Funds’ Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) (for information on how to obtain a copy of the SAI see the back cover of this Prospectus). Of course, there is no guarantee that a Fund will achieve its investment goals.
INFORMATION ABOUT PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
A description of the Funds’ policy and procedures with respect to the circumstances under which the Funds disclose their portfolio holdings is available in the SAI. Within 10 days of the end of each calendar quarter, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund will post its top 10 holdings and the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund will post its complete portfolio holdings on the internet at www.westwoodfunds.com. This information will generally remain available until it is replaced by new portfolio holdings information as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of a Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund. Nevertheless, as described in the SAI, each Fund will disclose its complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter.
Westwood Management Corp., a New York corporation formed in 1983, serves as the investment adviser to the Funds. The Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200, Dallas, Texas 75201. The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of Westwood Holdings Group, Inc., an institutional asset management company. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $13.8 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and continuously reviews, supervises and administers each Fund’s investment program. In addition, the Adviser oversees the Sub-Adviser (as defined below) to ensure its compliance with the investment policies and guidelines of the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, and monitors the Sub-Adviser’s adherence to its investment style. The Adviser pays the Sub-Adviser out of the advisory
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fee it receives from the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund. The Board supervises the Adviser and Sub-Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser and Sub-Adviser must follow in their management activities.
For its services, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of each Fund, as set forth in the table below. The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce its fees and reimburse expenses of the Ultra Shares of each Fund in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, dividend and interest expenses on securities sold short, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding the amounts listed in the table below, as a percentage of the average daily net assets of each Fund, until February 28, 2020.
Management Fees |
Expense Limit – Ultra Shares |
|
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund |
0.55% |
0.60% |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund |
0.85% |
1.05% |
In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the Fund’s total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Fund’s expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Adviser received advisory fees (after fee reductions) as a percentage of the average daily net assets of each Fund as follows:
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund |
0% |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund |
0.45% |
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Funds’ investment advisory agreements is available in the Funds’ Annual Report to Shareholders dated October 31, 2018, which covers the period from November 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018.
SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC (the “Sub-Adviser”), a Delaware limited liability company established in 2011, serves as the sub-adviser to the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s investments. The Sub-Adviser is a wholly-owned subsidiary of SKY Harbor Capital Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. The Sub-Adviser’s principal place of business is located at 20 Horseneck Lane, Greenwich, Connecticut 06830. As of December 31, 2018, the Sub-Adviser had approximately $4.25 billion in assets under management.
The Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund is managed by Ms. Hannah Strasser, CFA, Managing Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, and Mr. Trevor Kaufman, CFA. The Sub-Adviser also manages institutional separate accounts. The investment process for the Fund is the same for similar accounts and is driven by fundamental analysis of issuers, markets, and general macro-economic conditions and supported by quantitative valuation and risk monitoring tools.
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Ms. Hannah Strasser, CFA, Managing Director and co-founder of the Sub-Adviser, has served as lead portfolio manager for the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund since its inception in 2014. Previously, Ms. Strasser was the Head of US Fixed Income and a senior portfolio manager at AXA Investment Managers. Ms. Strasser holds a B.A. from Amherst College and has the CFA professional designation. Ms. Strasser participates in the investment decision process. She has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Ms. Strasser has more than 36 years of investment experience.
Mr. Trevor Kaufman, CFA, Portfolio Manager and Research Analyst for the Sub-Adviser, has served as a portfolio manager for the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund since 2018. He is also responsible for sector coverage, fundamental analysis and credit valuation for the Consumer Goods, Retail and Technology sectors at the Sub-Adviser. Prior to joining the Sub-Adviser in 2012, Mr. Kaufman was an associate at Deutsche Bank Securities-Debt Capital Markets, specializing in new issue and liability management transactions for financial services firms. Mr. Kaufman holds an MBA from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business and a B.A. from Cornell University, and has the CFA professional designation. Mr. Kaufman participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Kaufman has more than 11 years of investment experience.
The Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund is managed by a portfolio management team, and the members of the Fund’s portfolio management team are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s portfolio. The Adviser also manages institutional separate accounts and is the sub-adviser to other mutual funds with similar strategies as the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund. The investment process for the Fund is the same for similar accounts and is driven by proprietary team-oriented, in-depth, fundamental research. The investment research team is organized by industry coverage and supports all of the accounts managed in each of the Adviser’s investment strategies. Weekly research meetings provide a forum where the Adviser’s investment professionals discuss current investment ideas within their assigned industries. Generally, the entire portfolio management team, or a sub-set of the team, then debates the merits of recommendations, taking into account the prevailing market environment, the portfolio’s current composition, and the relative value of alternative investments. Investment decisions are generally made by majority agreement of the portfolio management team. The Adviser has identified the following team members as those with the most significant responsibility for the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund’s assets. This list does not include all members of the investment team.
Mr. David Clott, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President for the Adviser since October 2014, and leads the Adviser’s Global Convertible Securities Team. Prior to joining the Adviser, he managed both the long only and absolute return global convertible securities strategies at Aviva Investors for 15 years and co-founded their convertibles funds in April 2002. Prior to 1999, Mr. Clott was a Portfolio Manager and Equity Analyst at HSB Group for one year, and an Equity Analyst and later a Convertible Securities Analyst at Phoenix Investment Partners for seven years. Mr. Clott has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund since its inception in 2015. Mr. Clott participates in the investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Clott has more than 27 years of investment experience.
Mr. Shawn Mato, CFA, has served as Senior Vice President for the Adviser since October 2014. Prior to joining the Adviser, he co-managed both the long only and absolute return global convertible securities strategies at Aviva Investors for 13 years. Prior to 2002, he was a Research Associate at Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein, a Financial Consultant at Deloitte and Touche LLP, and a US Government Bond Trader at Nomura Securities. Mr. Mato has served on the portfolio team for the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund since its inception in 2015. Mr. Mato participates in the
26
investment decision process. He has authority to direct trading activity for the Fund and is also responsible for representing the Fund to investors. Mr. Mato has more than 25 years of investment experience.
The SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed, and ownership of Fund shares.
FUND RELATED PERFORMANCE DATA
(WESTWOOD OPPORTUNISTIC HIGH YIELD FUND)
Sub-Adviser Comparable Account Composite
The following tables give the related performance of all separate accounts managed by the Sub-Adviser that have investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund (the “Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts”). The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund or of the Sub-Adviser.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The Sub-Adviser has prepared and presented the following in compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS ® ). The Sub-Adviser’s policies on valuing portfolios, calculating performance, and preparing GIPS ® compliant performance presentations are available upon request.
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. Investment transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. All returns reflect the payment of brokerage commissions, execution costs, withholding taxes, sales loads and account fees, if any, paid by the Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts included in the composite, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. “Net of fees” returns also reflect the payment of actual investment management fees. All fees and expenses, except certain custodial fees, were included in the calculations.
Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Sub-Adviser Comparable Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The performance of the composite (net of fees) reflects the Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts’ applicable portfolio fees and expenses; however, the Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the composite. If the Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts that are included in the composite are also not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed on the Fund by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the composite could have been adversely affected if the Sub-Adviser Comparable Accounts in the composite were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
The investment results for the composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
27
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND.
Performance Information for the Sub-Adviser Comparable Account Composite 1
Calendar Year Total Pre-Tax Returns |
|||||
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
ICE BofAML U.S.
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2018 |
-2.41% |
-2.82% |
-2.26% |
6 |
$919.43 |
2017 |
7.79% |
7.27% |
7.48% |
7 |
$1,266.16 |
2016 |
15.65% |
15.09% |
17.49% |
6 |
954.18 |
2015 |
-3.54% |
-4.06% |
-4.64% |
6 |
973.58 |
2014 |
1.51% |
0.98% |
2.50% |
4 |
703.20 |
2013 |
9.47% |
8.95% |
7.42% |
5 |
641.48 |
2012 |
14.96% |
14.53% |
15.58% |
9 |
333.69 |
2011 3 |
5.86% |
5.75% |
6.18% |
2 |
53.16 |
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 12/31/18) |
|||
Sub-Adviser Comparable
|
|||
Time Period |
Gross of Fees |
Net of Fees |
ICE BofAML U.S.
|
1 Year |
-2.41% |
-2.82% |
-2.26% |
5 Years |
3.56% |
3.05% |
3.82% |
Since Inception 3 |
6.57% |
6.07% |
6.61% |
1 |
The composite performance information is calculated in and expressed in United States dollars. |
2 |
The ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated below investment grade corporate debt publicly issued in the U.S. domestic market. Among other criteria, qualifying securities must have a below investment grade rating (based on an average of Moody’s, S&P and Fitch), at least 18 months to final maturity at the time of issuance, at least one year remaining term to final maturity as of the rebalancing date, a fixed coupon schedule and a minimum amount outstanding of $100 million. |
3 |
The inception date of the composite is September 30, 2011. |
28
Prior Adviser Comparable Account Composite
Hannah Strasser (the “Portfolio Manager”) serves as lead portfolio manager for the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund. While at prior firms unaffiliated with the Sub-Adviser, the Portfolio Manager was primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of certain accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund (the “Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts”) from December 1, 1998 until May 31, 2011 (the “Relevant Period”). During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager exercised final decision-making authority over all material aspects concerning the investment objective, policies, strategies, and security selection decisions of the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts, and the Portfolio Manager exercises the same level of authority and discretion in managing the Fund. During the Relevant Period, the Portfolio Manager also managed other accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Fund. Performance results for these other accounts have not been provided due to lack of supporting records. However, the composite performance of these other accounts is not materially different than the composite performance of the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts.
The following tables give the related performance of the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts. The data does not represent the performance of the Fund. The performance should also not be viewed as that of the Sub-Adviser or an indication of how the Sub-Adviser would have performed in the past. Performance is historical and does not represent the future performance of the Fund, the Sub-Adviser or the Portfolio Manager.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. The following has been prepared and presented in compliance with the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS ® ).
All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. Investment transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. All returns reflect the payment of brokerage commissions, execution costs, withholding taxes, sales loads and account fees, if any, paid by the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts included in the composite, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. “Net of fees” returns also reflect the payment of actual investment management fees. All fees and expenses, except certain custodial fees, were included in the calculations.
Because of variation in fee levels, the “net of fees” composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular Prior Adviser Comparable Account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The performance of the composite (net of fees) reflects the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts’ applicable portfolio fees and expenses; however, the Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the composite. If the Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts that are included in the composite are also not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed on the Fund by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the composite could have been adversely affected if the Prior Adviser Comparable Accounts in the composite were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Fund.
29
The investment results for the composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND.
Performance Information for the Prior Adviser Comparable Account Composite 1
Calendar Year Total Pre-Tax Returns |
|||||||
Year |
Total Pre-Tax
|
Total Pre-Tax
|
ICE BofAML
|
Composite
|
Index 3-Year
|
Number of
|
Total Assets at
|
2011 3 |
6.13% |
5.81% |
6.00% |
11.72% |
16.71% |
3 |
2,952.52 |
2010 |
15.43% |
14.59% |
15.19% |
11.86% |
16.92% |
3 |
1,834.83 |
2009 |
48.59% |
47.53% |
57.51% |
11.56% |
16.78% |
3 |
420.48 |
2008 |
-15.88% |
-16.51% |
-26.39% |
8.84% |
13.31% |
3 |
163.55 |
2007 |
5.04% |
4.26% |
2.15% |
3.51% |
4.48% |
3 |
101.01 |
2006 |
8.54% |
7.74% |
11.77% |
3.17% |
3.81% |
3 |
48.74 |
2005 |
3.17% |
2.40% |
2.74% |
3.59% |
5.39% |
2 |
25.42 |
2004 |
9.40% |
8.59% |
10.87% |
3.72% |
8.36% |
2 |
29.63 |
2003 |
16.85% |
15.99% |
28.15% |
5.62% |
10.48% |
2 |
20.48 |
2002 |
6.26% |
5.47% |
-1.89% |
5.69% |
10.15% |
2 |
12.54 |
2001 |
5.02% |
4.24% |
4.48% |
5.31% |
7.82% |
2 |
12.80 |
2000 |
3.44% |
2.67% |
-5.12% |
N/A |
N/A |
2 |
10.92 |
1999 |
3.08% |
2.31% |
2.51% |
N/A |
N/A |
2 |
9.94 |
1998 4 |
0.27% |
0.21% |
-0.18% |
N/A |
N/A |
2 |
8.99 |
Average Annual Total Pre-Tax Returns (as of 5/31/11) |
|||
Prior Adviser Comparable
|
|||
Time Period |
Gross of Fees |
Net of Fees |
ICE BofAML U.S.
|
1 Year |
18.35% |
17.49% |
18.09% |
5 Years |
11.11% |
10.29% |
9.33% |
10 Years |
9.26% |
8.45% |
8.58% |
Since Inception 4 |
8.42% |
7.62% |
7.07% |
1 |
The composite performance information is calculated in and expressed in United States dollars. |
2 |
The ICE BofAML U.S. High Yield Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar denominated below investment grade corporate debt publicly issued in the U.S. domestic market. Among other criteria, qualifying securities must have a below investment grade rating (based on an average of Moody’s, S&P and Fitch), at least 18 months to final maturity at the time of issuance, at least one year remaining term to final maturity as of the rebalancing date, a fixed coupon schedule and a minimum amount outstanding of $100 million. |
3 |
The termination date of the composite is May 31, 2011. |
4 |
The inception date of the composite is December 1, 1998. |
30
RELATED PERFORMANCE DATA OF THE ADVISER
(WESTWOOD MARKET NEUTRAL INCOME FUND)
The following tables give the related performance of fee-paying separate accounts, referred to as a “Composite,” managed by the Adviser that have investment objectives, policies, strategies and risks substantially similar to those of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund. The Composite does not reflect all of the firm’s assets under management. Complete lists and descriptions of the firm’s composites are available upon request. The data does not represent the performance of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund. Moreover, the performance shown does not represent the future performance of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund or of the Adviser.
David Clott, CFA and Shawn Mato, CFA (the “Portfolio Managers”) are primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Composite. For periods prior to October 1, 2014, the Composite includes the performance of an account managed by the Portfolio Managers while employed by a firm unaffiliated with the Adviser (the “Prior Adviser Comparable Account”). The Portfolio Managers exercised final decision-making authority over all material aspects concerning the investment objective, policies, strategies, and security selection decisions of the Prior Adviser Comparable Account, and exercise the same level of authority and discretion in managing the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Composite. While at the prior firm, the Portfolio Managers managed no other accounts with investment objectives, policies and strategies substantially similar to those of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Composite.
The manner in which the performance was calculated for the Composite differs from that of registered mutual funds such as the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund. If the performance was calculated in accordance with SEC standardized performance methodology, the performance results may have been different. All returns presented were calculated on a total return basis and include all dividends and interest, accrued income, and realized and unrealized gains and losses. All returns reflect the payment of investment management fees, brokerage commissions, execution costs, sales loads and account fees paid by the accounts included in the Composite, without taking into account federal or state income taxes. Custodial fees, if any, were not included in the calculations. Securities are valued as of trade-date.
The currency used to express performance in the Composite is U.S. dollars. Because of variation in fee levels, the Composite returns may not be reflective of performance in any one particular account. Therefore, the performance information shown below is not necessarily representative of the performance information that typically would be shown for a registered mutual fund.
The Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund’s fees and expenses are generally expected to be higher than those of the accounts included in the Composite. If the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund’s fees and expenses had been imposed on the accounts included in the Composite, the performance shown below would have been lower. The accounts that are included in the Composite are also not subject to the diversification requirements, specific tax restrictions, and investment limitations imposed by the federal securities and tax laws. Consequently, the performance results for the Composite could have been adversely affected if the accounts in the Composite were subject to the same federal securities and tax laws as the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund.
The investment results for the Composite presented below are not intended to predict or suggest the future returns of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund. The performance data shown below should not be considered a substitute for the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund’s own performance information. Investors should be aware that the use of a methodology different than that used below to calculate performance could result in different performance data.
31
THE FOLLOWING DATA DOES NOT REPRESENT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND.
Performance Information for the Adviser’s Market Neutral Income Strategy Composite 1
Calendar Year Total Pre-Tax Returns |
||||
Year |
Total Pre-Tax Return
|
Citigroup 1-Month U.S.
|
Number of Portfolios |
Total Assets
|
2018 |
-0.52% |
1.82% |
2 |
$624.3 |
2017 |
0.73% |
0.80% |
2 |
$706.3 |
2016 |
6.67% |
0.21% |
2 |
$224.5 |
2015 |
1.85% |
0.02% |
2 |
$308.3 |
2014 |
-0.51% |
0.02% |
1 |
$406.5 |
2013 |
6.04% |
0.03% |
1 |
$413.3 |
2012 |
12.42% |
0.05% |
1 |
$250.6 |
2011 |
-3.01% |
0.05% |
1 |
$272.7 |
2010 |
7.25% |
0.12% |
1 |
$179.2 |
1 |
Composite returns are calculated on a monthly basis and only accounts that are included in the Composite for the entire month are included in the calculations. Westwood claims compliance with GIPS ® and has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. Westwood has been independently verified for the periods from January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2017. Verification assesses whether (1) the firm has complied with all the composite construction requirements of the GIPS ® standards on a firm-wide basis and (2) the firm’s policies and procedures are designed to calculate and present performance in compliance with the GIPS ® standards. The Market Neutral Income Strategy Composite has been examined for the period from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2017. The verification and performance examination reports are available upon request. |
2 |
The Citigroup 1-Month U.S. Treasury Bill Index is a market value-weighted index of public obligations of the U.S. Treasury with maturities of one month. |
3 |
Inception date of the Composite is January 1, 2010. |
32
PURCHASING, SELLING AND EXCHANGING FUND SHARES
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Ultra Shares of the Funds.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Funds, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Purchase Fund Shares
You will ordinarily submit your purchase orders through your securities broker or other financial intermediary through which you opened your shareholder account. To purchase shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) or log on to the Funds’ website at www.westwoodfunds.com.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Funds do not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Funds reserve the right to reject any specific purchase order for any reason. The Funds are not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Funds’ policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Funds do not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Funds subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Funds for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Funds by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Funds a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Fund name and the share class.
Regular Mail Address
Westwood Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Westwood Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 W. 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
33
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Fund name, the share class and your account number).
Wiring Instructions
UMB Bank, N.A.
ABA#: 101000695
Westwood Funds
DDA# 9871063178
Ref: Fund name/account name/share class/account number
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days that either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed. Each Fund’s price per share will be the next determined NAV per share after the Fund or an authorized institution (defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form. “Proper form” means that the Funds were provided a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number, and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
Each Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, a Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, the Funds reserve the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. The Funds will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of a Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Fund shares directly from the Funds through their transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of the Funds through accounts with financial intermediaries such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from the Funds), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Funds prior to the time each Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to the Funds on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by the Funds after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Funds with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on a Fund’s
34
behalf. A Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at a Fund’s next computed NAV after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of a Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with the Funds. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact the financial intermediary directly.
How the Funds Calculate NAV
The NAV of a class of each Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class. In calculating NAV, each Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices are not readily available or a Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of the Board, these methods are implemented through the Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Board. A Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available.
There may be limited circumstances in which the Funds would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time the Funds calculated their NAV.
With respect to any non-U.S. securities held by the Funds, the Funds may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by the Funds may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time the Funds price their shares, the value the Funds assign to securities generally will not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, the Funds may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information as related to the securities.
When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of more than 60 days, the Funds use the value of the security provided by pricing services. The values provided by a pricing service may be based upon market quotations for the same security, securities expected to trade in a similar manner or a pricing matrix. When valuing fixed income securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less, the Funds may use the security’s amortized cost. Amortized cost and the use of a pricing matrix in valuing fixed income securities are forms of fair value pricing.
35
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board.
Purchases In Kind
Subject to the approval of a Fund, an investor may purchase shares of the Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by the Fund (consistent with the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for the Fund. Assets purchased by the Fund in such a transaction will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund. The Funds reserve the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Minimum Purchases
You can open an account with a Fund with a minimum initial investment of $250,000. There is no minimum for subsequent investments. Each Fund may accept initial investments of smaller amounts in its sole discretion.
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Funds. These purchases can be made monthly, quarterly, semi-annually and annually in amounts of at least $25 per Fund. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Funds at: Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Please allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Fund Codes
The reference information listed below will be helpful to you when you contact the Funds to purchase or exchange Ultra Shares, check a Fund’s daily NAV or obtain additional information.
Fund Name |
Ticker Symbol |
CUSIP |
Fund Code |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund |
WHYUX |
00769G253 |
3988 |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund |
WMNUX |
00769G212 |
3991 |
How to Sell Your Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Funds directly by mail or telephone at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to redeem your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Funds.
If you would like to have your sales proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Funds in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an
36
approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Funds must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Fund shareholders. Before they grant a redemption request, the Funds may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Funds participate in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-877-386-3944 for more information.
The sale price will be the NAV per share next determined after the Funds receive your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Funds signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
● |
The Fund name; |
● |
The share class; |
● |
The account number; |
● |
The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
● |
The account name(s); and |
● |
The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) in which their account is registered and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
Westwood Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
Westwood Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 W. 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by a Fund after the Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
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By Telephone
You must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire or ACH redemption privileges) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, a Fund will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $500,000, you may transfer as little as $100 per month from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Funds.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, a Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. A Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with a Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
A Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, a Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Redemptions In Kind
The Funds generally pay sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Funds’ remaining shareholders, the Funds might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in securities with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $250,000 because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Funds will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. The Funds reserve the right to waive the minimum account value requirement in their sole discretion. If your Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund shares are redeemed for this reason within 30 days of their purchase, the redemption fee will not be applied.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Funds may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the SAI.
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How to Exchange Fund Shares
At no charge, you may exchange between like share classes or different share classes of any Westwood Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Fund. Exchanges are subject to the eligibility requirements and the fees and expenses of the share class you exchange into, as set forth in the applicable prospectus. You may only exchange shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses). An exchange between share classes of the same Fund is not a taxable event.
The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term or excessive trading. The Funds may suspend or terminate your exchange privilege if you engage in a pattern of exchanges that is excessive, as determined in the sole discretion of the Funds. For more information about the Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Funds have certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Funds are not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions they reasonably believe to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Funds over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
The Funds and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Funds and/or their shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information, please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the SAI.
Payments by the Funds
The Funds may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary.
Payments by the Adviser
From time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Funds. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Funds. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank
39
trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Funds available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Funds with “shelf space,” placing them on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Funds in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Fund shares, the amount of Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of a Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Fund shares or the provision of services to Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Funds, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Funds are intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourage shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of the Funds may present risks to the Funds’ long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of the Funds’ investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Fund investments, requiring the Funds to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Funds may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time a Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by a Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of a Fund’s shares if the prices of the Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair values. Although each Fund has procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating its NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
In addition, because the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund invests in small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Fund may be more
40
susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Fund’s shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Funds’ service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Funds’ policies and procedures described in this Prospectus and approved by the Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Funds’ service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Funds’ policies and procedures include:
● |
Shareholders are restricted from making more than 4 “round trips,” including exchanges, into or out of either Fund over any rolling 12 month period. If a shareholder exceeds this amount, the Funds and/or their service providers may, at their discretion, reject any additional purchase or exchange orders. The Funds define a “round trip” as a purchase or exchange into a Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Fund, of an amount the Adviser or the Sub-Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
● |
A redemption fee of 1.00% of the value of the shares sold will be imposed on shares of the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund redeemed within 30 days or less after their date of purchase (subject to certain exceptions as discussed below in “Redemption Fees”). |
● |
Each Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Fund or the Adviser/Sub-Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Fund. |
The Funds and/or their service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Funds’ long-term shareholders. The Funds do not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in the Funds will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Funds for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Funds have entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Funds to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Funds. If the Funds or their service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Funds, the Funds or their service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Funds or their service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Funds, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Funds by that customer. If the Funds are not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Funds may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Funds’ shares is requested by the Funds and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Funds have an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Funds, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Funds on behalf of other persons.
The Funds and their service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental
41
to the Funds. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Funds to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Redemption Fee (Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund)
In an effort to discourage short-term trading and defray costs incurred by shareholders as a result of short-term trading, the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund charges a 1.00% redemption fee on redemptions (including exchanges) of shares that have been held for less than 30 days. The redemption fee is deducted from the Fund’s sale proceeds and cannot be paid separately, and any proceeds of the fee are credited to the assets of the Fund from which the redemption was made. The fee does not apply to shares purchased with reinvested dividends or distributions. In determining how long shares of the Fund have been held, the Fund assumes that shares held by the investor the longest period of time will be sold first.
The redemption fee is applicable to Fund shares purchased either directly from the Fund or through a financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer. Transactions through financial intermediaries typically are placed with the Fund on an omnibus basis and include both purchase and sale transactions placed on behalf of multiple investors. The Fund requests that financial intermediaries assess the redemption fee on customer accounts and collect and remit the proceeds to the Fund. However, the Fund recognizes that due to operational and systems limitations, intermediaries’ methods for tracking and calculating the fee may be inadequate or differ in some respects from the Fund’s. Therefore, to the extent that financial intermediaries are unable to collect the redemption fee, the Fund may not be able to defray the expenses associated with those short-term trades made by that financial intermediary’s customers.
The Fund reserves the right to waive its redemption fee at its discretion when it believes such waiver is in the best interests of the Fund, including with respect to certain categories of redemptions that the Fund reasonably believes may not raise frequent trading or market timing concerns. These categories currently include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) participants in certain group retirement plans whose processing systems are incapable of properly applying the redemption fee to underlying shareholders; (ii) redemptions resulting from certain transfers upon the death of a shareholder; (iii) redemptions by certain pension plans as required by law or by regulatory authorities; (iv) systematic withdrawals; and (v) retirement loans and withdrawals.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: When you open an account, the Funds will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Funds to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Funds are required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Funds are required to collect documents to fulfill their legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker. If this information cannot be obtained within
42
a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds, your application will be rejected.
Upon receipt of your application in proper form (or upon receipt of all identifying information required on the application), your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV per share.
The Funds reserve the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if they are unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Funds. Further, the Funds reserve the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Funds’ overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Funds have adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Funds from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Funds reserve the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of the Funds or in cases when the Funds are requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Funds are required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the applicable Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Funds (if shares are held directly with the Funds) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Funds).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
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Each Fund distributes its net investment income quarterly and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Fund shares on a Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify the Funds in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Funds receive your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Funds written notice.
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about federal, state and local income taxes. The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investing in the Funds. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to regulated investment companies, such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
The Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive, whether in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Funds, may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Income distributions, including distributions of net short-term capital gains but excluding distributions of qualified dividend income, are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Distributions that are reported by the Funds as long-term capital gains and as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains and currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). The Funds’ investment strategies may limit their ability to make distributions eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. Once a year the Funds (or their administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Fund shares may be a taxable event. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale. A sale may result in a capital gain or loss to you. The gain or loss on the sale of Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less, or a long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or
44
less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders cost basis information for Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, a Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, a Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, a Fund will use the average basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by Fund shareholders (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent a Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of a Fund consists of foreign securities, such Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. A Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
More information about taxes is in the SAI.
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The Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Funds’ investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Funds. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Trust.
This Prospectus and the SAI provide information concerning the Trust and the Funds that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Funds. The Funds may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Prospectus, the SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Trust or the Funds and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
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The tables that follow present performance information about the Ultra Shares of the Funds. This information is intended to help you understand each Fund’s financial performance for the period of the Fund’s operations. Certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the tables represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in a Fund (assuming reinvestment of dividends and distributions). The information provided below has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm of the Funds. The financial statements and the unqualified opinion of Ernst & Young LLP are included in the 2018 Annual Report of the Funds, which is available upon request by calling the Funds at 1-877-386-3944.
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Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund — Ultra Shares
(commenced operations on December 29, 2014)
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 9.90 | $ | 9.72 | $ | 9.61 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.55 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.42 | ||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.53 | ) | 0.22 | 0.10 | (0.48 | ) | ||||||||||
Total from Operations |
0.02 | 0.82 | 0.69 | (0.06 | ) | |||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.61 | ) | (0.64 | ) | (0.58 | ) | (0.33 | ) | ||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.61 | ) | (0.64 | ) | (0.58 | ) | (0.33 | ) | ||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 9.31 | $ | 9.90 | $ | 9.72 | $ | 9.61 | ||||||||
Total Return †† |
0.17 | % † | 8.69 | % † | 7.56 | % † | (0.61 | )% † | ||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 1,253 | $ | 2,377 | $ | 3,992 | $ | 3,572 | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
0.60 | % | 0.60 | % | 0.60 | % | 0.60 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
7.21 | % | 4.99 | % | 4.95 | % | 6.23 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
5.65 | % | 6.10 | % | 6.27 | % | 5.02 | % * | ||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
78 | % | 67 | % | 60 | % | 37 | % * * |
1 |
For the period from December 29, 2014 to October 31, 2015. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Not annualized. |
48
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund — Ultra Shares
(commenced operations on May 1, 2015)
Selected Per Share Data & Ratios
|
||||||||||||||||
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
October 31,
|
||||||||||||
Net Asset Value Beginning of Period |
$ | 10.13 | $ | 10.01 | $ | 10.11 | $ | 10.00 | ||||||||
Income (Loss) from Investment Operations: |
||||||||||||||||
Net Investment Income ^^ |
0.19 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.09 | ||||||||||||
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |
(0.29 | ) | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.05 | |||||||||||
Total from Operations |
(0.10 | ) | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.14 | |||||||||||
Dividends and Distributions: |
||||||||||||||||
Dividends from Net Investment Income |
(0.18 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.22 | ) | (0.03 | ) | ||||||||
Distributions from Realized Net Gains |
— | (0.02 | ) | (0.24 | ) | — | ||||||||||
Return of Capital |
(0.03 | ) | — | — | — | |||||||||||
Total Dividends and Distributions |
(0.21 | ) | (0.11 | ) | (0.46 | ) | (0.03 | ) | ||||||||
Net Asset Value End of Period |
$ | 9.82 | $ | 10.13 | $ | 10.01 | $ | 10.11 | ||||||||
Total Return †† |
(1.02 | )% † | 2.31 | % † | 3.73 | % † | 1.40 | % † | ||||||||
Ratios and Supplemental Data |
||||||||||||||||
Net Assets End of Period (000) |
$ | 27,312 | $ | 23,465 | $ | 4,093 | $ | 3,943 | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets |
1.12 | % (1) | 1.24 | % (1) | 1.16 | % (1) | 1.28 | % * (1) | ||||||||
Ratio of Expenses to Average Net Assets (Excluding Waivers and Recovered Fees) |
1.52 | % | 1.96 | % | 3.17 | % | 4.26 | % * | ||||||||
Ratio of Net Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
1.96 | % | 1.87 | % | 2.28 | % | 1.73 | % * | ||||||||
Portfolio Turnover Rate |
88 | % | 80 | % | 99 | % | 22 | % * * |
(a) |
For the period from May 1, 2015 to October 31, 2015. |
^^ |
Calculation performed using average shares for the period. |
† |
Total return would have been lower had certain expenses not been waived or assumed by the Adviser during the period. |
†† |
Total return is for the period indicated and has not been annualized. Returns shown do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the redemption of Fund shares. |
* |
Annualized. |
* * |
Not annualized. |
(1) |
Excluding stock loan fees, and dividends on securities sold short, the ratio of expenses average net assets would have been 1.05% for Ultra Class. |
49
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
WESTWOOD FUNDS
Investment Adviser
Westwood Management Corp.
200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200
Dallas, Texas 75201
Sub-Adviser (Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund)
SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC
20 Horseneck Lane
Greenwich, Connecticut 06830
Distributor
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Legal Counsel
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1701 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
More information about the Funds is available, without charge, through the following:
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”): The SAI, dated March 1, 2019, as it may be amended from time to time, includes detailed information about the Funds and The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund. The SAI is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus. This means that the SAI, for legal purposes, is a part of this Prospectus.
Annual and Semi-Annual Reports: These reports list the Funds’ holdings and contain information from the Adviser about investment strategies, and recent market conditions and trends and their impact on Fund performance. The reports also contain detailed financial information about the Funds.
To Obtain an SAI, Annual or Semi-Annual Report, or More Information:
By Telephone: |
1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) |
By Mail: |
Westwood Funds
|
By Internet: |
www.westwoodfunds.com |
From the SEC: You can also obtain the SAI or the Annual and Semi-Annual Reports, as well as other information about The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s website at: http://www.sec.gov. You may also obtain this information, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by e-mailing the SEC at the following address: publicinfo@sec.gov.
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund’s Investment Company Act registration number is 811-06400.
WHG-PS-016-0600
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
WESTWOOD LARGECAP VALUE FUND
(A Class Shares Ticker Symbol: WWLAX)
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WHGLX)
WESTWOOD LOW VOLATILITY EQUITY FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WLVIX)
WESTWOOD SMIDCAP PLUS FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WHGPX)
WESTWOOD SMIDCAP FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WHGMX)
WESTWOOD SMALLCAP FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WHGSX)
WESTWOOD MLP AND STRATEGIC ENERGY FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WMLPX)
WESTWOOD INCOME OPPORTUNITY FUND
(A Class Shares Ticker Symbol: WWIAX)
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WHGIX)
WESTWOOD WORLDWIDE INCOME OPPORTUNITY FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WWIOX)
WESTWOOD EMERGING MARKETS FUND
(A Class Shares Ticker Symbol: WWEAX)
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WWEMX)
WESTWOOD SHORT DURATION HIGH YIELD FUND
(A Class Shares Ticker Symbol: WSDAX)
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WHGHX)
WESTWOOD OPPORTUNISTIC HIGH YIELD FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WWHYX)
(Ultra Shares Ticker Symbol: WHYUX)
WESTWOOD MARKET NEUTRAL INCOME FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WMNIX)
(Ultra Shares Ticker Symbol: WMNUX)
WESTWOOD STRATEGIC CONVERTIBLES FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WSCIX)
WESTWOOD FLEXIBLE INCOME FUND
(Institutional Shares Ticker Symbol: WFLEX)
WESTWOOD EMERGING MARKETS PLUS FUND
(A Class Shares)
(Institutional Shares)
i
each, a series of THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
March 1, 2019
Investment Adviser:
WESTWOOD MANAGEMENT CORP.
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) and the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Fund, the Westwood SmallCap Fund, the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund, the Westwood Flexible Income Fund and the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund (each, a “Fund” and together, the “Funds”). The Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund is currently not available for purchase. This SAI is incorporated by reference into and should be read in conjunction with the Funds’ prospectuses, each dated March 1, 2019, as they may be amended from time to time (the “Prospectuses”). Capitalized terms not defined herein are defined in the Prospectuses. The most recent Annual Report for the Funds, which includes the Funds’ audited financial statements dated October 31, 2018, is incorporated by reference into this SAI. Shareholders may obtain copies of the Prospectuses or Annual Report free of charge by writing to the Funds at Westwood Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: Westwood Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or by calling the Funds at 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944).
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 1, 2019 | WHG-SX-001-1400 |
iii
General. Each Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Massachusetts law as a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust) under an Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 and amended May 15, 2012 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund and all assets of such fund belong solely to that fund and would be subject to liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses, and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Funds in some or all of the following classes: Institutional Shares, A Class Shares and Ultra Shares. The different classes provide for variations in sales charges, certain distribution and shareholder servicing expenses and in the minimum initial investment requirements. Minimum investment requirements and investor eligibility are described in the Prospectuses. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares. For more information on distribution and shareholder servicing expenses, see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in this SAI. The Funds are currently offered in the following classes of shares:
Fund |
Institutional Shares |
A Class Shares | Ultra Shares |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund | X | X | |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund | X | ||
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund | X | ||
Westwood SMidCap Fund | X | ||
Westwood SmallCap Fund | X | ||
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund | X | ||
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | X | X | |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund | X | ||
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund | X | X | |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | X | X | |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | X | X | |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund | X | X | |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund | X | ||
Westwood Flexible Income Fund | X | ||
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund | X 1 | X 1 |
1 | Not currently available for purchase. |
History of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund. The Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund is the successor to the McCarthy Multi-Cap Stock Fund (the “Predecessor Fund”), a separate registered investment company. The Predecessor Fund was managed by McCarthy Group Advisors, L.L.C. (“McCarthy”). McCarthy was responsible for the day-to-day management of the Predecessor Fund, which had a substantially similar investment objective, investment strategies, policies and restrictions as those of the Fund. The Predecessor Fund’s date of inception was August 6, 2001. The Predecessor Fund reorganized into the Fund on February 7, 2011. Substantially all of the assets of the Predecessor Fund were acquired by the Fund in connection with its commencement of operations on February 7, 2011 (the “Reorganization”).
S- 1
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. Each Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Massachusetts voluntary association, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each, a “Trustee” and together, the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate each Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if a Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust created on or after November 11, 1996 may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES
Each Fund’s investment objective(s) and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectuses. Each Fund, except for the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, is classified as a “diversified” investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund is classified as a “non-diversified” investment company under the 1940 Act. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectuses.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The following are descriptions of the permitted investments and investment practices of the Funds and the associated risk factors. Each Fund may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by that Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below.
Equity Securities. Equity securities represent ownership interests in a company or partnership and consist of common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants to acquire common stock, securities convertible into common stock, and investments in master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). Investments in equity securities in general are subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a Fund invests will cause the net asset value (“NAV”) of the Fund to fluctuate. The Funds purchase equity securities traded in the United States on registered exchanges or the over-the-counter market. Equity securities are described in more detail below:
• | Common Stock. Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock. |
• | Preferred Stock. Preferred stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer that pays dividends at a specified rate and that has precedence over common stock in the payment of dividends. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take precedence over the claims of those who own preferred and common stock. |
S- 2
• | Royalty Trusts. Royalty trusts are structured similarly to real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). A royalty trust generally acquires an interest in natural resource companies or chemical companies and distributes the income it receives to the investors of the royalty trust. A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields. Further, because natural resources are depleting assets, the income producing ability of a royalty trust may eventually be exhausted. |
• | Exchange-Traded Funds. An exchange-traded fund (“ETF”) is a fund whose shares are bought and sold on a securities exchange as if it were a single security. An ETF holds a portfolio of securities designed to track a particular market segment or index. Some examples of ETFs are SPDRs ® , DIAMONDS SM , NASDAQ 100 Index Tracking Stock SM (“QQQs SM ”), and iShares ® . A Fund could purchase an ETF to temporarily gain exposure to a portion of the U.S. or foreign market while awaiting an opportunity to purchase securities directly. The risks of owning an ETF generally reflect the risks of owning the securities comprising the index which an index ETF is designed to track or the other holdings of an active or index ETF, although lack of liquidity in an ETF could result in it being more volatile than the tracked index or underlying holdings, and ETFs have management fees that increase their costs versus the costs of owning the underlying holdings directly. See also “Securities of Other Investment Companies” below. |
• | Warrants. Warrants are instruments that entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments. |
• | Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio. A convertible security may also be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by a Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party. |
Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain or loss than common stocks. Convertible securities generally provide yields higher than the underlying common stocks, but generally lower than comparable non-convertible securities. Because of this higher yield, convertible securities generally sell at a price above their “conversion value,” which is the current market value of the stock to be received upon conversion. The difference between this conversion value and the price of convertible securities will vary over time depending on changes in the value of the underlying common stocks and interest rates. When the underlying common stocks decline in value, convertible securities will tend not to decline to the same extent because of the interest or dividend payments and the repayment of principal at maturity for certain types of convertible securities. However, securities that are convertible other than at the option of the holder generally do not limit the potential for loss to the same extent as securities convertible at the option of the holder. When the underlying common stocks rise in value, the value of convertible securities may also be expected to increase. At the same time, however, the difference between the market value of convertible securities and their conversion value will narrow, which means that the value of convertible securities will generally not increase to the same extent as the value of the underlying common stocks. Because convertible securities may also be interest-rate sensitive, their value may increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. Convertible securities are also subject to credit risk, and are often lower-quality securities.
S- 3
• | Micro, Small and Medium Capitalization Issuers. Investing in equity securities of micro, small and medium capitalization companies often involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in larger capitalization companies. This increased risk may be due to the greater business risks of smaller size, limited markets and financial resources, narrow product lines and frequent lack of depth of management. The securities of micro and smaller companies are often traded in the over-the-counter market and even if listed on a national securities exchange may not be traded in volumes typical for that exchange. Consequently, the securities of micro and smaller companies are less likely to be liquid, may have limited market stability, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than securities of larger, more established growth companies or the market averages in general. |
Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”). A Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities of companies offering shares in IPOs. IPOs may have a magnified performance impact on a Fund with a small asset base. A Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time, which may increase the turnover of a Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses for the Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, a Fund may realize taxable gains it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for a Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Holders of IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
The Funds’ investment in IPO shares may include the securities of unseasoned companies (companies with less than three years of continuous operations), which presents risks considerably greater than common stocks of more established companies. These companies may have limited operating histories and their prospects for profitability may be uncertain. These companies may be involved in new and evolving businesses and may be vulnerable to competition and changes in technology, markets and economic conditions. They may be more dependent on key managers and third parties and may have limited product lines.
Master Limited Partnerships. MLPs are limited partnerships or limited liability companies, whose partnership units or limited liability interests are listed and traded on a U.S. securities exchange, and are treated as publicly traded partnerships for federal income tax purposes. To qualify to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes, an MLP must receive at least 90% of its income from qualifying sources as set forth in Section 7704(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). These qualifying sources include activities such as the exploration, development, mining, production, processing, refining, transportation, storage and marketing of mineral or natural resources. To the extent that an MLP’s interests are concentrated in a particular industry or sector, such as the energy sector, the MLP will be negatively impacted by economic events adversely impacting that industry or sector. MLPs that are formed as limited partnerships generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners, while MLPs that are formed as limited liability companies generally have two analogous classes of owners, the managing member and the members. For purposes of this section, references to general partners also apply to managing members and references to limited partners also apply to members.
The general partner is typically owned by a major energy company, an investment fund, the direct management of the MLP or is an entity owned by one or more of such parties. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an equity interest of as much as 2% in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. A holder of general partner interests can be liable under certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of the holder’s investment in the general partner interest. General partner interests are not publicly traded and generally cannot be converted into common units. The general partner interest can be redeemed by the MLP if the MLP unitholders choose to remove the general partner, typically with a supermajority vote by limited partner unitholders.
Limited partners own the remainder of the MLP through ownership of common units and have a limited role in the MLP’s operations and management. Common units are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges, with their value fluctuating predominantly based on prevailing market conditions and the success of the MLP. Unlike owners of common stock of a corporation, owners of common units have limited voting rights and have no ability annually to elect directors. In the event of liquidation, common units have preference over subordinated units, but not over debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP.
S- 4
MLPs are typically structured such that common units and general partner interests have first priority to receive quarterly cash distributions up to an established minimum amount (“minimum quarterly distributions” or “MQD”). Common and general partner interests also accrue arrearages in distributions to the extent the MQD is not paid. Once common and general partner interests have been paid, subordinated units receive distributions of up to the MQD; however, subordinated units do not accrue arrearages. Distributable cash in excess of the MQD paid to both common and subordinated units is distributed to both common and subordinated units generally on a pro rata basis. The general partner is also eligible to receive incentive distributions if the general partner operates the business in a manner which results in distributions paid per common unit surpassing specified target levels. As the general partner increases cash distributions to the limited partners, the general partner receives an increasingly higher percentage of the incremental cash distributions. A common arrangement provides that the general partner can reach a tier where it receives 50% of every incremental dollar paid to common and subordinated unit holders. These incentive distributions encourage the general partner to streamline costs, increase capital expenditures and acquire assets in order to increase the partnership’s cash flow and raise the quarterly cash distribution in order to reach higher tiers. Such results benefit all security holders of the MLP.
MLP I-Shares. Issuers of MLP I-Shares use the proceeds from the sale of MLP I-Shares to purchase limited partnership interests in the MLP in the form of MLP i-units. Thus, MLP I-Shares represent an indirect interest in an MLP limited partnership interest. MLP i-units have similar features as MLP common units in terms of voting rights, liquidation preference and distribution. MLP I-Shares themselves have limited voting rights and are similar in that respect to MLP common units. MLP I-Shares differ from MLP common units in a number of respects, including that instead of receiving cash distributions, holders of MLP I-Shares will typically receive distributions of additional MLP I-Shares with a value equal to the cash distributions received by common unit holders. MLP I-Shares are traded on securities exchanges. As discussed further below in the “Taxes” section, a Fund’s investment in one or more MLPs that are treated as qualified publicly traded partnerships is limited under the “Asset Test” to no more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s assets. However, because certain issuers of MLP I-Shares are treated as corporations and not partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a Fund’s investment in such MLP I-Shares is generally not counted for purposes of this 25% limitation. Unlike an interest in an MLP taxed as a partnership, returns from investments in MLP I-Shares issued by entities taxed as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes would be affected by a corporate level tax imposed at the entity level.
Fixed Income Securities. Fixed income securities include bonds, notes, debentures and other interest-bearing securities that represent indebtedness. The market value of the fixed income investments in which a Fund invests will change in response to interest rate changes and other factors. During periods of falling interest rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities generally rise. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the values of such securities generally decline. Moreover, while securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields, the prices of longer maturity securities are also subject to greater market fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. Changes by recognized agencies in the rating of any fixed income security and in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of these securities will not necessarily affect cash income derived from these securities but will affect a Fund’s NAV.
Zero Coupon Bonds. These securities are sold at a (usually substantial) discount and redeemed at face value at their maturity date without interim cash payments of interest or principal. When held to maturity, their entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the difference between the issue price and their value at maturity. The amount of the discount rate varies depending on factors including the time remaining until maturity, prevailing interest rates, the security’s liquidity and the issuer’s credit quality. The market prices of zero coupon securities are generally more volatile than the market prices of securities that have similar maturity but that pay interest periodically. Zero coupon securities are likely to respond to a greater degree to interest rate changes than are non-zero coupon securities with similar maturity and credit qualities. A Fund’s investments in pay-in-kind, delayed and zero coupon bonds may require it to sell certain of its securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
S- 5
These securities may include treasury securities, such as Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”), that have had their interest payments (“coupons”) separated from the underlying principal (“corpus”) by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. Once the holder of the security has stripped or separated corpus and coupons, it may sell each component separately. The principal or corpus is then sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic interest (cash) payments. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold bundled in such form. The underlying treasury security is held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities (i.e., unregistered securities which are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero coupon securities that the U.S. Treasury sells itself.
Mortgage-Backed Securities. Yield characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from those of traditional debt securities in a variety of ways. The most significant differences of mortgage-backed securities are: 1) payments of interest and principal are more frequent (usually monthly) and 2) falling interest rates generally cause individual borrowers to pay off their mortgage earlier than expected, which results in prepayments of principal on the securities, thus forcing a Fund to reinvest the money at a lower interest rate. In addition to risks associated with changes in interest rates described in “Factors Affecting the Value of Debt Securities,” a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, such as the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, can cause investors to repay the loans underlying a mortgage-backed security sooner than expected. When prepayment occurs, a Fund may have to reinvest its principal at a rate of interest that is lower than the rate on existing mortgage-backed securities.
Asset-Backed Securities. These securities are interests in pools of a broad range of assets other than mortgages, such as automobile loans, computer leases and credit card receivables. Like mortgage-backed securities, these securities are pass-through. In general, the collateral supporting these securities is of shorter maturity than mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments with interest rate fluctuations, but may still be subject to prepayment risk.
Asset-backed securities present certain risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets, which raises the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities. For example, credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which allow debtors to reduce their balances by offsetting certain amounts owed on the credit cards. Most issuers of asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables permit the servicers of such receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related asset-backed securities. Due to the quantity of vehicles involved and requirements under state laws, asset-backed securities backed by automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the obligations backing such receivables.
To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the entity administering the pool of assets may agree to ensure the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion (“liquidity protection”). In addition, asset-backed securities may obtain insurance, such as guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, for some or all of the assets in the pool (“credit support”). Delinquency or loss more than that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security.
The Funds may also invest in residual interests in asset-backed securities, which consist of the excess cash flow remaining after making required payments on the securities and paying related administrative expenses. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a particular issue of asset-backed securities depends in part on the characteristics of the underlying assets, the coupon rates on the securities, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the actual prepayment experience on the underlying assets.
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Trust Preferred Securities. The Funds may invest in trust preferred securities, which are hybrid instruments issued by a special purpose trust (“Special Trust”), the entire equity interest of which is owned by a single issuer. The proceeds of the issuance to a Fund of trust preferred securities are typically used to purchase a junior subordinated debenture, and distributions from the Special Trust are funded by the payments of principal and interest on the subordinated debenture.
If payments on the underlying junior subordinated debentures held by the Special Trust are deferred by the debenture issuer, the debentures would be treated as original issue discount (“OID”) obligations for the remainder of their term. As a result, holders of trust preferred securities, such as a Fund, would be required to accrue daily for federal income tax purposes their share of the stated interest and the de minimis OID on the debentures (regardless of whether the Fund receives any cash distributions from the Special Trust), and the value of trust preferred securities would likely be negatively affected. Interest payments on the underlying junior subordinated debentures typically may only be deferred if dividends are suspended on both common and preferred stock of the issuer. The underlying junior subordinated debentures generally rank slightly higher in terms of payment priority than both common and preferred securities of the issuer, but rank below other subordinated debentures and debt securities. Trust preferred securities may be subject to mandatory prepayment under certain circumstances. The market values of trust preferred securities may be more volatile than those of conventional debt securities. Trust preferred securities may be issued in reliance on Rule 144A under the 1933 Act, and, unless and until registered, are restricted securities. There can be no assurance as to the liquidity of trust preferred securities and the ability of holders of trust preferred securities, such as the Funds, to sell their holdings.
Terms to Understand:
Maturity. Every debt security has a stated maturity date when the issuer must repay the amount it borrowed (principal) from investors. Some debt securities, however, are callable, meaning the issuer can repay the principal earlier, on or after specified dates (call dates). Debt securities are most likely to be called when interest rates are falling because the issuer can refinance at a lower rate, similar to a homeowner refinancing a mortgage. The effective maturity of a debt security is usually its nearest call date.
A fund that invests in debt securities has no real maturity. Instead, it calculates its weighted average maturity. This number is an average of the effective or anticipated maturity of each debt security held by a fund, with the maturity of each security weighted by the percentage of the assets of the mutual fund it represents.
Duration. Duration is a calculation that seeks to measure the price sensitivity of a debt security, or a Fund that invests in debt securities, to changes in interest rates. Duration measures sensitivity more accurately than maturity because it takes into account the time value of cash flows generated over the life of a debt security. Future interest payments and principal payments are discounted to reflect their present value and then are multiplied by the number of years they will be received to produce a value expressed in years–the duration. Effective duration takes into account call features and sinking Fund prepayments that may shorten the life of a debt security.
An effective duration of four years, for example, would suggest that for each 1% reduction in interest rates at all maturity levels, the price of a security is estimated to increase by 4%. An increase in rates by the same magnitude is estimated to reduce the price of the security by 4%. By knowing the yield and the effective duration of a debt security, one can estimate total return based on an expectation of how much interest rates, in general, will change. While serving as a good estimator of prospective returns, effective duration is an imperfect measure.
Factors Affecting The Value of Debt Securities. The total return of a debt instrument is composed of two elements: the percentage change in the security’s price and interest income earned. The yield to maturity of a debt security estimates its total return only if the price of the debt security remains unchanged during the holding period and coupon interest is reinvested at the same yield to maturity. The total return of a debt instrument, therefore, will be determined not only by how much interest is earned, but also by how much the price of the security and interest rates change.
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• | Interest Rates |
The price of a debt security generally moves in the opposite direction from interest rates ( i.e., if interest rates go up, the value of the bond will go down, and vice versa).
• | Prepayment Risk |
This risk affects mainly mortgage-backed securities. Unlike other debt securities, falling interest rates can adversely affect the value of mortgage-backed securities, which may cause your share price to fall. Lower rates motivate borrowers to pay off the instruments underlying mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities earlier than expected, resulting in prepayments on the securities. A Fund may then have to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayments at lower interest rates, which can reduce its yield. The unexpected timing of mortgage and asset-backed prepayments caused by the variations in interest rates may also shorten or lengthen the average maturity of a Fund. If left unattended, drifts in the average maturity of a Fund can have the unintended effect of increasing or reducing the effective duration of the Fund, which may adversely affect the expected performance of the Fund.
• | Extension Risk |
The other side of prepayment risk occurs when interest rates are rising. Rising interest rates can cause a Fund’s average maturity to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in mortgage prepayments. This relationship would increase the sensitivity of a Fund to rising rates as well as the potential for price declines. Extending the average life of a mortgage-backed security increases the risk of depreciation due to future increases in market interest rates. For these reasons, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than other types of U.S. government securities as a means of “locking in” interest rates.
• | Credit Rating |
Coupon interest is offered to investors of debt securities as compensation for assuming risk, although short-term treasury securities, such as three-month treasury bills, are considered “risk free.” Corporate securities offer higher yields than treasury securities because their payment of interest and complete repayment of principal is less certain. The credit rating or financial condition of an issuer may affect the value of a debt security. Generally, the lower the quality rating of a security, the greater the risks that the issuer will fail to pay interest and return principal. To compensate investors for taking on increased risk, issuers with lower credit ratings usually offer their investors a higher “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates than those available from comparable treasury securities.
Changes in investor confidence regarding the certainty of interest and principal payments of a corporate debt security will result in an adjustment to this “risk premium.” Since an issuer’s outstanding debt carries a fixed coupon, adjustments to the risk premium must occur in the price, which affects the yield to maturity of the bond. If an issuer defaults or becomes unable to honor its financial obligations, the bond may lose some or all of its value.
A security rated within the four highest rating categories by a rating agency is called investment-grade because its issuer is more likely to pay interest and repay principal than an issuer of a lower rated bond. Adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances, however, may weaken the capacity of the issuer to pay interest and repay principal. If a security is not rated or is rated under a different system, each Fund’s investment managers may determine the credit quality of the security.
Debt securities rated below investment-grade (junk bonds) are highly speculative securities that are usually issued by smaller, less credit-worthy and/or highly leveraged (indebted) companies. A corporation may issue a junk bond because of a corporate restructuring or other similar event. Compared with investment-grade bonds, junk bonds carry a greater degree of risk and are less likely to make payments of interest and principal. Market developments and the financial and business condition of the corporation issuing these securities influence their price and liquidity more than changes in interest rates, when compared to investment-grade debt securities. Insufficient liquidity in the junk bond market may make it more difficult to dispose of junk bonds and may cause a Fund to experience sudden and substantial price declines. A lack of reliable, objective data or market quotations may make it more difficult to value junk bonds accurately.
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Rating agencies are organizations that assign ratings to securities based primarily on the rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s financial strength. The Funds currently use ratings compiled by Moody’s Investor Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s Rating Services (“S&P”), Fitch Ratings and other nationally recognized statistical ratings organizations ("NRSROs"). Credit ratings are only an agency’s opinion, not an absolute standard of quality, and they do not reflect an evaluation of market risk.
The section “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” contains further information concerning the ratings of certain rating agencies and their significance.
Each Fund’s investment managers may use ratings produced by ratings agencies as guidelines to determine the rating of a security at the time a Fund buys it. A rating agency may change its credit ratings at any time. Each Fund’s investment managers monitor the rating of the security and will take such action, if any, they believe appropriate when they learn that a rating agency has reduced the security’s rating.
Bank Loans. Bank loans typically are arranged through private negotiations between a borrower and several financial institutions or a group of lenders which are represented by one or more lenders acting as agent. The agent is often a commercial bank that originates the loan and invites other parties to join the lending syndicate. The agent will be primarily responsible for negotiating the loan agreement and will have responsibility for the documentation and ongoing administration of the loan on behalf of the lenders after completion of the loan transaction. A Fund can invest in a bank loan either as a direct lender or through an assignment or participation.
When a Fund acts as a direct lender, it will have a direct contractual relationship with the borrower and may participate in structuring the loan, may enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement and may have voting, consent and set-off rights under the loan agreement.
Loan assignments are investments in all or a portion of certain bank loans purchased from the lenders or from other third parties. The purchaser of an assignment typically will acquire direct rights against the borrower under the loan. While the purchaser of an assignment typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations of the assigning lender under the loan agreement, because assignments are arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and assignors, or other third parties whose interests are being assigned, the rights and obligations acquired by a Fund may differ from and be more limited than those held by the assigning lender.
A holder of a loan participation typically has only a contractual right with the seller of the participation and not with the borrower or any other entities interpositioned between the seller of the participation and the borrower. As such, the purchaser of a loan participation assumes the credit risk of the seller of the participation, and any intermediary entities between the seller and the borrower, in addition to the credit risk of the borrower. When a Fund holds a loan participation, it will have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and fees to which it may be entitled only from the seller of the participation and only upon receipt of the seller of such payments from the borrower or from any intermediary parties between the seller and the borrower. Additionally, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement, will have no voting, consent or set-off rights under the loan agreement and may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the loan although lenders that sell participations generally are required to distribute liquidation proceeds received by them pro rata among the holders of such participations. In the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the borrower, a loan participation may be subject to certain defenses that can be asserted by the borrower as a result of improper conduct by the seller or intermediary. If the borrower fails to pay principal and interest when due, a Fund may be subject to greater delays, expenses and risks than those that would have been involved if the Fund had purchased a direct obligation of such borrower.
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Direct loans, assignments and loan participations may be considered liquid, as determined by the investment managers based on criteria approved by the Board.
A Fund may have difficulty disposing of bank loans because, in certain cases, the market for such instruments is not highly liquid. The lack of a highly liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the value of such instruments and on the Fund’s ability to dispose of the bank loan in response to a specific economic event, such as deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower. Furthermore, transactions in many loans settle on a delayed basis, and the Fund may not receive the proceeds from the sale of a loan for a substantial period of time after the sale. As a result, those proceeds will not be available to make additional investments or to meet the Fund’s redemption obligations. To the extent that extended settlement creates short-term liquidity needs, a Fund may satisfy these needs by holding additional cash or selling other investments (potentially at an inopportune time, which could result in losses to a Fund).
Bank loans may not be considered “securities,” and purchasers, such as a Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
The investment managers may from time to time have the opportunity to receive material, non-public information (“Confidential Information”) about the borrower, including financial information and related documentation regarding the borrower that is not publicly available. Pursuant to applicable policies and procedures, the investment managers may (but are not required to) seek to avoid receipt of Confidential Information from the borrower so as to avoid possible restrictions on their ability to purchase and sell investments on behalf of a Fund and other clients to which such Confidential Information relates (e.g., publicly traded securities issued by the borrower). In such circumstances, the Fund (and other clients of the investment managers) may be disadvantaged in comparison to other investors, including with respect to the price the Fund pays or receives when it buys or sells a bank loan. Further, the investment managers’ abilities to assess the desirability of proposed consents, waivers or amendments with respect to certain bank loans may be compromised if they are not privy to available Confidential Information. The investment managers may also determine to receive such Confidential Information in certain circumstances under their applicable policies and procedures. If the investment managers intentionally or unintentionally come into possession of Confidential Information, they may be unable, potentially for a substantial period of time, to purchase or sell publicly traded securities to which such Confidential Information relates.
Foreign Securities. Foreign securities include equity securities of foreign entities, obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of foreign banks, including, without limitation, European Certificates of Deposit, European Time Deposits, European Bankers’ Acceptances, Canadian Time Deposits, Europaper and Yankee Certificates of Deposit, and investments in Canadian Commercial Paper and foreign securities. These instruments have investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in obligations of U.S. domestic issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, the possible imposition of withholding taxes on interest or other income, possible seizure, nationalization, or expropriation of foreign deposits, the possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source, greater fluctuations in value due to changes in exchange rates, or the adoption of other foreign governmental restrictions which might adversely affect the payment of principal and interest on such obligations. Such investments may also entail higher custodial fees and sales commissions than domestic investments. Foreign issuers of securities or obligations are often subject to accounting treatment and engage in business practices different from those respecting domestic issuers of similar securities or obligations. Foreign branches of U.S. banks and foreign banks may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks.
In June 2016, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom (the “UK”) voted in a referendum to leave the European Union (“EU”). Although the precise timeframe for “Brexit” is uncertain, the UK formally notified the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in March 2017, and this formal notification began a two-year period of negotiations regarding the terms of the UK’s exit from the EU. It is unclear how withdrawal negotiations will be conducted and what the potential consequences may be. In addition, it is possible that measures could be taken to revote on the issue of Brexit, or that portions of the UK could seek to separate and remain a part of the EU. As a result of the political divisions within the UK and between the UK and the EU that the referendum vote has highlighted and the uncertain consequences of a Brexit, the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significantly impacted, which may result in increased volatility and illiquidity, and potentially lower economic growth in markets in the UK, Europe and globally that could potentially have an adverse effect on the value of the Funds’ investments.
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Investments in Emerging Markets. “Emerging markets” include countries in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, and other countries that the Funds consider to be equivalent to those in that index based on their level of economic development or the size and experience of their securities markets. The Funds consider a company to be an emerging market company if (i) at least 50% of the company’s assets are located in emerging markets; (ii) at least 50% of the company’s revenues are generated in emerging markets; or (iii) the company is domiciled in an emerging market.
Investing in emerging markets involves additional risks and special considerations not typically associated with investing in other more established economies or markets. Such risks may include (i) increased risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets or confiscatory taxation; (ii) greater social, economic and political uncertainty, including war; (iii) higher dependence on exports and the corresponding importance of international trade; (iv) greater volatility, less liquidity and smaller capitalization of markets; (v) greater volatility in currency exchange rates; (vi) greater risk of inflation; (vii) greater controls on foreign investment and limitations on realization of investments, repatriation of invested capital and on the ability to exchange local currencies for U.S. dollars; (viii) increased likelihood of governmental involvement in and control over the economy; (ix) governmental decisions to cease support of economic reform programs or to impose centrally planned economies; (x) differences in auditing and financial reporting standards which may result in the unavailability of material information about issuers; (xi) less extensive regulation of the markets; (xii) longer settlement periods for transactions and less reliable clearance and custody arrangements; (xiii) less developed corporate laws regarding fiduciary duties of officers and directors and the protection of investors; (xiv) certain considerations regarding the maintenance of a Fund’s securities with local brokers and securities depositories and (xv) the imposition of withholding or other taxes on dividends, interest, capital gains, other income or gross sale or disposition proceeds.
Repatriation of investment income, assets and the proceeds of sales by foreign investors may require governmental registration and/or approval in some emerging market countries. The Funds could be adversely affected by delays in or a refusal to grant any required governmental registration or approval for such repatriation or by withholding taxes imposed by emerging market countries on interest or dividends paid on securities held by the Funds or gains from the disposition of such securities.
In emerging markets, there is often less government supervision and regulation of business and industry practices, stock exchanges, over-the-counter markets, brokers, dealers, counterparties and issuers than in other more established markets. Any regulatory supervision that is in place may be subject to manipulation or control. Some emerging market countries do not have mature legal systems comparable to those of more developed countries. Moreover, the process of legal and regulatory reform may not be proceeding at the same pace as market developments, which could result in investment risk. Legislation to safeguard the rights of private ownership may not yet be in place in certain areas, and there may be the risk of conflict among local, regional and national requirements. In certain cases, the laws and regulations governing investments in securities may not exist or may be subject to inconsistent or arbitrary appreciation or interpretation. Both the independence of judicial systems and their immunity from economic, political or nationalistic influences remain largely untested in many countries. The Funds may also encounter difficulties in pursuing legal remedies or in obtaining and enforcing judgments in local courts.
Investment in the People’s Republic of China (“China”). Investing in China is subject to the risks of investing in emerging markets and additional risks which are specific to the Chinese market.
The economy of China is in a state of transition from a planned economy to a more market oriented economy and investments may be sensitive to changes in law and regulation together with political, social or economic policy which includes possible government intervention.
Each Fund may incur losses due to limited investment capabilities, or may not be able to fully implement or pursue its investment objective or strategy, due to local investment restrictions, illiquidity of the Chinese domestic securities market, and/or delay or disruption in execution and settlement of trades.
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Investments in China A Shares. The Funds may invest in A Shares of companies based in China through the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect program or Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect program (collectively, “Stock Connect”) subject to any applicable regulatory limits. Stock Connect is a securities trading and clearing linked program developed by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (“HKEx”), the Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited (“HKSCC”), Shanghai Stock Exchange (“SSE”), Shenzhen Stock Exchange (“SZSE”) and China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation Limited (“ChinaClear”) with the aim of achieving mutual stock market access between China and Hong Kong. This program allows foreign investors to trade certain SSE-listed or SZSE-listed China A Shares through their Hong Kong based brokers. All Hong Kong and overseas investors in Stock Connect will trade and settle SSE or SZSE securities in the offshore Renminbi (“CNH”) only. The Funds will be exposed to any fluctuation in the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and CNH in respect of such investments.
By seeking to invest in the domestic securities markets of China via Stock Connect a Fund is subject to the following additional risks:
• | General Risks. The relevant regulations are relatively untested and subject to change. There is no certainty as to how they will be applied, which could adversely affect the Fund. The program requires use of new information technology systems which may be subject to operational risk due to the program’s cross-border nature. If the relevant systems fail to function properly, trading in both Hong Kong and Chinese markets through the program could be disrupted. |
Stock Connect will only operate on days when both the Chinese and Hong Kong markets are open for trading and when banks in both markets are open on the corresponding settlement days. There may be occasions when it is a normal trading day for the Chinese market but Stock Connect is not trading. As a result, the Fund may be subject to the risk of price fluctuations in China A Shares when the Fund cannot carry out any China A Shares trading.
• | Foreign Shareholding Restrictions. The trading, acquisition, disposal and holding of securities under Stock Connect are subject at all times to applicable law, which imposes purchasing and holding limits. These limitations and restrictions may have the effect of restricting an investor’s ability to purchase, subscribe for or hold any China A Shares or to take up any entitlements in respect of such shares, or requiring an investor to reduce its holding in any securities, whether generally or at a particular point of time, and whether by way of forced sale or otherwise. As such, investors may incur loss arising from such limitations, restrictions and/or forced sale. |
• | Clearing and Settlement Risk. HKSCC and ChinaClear have established the clearing links and each will become a participant of each other to facilitate clearing and settlement of cross-boundary trades. For cross-boundary trades initiated in a market, the clearing house of that market will on one hand clear and settle with its own clearing participants and on the other hand undertake to fulfill the clearing and settlement obligations of its clearing participants with the counterparty clearing house. |
In the event ChinaClear defaults, HKSCC’s liabilities under its market contracts with clearing participants may be limited to assisting clearing participants with claims. It is anticipated that HKSCC will act in good faith to seek recovery of the outstanding stocks and monies from ChinaClear through available legal channels or the liquidation of ChinaClear. Regardless, the process of recovery could be delayed and the Fund may not fully recover its losses or its Stock Connect securities.
• | Legal/Beneficial Ownership. Where securities are held in custody on a cross-border basis there are specific legal and beneficial ownership risks linked to the compulsory requirements of the local central securities depositaries, HKSCC and ChinaClear. |
As in other emerging markets, the legislative framework is only beginning to develop the concept of legal/formal ownership and of beneficial ownership or interest in securities. In addition, HKSCC, as nominee holder, does not guarantee the title to Stock Connect securities held through it and is under no obligation to enforce title or other rights associated with ownership on behalf of beneficial owners. Consequently, the courts may consider that any nominee or custodian as registered holder of Stock Connect securities would have full ownership thereof, and that those Stock Connect securities would form part of the pool of assets of such entity available for distribution to creditors of such entities and/or that a beneficial owner may have no rights whatsoever in respect thereof. Consequently, neither the Fund nor its custodian can ensure that the Fund’s ownership of these securities or title thereto is assured.
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To the extent that HKSCC is deemed to be performing safekeeping functions with respect to assets held through it, it should be noted that the Fund and its custodian will have no legal relationship with HKSCC and no direct legal recourse against HKSCC in the event that the Fund suffers losses resulting from the performance or insolvency of HKSCC.
• | Operational Risk. The HKSCC provides clearing, settlement, nominee functions and other related services in respect of trades executed by Hong Kong market participants. Chinese regulations which include certain restrictions on selling and buying will apply to all market participants. In the case of a sale, pre-delivery of shares to the broker is required, increasing counterparty risk. As a result, the Fund may not be able to purchase and/or dispose of holdings of China A Shares in a timely manner. |
• | Day Trading Restrictions. Day (turnaround) trading is not permitted through Stock Connect. Investors buying A Shares on day T can only sell the shares on and after day T+1 subject to any Stock Connect rules. |
• | Quota Limitations. The Stock Connect program is subject to daily quota limitations which may restrict the Fund’s ability to invest in China A Shares through the program on a timely basis. |
• | Investor Compensation. The Fund will not benefit from Chinese local investor compensation schemes. |
Tax within China. Uncertainties in Chinese tax rules governing taxation of income and gains from investments in A Shares via Stock Connect could result in unexpected tax liabilities for a Fund. A Fund’s investments in securities, including A Shares, issued by Chinese companies may cause the Fund to become subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by China.
If a Fund were considered to be a tax resident of China, it would be subject to Chinese corporate income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide taxable income. If a Fund were considered to be a non-resident enterprise with a “permanent establishment” in China, it would be subject to Chinese corporate income tax of 25% on the profits attributable to the permanent establishment. The Adviser intends to operate each Fund in a manner that will prevent it from being treated as a tax resident of China and from having a permanent establishment in China. It is possible, however, that China could disagree with that conclusion, or that changes in Chinese tax law could affect the Chinese corporate income tax status of a Fund.
China generally imposes withholding income tax at a rate of 10% on dividends, premiums, interest and capital gains originating in China and paid to a company that is not a resident of China for tax purposes and that has no permanent establishment in China. The withholding is in general made by the relevant Chinese tax resident company making such payments. In the event the relevant Chinese tax resident company fails to withhold the relevant Chinese withholding income tax or otherwise fails to pay the relevant withholding income tax to Chinese tax authorities, the competent tax authorities may, at their sole discretion, impose tax obligations on a Fund.
The Ministry of Finance of China, the State Administration of Taxation of China and the China Securities Regulatory Commission issued Caishui [2014] No. 81 on October 31, 2014 (“Notice 81”) and Caishui [2016] No. 127 on November 5, 2016 ("Notice 127"), both of which state that the capital gain from disposal of China A Shares by foreign investors enterprises via Stock Connect will be temporarily exempt from withholding income tax. Notice 81 and Notice 127 also state that the dividends derived from A Shares by foreign investors enterprises is subject to a 10% withholding income tax.
There is no indication of how long the temporary exemption will remain in effect and a Fund may be subject to such withholding income tax in the future. If, in the future, China begins applying tax rules regarding the taxation of income from investments through Stock Connect and/or begins collecting capital gains taxes on such investments, a Fund could be subject to withholding income tax liability if the Fund determines that such liability cannot be reduced or eliminated by applicable tax treaties. The Chinese tax authorities may in the future issue further guidance in this regard and with potential retrospective effect. The negative impact of any such tax liability on a Fund’s return could be substantial.
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In light of the uncertainty as to how gains or income that may be derived from a Fund’s investments in China will be taxed, the Fund reserves the right to provide for withholding tax on such gains or income and withhold tax for the account of the Fund. Withholding tax may already be withheld at a broker/custodian level.
Any tax provision, if made, will be reflected in the net asset value of a Fund at the time the provision is used to satisfy tax liabilities. If the actual applicable tax levied by the Chinese tax authorities is greater than that provided for by the Fund so that there is a shortfall in the tax provision amount, the net asset value of the Fund may suffer as the Fund will have to bear additional tax liabilities. In this case, then existing and new shareholders in the Fund will be disadvantaged. If the actual applicable tax levied by Chinese tax authorities is less than that provided for by the Fund so that there is an excess in the tax provision amount, shareholders who redeemed Fund shares before the Chinese tax authorities’ ruling, decision or guidance may have been disadvantaged as they would have borne any loss from the Fund’s overprovision. In this case, the then existing and new shareholders in the Fund may benefit if the difference between the tax provision and the actual taxation liability can be returned to the account of the Fund as assets thereof. Any excess in the tax provision amount shall be treated as property of the Fund, and shareholders who previously transferred or redeemed their Fund shares will not be entitled or have any right to claim any part of the amount representing the excess.
Stamp duty under the Chinese laws generally applies to the execution and receipt of taxable documents, which include contracts for the sale of A Shares traded on Chinese stock exchanges. In the case of such contracts, the stamp duty is currently imposed on the seller but not on the purchaser, at the rate of 0.1%. The sale or other transfer by the Adviser of A Shares will accordingly be subject to Chinese stamp duty, but the Fund will not be subject to Chinese stamp duty when it acquires A Shares.
A Fund may also potentially be subject to Chinese value added tax at the rate of 6% on capital gains derived from trading of A Shares and interest income (if any). Existing guidance provides a temporary value added tax exemption for Hong Kong and overseas investors in respect of their gains derived from the trading of Chinese securities through Stock Connect. Because there is no indication how long the temporary exemption will remain in effect, a Fund may be subject to such value added tax in the future. In addition, urban maintenance and construction tax (currently at rates ranging from 1% to 7%), educational surcharge (currently at the rate of 3%) and local educational surcharge (currently at the rate of 2%) (collectively, the “surtaxes”) are imposed based on value added tax liabilities, so if the Fund were liable for value added tax it would also be required to pay the applicable surtaxes.
The Chinese rules for taxation of Stock Connect are evolving, and certain of the tax regulations to be issued by the State Administration of Taxation of China and/or Ministry of Finance of China to clarify the subject matter may apply retrospectively, even if such rules are adverse to a Fund and its shareholders. The imposition of taxes, particularly on a retrospective basis, could have a material adverse effect on a Fund’s returns. Before further guidance is issued and is well established in the administrative practice of the Chinese tax authorities, the practices of the Chinese tax authorities that collect Chinese taxes relevant to a Fund may differ from, or be applied in a manner inconsistent with, the practices with respect to the analogous investments described herein or any further guidance that may be issued. The value of a Fund’s investment in China and the amount of its income and gains could be adversely affected by an increase in tax rates or change in the taxation basis.
The above information is only a general summary of the potential Chinese tax consequences that may be imposed on a Fund and its shareholders either directly or indirectly and should not be taken as a definitive, authoritative or comprehensive statement of the relevant matter. Shareholders should seek their own tax advice on their tax position with regard to their investment in a Fund.
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The Chinese government has implemented a number of tax reform policies in recent years. The current tax laws and regulations may be revised or amended in the future. Any revision or amendment in tax laws and regulations may affect the after-taxation profit of Chinese companies and foreign investors in such companies, such as a Fund.
American Depositary Receipts. American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. Depositary receipts are securities that evidence ownership interests in a security or a pool of securities that have been deposited with a “depository” and may be sponsored or unsponsored. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. The underlying shares are held in trust by a custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities.
For ADRs, the depository is typically a U.S. financial institution and the underlying securities are issued by a foreign issuer. For other depositary receipts, the depository may be a foreign or a U.S. entity, and the underlying securities may have a foreign or a U.S. issuer. Depositary receipts will not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as their underlying securities. Generally, ADRs are issued in registered form, denominated in U.S. dollars, and designed for use in the U.S. securities markets. Other depositary receipts, such as GDRs and EDRs, may be issued in bearer form and denominated in other currencies, and are generally designed for use in securities markets outside the U.S. While the two types of depositary receipt facilities (unsponsored or sponsored) are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants. A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of non-objection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services.
Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholders meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
For purposes of a Fund’s investment policies, investments in depositary receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities. Thus, a depositary receipt representing ownership of common stock will be treated as common stock. Depositary receipts do not eliminate all of the risks associated with directly investing in the securities of foreign issuers.
Investments in the securities of foreign issuers may subject the Funds to investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in securities of U.S. issuers. Such risks include future adverse political and economic developments, possible imposition of withholding taxes on income, possible seizure, nationalization or expropriation of foreign deposits, possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source or greater fluctuation in value due to changes in exchange rates. Foreign issuers of securities often engage in business practices different from those of domestic issuers of similar securities, and there may be less information publicly available about foreign issuers. In addition, foreign issuers are, generally speaking, subject to less government supervision and regulation and different accounting treatment than are those in the United States.
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Sovereign Debt Obligations. Sovereign debt obligations are issued or guaranteed by foreign governments or their agencies. Sovereign debt may be in the form of conventional securities or other types of debt instruments such as loans or loan participations. Governmental entities responsible for repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal and pay interest when due, and may require renegotiation or reschedule of debt payments. In addition, prospects for repayment of principal and payment of interest may depend on political as well as economic factors. Although some sovereign debt, such as Brady Bonds, is collateralized by U.S. government securities, repayment of principal and payment of interest is not guaranteed by the U.S. government.
Municipal Securities. Municipal securities, including municipal bonds and municipal notes, consist of: (i) debt obligations issued by or on behalf of public authorities to obtain funds to be used for various public facilities, for refunding outstanding obligations, for general operating expenses and for lending such funds to other public institutions and facilities, and (ii) certain private activity and industrial development bonds issued by or on behalf of public authorities to obtain funds to provide for the construction, equipment, repair or improvement of privately operated facilities.
Municipal bonds are debt obligations issued to obtain funds for various public purposes. Municipal bonds include general obligation bonds, revenue or special obligation bonds, private activity and industrial development bonds, moral obligation bonds and participation interests in municipal bonds. General obligation bonds are backed by the taxing power of the issuing municipality. Revenue or special obligation bonds are backed by the revenues of a project or facility, such as tolls from a toll bridge. Private activity or industrial development bonds are issued by or on behalf of public authorities to raise money to finance various privately-owned or -operated facilities for business and manufacturing, housing, sports and pollution control. These bonds are also used to finance public facilities such as airports, mass transit systems, ports, parking or sewage or solid waste disposal facilities and certain other facilities. The payment of the principal and interest on such bonds is dependent solely on the ability of the facility’s user to meet its financial obligations and the pledge, if any, of real and personal property financed as security for such payment. Moral obligation bonds are normally issued by special purpose authorities. Moral obligation bonds are not backed by the full faith and credit of the issuing municipality, but are generally backed by the agreement of the issuing authority to request appropriations from the municipality’s legislative body. Certificates of participation represent an interest in an underlying obligation or commitment, such as an obligation issued in connection with a leasing arrangement.
Municipal notes consist of general obligation notes, tax anticipation notes (notes sold to finance working capital needs of the issuer in anticipation of receiving taxes on a future date), revenue anticipation notes (notes sold to provide needed cash prior to receipt of expected non-tax revenues from a specific source), bond anticipation notes, tax and revenue anticipation notes, certificates of indebtedness, demand notes and construction loan notes. The maturities of the instruments at the time of issue will generally range from three months to one year.
Money Market Securities. Money market securities include short-term U.S. government securities; custodial receipts evidencing separately traded interest and principal components of securities issued by the U.S. Treasury; commercial paper rated in the highest short-term rating category by an NRSRO, such as S&P or Moody’s, or determined by the investment managers to be of comparable quality at the time of purchase; short-term bank obligations (certificates of deposit, time deposits and bankers’ acceptances) of U.S. commercial banks with assets of at least $1 billion as of the end of their most recent fiscal year; and repurchase agreements involving such securities. Each of these money market securities are described below. For a description of ratings, see “Appendix A – Description of Ratings” to this SAI.
Real Estate Investment Trusts. A REIT is a corporation or business trust (that would otherwise be taxed as a corporation) which meets the definitional requirements of the Code. The Code permits a qualifying REIT to deduct from taxable income the dividends paid, thereby effectively eliminating corporate level federal income tax and making the REIT a pass-through vehicle for federal income tax purposes. To meet the definitional requirements of the Code, a REIT must, among other things: invest substantially all of its assets in interests in real estate (including mortgages and other REITs), cash and government securities; derive most of its income from rents from real property or interest on loans secured by mortgages on real property; and distribute annually 90% or more of its otherwise taxable income to shareholders.
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REITs are sometimes informally characterized as Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. An Equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings; a Mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real property, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans.
REITs may be affected by changes in underlying real estate values, which may have an exaggerated effect to the extent that REITs in which the Funds invest may concentrate investments in particular geographic regions or property types. Certain REITs have relatively small market capitalization, which may tend to increase the volatility of the market price of securities issued by such REITs. Additionally, rising interest rates may cause investors in REITs to demand a higher annual yield from future distributions, which may in turn decrease market prices for equity securities issued by REITs. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a Fund’s investments to decline. During periods of declining interest rates, certain Mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by such Mortgage REITs. Equity and Mortgage REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation. In addition, Mortgage REITs may be affected by the ability of borrowers to repay when due the debt extended by the REIT and Equity REITs may be affected by the ability of tenants to pay rent. The above factors may adversely affect a borrower’s or a lessee’s ability to meet its obligations to the REIT. In the event of default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments.
Furthermore, REITs are dependent upon specialized management skills, have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. By investing in REITs indirectly through a Fund, a shareholder will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the REITs. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders. In addition, REITs could possibly fail to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Code or to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act.
• | Real Estate Companies’ Securities. The Funds may be subject to the risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate. For example, real estate values may fluctuate as a result of general and local economic conditions, overbuilding and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, demographic trends and variations in rental income, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, regulatory limitations on rents, changes in neighborhood values, related party risks, changes in how appealing properties are to tenants, changes in interest rates and other real estate capital market influences. |
U.S. Government Securities. Each Fund may invest in U.S. government securities. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities include U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury and which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. U.S. Treasury bills have initial maturities of one-year or less; U.S. Treasury notes have initial maturities of one to ten years; and U.S. Treasury bonds generally have initial maturities of greater than ten years. U.S. Treasury notes and bonds typically pay coupon interest semi-annually and repay the principal at maturity. Certain U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government including, but not limited to, obligations of U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Small Business Administration, the Federal Farm Credit Administration, the Federal Home Loan Banks, Banks for Cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives), the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Federal Financing Bank, the Student Loan Marketing Association, the National Credit Union Administration and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“Farmer Mac”).
Some obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities, including, for example, Ginnie Mae pass-through certificates, are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. Other obligations issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those securities issued by Fannie Mae, are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the federal agency. Additionally, some obligations are issued by or guaranteed by federal agencies, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, which are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored federal agencies, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. Guarantees of principal by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may be a guarantee of payment at the maturity of the obligation so that in the event of a default prior to maturity there might not be a market and thus no means of realizing on the obligation prior to maturity. Guarantees as to the timely payment of principal and interest do not extend to the value or yield of these securities nor to the value of the Funds’ shares.
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On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced a federal takeover of Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), placing the two federal instrumentalities in conservatorship. Under the takeover, the U.S. Treasury agreed to acquire $1 billion of senior preferred stock of each instrumentality and obtained warrants for the purchase of common stock of each instrumentality (the “Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement” or “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, the U.S. Treasury pledged to provide up to $200 billion per instrumentality as needed, including the contribution of cash capital to the instrumentalities in the event their liabilities exceed their assets. This was intended to ensure that the instrumentalities maintain a positive net worth and meet their financial obligations, preventing mandatory triggering of receivership. On December 24, 2009, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was amending the Agreement to allow the $200 billion cap on the U.S. Treasury’s funding commitment to increase as necessary to accommodate any cumulative reduction in net worth through the end of 2012. The unlimited support the U.S. Treasury extended to the two companies expired at the beginning of 2013 – Fannie Mae’s support is now capped at $125 billion and Freddie Mac has a limit of $149 billion.
On August 17, 2012, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to terminate the requirement that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each pay a 10% annual dividend. Instead, the companies will transfer to the U.S. Treasury on a quarterly basis all profits earned during a quarter that exceed a capital reserve amount. The capital reserve amount was $3 billion in 2013, and decreased by $600 million in each subsequent year through 2017. It is believed that the new amendment puts Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in a better position to service their debt because the companies no longer have to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to make fixed dividend payments. As part of the new terms, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac also will be required to reduce their investment portfolios over time. On December 21, 2017, the U.S. Treasury announced that it was again amending the Agreement to reinstate the $3 billion capital reserve amount.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are the subject of several continuing class action lawsuits and investigations by federal regulators over certain accounting, disclosure or corporate governance matters, which (along with any resulting financial restatements) may adversely affect the guaranteeing entities. Importantly, the future of the entities is in serious question as the U.S. government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities.
U.S. Treasury Obligations. U.S. Treasury obligations consist of direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury, including Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and separately traded interest and principal component parts of such obligations, including those transferable through the Federal book-entry system known as STRIPS. The STRIPS program lets investors hold and trade the individual interest and principal components of eligible Treasury notes and bonds as separate securities. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts separately.
Commercial Paper. Commercial paper is the term used to designate unsecured short-term promissory notes issued by corporations and other entities. Maturities on these issues vary from a few to 270 days.
Obligations of Domestic Banks, Foreign Banks and Foreign Branches of U.S. Banks. The Funds may invest in obligations issued by banks and other savings institutions. Investments in bank obligations include obligations of domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks. Such investments in domestic branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of domestic banks may involve risks that are different from investments in securities of domestic branches of U.S. banks. These risks may include future unfavorable political and economic developments, possible withholding taxes on interest income, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations, or other governmental restrictions which might affect the payment of principal or interest on the securities held by a Fund. Additionally, these institutions may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting and recordkeeping requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Bank obligations include the following:
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• | Bankers’ Acceptances . Bankers’ acceptances are bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Corporations use bankers’ acceptances to finance the shipment and storage of goods and to furnish dollar exchange. Maturities are generally six months or less. |
• | Certificates of Deposit . Certificates of deposit are interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity. They are issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds and normally can be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Certificates of deposit with penalties for early withdrawal will be considered illiquid. |
• | Time Deposits. Time deposits are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds. Like a certificate of deposit, it earns a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. Time deposits with a withdrawal penalty or that mature in more than seven days are considered to be illiquid investments. |
Repurchase Agreements. The Funds may enter into repurchase agreements with financial institutions. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, broker, or dealer, and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The acquisition of a repurchase agreement may be deemed to be an acquisition of the underlying securities as long as the obligation of the seller to repurchase the securities is collateralized fully. The Funds follow certain procedures designed to minimize the risks inherent in such agreements. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with creditworthy financial institutions whose condition will be continually monitored by the investment managers. The repurchase agreements entered into by the Funds will provide that the underlying collateral at all times shall have a value at least equal to 102% of the resale price stated in the agreement and consist only of securities permissible under Section 101(47)(A)(i) of the Bankruptcy Code (the investment managers monitor compliance with this requirement). Under all repurchase agreements entered into by the Funds, the custodian or its agent must take possession of the underlying collateral. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Funds will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of a Fund’s right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. A Fund may enter into “tri-party” repurchase agreements. In “tri-party” repurchase agreements, an unaffiliated third party custodian maintains accounts to hold collateral for the Fund and its counterparties and, therefore, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of those custodians.
It is the current policy of each Fund not to invest in repurchase agreements that do not mature within seven days if any such investment, together with any other illiquid assets held by that Fund, amounts to more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets. The investments of the Funds in repurchase agreements, at times, may be substantial when, in the view of the investment managers, liquidity or other considerations so warrant.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which a Fund sells portfolio securities to financial institutions, such as banks and broker-dealers, and agrees to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon date and price that is higher than the original sale price. Reverse repurchase agreements are similar to a fully collateralized borrowing by a Fund. At the time a Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will earmark on the books of the Fund or place in a segregated account cash or liquid securities having a value equal to the repurchase price (including accrued interest) and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve risks. Reverse repurchase agreements are a form of leverage, and the use of reverse repurchase agreements by a Fund may increase the Fund’s volatility. Reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to the risk that the other party to the reverse repurchase agreement will be unable or unwilling to complete the transaction as scheduled, which may result in losses to a Fund. Reverse repurchase agreements also involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by a Fund may decline below the price at which it is obligated to repurchase the securities. In addition, when a Fund invests the proceeds it receives in a reverse repurchase transaction, there is a risk that those investments may decline in value. In this circumstance, the Fund could be required to sell other investments in order to meet its obligations to repurchase the securities.
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Securities of Other Investment Companies. The Funds may invest in shares of other investment companies, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to certain restrictions. These investment companies typically incur fees that are separate from those fees incurred directly by the Funds. A Fund’s purchase of such investment company securities results in the layering of expenses, such that shareholders would indirectly bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of such investment companies, including advisory fees, in addition to paying the Fund’s expenses. Unless an exception is available, Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act prohibits a fund from (i) acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any one investment company, (ii) investing more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10% of its total assets in investment companies, including ETFs.
For hedging or other purposes, the Funds may invest in investment companies that seek to track the composition and/or performance of specific indexes or portions of specific indexes. Certain of these investment companies, known as ETFs, are traded on a securities exchange. (See “Exchange-Traded Funds” above). The market prices of index-based investments will fluctuate in accordance with changes in the underlying portfolio securities of the investment company and also due to supply and demand of the investment company’s shares on the exchange upon which the shares are traded. Index-based investments may not replicate or otherwise match the composition or performance of their specified index due to transaction costs, among other things.
Pursuant to orders issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to certain ETFs and procedures approved by the Board, the Funds may invest in such ETFs in excess of the 3% limitation prescribed by Section 12(d)(1)(A) described above, provided that the Funds otherwise comply with the conditions of the applicable SEC order, as it may be amended, and any other applicable investment limitations. Neither such ETFs nor their investment advisers make any representations regarding the advisability of investing in the ETFs.
Business Development Companies (“BDCs”). BDCs are a type of closed-end investment company regulated under the 1940 Act. BDCs generally invest in less mature private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies which involve greater risk than well-established publicly-traded companies. While BDCs are expected to generate income in the form of dividends, certain BDCs during certain periods of time may not generate such income. A Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management and other operating expenses and of any performance-based or incentive fees charged by the BDCs in which it invests, in addition to the expenses paid by the Fund. The 1940 Act imposes certain constraints upon the operations of a BDC. For example, BDCs are required to invest at least 70% of their total assets primarily in securities of private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies, cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and high quality debt investments that mature in one year or less. Generally, little public information exists for private and thinly traded companies and there is a risk that investors may not be able to make a fully informed evaluation of a BDC and its portfolio of investments. With respect to investments in debt instruments, there is a risk that the issuers of such instruments may default on their payments or declare bankruptcy. Additionally, a BDC may only incur indebtedness in amounts such that the BDC’s coverage ratio of total assets to total senior securities equals at least 200% after such incurrence. These limitations on asset mix and leverage may affect the way that the BDC raises capital. BDCs compete with other entities for the types of investments they make, and such entities are not necessarily subject to the same investment constraints as BDCs.
Investments made by BDCs are generally subject to legal and other restrictions on resale and are otherwise less liquid than publicly-traded securities. The illiquidity of these investments may make it difficult to sell such investments if the need arises, and if there is a need for a BDC in which a Fund invests to liquidate its portfolio quickly, it may realize a loss on its investments. BDCs may have relatively concentrated investment portfolios, consisting of a relatively small number of holdings. A consequence of this limited number of investments is that the aggregate returns realized may be disproportionately impacted by the poor performance of a small number of investments, or even a single investment, particularly if a company experiences the need to write down the value of an investment. Since BDCs rely on access to short-term money markets, longer-term capital markets and the bank markets as significant sources of liquidity, if BDCs are not able to access capital at competitive rates, their ability to implement certain financial strategies will be negatively impacted. Market disruptions, including a downturn in capital markets in general or a downgrade of the credit rating of a BDC held by a Fund, may increase the cost of borrowing to that company, thereby increasing its cost of borrowing and adversely impacting the Fund’s returns. Credit downgrades may also result in requirements for a BDC to provide additional support in the form of letters of credit or cash or other collateral to various counterparties.
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Since many of the assets of BDCs do not have readily ascertainable market values, such assets are most often recorded at fair value, in good faith, in accordance with valuation procedures adopted by such companies. A fair value determination requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances. Due to the absence of a readily ascertainable market value, and because of the inherent uncertainty of fair valuation, the fair value assigned to a BDC’s investments may differ significantly from the values that would be reflected if the assets were traded in an established market, potentially resulting in material differences between a BDC’s NAV per share and its market value.
Many BDCs invest in mezzanine and other debt securities of privately held companies, including senior secured loans. Mezzanine investments typically are structured as subordinated loans (with or without warrants) that carry a fixed rate of interest. Many debt investments in which a BDC may invest will not be rated by a credit rating agency and will be below investment grade quality. These investments are commonly referred to as “junk bonds” and have predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to an issuer’s capacity to make payments of interest and principal. Although lower grade securities are higher yielding, they are also characterized by high risk. In addition, the secondary market for lower grade securities may be less liquid than that of higher rated securities. Issuers of lower rated securities have a currently identifiable vulnerability to default or may currently be in default. Lower-rated securities may react more strongly to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than higher grade securities. If the issuer of lower-rated securities defaults, a BDC may incur additional expenses to seek recovery.
Exchange-Traded Notes (“ETNs”). ETNs are generally notes representing debt of the issuer, usually a financial institution. ETNs combine both aspects of bonds and ETFs. An ETN’s returns are based on the performance of one or more underlying assets, reference rates or indexes, minus fees and expenses. Similar to ETFs, ETNs are listed on an exchange and traded in the secondary market. However, unlike an ETF, an ETN can be held until the ETN’s maturity, at which time the issuer will pay a return linked to the performance of the specific asset, index or rate (“reference instrument”) to which the ETN is linked minus certain fees. Unlike regular bonds, ETNs do not make periodic interest payments, and principal is not protected. ETNs are not registered or regulated as investment companies under the 1940 Act.
The value of an ETN may be influenced by, among other things, time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying markets, changes in the applicable interest rates, the performance of the reference instrument, changes in the issuer’s credit rating and economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the reference instrument. An ETN that is tied to a reference instrument may not replicate the performance of the reference instrument. ETNs also incur certain expenses not incurred by their applicable reference instrument. Some ETNs that use leverage can, at times, be relatively illiquid and, thus, they may be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Levered ETNs are subject to the same risk as other instruments that use leverage in any form. While leverage allows for greater potential return, the potential for loss is also greater. Finally, additional losses may be incurred if the investment loses value because, in addition to the money lost on the investment, the loan still needs to be repaid.
Because the return on the ETN is dependent on the issuer’s ability or willingness to meet its obligations, the value of the ETN may change due to a change in the issuer’s credit rating, despite no change in the underlying reference instrument. The market value of ETN shares may differ from the value of the reference instrument. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETN shares at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the assets underlying the reference instrument that the ETN seeks to track.
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There may be restrictions on a Fund’s right to redeem its investment in an ETN, which are generally meant to be held until maturity. A Fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. A Fund could lose some or all of the amount invested in an ETN.
Derivatives. Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset (such as a stock or a bond), an underlying economic factor (such as an interest rate) or a market benchmark. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectuses, the Funds may use derivatives for a number of purposes including managing risk, gaining exposure to various markets in a cost-efficient manner, reducing transaction costs, remaining fully invested and speculating. The Funds may also invest in derivatives with the goal of protecting themselves from broad fluctuations in market prices, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates (a practice known as “hedging”). When hedging is successful, a Fund will have offset any depreciation in the value of its portfolio securities by the appreciation in the value of the derivative position. Although techniques other than the sale and purchase of derivatives could be used to control the exposure of the Funds to market fluctuations, the use of derivatives may be a more effective means of hedging this exposure. In the future, to the extent such use is consistent with the Funds’ investment objectives and is legally permissible, the Funds may use instruments and techniques that are not presently contemplated, but that may be subsequently developed.
There can be no assurance that a derivative strategy, if employed, will be successful. Because many derivatives have a leverage or borrowing component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Accordingly, certain derivative transactions may be considered to constitute borrowing transactions for purposes of the 1940 Act. Such a derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance of a “senior security” by a Fund, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund, if the Fund covers the transaction or segregates sufficient liquid assets (or such assets are “earmarked” on the Fund’s books) in accordance with the requirements and interpretations of the SEC and its staff. Futures contracts, forward contracts and other applicable securities and instruments that settle physically, and written options on such contracts, will be treated as cash settled for asset segregation purposes when a Fund has entered into a contractual arrangement with a third party futures commission merchant or other counterparty to off-set the Fund’s exposure under the contract and, failing that, to assign its delivery obligation under the contract to the counterparty.
Pursuant to rules adopted under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), a Fund must either operate within certain guidelines and restrictions with respect to the Fund’s use of futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps, or the Adviser will be subject to registration with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” (“CPO”).
Consistent with the CFTC’s regulations, the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, has filed a notice of exclusion from the definition of the term CPO under the CEA pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.5 and, therefore, the Funds are not subject to registration or regulation as CPOs under the CEA. As a result, the Funds will be limited in their ability to use futures, options on such futures, commodity options and certain swaps. Complying with the limitations may restrict the investment managers’ ability to implement the Funds’ investment strategies and may adversely affect the Funds’ performance.
Types of Derivatives:
Futures. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties whereby one party agrees to sell and the other party agrees to buy a specified amount of a financial instrument at an agreed upon price and time. The financial instrument underlying the contract may be a stock, stock index, bond, bond index, interest rate, foreign exchange rate or other similar instrument. Agreeing to buy the underlying financial instrument is called buying a futures contract or taking a long position in the contract. Likewise, agreeing to sell the underlying financial instrument is called selling a futures contract or taking a short position in the contract.
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Futures contracts are traded in the United States on commodity exchanges or boards of trade (known as “contract markets”) approved for such trading and regulated by the CFTC. These contract markets standardize the terms, including the maturity date and underlying financial instrument, of all futures contracts.
Unlike other securities, the parties to a futures contract do not have to pay for or deliver the underlying financial instrument until some future date (the “delivery date”). Contract markets require both the purchaser and seller to deposit “initial margin” with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant or custodian bank, when they enter into the contract. Initial margin deposits are typically equal to a percentage of the contract’s value. Initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit on a contract and is returned to the depositing party upon termination of the futures contract if all contractual obligations have been satisfied. After they open a futures contract, the parties to the transaction must compare the purchase price of the contract to its daily market value. If the value of the futures contract changes in such a way that a party’s position declines, that party must make additional “variation margin” payments so that the margin payment is adequate. On the other hand, the value of the contract may change in such a way that there is excess margin on deposit, possibly entitling the party that has a gain to receive all or a portion of this amount.
This process is known as “marking to the market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by a party but is instead a settlement between the party and the futures broker of the amount one party would owe the other if the futures contract terminated. In computing daily NAV, each party marks to market its open futures positions.
Although the terms of a futures contract call for the actual delivery of and payment for the underlying security, in many cases the parties may close the contract early by taking an opposite position in an identical contract. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is less than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the sale price upon closing out the contract is more than the original purchase price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain. Conversely, if the purchase price upon closing out the contract is more than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a loss. If the purchase price upon closing out the contract is less than the original sale price, the party closing out the contract will realize a gain.
A Fund may incur commission expenses when it opens or closes a futures position.
Options. An option is a contract between two parties for the purchase and sale of a financial instrument for a specified price (known as the “strike price” or “exercise price”) at any time during the option period. Unlike a futures contract, an option grants a right (not an obligation) to buy or sell a financial instrument. Generally, a seller of an option can grant a buyer two kinds of rights: a “call” (the right to buy the security) or a “put” (the right to sell the security). Options have various types of underlying instruments, including specific securities, indices of securities prices, foreign currencies, interest rates and futures contracts. Options may be traded on an exchange (exchange-traded options) or may be customized agreements between the parties (over-the-counter or “OTC” options). Like futures, a financial intermediary, known as a clearing corporation, financially backs exchange-traded options. However, OTC options have no such intermediary and are subject to the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations under the contract. The principal factors affecting the market value of an option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market value of the underlying instrument relative to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until the option expires.
▪ | Purchasing Put and Call Options |
When a Fund purchases a put option, it buys the right to sell the instrument underlying the option at a fixed strike price. In return for this right, the Fund pays the current market price for the option (known as the “option premium”). A Fund may purchase put options to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of its securities (“protective puts”) or to benefit from a decline in the price of securities that it does not own. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs. However, if the price of the underlying instrument does not fall enough to offset the cost of purchasing the option, a put buyer would lose the premium and related transaction costs.
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Call options are similar to put options, except that a Fund obtains the right to purchase, rather than sell, the underlying instrument at the option’s strike price. A Fund would normally purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities it owns or wants to buy. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying instrument exceeded the exercise price plus the premium paid and related transaction costs. Otherwise, the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchaser of an option may terminate its position by:
▪ | Allowing it to expire and losing its entire premium; |
▪ | Exercising the option and either selling (in the case of a put option) or buying (in the case of a call option) the underlying instrument at the strike price; or |
▪ | Closing it out in the secondary market at its current price. |
▪ | Selling (Writing) Put and Call Options |
When a Fund writes a call option it assumes an obligation to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. Similarly, when a Fund writes a put option it assumes an obligation to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a fixed strike price if the option is exercised at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may terminate its position in an exchange-traded put option before exercise by buying an option identical to the one it has written. Similarly, the Fund may cancel an OTC option by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to the option.
A Fund could try to hedge against an increase in the value of securities it would like to acquire by writing a put option on those securities. If security prices rise, the Fund would expect the put option to expire and the premium it received to offset the increase in the security’s value. If security prices remain the same over time, the Fund would hope to profit by closing out the put option at a lower price. If security prices fall, the Fund may lose an amount of money equal to the difference between the value of the security and the premium it received. Writing covered put options may deprive a Fund of the opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market price of the securities it would like to acquire.
The characteristics of writing call options are similar to those of writing put options, except that call writers expect to profit if prices remain the same or fall. A Fund could try to hedge against a decline in the value of securities it already owns by writing a call option. If the price of that security falls as expected, the Fund would expect the option to expire and the premium it received to offset the decline of the security’s value. However, the Fund must be prepared to deliver the underlying instrument in return for the strike price, which may deprive it of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities it holds.
The Funds are permitted to write only “covered” options. At the time of selling a call option, a Fund may cover the option by owning, among other things:
▪ | The underlying security (or securities convertible into the underlying security without additional consideration), index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with the same or lesser exercise price; |
▪ | A call option on the same security or index with a greater exercise price, provided that the Fund also segregates cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; |
▪ | Cash or liquid securities equal to at least the market value of the optioned securities, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract; or |
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▪ | In the case of an index, the portfolio of securities that corresponds to the index. |
At the time of selling a put option, a Fund may cover the option by, among other things:
▪ | Entering into a short position in the underlying security; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with the same or greater exercise price; |
▪ | Purchasing a put option on the same security, index, interest rate, foreign currency or futures contract with a lesser exercise price and segregating cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the difference between the exercise prices; or |
▪ | Maintaining the entire exercise price in liquid securities. |
▪ | Options on Securities Indices |
Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash settlement payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
▪ | Options on Credit Default Swaps |
An option on a credit default swap gives the holder the right to enter into a credit default swap at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for a purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the credit default swap relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.
▪ | Options on Futures |
An option on a futures contract provides the holder with the right to buy a futures contract (in the case of a call option) or sell a futures contract (in the case of a put option) at a fixed time and price. Upon exercise of the option by the holder, the contract market clearing house establishes a corresponding short position for the writer of the option (in the case of a call option) or a corresponding long position (in the case of a put option). If the option is exercised, the parties will be subject to the futures contracts. In addition, the writer of an option on a futures contract is subject to initial and variation margin requirements on the option position. Options on futures contracts are traded on the same contract market as the underlying futures contract.
The buyer or seller of an option on a futures contract may terminate the option early by purchasing or selling an option of the same series (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the trader’s profit or loss on the transaction.
A Fund may purchase put and call options on futures contracts instead of selling or buying futures contracts. The Fund may buy a put option on a futures contract for the same reasons it would sell a futures contract. It also may purchase such a put option in order to hedge a long position in the underlying futures contract. A Fund may buy a call option on a futures contract for the same purpose as the actual purchase of a futures contract, such as in anticipation of favorable market conditions.
A Fund may write a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a decline in the prices of the instrument underlying the futures contracts. If the price of the futures contract at expiration were below the exercise price, the Fund would retain the option premium, which would offset, in part, any decline in the value of its portfolio securities.
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The writing of a put option on a futures contract is similar to the purchase of the futures contracts, except that, if the market price declines, a Fund would pay more than the market price for the underlying instrument. The premium received on the sale of the put option, less any transaction costs, would reduce the net cost to the Fund.
▪ | Options on Foreign Currencies |
A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. The Funds may purchase or write put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates.
The Funds may use foreign currency options given the same circumstances under which they could use forward foreign currency exchange contracts. For example, a decline in the U.S. dollar value of a foreign currency in which a Fund’s securities are denominated would reduce the U.S. dollar value of the securities, even if their value in the foreign currency remained constant. In order to hedge against such a risk, the Fund may purchase a put option on the foreign currency. If the value of the currency then declined, the Fund could sell the currency for a fixed amount in U.S. dollars and thereby offset, at least partially, the negative effect on its securities that otherwise would have resulted. Conversely, if a Fund anticipates a rise in the U.S. dollar value of a currency in which securities to be acquired are denominated, the Fund may purchase call options on the currency in order to offset, at least partially, the effects of negative movements in exchange rates. If currency exchange rates do not move in the direction or to the extent anticipated, the Funds could sustain losses on transactions in foreign currency options.
▪ | Combined Positions |
The Funds may purchase and write options in combination with each other, or in combination with futures or forward contracts or swap agreements, to adjust the risk and return characteristics of the overall position. For example, a Fund could construct a combined position whose risk and return characteristics are similar to selling a futures contract by purchasing a put option and writing a call option on the same underlying instrument. Alternatively, a Fund could write a call option at one strike price and buy a call option at a lower price to reduce the risk of the written call option in the event of a substantial price increase. Because combined options positions involve multiple trades, they result in higher transaction costs and may be more difficult to open and close out.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts. A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific amount of currency at a future date or date range at a specific price. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. Unlike futures contracts, forward contracts:
▪ | Do not have standard maturity dates or amounts (i.e., the parties to the contract may fix the maturity date and the amount); |
▪ | Are typically traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers in the inter-bank markets, as opposed to on exchanges regulated by the CFTC (note, however, that under new definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, many non-deliverable foreign currency forwards will be considered swaps for certain purposes, including determination of whether such instruments must be traded on exchanges and centrally cleared); |
▪ | Do not require an initial margin deposit; and |
▪ | May be closed by entering into a closing transaction with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract, as opposed to with a commodities exchange. |
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▪ | Foreign Currency Hedging Strategies |
A “settlement hedge” or “transaction hedge” is designed to protect a Fund against an adverse change in foreign currency values between the date a security is purchased or sold and the date on which payment is made or received. Entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars “locks in” the U.S. dollar price of the security. A Fund may also use forward contracts to purchase or sell a foreign currency when it anticipates purchasing or selling securities denominated in foreign currency, even if it has not yet selected the specific investments.
A Fund may use forward contracts to hedge against a decline in the value of existing investments denominated in foreign currency. Such a hedge, sometimes referred to as a “position hedge,” would tend to offset both positive and negative currency fluctuations, but would not offset changes in security values caused by other factors. The Fund could also hedge the position by selling another currency expected to perform similarly to the currency in which the Fund’s investment is denominated. This type of hedge, sometimes referred to as a “proxy hedge,” could offer advantages in terms of cost, yield, or efficiency, but generally would not hedge currency exposure as effectively as a direct hedge into U.S. dollars. Proxy hedges may result in losses if the currency used to hedge does not perform similarly to the currency in which the hedged securities are denominated.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that a Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency and to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in value of such currency.
A Fund may enter into forward contracts to shift its investment exposure from one currency into another. Such transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency, including currencies in which its securities are not then denominated. This may include shifting exposure from U.S. dollars to a foreign currency, or from one foreign currency to another foreign currency. This type of strategy, sometimes known as a “cross-hedge,” will tend to reduce or eliminate exposure to the currency that is sold, and increase exposure to the currency that is purchased. Cross-hedges may protect against losses resulting from a decline in the hedged currency but will cause the Fund to assume the risk of fluctuations in the value of the currency it purchases. Cross-hedging transactions also involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies involved.
It is difficult to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, a Fund may have to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot (cash) market if the market value of a security it is hedging is less than the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver. Conversely, the Fund may have to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency it received upon the sale of a security if the market value of such security exceeds the amount of foreign currency it is obligated to deliver.
Equity-Linked Securities. The Funds may invest in privately issued securities whose investment results are designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of securities, or sometimes a single stock (referred to as “equity-linked securities”). These securities are used for many of the same purposes as derivative instruments and share many of the same risks. Equity-linked securities may be considered illiquid and thus subject to the Funds’ restrictions on investments in illiquid investments.
Swap Agreements. A swap agreement is a financial instrument that typically involves the exchange of cash flows between two parties on specified dates (settlement dates), where the cash flows are based on agreed-upon prices, rates, indices, etc. The nominal amount on which the cash flows are calculated is called the notional amount. Swap agreements are individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors, such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, security prices or inflation rates.
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Swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of the investments of a Fund and its share price. The performance of swap agreements may be affected by a change in the specific interest rate, currency, or other factors that determine the amounts of payments due to and from the Fund. If a swap agreement calls for payments by the Fund, the Fund must be prepared to make such payments when due. In addition, if the counterparty’s creditworthiness declined, the value of a swap agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses.
Generally, swap agreements have a fixed maturity date that will be agreed upon by the parties. The agreement can be terminated before the maturity date under certain circumstances, such as default by one of the parties or insolvency, among others, and can be transferred by a party only with the prior written consent of the other party. A Fund may be able to eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or by other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or a similarly creditworthy party. If the counterparty is unable to meet its obligations under the contract, declares bankruptcy, defaults or becomes insolvent, a Fund may not be able to recover the money it expected to receive under the swap agreement. The Funds will not enter into any swap agreement unless the investment managers believe that the counterparty to the transaction is creditworthy.
A swap agreement can be a form of leverage, which can magnify the Funds’ gains or losses. In order to reduce the risk associated with leveraging, the Funds may cover their current obligations under swap agreements according to guidelines established by the SEC. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If a Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement.
▪ | Equity Swaps |
In a typical equity swap, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, stock index or basket of stocks in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Equity index swaps involve not only the risk associated with investment in the securities represented in the index, but also the risk that the performance of such securities, including dividends, will not exceed the return on the interest rate that a Fund will be committed to pay.
▪ | Total Return Swaps |
Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make payments of the total return from a reference instrument—which may be a single asset, a pool of assets or an index of assets—during a specified period, in return for payments equal to a fixed or floating rate of interest or the total return from another underlying reference instrument. The total return includes appreciation or depreciation on the underlying asset, plus any interest or dividend payments. Payments under the swap are based upon an agreed upon principal amount but, since the principal amount is not exchanged, it represents neither an asset nor a liability to either counterparty, and is referred to as notional. Total return swaps are marked to market daily using different sources, including quotations from counterparties, pricing services, brokers or market makers. The unrealized appreciation or depreciation related to the change in the valuation of the notional amount of the swap is combined with the amount due to a Fund at termination or settlement. The primary risks associated with total return swaps are credit risks (if the counterparty fails to meet its obligations) and market risk (if there is no liquid market for the swap or unfavorable changes occur to the underlying reference instrument).
▪ | Interest Rate Swaps |
Interest rate swaps are financial instruments that involve the exchange of one type of interest rate for another type of interest rate cash flow on specified dates in the future. Some of the different types of interest rate swaps are “fixed-for-floating rate swaps,” “termed basis swaps” and “index amortizing swaps.” Fixed-for-floating rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed interest rate cash flows for floating rate cash flows. Termed basis swaps entail cash flows to both parties based on floating interest rates, where the interest rate indices are different. Index amortizing swaps are typically fixed-for-floating rate swaps where the notional amount changes if certain conditions are met.
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As with a traditional investment in a debt security, a Fund could lose money by investing in an interest rate swap if interest rates change adversely. For example, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a floating rate of interest for a fixed rate of interest, the Fund may have to pay more money than it receives. Similarly, if a Fund enters into a swap where it agrees to exchange a fixed rate of interest for a floating rate of interest, the Fund may receive less money than it has agreed to pay.
▪ | Currency Swaps |
A currency swap is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to make interest rate payments in one currency and the other promises to make interest rate payments in another currency. A Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has one currency and desires a different currency. Typically, the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the agreement and returned at the end of the agreement. Changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
▪ | Inflation Swaps |
Inflation swaps are fixed-maturity, over-the-counter derivatives where one party pays a fixed rate in exchange for payments tied to an inflation index, such as the Consumer Price Index. The fixed rate, which is set by the parties at the initiation of the swap, is often referred to as the “breakeven inflation” rate and generally represents the current difference between treasury yields and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities yields of similar maturities at the initiation of the swap agreement. Inflation swaps are typically designated as “zero coupon,” where all cash flows are exchanged at maturity. The value of an inflation swap is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. An inflation swap can lose value if the realized rate of inflation over the life of the swap is less than the fixed market implied inflation rate (the breakeven inflation rate) the investor agreed to pay at the initiation of the swap.
▪ | Credit Default Swaps |
A credit default swap is an agreement between a “buyer” and a “seller” for credit protection. The credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not then held by a Fund. The protection buyer is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront payment and/or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the agreement until a credit event on a reference obligation has occurred. If no default occurs, the seller would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the full notional amount (the “par value”) of the swap. Investing in credit default swap indexes allows a Fund to manage credit risk or take a position on a basket of debt obligations more efficiently than transacting in single name credit default swaps.
▪ | Caps, Collars and Floors |
Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. In a typical cap or floor agreement, one party agrees to make payments only under specified circumstances, usually in return for payment of a fee by the other party. For example, the buyer of an interest rate cap obtains the right to receive payments to the extent that a specified interest rate exceeds an agreed-upon level. The seller of an interest rate floor is obligated to make payments to the extent that a specified interest rate falls below an agreed-upon level. An interest rate collar combines elements of buying a cap and selling a floor.
Risks of Derivatives:
While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Funds than if they had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Funds’ gains or losses, causing them to make or lose substantially more than they invested.
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When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities a Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
Use of derivatives involves transaction costs, which may be significant, and may also increase the amount of taxable income to shareholders.
Correlation of Prices. The Funds’ ability to hedge their securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities a Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The investment managers will try to minimize this risk by investing in only those contracts whose behavior they expect to correlate with the behavior of the portfolio securities they are trying to hedge. However, if the investment managers’ prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility or other economic factors is incorrect, a Fund may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
▪ | Current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract; |
▪ | A difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or discontinued trading of an instrument; and |
▪ | Differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets and the participation of speculators in such markets. |
Derivatives based upon a narrower index of securities, such as those of a particular industry group, may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad market index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Funds. A currency hedge, for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Funds against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Funds’ foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Funds’ investments precisely over time.
Lack of Liquidity. Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, a Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, a Fund may close out a futures contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Funds intend to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, a Fund may not be able to close out its position. In an illiquid market, a Fund may:
▪ | Have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so; |
▪ | Have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract; |
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▪ | Not be able to hedge its investments; and/or |
▪ | Not be able to realize profits or limit its losses. |
Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
▪ | An exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility; |
▪ | Unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange; |
▪ | The facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume; |
▪ | Equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or |
▪ | Investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives. |
Management Risk. Successful use of derivatives by the Funds is subject to the ability of the investment managers to forecast stock market and interest rate trends. If the investment managers incorrectly predict stock market and interest rate trends, the Funds may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if a Fund were to write a call option based on the investment managers’ expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if a Fund were to write a put option based on the investment managers’ expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
Counterparty Risk. The risk exists that a derivatives transaction counterparty will be unable or unwilling to make payments or otherwise honor its obligations to a Fund.
Pricing Risk. At times, market conditions might make it hard to value some investments. For example, if a Fund has valued its securities too high, shareholders may end up paying too much for Fund shares when they buy into the Fund. If the Fund underestimates its price, shareholders may not receive the full market value for their Fund shares when they sell.
Margin. Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to a Fund and it may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, a Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. A Fund may lose its margin deposits if a broker-dealer with whom it has an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
Volatility and Leverage. The Funds’ use of derivatives may have a leveraging effect. Leverage generally magnifies the effect of any increase or decrease in value of an underlying asset and results in increased volatility, which means the Funds will have the potential for greater gains, as well as the potential for greater losses, than if the Funds do not use derivative instruments that have a leveraging effect. The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
▪ | Actual and anticipated changes in interest rates; |
▪ | Fiscal and monetary policies; and |
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▪ | National and international political events. |
Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches this value, the Funds may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation. The regulation of derivatives markets in the U.S. is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in 2010, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to impose comprehensive regulations on the over-the-counter and cleared derivatives markets. These regulations include, but are not limited to, mandatory clearing of certain derivatives and requirements relating to disclosure, margin and trade reporting. The new law and regulations may negatively impact the Funds by increasing transaction and/or regulatory compliance costs, limiting the availability of certain derivatives or otherwise adversely affecting the value or performance of the derivatives the Funds trade. In addition, the SEC proposed new derivatives rules in December 2015 that could limit the Funds’ use of derivatives, and adversely impact the Funds’ ability to achieve their investment objectives. Other potentially adverse regulatory obligations can develop suddenly and without notice.
Participation Notes and Participatory Notes (“P-Notes”). P-Notes are participation interest notes that are issued by banks or broker-dealers and are designed to offer a return linked to a particular underlying equity, debt, currency or market. When purchasing a P-Note, the posting of margin is not required because the full cost of the P-Note (plus commission) is paid at the time of purchase. When the P-Note matures, the issuer will pay to, or receive from, the purchaser the difference between the nominal value of the underlying instrument at the time of purchase and that instrument’s value at maturity. Investments in P-Notes involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the underlying foreign companies of foreign securities markets that they seek to replicate.
In addition, there can be no assurance that the trading price of P-Notes will equal the underlying value of the foreign companies or foreign securities markets that they seek to replicate. The holder of a P-Note that is linked to a particular underlying security is entitled to receive any dividends paid in connection with an underlying security or instrument. However, the holder of a P-Note does not receive voting rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security or instrument. P-Notes are generally traded over-the-counter. P-Notes constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or broker-dealers that issue them and the counterparty. There is also counterparty risk associated with these investments because the Funds are relying on the creditworthiness of such counterparty and have no rights under a P-Note against the issuer of the underlying security. In addition, a Fund will incur transaction costs as a result of investment in P-Notes.
Restricted and Illiquid Investments. Each Fund may purchase illiquid investments, including investments that are not readily marketable and securities that are not registered (“restricted securities”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), but which can be offered and sold to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. Illiquid investments are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Because of their illiquid nature, illiquid investments must be priced at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures approved by the Board. Despite such good faith efforts to determine fair value prices, a Fund’s illiquid investments are subject to the risk that the security’s fair value price may differ from the actual price which the Fund may ultimately realize upon its sale or disposition. Difficulty in selling illiquid investments may result in a loss or may be costly to the Fund. A Fund may not acquire an illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets.
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Illiquid investments may include a wide variety of investments, such as repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, OTC options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements), fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or do not provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits), participation interests in loans, commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act, and restricted, privately placed securities that, under the federal securities laws, generally may be resold only to qualified institutional buyers. If a substantial market develops for a restricted security (or other illiquid investment) held by a Fund, it may be treated as a liquid security in accordance with procedures and guidelines approved by the Board. Under the supervision of the Board, the investment managers determine the liquidity of the Funds’ investments.
Short Sales. As consistent with a Fund’s investment objective, the Fund may engage in short sales that are either “uncovered” or “against the box.” A short sale is “against the box” if at all times during which the short position is open, a Fund owns at least an equal amount of the securities or securities convertible into, or exchangeable without further consideration for, securities of the same issue as the securities that are sold short. A short sale against the box is a taxable transaction to the Fund with respect to the securities that are sold short.
Uncovered short sales are transactions under which a Fund sells a security it does not own. To complete such a transaction, the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund then is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of the replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay the lender amounts equal to any dividends or interest that accrue during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The proceeds of the short sale will be retained by the broker, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out.
Until a Fund closes its short position or replaces the borrowed security, the Fund may: (a) segregate cash or liquid securities at such a level that the amount segregated plus the amount deposited with the broker as collateral will equal the current value of the security sold short or (b) otherwise cover the Fund’s short position.
Special Risks of Cyber Attacks. As with any entity that conducts business through electronic means in the modern marketplace, the Funds, and their service providers, may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential information, unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that the Funds and their service providers use to service the Funds’ operations, ransomware, operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support the Funds and their service providers, or various other forms of cyber security breaches. Cyber attacks affecting the Funds or the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, the Funds’ distributor, custodian, or any other of the Funds’ intermediaries or service providers may adversely impact the Funds and their shareholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses or the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business. For instance, cyber attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact the Funds’ ability to calculate their NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Funds to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Funds may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes designed to mitigate or prevent the risk of cyber attacks. Such costs may be ongoing because threats of cyber attacks are constantly evolving as cyber attackers become more sophisticated and their techniques become more complex. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Funds may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause the Funds’ investments in such companies to lose value. There can be no assurance that the Funds, the Funds’ service providers, or the issuers of the securities in which the Funds invest will not suffer losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches in the future.
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Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that a Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. In addition, the investment objectives of the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Fund and the Westwood SmallCap Fund are fundamental policies that cannot be changed by a Fund without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of a Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of a Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
Each Fund (except the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund and the Westwood Flexible Income Fund):
1. | May not purchase securities of an issuer that would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
2. | May not concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | May not borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | May not make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | May not purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | May not underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
The Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund:
1. | May not concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time; provided, however, that the Fund will concentrate its investments in the securities of companies in the energy industries. |
2. | May not borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
3. | May not make loans, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | May not purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | May not underwrite securities issued by other persons, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
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The Westwood Flexible Income Fund:
1. | May purchase securities of an issuer, except if such purchase would cause the Fund to fail to satisfy the diversification requirement for a diversified management company under the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
2. | May not concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time, except that the Fund may invest without limitation in securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities or tax-exempt obligations of state or municipal governments and their political subdivisions. |
3. | May borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
4. | May make loans, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
5. | May purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
6. | May underwrite securities issued by other persons, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations are non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval. In addition, the investment objectives of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund, the Westwood Flexible Income Fund and the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund are non-fundamental policies that may be changed by the Board without shareholder approval.
The Funds (except the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund and Westwood Flexible Income Fund):
1. | May not purchase securities of any issuer (except securities of other investment companies, securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities) if, as a result, more than 5% of the total assets of a Fund would be invested in the securities of such issuer; or acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. This restriction applies to 75% of a Fund’s total assets. |
2. | May not purchase any securities which would cause 25% or more of the net assets of a Fund to be invested in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry or group of industries, provided that this limitation does not apply to investments in obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities. For purposes of this limitation, (i) utility companies will be classified according to their services, for example, gas distribution, gas transmission, electric and telephone will each be considered a separate industry; and (ii) financial service companies will be classified according to the end users of their services, for example, automobile finance, bank finance and diversified finance will each be considered a separate industry. |
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3. | May not borrow money from a bank in an amount exceeding 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets, provided that investment strategies that either obligate a Fund to purchase securities or require a Fund to cover a position by segregating assets or entering into an offsetting position shall not be subject to this limitation. Asset coverage of at least 300% is required for all borrowing, except where a Fund has borrowed money, from any source, for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of its total assets. |
4. | May not make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that a Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) lend its securities. |
5. | May not purchase or sell real estate, real estate limited partnership interests, physical commodities or commodities contracts except that a Fund may purchase (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including REITs), commodities or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
In addition,
6. | Under normal circumstances, the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of large-cap companies. |
7. | Under normal circumstances, the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities. |
8. | Under normal circumstances, the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund and the Westwood SMidCap Fund will each invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small- and mid-cap companies. |
9. | Under normal circumstances, the Westwood SmallCap Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of small-cap companies. |
10. | Under normal circumstances, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund and the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund will each invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of emerging market companies. |
11. | Under normal circumstances, the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in high yield securities. |
12. | Under normal circumstances, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in high yield securities. |
13. | Under normal circumstances, the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in convertible securities. |
The Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund:
1. | May not borrow money from a bank in an amount exceeding 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets, provided that investment strategies that either obligate a Fund to purchase securities or require a Fund to cover a position by segregating assets or entering into an offsetting position shall not be subject to this limitation. Asset coverage of at least 300% is required for all borrowing, except where a Fund has borrowed money, from any source, for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of its total assets. |
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2. | May not make loans if, as a result, more than 33 1/3% of its total assets would be lent to other parties, except that a Fund may: (i) purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objective and policies; (ii) enter into repurchase agreements; and (iii) lend its securities. |
3. | May not purchase or sell real estate, real estate limited partnership interests, physical commodities or commodities contracts except that a Fund may purchase (i) marketable securities issued by companies which own or invest in real estate (including REITs), commodities or commodities contracts; and (ii) commodities contracts relating to financial instruments, such as financial futures contracts and options on such contracts. |
In addition,
4. | Under normal circumstances, the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in MLPs and other energy-related investments. |
The Westwood Flexible Income Fund:
1. | May not invest in unmarketable interests in real estate limited partnerships or invest directly in real estate. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing policy does not prevent the Fund from, among other things, purchasing marketable securities of companies that deal in real estate or interests therein (including REITs). |
2. | May purchase or sell financial and physical commodities, commodity contracts based on (or relating to) physical commodities or financial commodities and securities and derivative instruments whose values are derived from (in whole or in part) physical commodities or financial commodities. |
Except with respect to Fund policies concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances causes a Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitation within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
The following descriptions of certain provisions of the 1940 Act may assist investors in understanding the above policies and restrictions:
Diversification . Under the 1940 Act and the rules, regulations and interpretations thereunder, a “diversified company,” as to 75% of its total assets, may not purchase securities of any issuer (other than obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. government or its agencies, or instrumentalities or securities of other investment companies) if, as a result, more than 5% of its total assets would be invested in the securities of such issuer, or more than 10% of the issuer’s voting securities would be held by the fund.
Concentration . The 1940 Act requires that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy regarding concentration. The SEC has defined concentration as investing 25% or more of an investment company’s total assets in any particular industry or group of industries, with certain exceptions. For purposes of a Fund’s concentration policy, the Fund may classify and re-classify companies in a particular industry and define and re-define industries in any reasonable manner, consistent with SEC and SEC staff guidance.
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Borrowing . The 1940 Act presently allows an investment company to borrow from any bank in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) and to borrow for temporary purposes in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of its total assets.
Lending . Under the 1940 Act, an investment company may only make loans if expressly permitted by its investment policies.
Senior Securities . Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain derivatives, short sales, reverse repurchase agreements, firm commitment agreements and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligation.
Real Estate and Commodities . The 1940 Act does not directly restrict an investment company’s ability to invest in real estate or commodities, but does require that every investment company have a fundamental investment policy governing such investments.
Underwriting . Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves an investment company purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified fund may not make any commitment as underwriter, if immediately thereafter the amount of its outstanding underwriting commitments, plus the value of its investments in securities of issuers (other than investment companies) of which it owns more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities, exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Investment Adviser
General. Westwood Management Corp. (the “Adviser”), a New York corporation formed in 1983, located at 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200, Dallas, Texas 75201, is a professional investment management firm registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”). The Adviser is a wholly owned subsidiary of Westwood Holdings Group, Inc., an institutional asset management company. As of December 31, 2018, the Adviser had approximately $13.8 billion in assets under management.
The Adviser has delegated the authority to manage the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund to SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC (“SKY Harbor” or the “Sub-Adviser”). The Adviser monitors the Sub-Adviser to ensure its compliance with the investment policies and guidelines of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and monitors the Sub-Adviser’s adherence to its investment style. The Adviser pays the Sub-Adviser out of the advisory fee it receives from the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund. The Board supervises the Adviser and the Sub-Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser and Sub-Adviser must follow in their management activities.
Advisory Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”) with respect to the Funds. Under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser serves as the investment adviser and makes investment decisions for the Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers the investment programs of the Funds, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Trustees.
After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Funds; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or, with respect to any Fund, by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund or, by the Adviser, on not less than 30 days’ nor more than 60 days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
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In rendering investment advisory services, the Adviser may use the portfolio management, research and other resources of Westwood International Advisors Inc. (“Westwood International”), an affiliate of the Adviser. Westwood International is not registered with the SEC as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. Westwood International has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) with the Adviser pursuant to which Westwood International is considered a “participating affiliate” of the Adviser as that term is used in relief granted by the staff of the SEC allowing U.S. registered investment advisers to use portfolio management or research resources of advisory affiliates subject to the supervision of a registered adviser. Investment professionals from Westwood International may render portfolio management, research and other services to the Fund under the MOU and are subject to supervision by the Adviser. In addition, as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act the SEC staff’s view and position regarding “participating affiliates” may change in the future.
Advisory Fees Paid to the Adviser. For its services, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, as set forth in the table below.
Fund | Management Fee |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund | 0.60% 1 |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund | 0.70% 2 |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund | 0.75% |
Westwood SMidCap Fund | 0.75% |
Westwood SmallCap Fund | 0.85% |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund | 0.85% |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | 0.75% |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund | 0.75% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund | 0.95% |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | 0.70% 3 |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | 0.55% |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund | 0.85% |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund | 0.75% |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund | 0.69% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund | 0.95% |
1 | Prior to November 15, 2017, the Management Fee for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund was 0.70%. Prior to February 29, 2016, the Management Fee for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund was 0.75%. |
2 | Prior to December 30, 2016, the Management Fee for the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund was 0.75%. |
3 | Prior to February 28, 2017, the Management Fee for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund was 0.75%. |
The Adviser has contractually agreed to reduce its fees and reimburse expenses of the Funds in order to keep net operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, dividend and interest expenses on securities sold short, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses (collectively, “excluded expenses”)) from exceeding the Funds’ average daily net assets as follows.
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Fund | Share Class | Expense Cap |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.65% 1 |
A Class Shares | 0.90% 1 | |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.75% 2 |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.81% 3 |
Westwood SMidCap Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.88% 4 |
Westwood SmallCap Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.99% 5 |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund | Institutional Shares | 1.00% |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.90% |
A Class Shares | 1.15% | |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.95% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund | Institutional Shares | 1.20% |
A Class Shares | 1.45% | |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.80% 6 |
A Class Shares | 1.05% 6 | |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.75% |
Ultra Shares | 0.60% | |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund | Institutional Shares | 1.20% |
Ultra Shares | 1.05% | |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.85% |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund | Institutional Shares | 0.79% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund | Institutional Shares | 1.20% |
A Class Shares | 1.45% |
1 | Prior to November 15, 2017, the Expense Cap for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund was 0.75% for Institutional Shares and 1.00% for A Class Shares. Prior to February 29, 2016, the Expense Cap for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund was 1.00% for Institutional Shares and 1.25% for A Class Shares. |
2 | Prior to December 30, 2016, the Expense Cap for the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund was 1.00% for Institutional Shares. |
3 | Prior to November 15, 2017, the Expense Cap for Institutional Shares of the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund was 1.00%. |
4 | Prior to November 15, 2017, the Expense Cap for Institutional Shares of the Westwood SMidCap Fund was 1.25%. |
5 | Prior to November 15, 2017, the Expense Cap for Institutional Shares of the Westwood SmallCap Fund was 1.10%. |
6 | Prior to February 29, 2016, the Expense Cap for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund was 0.90% for Institutional Shares and 1.15% for A Class Shares. |
With the exception of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, the above contractual fee waivers will be honored by the Adviser through February 28, 2020 and the fee waivers may be renewed by the Adviser for subsequent periods thereafter. With respect to the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, the contractual arrangement shall continue in effect until February 28, 2020 and shall thereafter continue in effect until its termination by shareholders of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund.
In addition, the Adviser may receive from a Fund the difference between the Fund’s total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the Fund’s expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made during the three-year period preceding the recoupment if at any point total annual Fund operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) are below the expense cap (i) at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) at the time of the recoupment.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following in management fees to the Adviser:
Fund |
Contractual Advisory Fees | Fees Waived by the Adviser 1 | Total Fees Paid (After Waivers) to Adviser 1 | ||||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund | $1,176,594 | $1,379,287 | $1,315,748 | $112,325 | $166,135 | $156,791 | $1,064,269 | $1,213,152 | $1,158,957 |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund | $475,284 | $387,127 | $198,653 | $0 | $113,284 | $86,492 | $475,284 | $273,843 | $112,161 |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund | $886,837 | $1,079,099 | $871,328 | $0 | $0 | $157,840 | $886,837 | $1,079,099 | $713,488 |
Westwood SMidCap Fund | $3,391,523 | $2,917,626 | $2,509,331 | $0 | $0 | $494,834 | $3,391,523 | $2,917,626 | $2,014,497 |
Westwood SmallCap Fund | $1,191,190 | $1,666,055 | $2,681,264 | $18,712 | $8,152 | $266,861 | $1,172,478 | $1,657,903 | $2,414,403 |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund | $231,141 | $175,748 | $146,306 | $77,026 | $49,790 | $67,900 | $154,115 | $125,958 | $78,406 |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | $17,787,041 | $19,353,027 | $20,294,867 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $17,787,041 | $19,353,027 | $20,294,867 |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund | $51,059 | $45,434 | $28,254 | $51,059 | $45,434 | $28,254 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund | $1,846,373 | $2,532,868 | $3,202,388 | $127,671 | $0 | $0 | $1,718,702 | $2,574,898 | $3,294,958 |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | $610,118 | $600,207 | $488,613 | $167,944 | $173,336 | $152,645 | $442,174 | $426,871 | $335,968 |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | $22,541 | $21,719 | $12,205 | $22,541 | $21,719 | $12,205 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund | $58,308 | $129,738 | $265,656 | $58,308 | $112,982 | $124,524 | $0 | $16,756 | $141,132 |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund | $44,909 | $48,136 | $51,568 | $44,909 | $48,136 | $51,568 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | N/A 2 |
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1 | For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Adviser additionally reimbursed fees of $31,938, $30,273 and $50,773, respectively, for the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, $155,827, $152,810 and $136,001, respectively, for the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, $78,886, $0 and $0, respectively, for the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, and $52,570, 45,306 and $70,914, respectively, for the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund to maintain the stated expense caps under its contractual expense limitation agreement with the Funds. During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Adviser recovered previously waived and reimbursed fees of $42,030 and $92,570, respectively, for the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund. As of October 31, 2018, the amount of previously waived and reimbursed fees for which the Adviser may seek reimbursement was $435,251 for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, $199,776 for the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, $157,840 for the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, $494,834 for the Westwood SMidCap Fund, $293,725 for the Westwood SmallCap Fund, $194,716 for the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, $237,732 for the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, $127,671 for the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, $493,925 for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, $501,104 for the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, $374,700 for the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and $313,403 for the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund. |
2 | Not in operation during the period. |
Sub-Adviser
General. SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC, an independent Delaware limited liability company established in 2011, is located at 20 Horseneck Lane, Greenwich, Connecticut 06830 and is registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act. SKY Harbor serves as the sub-adviser to the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Funds’ investments. SKY Harbor is a wholly-owned subsidiary of SKY Harbor Capital Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. As of December 31, 2018, SKY Harbor had approximately $4.25 billion in assets under management.
Sub-Advisory Agreement . The Sub-Adviser and the Adviser have entered into an investment sub-advisory agreement (the “Sub-Advisory Agreement”). Under the Sub-Advisory Agreement, the Sub-Adviser serves as the investment adviser for the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, makes investment decisions for the Funds and administers the investment programs of the Funds, subject to the supervision of, and policies established by, the Adviser and the Board. After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Sub-Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Funds and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Sub-Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Sub-Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board.
Sub-Advisory Fees . For the services provided pursuant to the Sub-Advisory Agreement, the Sub-Adviser receives an annual fee from the Adviser at an annual rate of 0.35% and 0.275% of the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund’s and the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund’s average daily net assets, respectively.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Adviser paid the Sub-Adviser the following sub-advisory fees:
Fund | Contractual Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | $260,636 | $293,561 | $244,288 |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | $11,596 | $10,865 | $6,103 |
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This section includes information about the Funds’ portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
Compensation. The Adviser compensates the Funds’ portfolio managers for their management of the Funds. Each of the Funds’ portfolio managers’ compensation consists of a base salary and a full benefits package. The Funds' portfolio managers also have the opportunity to receive a discretionary cash bonus, profit sharing and company stock incentive compensation. Percentages for each component of compensation are variable. Base salary levels are maintained at levels that the compensation committee deems to be commensurate with similar companies in the asset management industry. In determining incentive compensation and annual merit-based salary increases, employees on the investment team are evaluated according to a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors. The discretionary cash bonus and restricted stock award are determined at year-end and they vary with the firm’s success, which is directly linked to the performance of the products they manage, including the Funds and other accounts. Lastly, other benefits such as health insurance, life insurance and short and long-term disability insurance packages, as well as a 401(k) plan with employer matching, are provided.
The Sub-Adviser compensates the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund’s and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund’s portfolio managers for their management of the Funds, and in addition, compensates Ms. Strasser and Ms. Yobage, co-founders of the Sub-Adviser, for their management of the company. The portfolio managers’ compensation consists of a base salary, a full benefits package (including health insurance, life insurance, short- and long-term disability insurance, and a 401(k) plan). As a Principal of the firm, Mr. Kinsley derives a portion of compensation from profit or loss of the Sub-Adviser as well as is eligible for a discretionary cash bonus and stock incentive compensation. As co-founders of the firm, Ms. Strasser and Ms. Yobage do not participate in the employee cash bonus or the employee stock incentive program but receive a proportionate share in the profit or loss of the Sub-Adviser as co-founders. Percentages for each component of compensation are variable. Base salary levels are maintained at levels that the compensation committee deems to be commensurate with similar companies in the asset management industry. As co-founders and equity owners, Ms. Strasser’s and Ms. Yobage’s overall compensation varies with the ultimate value creation of the Sub-Adviser, which is linked to the performance of its products and services, including the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and other accounts.
Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares 1 |
Westwood | |
Daniel J. Barnes, CFA |
$10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, Institutional Shares) $10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, Institutional Shares) $10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Michael J. Carne, CFA | None |
David Clott, CFA |
$500,001 - $1,000,000 (Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, Institutional Shares) $100,001 - $500,000 (Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund, Institutional Shares) |
William E. Costello, CFA |
$100,001 - $500,000 (Westwood SmallCap Fund, Institutional Shares) $10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood SMidCap Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Casey Flanagan, CFA | None |
Prashant Inamdar, CFA |
$1 - $10,000 (Westwood SMidCap Fund, Institutional Shares) $1 - $10,000 (Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Institutional Shares) |
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Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares 1 |
Scott D. Lawson, CFA | $10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Thomas C. Lieu, CFA |
$10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood SMidCap Fund, Institutional Shares) $10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Matthew R. Lockridge |
$50,001 - $100,000 (Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Institutional Shares) $10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood SmallCap Fund, Institutional Shares) $50,001 - $100,000 (Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Shawn Mato, CFA |
$100,001 - $500,000 (Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, Institutional Shares) $100,001 - $500,000 (Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Matthew Na, CFA | $10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood MLP & Strategic Energy Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Fred G. Rowsey, CFA | $10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood SmallCap Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Varun V. Singh, CFA |
$10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Institutional Shares)
|
Grant L. Taber, CFA |
$50,001 - $100,000 (Westwood SMidCap Fund, Institutional Shares) $10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Todd L. Williams, CFA |
$10,001 - $50,000 (Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, Institutional Shares) $100,001 - $500,000 (Westwood MLP & Strategic Energy Fund, Institutional Shares) |
Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA | None |
Thomas Pinto Basto, CFA | None |
SKY Harbor | |
Anne Yobage, CFA | $100,001 - $500,000 (Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, Institutional Shares) |
David Kinsley, CFA | None |
Hannah Strasser, CFA | $100,001 - $500,000 (Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, Ultra Shares) |
Trevor Kaufman, CFA | None |
1 | Valuation date is October 31, 2018. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Funds, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. Unless otherwise noted, the information below is provided as of October 31, 2018.
Name |
Registered Investment Companies |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets 1 (in Millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets 1 (in Millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets 1 (in Millions) |
|
Westwood | ||||||
Daniel J. Barnes, CFA | 1 | $2,485.28 | 3 | $347.33 | 14 2 | $903.42 |
Michael J. Carne, CFA* | 0 | $0 | 1 | $16.2 | 15 | $2.5 |
David Clott, CFA | 0 | $0 | 5 | $1,226.25 | 8 4 | $0.43 |
William E. Costello, CFA | 2 | $394.87 | 7 | $190.06 | 44 | $1,587.75 |
Casey Flanagan, CFA* | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 2 | $0.6 |
Prashant Inamdar, CFA | 1 | $244.95 | 4 | $117.71 | 26 | $846.53 |
Scott Lawson, CFA | 4 | $1,217.37 | 6 | $638.51 | 41 | $1,720.22 |
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Name |
Registered Investment Companies |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
Other Accounts | |||
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets 1 (in Millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets 1 (in Millions) |
Number of Accounts |
Total Assets 1 (in Millions) |
|
Thomas C. Lieu, CFA | 1 | $244.95 | 6 | $205.65 | 30 | $1,015.59 |
Matthew R. Lockridge | 5 | $1,367.28 | 12 | $801.19 | 54 | $2,623.24 |
Shawn Mato, CFA | 0 | $0 | 5 | $1,226.25 | 6 4 | $0.67 |
Matthew Na, CFA | 0 | $0 | 2 | $46.58 | 16 3 | $427.02 |
Fred G. Rowsey, CFA | 1 | $149.92 | 3 | $72.34 | 20 | $740.54 |
Varun V. Singh, CFA | 4 | $1,217.37 | 6 | $638.51 | 34 | $1,717.83 |
Grant L. Taber, CFA | 1 | $244.95 | 6 | $205.65 | 31 | $1,014.93 |
Todd L. Williams, CFA | 0 | $0 | 4 | $391.51 | 29 3 | $1,333.55 |
Patricia Perez-Coutts, CFA | 1 | $141.11 | 11 | $2,052.17 | 11 | $712.07 |
Thomas Pinto Basto, CFA* | 0 | $0 | 2 | $137.1 | 5 | $1.6 |
SKY Harbor | ||||||
Anne Yobage, CFA | 1 | $65.00 | 3 | $2,476.28 | 12 | $1,155.44 |
David Kinsley, CFA | 1 | $65.00 | 3 | $2,476.28 | 12 | $1,155.44 |
Hannah Strasser, CFA | 1 | $2.16 | 2 | $590.48 | 10 | $785.97 |
Trevor Kaufman, CFA | 1 | $2.16 | 2 | $590.48 | 10 | $785.97 |
1 | Represents the portion of assets for which the portfolio manager has responsibility in the accounts indicated. The accounts indicated may contain additional assets under the responsibility of other portfolio managers and therefore may be duplicated. |
2 | Includes 1 account with assets under management of $263.61 million that is subject to performance-based advisory fees. |
3 | Includes 2 accounts with assets under management of $399.79 million that are subject to performance-based advisory fees. |
4 | Includes 1 account with assets under management of $608.14 million that is subject to performance-based advisory fees. |
* | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
The Adviser also manages institutional separate accounts and is the sub-adviser to other mutual funds. The investment process is the same for similar accounts, including the Funds, and is driven by proprietary team-oriented, in-depth, fundamental research. The investment research team is organized by industry coverage and supports all of the accounts managed in each of the Adviser’s investment strategies. Each of the Adviser’s investment strategies is managed by a portfolio team. Weekly research meetings provide a forum where the Adviser’s investment professionals discuss current investment ideas within their assigned industries. Generally, the entire portfolio team, or a sub-set of the team, then debates the merits of recommendations, taking into account the prevailing market environment, the portfolio’s current composition, and the relative value of alternative investments. Investment decisions are made by majority agreement of the portfolio team.
Conflicts of Interest. The portfolio managers’ management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Funds’ investments, on the one hand, and the investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as the Funds. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby the portfolio manager could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio managers’ knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby a portfolio manager could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of the Funds. However, both the Adviser and the Sub-Adviser have established policies and procedures to ensure that the purchase and sale of securities among all accounts they manage are fairly and equitably allocated. Both the Adviser’s and Sub-Adviser’s trade allocation policy is to aggregate client transactions, including the Funds’, where possible when it is believed that such aggregation may facilitate the Adviser’s or Sub-Adviser’s duty of best execution, as applicable. Client accounts for which orders are aggregated receive the average price of such transaction. Any transaction costs incurred in the transaction are shared pro rata based on each client’s participation in the transaction. Both the Adviser and Sub-Adviser generally allocate securities among client accounts according to each account’s pre-determined participation in the transaction. Both the Adviser’s and Sub-Adviser’s policy prohibits any allocation of trades that would favor any proprietary accounts, affiliated accounts, or any particular client(s) or group of clients more over any other account(s). Both the Adviser and Sub-Adviser prohibit late trading, frequent trading and/or market timing in the Funds and monitor trades daily to ensure this policy is not violated.
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General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of fund valuation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 12, 2002 (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, subject to certain minimums. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following amounts for these services:
Fund | Administration Fees Paid | ||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund | $77,999 | $91,568 | $92,544 |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund | $29,957 | $25,397 | $12,197 |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund | $55,888 | $66,840 | $49,767 |
Westwood SMidCap Fund | $213,830 | $180,818 | $142,230 |
Westwood SmallCap Fund | $66,245 | $91,021 | $133,447 |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund | $12,853 | $9,629 | $7,295 |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | $1,121,183 | $1,198,815 | $1,149,995 |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund | $9,243 | $6,226 | $3,024 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund | $260,984 | $260,476 | $271,213 |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | $38,441 | $38,949 | $29,709 |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | $1,938 | $1,836 | $945 |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund | $9,356 | $13,908 | $25,218 |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund | $8,113 | $6,416 | $5,571 |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
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The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010 (the “Distribution Agreement”), whereby the Distributor acts as principal underwriter for the Trust’s shares. The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Distribution Plan. The Trust has adopted a Distribution Plan with respect to the A Class Shares (the “Plan”) in accordance with the provisions of Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, which regulates circumstances under which an investment company may directly or indirectly bear expenses relating to the distribution of its shares. Continuance of the Plan must be approved annually by a majority of the Trustees and by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan (“Qualified Trustees”). The Plan requires that quarterly written reports of amounts spent under the Plan and the purposes of such expenditures be furnished to and reviewed by the Trustees. The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the amount that may be spent thereunder without approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of the affected Fund(s). All material amendments of the Plan will require approval by a majority of the Trustees and of the Qualified Trustees.
The Plan provides a method of paying for distribution and shareholder services, which may help the Funds grow or maintain asset levels to provide operational efficiencies and economies of scale, provided by the Distributor or other financial intermediaries that enter into agreements with the Distributor. The Funds may make payments to financial intermediaries, such as banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, investment counselors, broker-dealers, mutual fund “supermarkets” and the Distributor’s affiliates and subsidiaries, as compensation for services, reimbursement of expenses incurred in connection with distribution assistance or provision of shareholder services. The Distributor may, at its discretion, retain a portion of such payments to compensate itself for distribution services and distribution related expenses such as the costs of preparation, printing, mailing or otherwise disseminating sales literature, advertising, and prospectuses (other than those furnished to current shareholders of a Fund), promotional and incentive programs, and such other marketing expenses that the Distributor may incur.
Under the Plan, the Distributor or financial intermediaries may receive up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the A Class Shares as compensation for distribution and shareholder services. The Plan is characterized as a compensation plan since the distribution fee will be paid to the Distributor without regard to the distribution or shareholder service expenses incurred by the Distributor or the amount of payments made to financial intermediaries. The Trust intends to operate the Plan in accordance with its terms and with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules concerning sales charges.
Payments under the Distribution Plan. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the Distributor the following fees pursuant to the Plan. A Class Shares of the Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund were not in operation as of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
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Fund | 12b-1 Fees Paid | 12b-1 Fees Retained by the Distributor | ||||
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund | $4,443 | $4,853 | $14,900 | $3,639 | $4,046 | $4,116 |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | $325,652 | $300,384 | $222,243 | $5,813 | $3,146 | $3,129 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund | $976 | $1,255 | $1,343 | $0 | $0 | $700 |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | $3,536 | $1,709 | $555 | $0 | $12 | $16 |
Shareholder Servicing Plan. The Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Fund, the Westwood SmallCap Fund, the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund have adopted a shareholder servicing plan under which a shareholder servicing fee of up to 0.20% of average daily net assets of the Institutional Shares of the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund and Westwood SmallCap Fund and 0.15% of average daily net assets of the Institutional Shares of the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund and Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund will be paid to financial intermediaries. Under the plan, financial intermediaries may perform, or may compensate other financial intermediaries for performing, certain shareholder and/or administrative services or similar non-distribution services, including: (i) maintaining shareholder accounts; (ii) arranging for bank wires; (iii) responding to shareholder inquiries relating to the services performed by the financial intermediaries; (iv) responding to inquiries from shareholders concerning their investment in the Funds; (v) assisting shareholders in changing dividend options, account designations and addresses; (vi) providing information periodically to shareholders showing their position in the Funds; (vii) forwarding shareholder communications from the Funds such as proxies, shareholder reports, annual reports, and dividend and capital gain distribution and tax notices to shareholders; (viii) processing purchase, exchange and redemption requests from shareholders and placing orders with the Funds or their service providers; (ix) providing sub-accounting services; (x) processing dividend and capital gain payments from the Funds on behalf of shareholders; (xi) preparing tax reports; and (xii) providing such other similar non-distribution services as the Funds may reasonably request to the extent that the financial intermediary is permitted to do so under applicable laws or regulations.
Other Payments by the Funds. The Funds may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Funds may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, distribution or shareholder services fees the Funds may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Funds’ distribution plan or shareholder servicing plan.
Payments by the Adviser. The Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments from their own resources and not from Fund assets to affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates, as incentives to help market and promote the Funds and/or in recognition of their distribution, marketing, administrative services, and/or processing support.
These additional payments may be made to financial intermediaries that sell Fund shares or provide services to the Funds, the Distributor or shareholders of the Funds through the financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel and/or fund supermarkets. Payments may also be made through the financial intermediary’s retirement, qualified tuition, fee-based advisory, wrap fee bank trust, or insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. These payments may include, but are not limited to, placing the Funds in a financial intermediary’s retail distribution channel or on a preferred or recommended fund list; providing business or shareholder financial planning assistance; educating financial intermediary personnel about the Funds; providing access to sales and management representatives of the financial intermediary; promoting sales of Fund shares; providing marketing and educational support; maintaining share balances and/or for sub-accounting, administrative or shareholder transaction processing services. A financial intermediary may perform the services itself or may arrange with a third party to perform the services.
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The Adviser and/or its affiliates may also make payments from their own resources to financial intermediaries for costs associated with the purchase of products or services used in connection with sales and marketing, participation in and/or presentation at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs, client and investor entertainment and other sponsored events. The costs and expenses associated with these efforts may include travel, lodging, sponsorship at educational seminars and conferences, entertainment and meals to the extent permitted by law.
Revenue sharing payments may be negotiated based on a variety of factors, including the level of sales, the amount of Fund assets attributable to investments in the Funds by financial intermediaries’ customers, a flat fee or other measures as determined from time to time by the Adviser and/or its affiliates. A significant purpose of these payments is to increase the sales of Fund shares, which in turn may benefit the Adviser through increased fees as Fund assets grow.
Investors should understand that some financial intermediaries may also charge their clients fees in connection with purchases of shares or the provision of shareholder services.
DST Systems, Inc., 333 W. 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Funds’ transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent under a transfer agency agreement with the Trust.
U.S. Bank National Association, 800 Nicollett Mall, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55402-4302 (the “Custodian”), serves as the custodian of the Funds. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Funds as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds. The financial statements and notes thereto incorporated by reference for the Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, the Westwood SMidCap Fund, the Westwood SmallCap Fund, the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, the Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, the Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund and the Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, as indicated in their report with respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference in reliance on the authority of their report as experts in accounting and auditing.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
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The Funds did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Funds described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of each Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objective(s), strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
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From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ adviser and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are eight members of the Board, six of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Robert Nesher, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Joseph T. Grause, Jr., an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute a super majority (75%) of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Grause, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
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Name and
Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and
Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
Interested Trustees | |||
Robert Nesher (Born: 1946) |
Chairman of the Board of Trustees 1 (since 1991) |
SEI employee 1974 to present; currently performs various services on behalf of SEI Investments for which Mr. Nesher is compensated. President, Chief Executive Officer and Trustee of SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. President and Director of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP. President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP, 2007 to 2013. President and Director of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Vice Chairman of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. President, Chief Executive Officer and Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Vice Chairman of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Vice Chairman of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company), The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust and Schroder Global Series Trust to 2018. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Global Master Fund plc, SEI Global Assets Fund plc, SEI Global Investments Fund plc, SEI Investments-Global Funds Services, Limited, SEI Investments Global, Limited, SEI Investments (Europe) Ltd., SEI Investments-Unit Trust Management (UK) Limited, SEI Multi-Strategy Funds PLC and SEI Global Nominee Ltd.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
N. Jeffrey Klauder (Born: 1952) |
Trustee 1 (since 2018) |
Senior Advisor of SEI Investments since 2018. Executive Vice President and General Counsel of SEI Investments, 2004 to 2018. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of SEI Private Trust Company; SEI Investments Management Corporation; SEI Trust Company; SEI Investments (South Africa), Limited; SEI Investments (Canada) Company; SEI Global Fund Services Ltd.; SEI Investments Global Limited; SEI Global Master Fund; SEI Global Investments Fund; and SEI Global Assets Fund. |
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Name and
Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and
Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other
Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
Independent Trustees | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. (Born: 1952) |
Trustee (since 2011) Lead Independent Trustee (since 2018) |
Self-Employed Consultant since 2012. Director of Endowments and Foundations, Morningstar Investment Management, Morningstar, Inc., 2010 to 2011. Director of International Consulting and Chief Executive Officer of Morningstar Associates Europe Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2007 to 2010. Country Manager - Morningstar UK Limited, Morningstar, Inc., 2005 to 2007. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of The Korea Fund, Inc. |
Mitchell A. Johnson (Born: 1942) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Retired. Private Investor since 1994. |
Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) since 1997.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. |
Betty L. Krikorian (Born: 1943) |
Trustee (since 2005) |
Vice President, Compliance, AARP Financial Inc., from 2008 to 2010. Self-Employed Legal and Financial Services Consultant since 2003. Counsel (in-house) for State Street Bank from 1995 to 2003. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. |
Bruce Speca (Born: 1956) |
Trustee (since 2011) |
Global Head of Asset Allocation, Manulife Asset Management (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2010 to 2011. Executive Vice President - Investment Management Services, John Hancock Financial Services (subsidiary of Manulife Financial), 2003 to 2010. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds and The KP Funds. Director of Stone Harbor Investments Funds, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (closed-end fund) and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Total Income Fund (closed-end fund). |
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Name and
Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and
Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years |
Other Directorships Held in the
Past 5 Years |
George J. Sullivan, Jr. (Born: 1942)
|
Trustee (since 1999) |
Retired since 2012. Self-Employed Consultant, Newfound Consultants Inc., 1997 to 2011. |
Current Directorships: Trustee/Director of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust.
Former Directorships: Director of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP to 2013. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee/ Director of State Street Navigator Securities Lending Trust to 2017. Member of the independent review committee for SEI’s Canadian-registered mutual funds to 2017. |
Tracie E. Ahern (Born: 1968) |
Trustee (since 2018) |
Principal, Danesmead Partners since 2016; Chief Operating Officer/Chief Financial Officer, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2015 to 2016; Advisor, Brightwood Capital Advisors LLC, 2016; Chief Financial Officer, Soros Fund Management LLC, 2007 to 2015. | Current Directorships: Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Symmetry Panoramic Trust. |
1 | Denotes Trustees who may be deemed to be “interested” persons of the Funds as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of their affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nesher should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 1974, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1991.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Klauder should serve as Trustee because of the experience he has gained in his various roles with SEI Investments, which he joined in 2004, his knowledge of and experience in the financial services industry, and the experience he gained serving as a partner of a large law firm.
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The Trust has concluded that Mr. Grause should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different financial institutions, his knowledge of the mutual fund and investment management industries, his past experience as an interested trustee and chair of the investment committee for a multi-managed investment company, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Johnson should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a senior vice president, corporate finance, of a Fortune 500 company, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services and banking industries, the experience he gained serving as a director of other mutual funds, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Krikorian should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained serving as a legal and financial services consultant, in-house counsel to a large custodian bank and Vice President of Compliance of an investment adviser, her background in fiduciary and banking law, her experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience she has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2005.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Speca should serve as Trustee because of the knowledge and experience he gained serving as president of a mutual fund company and portfolio manager for a $95 billion complex of asset allocation funds, his over 25 years of experience working in a management capacity with mutual fund boards, and the experience he has gained serving as a trustee of the Trust since 2011.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Sullivan should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained as a certified public accountant and financial consultant, his experience in and knowledge of public company accounting and auditing and the financial services industry, the experience he gained as an officer of a large financial services firm in its operations department, and his experience from serving as a trustee of the Trust since 1999.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Ahern should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in numerous finance, accounting, tax, compliance and administration roles in the investment management industry, and her experience serving as a director of multiple hedge funds, private equity funds and non-profit organizations.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
• | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan and Mses. Krikorian and Ahern currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Ms. Ahern serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
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• | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee (formerly the Nominating Committee) that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Mses. Krikorian and Ahern and Messrs. Grause, Johnson, Speca and Sullivan currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Speca serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met four (4) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of each of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
Name |
Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund) 1 |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares
(All Funds in the Family of
|
Interested Trustees | ||
Nesher | None | None |
Klauder | None | None |
Independent Trustees | ||
Grause | Over $100,000 (Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund) | Over $100,000 |
Johnson | None | None |
Krikorian | None | None |
Speca | None | None |
Sullivan | None | None |
Ahern | None | None |
1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2018. |
2 | The Funds are the only funds in the family of investment companies. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the Funds’ most recently completed fiscal year.
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Name |
Aggregate Compensation
from the Trust |
Pension or
Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated Annual Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation from the
Trust and Fund Complex 1 |
Interested Trustees | ||||
Nesher | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Klauder 2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees | ||||
Grause | $126,043 | N/A | N/A | $126,043 for service on one (1) board |
Johnson | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Krikorian | $126,743 | N/A | N/A | $126,743 for service on one (1) board |
Speca | $116,450 | N/A | N/A | $116,450 for service on one (1) board |
Sullivan | $131,038 | N/A | N/A | $131,038 for service on one (1) board |
Ahern 2 | $58,561 | N/A | N/A | $58,561 for service on one (1) board |
1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
2 | Joined the Board on March 26, 2018. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for the officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments Company, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie (Born: 1965) |
President (since 2011) |
Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2017) |
Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) |
Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) |
Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Stephen Connors (Born: 1984) |
Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2015) |
Director, SEI Investments, Fund Accounting, since 2014. Audit Manager, Deloitte & Touche LLP, from 2011 to 2014. |
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Name and Year of Birth |
Position with Trust and Length of Time Served |
Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Dianne M. Descoteaux (Born: 1977) |
Vice President and Secretary (since 2011) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2010. Associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, from 2006 to 2010. |
Russell Emery (Born: 1962) |
Chief Compliance Officer (since 2006) |
Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Alpha Strategy Portfolios, LP from 2007 to 2013. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Opportunity Fund, L.P. to 2010. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Matthew M. Maher (Born: 1975) |
Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2018) |
Counsel at SEI Investments since 2018. Attorney, Blank Rome LLP, from 2015 to 2018. Assistant Counsel & Vice President, Bank of New York Mellon, from 2013 to 2014. Attorney, Dilworth Paxson LLP, from 2006 to 2013. |
Robert Morrow
(Born: 1968) |
Vice President (since 2017) |
Account Manager, SEI Investments, since 2007. |
Bridget E. Sudall (Born: 1980) |
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and Privacy Officer (since 2015) | Senior Associate and AML Officer, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2011 to 2015. Investor Services Team Lead, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2007 to 2011. |
PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Funds are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by a Fund in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions. A shareholder will at all times be entitled to aggregate cash redemptions from all funds of the Trust up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Trust’s net assets during any 90-day period.
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The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which the disposal or valuation of a Fund’s securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Funds for any period during which the NYSE, the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Funds adhere to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities. Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over-the-counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Funds’ pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of each Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Funds will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Funds will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Funds calculate NAV, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which each Fund calculates its NAV. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value a Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
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Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Funds are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Funds are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Funds calculate NAV. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
Fair Valuation of Foreign Securities Based on U.S. Market Movements. A third party fair valuation vendor provides a fair value for foreign securities held by the Westwood Emerging Markets Fund based on certain factors and methodologies (involving, generally, tracking valuation correlations between the U.S. market and each foreign security) applied by the fair valuation vendor in the event that there are movements in the U.S. market that exceed a specific threshold that has been established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Fair Value Pricing Committee has also established a “confidence interval” that is used to determine the level of correlation between the value of a foreign security and movements in the U.S. market that is required for a particular security to be fair valued when the threshold is exceeded. In the event that the threshold established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee is exceeded on a specific day, the Fund values the foreign securities in its portfolio that exceed the applicable “confidence interval” based upon the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor. In such event, it is not necessary to hold a Fair Value Pricing Committee meeting. In the event that the Adviser believes that the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor are not reliable, the Adviser can contact the Administrator and request that a meeting of the Fair Value Pricing Committee be held.
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TAXES
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Funds and their shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectuses. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Funds or their shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectuses is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
This general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to regulated investment companies (“RICs”), such as the Funds. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Funds. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Funds.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. Each Fund intends to qualify and elect to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, each Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. A Fund that qualifies as a RIC will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that the Fund timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, each Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of each Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of each Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of each Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of each Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of each Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which each Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that each Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and may distribute their capital gains for any taxable year, the Funds will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. Each Fund is treated as a separate corporation for federal income tax purposes. A Fund therefore is considered to be a separate entity in determining its treatment under the rules for RICs described herein. Losses in one Fund do not offset gains in another and the requirements (other than certain organization requirements) for qualifying RIC status are determined at the Fund level rather than at the Trust level.
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If a Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, such Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If a Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, such Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, a Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
A Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Funds is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If a Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains) for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. A Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. A Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if a Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires a Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), a Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which a Fund paid no federal income tax). The Funds intend to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Funds may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the investment managers might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Funds to satisfy the requirement for qualification as RICs.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Funds receive income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of a Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by a Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares. It is not anticipated that any distributions by the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund will be eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. Additionally, the investment strategies of certain other Funds may limit their ability to make distributions eligible for the reduced tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income.
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Distributions by the Funds are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Funds receive qualified dividend income on the securities they hold and the Funds report the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from each Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend, (ii) each Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder), (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in a Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Funds receive from an ETF, an underlying fund taxable as a RIC, or a REIT will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such ETF, underlying fund or REIT. The writing of call options by a Fund may significantly reduce or eliminate its ability to make distributions eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income.
Distributions by the Funds of their net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of a Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20%, regardless of how long the shareholder has owned the shares.
In the case of corporate shareholders, Fund distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by such Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation. Certain Funds’ investment strategies may limit their ability to make distributions eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If a Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in a Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Funds (or their administrative agents) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Funds may report and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Funds.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
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Sales, Exchanges, or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange, or redemption of shares of a Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a long-term capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged, or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the long-term capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agents) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, each Fund (or its administrative agent) is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares have a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of its shares, each Fund will permit its shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including average cost. In the absence of an election, each Fund will use the average basis method. The cost basis method elected by shareholders (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of a Fund’s shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of a Fund’s shares. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review any cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Funds may invest in complex securities. These investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Funds’ ability to qualify as RICs, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Funds are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Funds and/or defer the Funds’ ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Funds to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of their foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Funds and may require the Funds to sell securities to mitigate the effect of these rules and prevent disqualification of the Funds as RICs at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so.
Certain derivative investment by the Funds, such as exchange-traded products and over-the-counter derivatives may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the “Qualifying Income Test” described above, which must be met in order for a Fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code. In addition, the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of such derivative investments are often unclear for purposes of the “Asset Test” described above. The Funds intend to carefully monitor such investments to ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to ensure that they are adequately diversified under the Asset Test. The Funds, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying income from these investments and there are no assurances that the IRS will agree with the Funds’ determination of the “Asset Test” with respect to such derivatives.
Each Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from futures and options contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. A Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, options contracts and swaps to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require a Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Accordingly, in order to avoid certain income and excise taxes, a Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time when the Fund’s investment managers might not otherwise have chosen to do so.
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Any forward contract or other position entered into or held by a Fund in conjunction with any other position held by that Fund may constitute a “straddle” for federal income tax purposes. A straddle of which at least one, but not all, the positions are “Section 1256 contracts” may constitute a “mixed straddle.” In general, straddles are subject to certain rules that may affect the amount, character and timing of a Fund’s gains and losses with respect to straddle positions by requiring, among other things, that: (1) any loss realized on disposition of one position of a straddle may not be recognized to the extent that the Fund has unrealized gains with respect to the other position in such straddle; (2) the Fund’s holding period in straddle positions be suspended while the straddle exists (possibly resulting in a gain being treated as short-term capital gain rather than long-term capital gain); (3) the losses recognized with respect to certain straddle positions that are part of a mixed straddle and that are non-Section 1256 contracts be treated as 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital loss; (4) losses recognized with respect to certain straddle positions that would otherwise constitute short-term capital losses be treated as long-term capital losses; and (5) the deduction of interest and carrying charges attributable to certain straddle positions may be deferred. Various elections are available to the Funds, which may mitigate the effects of the straddle rules, particularly with respect to mixed straddles. In general, the straddle rules described above do not apply to any straddles held by a Fund if all of the offsetting positions consist of Section 1256 contracts.
To the extent a Fund writes options that are not subject to the rules of section 1256 of the Code, the amount of the premium received by the Fund for writing such options will generally be entirely short-term capital gain to the Fund. In addition, if such an option is closed by a Fund, any gain or loss realized by the Fund as a result of closing the transaction will also generally be short-term capital gain or loss. If such an option is exercised any gain or loss realized by a Fund upon the sale of the underlying security pursuant to such exercise will generally be short-term or long-term capital gain or loss to the Fund depending on the Fund’s holding period for the underlying security.
With respect to investments in STRIPS, treasury receipts, and other zero coupon securities which are sold at original issue discount and thus do not make periodic cash interest payments, a Fund will be required to include as part of its current income the imputed interest on such obligations even though the Fund has not received any interest payments on such obligations during that period. Because each Fund intends to distribute all of its net investment income to its shareholders, a Fund may have to sell Fund securities to distribute such imputed income which may occur at a time when the Fund’s investment managers would not have chosen to sell such securities and which may result in taxable gain or loss.
Any market discount recognized on a bond is taxable as ordinary income. A market discount bond is a bond acquired in the secondary market at a price below redemption value or adjusted issue price if issued with original issue discount. Absent an election by a Fund to include the market discount in income as it accrues, gain on the Fund’s disposition of such an obligation will be treated as ordinary income rather than capital gain to the extent of the accrued market discount.
A Fund may invest in inflation-linked debt securities. Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-linked debt security will be original interest discount, which is taxable as ordinary income and is required to be distributed, even though the Fund will not receive the principal, including any increase thereto, until maturity. As noted above, if a Fund invests in such securities it may be required to liquidate other investments, including at times when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements and to eliminate any possible taxation at the Fund level.
In general, for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test described above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership that would be qualifying income if realized directly by a Fund. However, 100% of the net income derived from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (generally, a partnership (i) interests in which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof, (ii) that derives at least 90% of its income from the passive income sources specified in Code section 7704(d), and (iii) that generally derives less than 90% of its income from the same sources as described in the Qualifying Income Test) will be treated as qualifying income. In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to RICs, such rules do apply to a RIC with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.
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Certain Funds intend to invest in certain MLPs which may be treated as qualified publicly traded partnerships (“QPTPs”). Income from QPTPs is qualifying income for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test, but a Fund’s investment in one or more of such QPTPs is limited under the Asset Test to no more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s assets. The Funds will monitor their investments in such QPTPs in order to ensure compliance with the Qualifying Income and Asset Tests.
Investments in QPTPs may require a Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, a Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. A Fund’s investments in QPTPs may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of nontaxable cash distributions from a QPTP and if the Fund then distributes these nontaxable distributions to Fund shareholders, it could constitute a return of capital to Fund shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Any cash distributions received by a Fund from a QPTP in excess of the Fund’s tax basis therein generally will be considered to be gain from the sale or exchange of the Fund’s QPTP shares. A Fund’s tax basis in its investments in a QPTP generally is equal to the amount the Fund paid for its interests in the QPTP (i) increased by the Fund’s allocable share of the QPTP’s net income and certain QPTP debt, if any, and (ii) decreased by the Fund’s allocable share of the QPTP’s net losses and distributions received by the Fund from the QPTP.
MLPs and other partnerships that the Funds may invest in will deliver Form K-1s to the Funds to report their share of income, gains, losses, deductions and credits of the MLP or other partnership. These Form K-1s may be delayed and may not be received until after the time that a Fund issues its tax reporting statements. As a result, a Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues you your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
The Tax Act treats “qualified publicly traded partnership income” within the meaning of Section 199A(e)(5) of the Code as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. Qualified publicly traded partnership income is generally income of a “publicly traded partnership” that is not treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is effectively connected with such entity’s trade or business, but does not include certain investment income. A “publicly traded partnership” for purposes of this deduction is not necessarily the same as a “qualified publicly traded partnership,” as defined above. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). The Tax Act does not contain a provision permitting RICs, such as the Funds, to pass the special character of this income through to their shareholders. Currently, direct investors in entities that generate “qualified publicly traded partnership income” will enjoy the lower rate, but investors in RICs that invest in such entities will not. It is uncertain whether future technical corrections or administrative guidance will address this issue to enable the Funds to pass through the special character of “qualified publicly traded partnership income” to shareholders.
A Fund may invest in REITs. Investments in REIT equity securities may require a Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, a Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. A Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in a Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if a Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to such Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to a Fund will be treated as long term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by a Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
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REITs in which a Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Fund until after the time that the Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, a Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, a Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
The Tax Act treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Pursuant to recently proposed regulations on which the Funds may rely, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. A Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
Certain Funds intend to invest in royalty trusts. Depending on the U.S. federal income tax classification of these royalty trusts in which a Fund invests, securities issued by certain royalty trusts (such as royalty trusts which are grantor trusts for U.S. federal income tax purposes) may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test. Additionally, a Fund may be deemed to directly own the assets of each royalty trust, and would need to look to such assets when determining its compliance with the Asset Test. Certain Canadian royalty trusts may be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and distributions from such trusts may be qualifying income when received by a Fund. Each Fund will monitor its investments in royalty trusts with the objective of maintaining its continued qualification as a RIC under the Code.
If a Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs,” the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, whether or not any distributions are made to the Fund, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. Such Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.
Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues. A Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require a Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Funds intend to monitor their transactions, intend to make the appropriate tax elections, and intend to make the appropriate entries in their books and records when they acquire any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of a Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
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The U.S. Treasury Department has authority to issue regulations that would exclude foreign currency gains from the Qualifying Income Test described above if such gains are not directly related to a Fund’s business of investing in stock or securities (or options and futures with respect to stock or securities). Accordingly, regulations may be issued in the future that could treat some or all of a Fund’s non-U.S. currency gains as non-qualifying income, thereby potentially jeopardizing the Fund’s status as a RIC for all years to which the regulations are applicable.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by a Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stock or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors. If more than 50% of the value of a Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to, and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, such Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If a Fund makes the election, such Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If a Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by such Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by a Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if a Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in a Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by a Fund.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block UBTI from being realized by their tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in a Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
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A Fund's shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
Backup Withholding. A Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a rate of 24% and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Funds may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Funds. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. A Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of a Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from a Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), a Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by a Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to a Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
A non-U.S. entity that invests in a Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in a Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as a Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
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State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that a Fund will not be liable for any corporate excise, income or franchise tax in Massachusetts if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by a Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in a Fund.
Brokerage Transactions. Generally, equity securities, both listed and over-the-counter, are bought and sold through brokerage transactions for which commissions are payable. Purchases from underwriters will include the underwriting commission or concession, and purchases from dealers serving as market makers will include a dealer’s mark-up or reflect a dealer’s mark-down. Money market securities and other debt securities are usually bought and sold directly from the issuer or an underwriter or market maker for the securities. Generally, the Funds will not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases. When a debt security is bought from an underwriter, the purchase price will usually include an underwriting commission or concession. The purchase price for securities bought from dealers serving as market makers will similarly include the dealer’s mark up or reflect a dealer’s mark down. When the Funds execute transactions in the over-the-counter market, they will generally deal with primary market makers unless prices that are more favorable are otherwise obtainable.
In addition, an adviser may place a combined order for two or more accounts it manages, including a Fund, engaged in the purchase or sale of the same security if, in its judgment, joint execution is in the best interest of each participant and will result in best price and execution. Transactions involving commingled orders are allocated in a manner deemed equitable to each account or Fund. Although it is recognized that, in some cases, the joint execution of orders could adversely affect the price or volume of the security that a particular account or Fund may obtain, it is the opinion of the advisers that the advantages of combined orders outweigh the possible disadvantages of combined orders.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds paid the following aggregate brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions:
Fund | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund | $72,920 | $74,076 | $83,826 |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund | $22,161 | $40,837 | $10,441 |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund | $100,842 | $66,436 | $78,612 |
Westwood SMidCap Fund | $700,222 | $331,582 | $274,612 |
Westwood SmallCap Fund | $224,220 | $261,452 | $480,180 |
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Fund | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund | $29,276 | $23,409 | $14,133 |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | $347,502 | $390,178 | $527,213 |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund | $4,909 | $2,006 | $2,859 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund | $238,157 | $263,053 | $246,664 |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | $5 | $118 | $85 |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund | $12,340 | $20,279 | $28,219 |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund | $0 | $0 | $1 |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund | N/A 1 | N/A 1 | N/A 1 |
1 | Not in operation during the period. |
Brokerage Selection. The Trust does not expect to use one particular broker or dealer, and when one or more brokers is believed capable of providing the best combination of price and execution, an adviser may select a broker based upon brokerage or research services provided to the adviser. The advisers may pay a higher commission than otherwise obtainable from other brokers in return for such services only if a good faith determination is made that the commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act permits an adviser, under certain circumstances, to cause the Funds to pay a broker or dealer a commission for effecting a transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting the transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by the broker or dealer. In addition to agency transactions, an adviser may receive brokerage and research services in connection with certain riskless principal transactions, in accordance with applicable SEC guidance. Brokerage and research services include: (1) furnishing advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; (2) furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy, and the performance of accounts; and (3) effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance, settlement, and custody). In the case of research services, the advisers believe that access to independent investment research is beneficial to their investment decision-making processes and, therefore, to the Funds.
To the extent that research services may be a factor in selecting brokers, such services may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and may include information as to particular companies and securities as well as market, economic, or institutional areas and information which assists in the valuation and pricing of investments. Examples of research-oriented services for which the advisers might utilize Fund commissions include research reports and other information on the economy, industries, sectors, groups of securities, individual companies, statistical information, political developments, technical market action, pricing and appraisal services, credit analysis, risk measurement analysis, performance and other analysis. An adviser may use research services furnished by brokers in servicing all client accounts and not all services may necessarily be used by the adviser in connection with the Funds or any other specific client account that paid commissions to the broker providing such services. Information so received by the adviser will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by the Adviser under the Advisory Agreement or the Sub-Adviser under the Sub-Advisory Agreement. Any advisory or other fees paid to the advisers are not reduced as a result of the receipt of research services.
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In some cases an adviser may receive a service from a broker that has both a “research” and a “non-research” use. When this occurs, the adviser makes a good faith allocation, under all the circumstances, between the research and non-research uses of the service. The percentage of the service that is used for research purposes may be paid for with client commissions, while the adviser will use its own funds to pay for the percentage of the service that is used for non-research purposes. In making this good faith allocation, the advisers face a potential conflict of interest, but the advisers believe that their allocation procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that they appropriately allocate the anticipated use of such services to their research and non-research uses.
From time to time, an adviser may purchase new issues of securities for clients, including the Funds, in a fixed price offering. In these situations, the seller may be a member of the selling group that will, in addition to selling securities, provide the advisers with research services. FINRA has adopted rules expressly permitting these types of arrangements under certain circumstances. Generally, the seller will provide research “credits” in these situations at a rate that is higher than that which is available for typical secondary market transactions. These arrangements may not fall within the safe harbor of Section 28(e).
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to an adviser:
Fund |
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions for Research Services 1 | Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund | $79,801 | $215,197,919 |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund | $9,965 | $32,914,391 |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund | $74,126 | $118,005,591 |
Westwood SMidCap Fund | $259,896 | $421,894,086 |
Westwood SmallCap Fund | $456,905 | $431,654,275 |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund | $13,447 | $15,020,292 |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | $505,872 | $1,066,077,708 |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund | $2,726 | $3,375,970 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund | $52,757 | $193,889 |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | $0 | $0 |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | $0 | $0 |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund | $27,288 | $13,876,207 |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund | $1 | $11,652 |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund | N/A 2 | N/A 2 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund | N/A 2 | N/A 2 |
1 | Reported numbers only include commissions paid for an identified research service as part of an unbundled brokerage relationship and do not include any commissions paid for research services as part of bundled commissions for which the research portion is not distinguishable from the execution portion. |
2 | Not in operation during the period. |
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Funds may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Funds or the Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Funds for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
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For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Funds did not pay any brokerage commissions on Fund transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Funds are required to identify any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that each Fund held during its most recent fiscal year. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, the Funds held securities of their "regular brokers or dealers" as follows:
Fund | Name of Broker/Dealer | Type of Security Held |
Dollar Amount at FYE (in thousands) |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | Morgan Stanley | Debt | $32,836 |
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which the Funds may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one year. The Funds may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, the Funds’ portfolio turnover rates were as follows:
Fund |
Portfolio Turnover Rates | |
2017 | 2018 | |
Westwood LargeCap Value Fund | 44% | 49% |
Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund | 122% | 26% 1 |
Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund | 38% | 51% |
Westwood SMidCap Fund | 55% | 58% |
Westwood SmallCap Fund | 56% | 50% |
Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund | 36% | 44% |
Westwood Income Opportunity Fund | 34% | 42% |
Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund | 41% | 33% |
Westwood Emerging Markets Fund | 25% | 23% |
Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund | 71% | 37% |
Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | 67% | 78% |
Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund | 80% | 88% |
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Portfolio Turnover Rates | ||
Fund | 2017 | 2018 |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund | 125% | 175% |
Westwood Flexible Income Fund | N/A 2 | N/A 2 |
Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund | N/A 2 | N/A 2 |
1 | The portfolio turnover rate of the Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund was lower during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018 than the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017 because the Fund's principal investment strategies changed on December 30, 2016, resulting in associated portfolio repositioning and a higher turnover rate for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017. |
2 | Not in operation during the period. |
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Funds’ portfolio securities is in the best interests of Fund shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser, Sub-Adviser, principal underwriter or any affiliated person of the Funds, the Adviser, Sub-Adviser or the principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (the “Authorized Person”) to authorize the release of the Funds’ portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Authorized Person reports at least quarterly to the Board regarding the implementation of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Funds are required to disclose their complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31). The Funds disclose a complete schedule of investments, following the second and fourth fiscal quarters, in each Semi-Annual Report and Annual Report to Fund shareholders or, following the first and third fiscal quarters, in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC on Form N-Q or as exhibits to Form N-PORT. Semi-Annual and Annual Reports are distributed to Fund shareholders.
Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-Q, Form N-CSR, and as exhibits to Form N-PORT, are not distributed to Fund shareholders, but are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Within 10 days of the end of each calendar quarter, each Fund, except for the Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, will post its complete portfolio holdings on the internet at http://www.westwoodfunds.com. The Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund will post their top 10 holdings within 10 days of the end of each calendar quarter on the internet at http://www.westwoodfunds.com. These postings generally remain until replaced by new postings as described above. The Adviser may exclude any portion of a Fund’s portfolio holdings from such publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund.
The Funds’ policies and procedures provide that the Authorized Persons may authorize disclosure of portfolio holdings information to third parties at differing times and/or with different lag times then the information posted to the internet; provided that the recipient is, either by contractual agreement or otherwise by law, (i) required to maintain the confidentiality of the information and (ii) prohibited from using the information to facilitate or assist in any securities transactions or investment program. No compensation or other consideration is paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Funds, the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser and their affiliates or recipient of the Funds’ portfolio holdings information. The Funds will review a third party’s request for portfolio holdings information to determine whether the third party has legitimate business objectives in requesting such information.
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In addition, the Funds’ service providers, such as the Custodian, Administrator and Transfer Agent, may receive portfolio holdings information as frequently as daily in connection with their services to the Funds. In addition to any contractual provisions relating to confidentiality of information that may be included in the service providers contract with the Trust, these arrangements impose obligations on the Funds’ service providers that would prohibit them from disclosing or trading on the Funds’ non-public information. Financial printers and pricing information vendors may receive portfolio holdings information, as necessary, in connection with their services to the Funds.
The Adviser and/or the Sub-Adviser may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of a Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of a Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of a Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund, each of which represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any additional fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Funds’ shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for the obligations of the trust. Even if, however, the Trust were held to be a partnership, the possibility of the shareholders incurring financial loss for that reason appears remote because the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees, and because the Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Trust property for any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful defaults and, if reasonable care has been exercised in the selection of officers, agents, employees or investment advisers, shall not be liable for any neglect or wrongdoing of any such person. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with actual or threatened litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust unless it is determined in the manner provided in the Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
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The Board has delegated the responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Funds to the Adviser. The Adviser has delegated the responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and the Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund to the Sub-Adviser. The Adviser and the Sub-Adviser will each vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures, which are included in Appendix B to this SAI.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Funds’ complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-877-FUND-WHG (1-877-386-3944) and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, the Administrator and the Distributor have each adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by Access Persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Funds, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. Certain Access Persons are prohibited from engaging in personal securities transactions in securities that are held by the Funds. In addition, certain Access Persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
As of February 4, 2019, the following persons were record owners (or to the knowledge of the Trust, beneficial owners) of 5% or more of any class of the shares of the Funds. The Trust believes that most of the shares referred to below were held by the below persons in accounts for their fiduciary, agency or custodial customers. Persons beneficially owning more than 25% of a Fund’s outstanding shares may be deemed to “control” the Fund within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Shareholders controlling a Fund may have a significant impact on any shareholder vote of the Fund.
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Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund – Institutional Shares | |
Name and Address | % of Fund |
TD AMERITRADE INC FBO OUR CUSTOMERS PO BOX 2226 OMAHA NE 68103-2226
|
22.83% |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-1995
|
17.03% |
PERSHING LLC PO BOX 2052 JERSEY CITY NJ 07303-2052
|
14.02% |
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Westwood SMidCap Fund – Institutional Shares | |
Name and Address | % of Fund |
STATE STREET BANK & TRUST COMPANY FBO BAE SYSTEMS 401K SAVINGS PLAN PO BOX 5501 BOSTON MA 02206-5501
|
37.51% |
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Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund – Institutional Shares | |
Name and Address | % of Fund |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-1995
|
93.51% |
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Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund – Institutional Shares | |
Name and Address | % of Fund |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-1995
|
87.62% |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUST ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1905
|
8.27% |
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Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | ||
Name and Address | Class of Shares | % of Class |
TD AMERITRADE INC FBO OUR CUSTOMERS PO BOX 2226 OMAHA NE 68103-2226
|
Institutional | 51.59% |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1905
|
Institutional | 48.39% |
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Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund | ||
Name and Address | Class of Shares | % of Class |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-1995
|
Ultra | 95.78% |
Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund – Institutional Shares | |
Name and Address | % of Fund |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS ATTN: MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FL 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-1995
|
96.22% |
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DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
Description of Moody’s Global Ratings
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default on contractually promised payments and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note : Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
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Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to three years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels-MIG 1 through MIG 3-while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
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Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
• | The likelihood of payment-the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation; |
• | The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and |
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• | The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights. |
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
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CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
*Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories.
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
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Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
• | Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and |
• | Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note. |
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
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In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
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Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
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APPENDIX B –PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
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WESTWOOD MANAGEMENT CORP.
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR PROXY VOTING
Policy .
Westwood, as a matter of policy and as a fiduciary to our clients, has responsibility for voting proxies for portfolio securities in a manner that is consistent with the best economic interests of the clients. Our Firm maintains written policies and procedures as to the handling, research, voting and reporting of proxy voting and makes appropriate disclosures about our Firm’s proxy policies and practices. Our policy and practice includes the responsibility to monitor corporate actions, receive and vote client proxies and disclose any potential conflicts of interest, and our policy and practice further is to make information available to clients about the voting of proxies for their portfolio securities and to maintain relevant and required records.
Responsibility .
Westwood’s Data Management Team has the responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of our proxy voting policy, practices, disclosures and record keeping, including outlining our voting guidelines in our procedures.
Procedures .
Westwood has engaged Broadridge for assistance with the proxy voting process for our clients. Broadridge is a leading provider of full service proxy voting services to the global financial industry. Westwood has also engaged Glass Lewis for assistance with proxy research and analysis. Glass Lewis provides complete analysis and voting recommendations on all proposals and is designed to assist investors in mitigating risk and improving long-term value. In most cases, we agree with Glass Lewis’s recommendations; however, ballots are reviewed bi-monthly by our analysts and we may choose to vote differently than Glass Lewis if we believe it in the best interest of our clients. In addition, Westwood will implement proxy “echo voting” (voting pro rata with all other shareholders) as described in Voting Procedures (g), for any investment company clients relying on Investment Company Act §12(d)(1)(F) and Rule 12d1-3 in order to allow certain purchases of other investment companies in excess of limits that would otherwise apply as described below.
Responsibility .
Westwood’s Data Management Team has the responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of our proxy voting policy, practices, disclosures and record keeping, including outlining our voting guidelines in our procedures.
Background .
Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders, and reasonable care and diligence must be taken to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised.
Investment advisers who are registered with the SEC, and who exercise voting authority with respect to client securities, are required by Rule 206(4)-6 of the Advisers Act (a) to adopt and implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that client securities are voted in the best interests of clients, which must include how an adviser addresses material conflicts that may arise between an adviser's interests and those of its clients; (b) to disclose to clients how they may obtain information from the adviser with respect to the voting of proxies for their securities; (c) to describe to clients a summary of its proxy voting policies and procedures and, upon request, to furnish a copy to its clients; and (d) to maintain certain records relating to the adviser's proxy voting activities when the adviser does have proxy voting authority.
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Procedure .
Westwood has adopted the following procedures to implement the Firm’s proxy voting policy, in addition to adopting the Glass Lewis Proxy Voting Guidelines, and conducts reviews to monitor and ensure the Firm’s policy is observed, implemented properly and amended or updated, as appropriate:
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Proxy Voting Records.
With respect to proxy record keeping, Westwood maintains complete files for all clients. These files include a listing of all proxy material sent on behalf of our clients along with individual copies of each response. Client access to these files can be arranged upon request. A voting summary will be furnished upon request.
Voting Procedures.
a. | All employees forward any proxy materials received on behalf of clients to Broadridge. Westwood has engaged Broadridge for assistance with the proxy voting process for our clients, and Glass Lewis provides voting recommendations; |
b. | Broadridge has access to holders records and determines which client accounts hold the security to which the proxy relates; |
c. | Absent material conflicts, Broadridge, with the vote recommendations from Glass Lewis, determines how Westwood should vote the proxy in accordance with applicable voting guidelines; |
d. | Westwood’s analysts review the Glass Lewis proxy voting recommendations on a bi-monthly basis. The analysts may choose to vote differently than Glass Lewis if they believe it is in the best interest of the client; |
e. | If Westwood chooses to vote differently than Glass Lewis, then Westwood overwrites the Glass Lewis recommendation on the ProxyEdge platform. If Westwood agrees with the Glass Lewis recommendations, no action is necessary; |
f. | Broadridge completes the proxy and mails the proxy in a timely and appropriate manner; and |
g. | For certain investment companies managed by Westwood and as approved by the CCO (each a “Westwood 12d1F Fund”), Westwood will implement echo voting for the proxies shares of other investment companies (each an “Acquired Fund”) held by a Westwood 12d1F Fund. The Data Management team will overwrite the Glass Lewis recommendation on the ProxyEdge platform with respect to shares of any Acquired Funds held by a Westwood 12d1F Fund and will instead vote all such Acquired Fund shares pro rata with all other shareholders of each respective Acquired Fund. The Data Management team will document any votes made with echo voting as set forth in Recordkeeping section below. |
Disclosure.
a. | Westwood provides required disclosures in Form ADV Part 2A, which summarizes these proxy voting policies and procedures and includes a statement that clients may request information regarding how Westwood voted a client’s proxies; |
b. | Westwood’s disclosure summary includes a description of how clients may obtain a copy of the Firm's proxy voting policies and procedures; |
c. | Westwood’s proxy voting practice is disclosed in the Firm's advisory agreements; and |
d. | The Data Management Team also sends a copy of this summary to all existing clients who have previously received Westwood’s Disclosure Brochures, or the Data Management Team may send each client the amended Disclosure Brochures. Either mailing shall highlight the inclusion of information regarding proxy voting. |
Client Requests for Information.
a. | All client requests for information regarding proxy votes or regarding policies and procedures that are received by any supervised person should be forwarded to the Data Management Team; and |
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b. | In response to any request, the Data Management Team prepares a written response to the client with the information requested, and, as applicable, includes the name of the issuer, the proposal voted upon, and how Westwood voted the client’s proxy with respect to each proposal about which the client inquired. |
Voting Guidelines.
a. | Westwood has engaged Broadridge and Glass Lewis for assistance with the proxy voting process for our clients; and |
b. | Westwood analysts review the Glass Lewis proxy voting recommendations using the following guidelines: |
i. | In the absence of specific voting guidelines from the client, Westwood votes proxies in the best interests of each particular client; |
ii. | Westwood’s policy is to vote all proxies from a specific issuer the same way for each client absent qualifying restrictions from a client; |
iii. | Clients are permitted to place reasonable restrictions on Westwood’s voting authority in the same manner that they may place such restrictions on the actual selection of account securities; |
iv. | Westwood generally votes in favor of routine corporate housekeeping proposals such as the election of directors and selection of auditors absent conflicts of interest raised by an auditor’s non-audit services; |
v. | Westwood generally votes against proposals that cause board members to become entrenched or cause unequal voting rights; and |
vi. | In reviewing proposals, Westwood further considers the opinion of management and the effect on management, and the effect on shareholder value and the issuer's business practices. |
Conflicts of Interest.
a. | Westwood conducts periodic reviews to identify any conflicts that exist between the interests of the Firm and the client by reviewing the relationship of Westwood with the issuer of each security to determine if Westwood or any of its supervised persons has any financial, business or personal relationship with the issuer; |
b. | If a material conflict of interest exists, Westwood will determine whether it is appropriate to disclose the conflict to the affected clients, to give the clients an opportunity to vote the proxies themselves, or to address the voting issue through other objective means such as voting in a manner consistent with a predetermined voting policy or receiving an independent third party voting recommendation; and |
c. | Westwood will maintain a record of the voting resolution of any conflict of interest. |
Recordkeeping.
The Data Management Team retains the following proxy records in a spreadsheet in accordance with the SEC’s five-year retention requirement:
a. | These policies and procedures and any amendments; |
b. | Each proxy statement that Westwood receives; |
c. | A record of each vote that Westwood casts; |
d. | Any document Westwood created that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies, or that memorializes that decision including periodic reports to the Data Management Team or proxy committee, if applicable; and |
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e. | A copy of each written request from a client for information on how Westwood voted such client’s proxies, and a copy of any written response. |
In addition to conducting initial due diligence, Westwood monitors and reviews all third-party proxy services to evaluate any conflicts of interest, consistency of voting with guidelines, and fees and disclosures, among other things. The Data Management Team maintains documentation of Westwood’s due diligence reviews.
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SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC (“SKY Harbor”)
Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
1. | General |
Rule 206(4)-6, promulgated under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 as amended (the “Advisers Act”), imposes a number of requirements on investment advisers that have voting authority with respect to securities held in their clients’ accounts. Under the Advisers Act, an adviser is a fiduciary that owes each of its clients the duty of care and loyalty with respect to all services undertaken on the client’s behalf, including proxy voting. To satisfy its duty of loyalty, the adviser must cast the proxy votes in a manner consistent with the best interest of its client and must not subrogate client interests to its own.
Because SKY Harbor primarily invests in debt securities issued by US corporations, the Firm does not normally receive many proxy proposals with respect to most of its client accounts. On occasion as holders of debt securities on behalf of its clients, SKY Harbor may be asked to vote on a corporate restructuring plan. Those requests are generally treated as corporate actions rather than proxy voting.
However, to the extent that SKY Harbor has investment discretion to hold equity securities on behalf of a client account, it can be expected to receive proxy voting forms in the ordinary course of business. These policies and procedures are designed to reasonably ensure that SKY Harbor votes proxies in the best interest of those client accounts where SKY Harbor has explicit or implicit proxy voting authority.
2. | Proxy Guidelines |
Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders and reasonable care and diligence must be undertaken to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised. When SKY Harbor has discretion to vote the proxies of its clients, it shall vote those proxies in the best interest of its clients and in accordance with these policies and procedures. SKY Harbor’s portfolio managers in conjunction with our Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”) and Chief Administrative Officer have the ultimate responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of our proxy voting policy and procedures including resolving conflicts of interest, recordkeeping and disclosure. As a matter of policy, SKY Harbor principals, officers and employees will not be influenced by outside sources whose interests conflict with the interests of its clients.
In addition, unless prior approval is obtained from SKY Harbor’s CCO, the following guidelines apply:
(a) | All communications regarding proxy voting issues or corporate actions between companies or their agents, or with fellow shareholders, are to be for the sole purpose of expressing SKY Harbor’s concerns for its clients’ interests. |
(b) | SKY Harbor, except as generally described below, will not announce its specific voting intentions and reasons thereof. |
(c) | SKY Harbor will not participate in a proxy solicitation or otherwise seek proxy-voting authority from any other public company shareholder. |
SKY Harbor shall process proxies and maintain proxy voting records pursuant to SEC rules and regulations, and attempt whenever reasonably practical to process every vote it receives for all proxies. In accordance with SEC guidelines, however, SKY Harbor’s duty of care to monitor corporate events and to vote proxies does not mean that SKY Harbor must exercise every opportunity to vote a proxy on behalf of its clients. There may be situations in which SKY Harbor will not vote proxies. For example:
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• | Clients may agree that SKY Harbor will abstain from voting any proxies, whether or not the client chooses to vote them, or the client may agree that SKY Harbor will focus resources only on particular types of proposals based on the client’s preference. |
• | If in its judgment the cost of voting a proxy outweighs the benefit of voting, SKY Harbor may refrain from processing that vote. |
• | SKY Harbor may not have sufficient time to process the vote. For example, through no fault of its own, SKY Harbor may receive a meeting notice from the issuer too late for processing all relevant materials. |
• | If SKY Harbor has pending sell orders or intends to sell, SKY Harbor may choose not to vote the proxies for those meetings in order to facilitate the sale of those securities. Although SKY Harbor may hold shares on an issuer’s record date, should a decision to sell the shares before the issuer’s scheduled meeting date is made, SKY Harbor may ultimately decide not to vote those shares. |
• | Generally, SKY Harbor will decline to vote proxies on foreign securities (to the extent we invest in any) that are subject to share blocking restrictions. |
If a SKY Harbor portfolio manager determines that the interests of clients are best served by departing from voting management recommendations, approval must be obtained by the CCO or designee. SKY Harbor will comply with the Conflicts of Interest section of this policy set forth below.
In the absence of specific voting instructions from the client, SKY Harbor shall vote proxies in the best interest of each client account holding the affected securities, even where such voting may result in different voting results for the proxies of the same issuer arising from differing client interests. SKY Harbor believes that voting proxies in accordance with the guidelines set forth herein are in the best interest of its clients.
SKY Harbor shall generally vote in favor of routine corporate housekeeping proposals, including election of directors (absent material corporate governance issues), selection of auditors, and increases in or reclassification of common stock.
For other proposals, SKY Harbor shall determine whether a proposal is in the best interest of its client and take into account factors including but not limited to the following:
(i) | Whether the proposal is recommended by management in light of SKY Harbor’s opinion of the quality of the incumbent management; |
(ii) | Whether the proposal acts to entrench existing management or conversely to protect competent management against inappropriate outside influence; |
(iii) | Whether the proposal fairly compensates management for past or future performance; and |
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(iv) | Whether the proposal is consistent with industry standards and corporate governance best practices. |
3. | Proxy Procedures |
All proxies received by SKY Harbor are forwarded to the Corporate Actions Team (which includes the Chief Administrative Officer). The Corporate Actions Team upon receipt of proxy voting forms shall:
1) | Keep a record of each proxy received; |
2) | Forward the proxy to the appropriate Portfolio Manager; |
3) | Determine what account(s) managed by SKY Harbor hold the corresponding securities; |
4) | Provide the Portfolio Manager with a list of accounts that hold the subject securities, together with the number of votes each account controls (reconciling any duplications), and the date by which SKY Harbor must vote the proxy to allow enough time for the completed proxy form to be returned before the vote takes place; and |
5) | Absent material conflicts (see Section 4 below), the Portfolio Manager shall determine how SKY Harbor will vote the proxy. The Portfolio Manager shall communicate its decision confirmed in writing (by email) to the Operations Team and the designated member of the Operations Team under the supervision of the Chief Administrative Officer shall submit the completed proxy in a timely and appropriate manner in accordance with the accompanying instructions to the proxy form and comply with the SKY Harbor record-keeping procedures set forth herein. |
4. | Conflicts of Interest |
SKY Harbor shall endeavor to identify any conflicts that exist between it and its clients by reviewing whether any relationship exists between SKY Harbor and the issuer of each security to determine whether SKY Harbor or any of its principals, officers, employees or affiliates have any financial, business, family, or personal relationship with the issuer that may impair SKY Harbor’s ability to vote the proxy in the best interest of the client.
If a material conflict of interest exists, SKY Harbor in consultation with its CCO shall determine whether voting in accordance with voting guidelines and factors set forth herein serves the best interests of the client. SKY Harbor shall also determine whether it is appropriate under the circumstances to disclose the conflict, and subject to applicable law or contractual provisions in the Investment Management Agreement, give the client the opportunity to vote their proxies themselves, or to address the voting issue through other means.
5. | Recordkeeping |
In accordance with Advisers Act Rule 204-2, as amended, SKY Harbor shall retain for a period of no less than five years (i) its proxy voting policies and procedures; (ii) proxy statements received regarding client securities; (iii) records of votes cast on behalf of clients; (iv) records of client written requests for proxy voting information and any written response from SKY Harbor (to either a written or oral request) and (v) any documents prepared by SKY Harbor that were material to making a decision how to vote, or that memorialized the basis for the decision.
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All client requests for information regarding proxy votes, or policies and procedures received by any employee should be forwarded to the Chief Compliance Officer. Clients may contact the Chief Compliance Officer by e-mail at geng@skyhcm.com or by telephone at (203) 769-8800 to obtain information on how SKY Harbor voted such client’s proxies, and to request a copy of these policies and procedures. If a client requests this information, the CCO or Chief Administrative Officer shall prepare a written response to the client that discloses, with respect to each vote proxy in which the client has inquired, the (i) name of the issuer (ii) proposal voted upon and (iii) vote.
6. | Duty to Oversee Proxy Advisory Firms Retained by SKY Harbor |
In the event that SKY Harbor decides to retain a third party proxy advisory firm to assist it in voting and record-keeping of proxies, SKY Harbor shall conduct due diligence beforehand by soliciting information from industry sources, soliciting competitive proposals, or by reviewing publicly available information. SKY Harbor shall only retain a third party proxy advisory firm when SKY Harbor is reasonably satisfied that such a third party proxy advisory firm has the capacity and competency to provide SKY Harbor with proxy advisory services necessary and sufficient for SKY Harbor to discharge its fiduciary duty in voting proxies in accordance with SEC rules and regulations.
February 8, 2017
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PART C: OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 28. EXHIBITS:
(a)(1) Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust of The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund (the “Registrant”) dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997 (the “Agreement and Declaration of Trust”), is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (1)(b) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 28 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") via EDGAR Accession No. 0000950109-97-001691 on February 27, 1997.
(a)(2) Amendment No. 1, dated May 15, 2012, to the Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated July 18, 1991, as amended and restated February 18, 1997, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (a)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 190 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-12-000262 on May 23, 2012.
(b) Registrant's Second Amended and Restated By-Laws are incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (b) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 179 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-12-000087 on February 28, 2012.
(c) See Article III and Article V of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, which has been incorporated by reference in Exhibit (a)(1) to this Registration Statement.
(d)(1)(i) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated March 15, 1999, between the Registrant and LSV Asset Management is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(8) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-01-500070 on June 22, 2001.
(d)(1)(ii) Amended Schedule A, dated August 24, 2018, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated March 15, 1999, between the Registrant and LSV Asset Management, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(1)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 297 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-012526 on August 27, 2018.
(d)(1)(iii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 24, 2002, between the Registrant and Acadian Asset Management LLC (formerly, Acadian Asset Management, Inc.) is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(17) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 55 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-02-000263 on August 30, 2002.
(d)(1)(iv) Amended Schedule A to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 24, 2002, between the Registrant and Acadian Asset Management LLC (formerly, Acadian Asset Management, Inc.) is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(12) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 127 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-10-000392 on September 3, 2010.
(d)(1)(v) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 24, 2002, between the Registrant and Cambiar Investors, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(19) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 55 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-02-000263 on August 30, 2002.
(d)(1)(vi) Amended Schedule A, dated March 1, 2019, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 24, 2002, between the Registrant and Cambiar Investors, LLC, is filed herewith.
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(d)(1)(vii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 24, 2002, between the Registrant and Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(23) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 55 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-02-000263 on August 30, 2002.
(d)(1)(viii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 24, 2002, between the Registrant and C.S. McKee, L.P. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(24) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 55 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-02-000263 on August 30, 2002.
(d)(1)(ix) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated October 10, 2016, between the Registrant and Rice Hall James & Associates LLC is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(1)(xi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 277 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000154 on February 28, 2017.
(d)(1)(x) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 24, 2002, between the Registrant and Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC (formerly, Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley, Inc.) is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(27) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 55 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-02-000263 on August 30, 2002.
(d)(1)(xi) Amendment and Revised Schedule A, dated June 1, 2010, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 24, 2002, between the Registrant and Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC (formerly, Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley, Inc.) is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(21) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 126 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-10-000336 on August 30, 2010.
(d)(1)(xii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated May 28, 2004, between the Registrant and Haverford Investment Management, Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(30) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 79 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-05-000093 on February 25, 2005.
(d)(1)(xiii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 16, 2005, between the Registrant and Westwood Management Corp. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(28) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 88 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-06-000081 on February 28, 2006.
(d)(1)(xiv) Amended Schedule A, dated December 18, 2018, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 16, 2005, between the Registrant and Westwood Management Corp., is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(1)(xvi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 300 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-018200 on December 19, 2018.
(d)(1)(xv) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated February 27, 2006, between the Registrant and Edgewood Management LLC is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(33) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 95 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-07-000007 on January 12, 2007.
(d)(1)(xvi) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated March 10, 2010, between the Registrant and Sands Capital Management, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(30) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-10-000173 on April 30, 2010.
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(d)(1)(xvii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated March 24, 2011, between the Registrant and AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(35) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000118 on March 1, 2013.
(d)(1)(xviii) Amended Schedule A, dated December 19, 2017, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated March 24, 2011, between the Registrant and AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(1)(xx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 289 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001158 on December 21, 2017.
(d)(1)(xix) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 20, 2011, between the Registrant and Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(37) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000118 on March 1, 2013.
(d)(1)(xx) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated February 20, 2012, between the Registrant and Hamlin Capital Management, LLC is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(45) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 183 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-12-000195 on March 28, 2012.
(d)(1)(xxi) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated [XX], between the Registrant and Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc., to be filed by amendment.
(d)(1)(xxii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between the Registrant and Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(1)(xxviii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 236 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000442 on June 24, 2014.
(d)(1)(xxiii) Amended Schedule A, dated August 30, 2016, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between the Registrant and Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(1)(xxvii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(d)(1)(xxiv) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated January 31, 2013, between the Registrant and Harvest Global Investments Limited is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(1)(xxix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 236 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000442 on June 24, 2014.
(d)(1)(xxv) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated September 3, 2013, between the Registrant and CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (formerly, AT Investment Advisers, Inc.) is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(1)(xxx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 236 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000442 on June 24, 2014.
(d)(1)(xxvi) Amended Schedule A, dated December 13, 2017, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated September 13, 2013, between the Registrant and CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (formerly, AT Investment Advisers, Inc.), is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(1)(xxix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 288 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001113 on December 13, 2017.
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(d)(1)(xxvii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated July 3, 2013, between the Registrant and Fayez Sarofim & Co. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(74) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000386 on July 26, 2013.
(d)(2)(i) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated December 27, 2011, between Westwood Management Corp. and SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC, relating to the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(29) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000118 on March 1, 2013.
(d)(2)(ii) Amended Schedule A, dated November 17, 2014, to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated December 27, 2011, between Westwood Management Corp. and SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC, relating to the Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 248 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000803 on December 29, 2014.
(d)(2)(iii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(iv) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and LSV Asset Management, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(iii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(v) Amended and Restated Schedule A, dated January 16, 2018, to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and LSV Asset Management, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(v) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 292 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003073 on February 28, 2018.
(d)(2)(vi) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Harris Associates L.P., relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(vii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Thornburg Investment Management, Inc., relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(v) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(viii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Marsico Capital Management, LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(vi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
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(d)(2)(ix) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(viii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(x) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Fairpointe Capital LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(ix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(xi) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Phocas Financial Corporation, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(x) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(xii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(xiii) Amended Schedule A, dated [XX], to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, to be filed by amendment.
(d)(2)(xiv) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Acadian Asset Management LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(xv) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Driehaus Capital Management LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xiii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
(d)(2)(xvi) Amended Schedule A, dated [XX], to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Driehaus Capital Management LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, to be filed by amendment.
(d)(2)(xvii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and ClariVest Asset Management LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xvi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 239 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000551 on August 28, 2014.
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(d)(2)(xviii) Amended Schedule A, dated December 15, 2014, to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated May 1, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and ClariVest Asset Management LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xvii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 261 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001069 on February 26, 2016.
(d)(2)(xix) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated September 5, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Numeric Investors, LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 272 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001815 on October 31, 2016.
(d)(2)(xx) Amended Schedule A, dated May 18, 2018, to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated September 5, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Numeric Investors, LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is filed herewith.
(d)(2)(xxi) Amendment, dated November 13, 2018, to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated September 5, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Numeric Investors, LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is filed herewith.
(d)(2)(xxii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated January 15, 2016, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xxv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 263 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001304 on April 29, 2016.
(d)(2)(xxiii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated August 24, 2016, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Franklin Advisers, Inc., relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xxvi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(d)(2)(xxiv) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated August 24, 2016, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P., relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xxvii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(d)(2)(xxv) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated August 24, 2016, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xxviii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(d)(2)(xxvi) Amended and Restated Schedule A, dated August 21, 2018, to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated August 24, 2016, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Metropolitan West Asset management LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund, is filed herewith.
(d)(2)(xxvii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated August 24, 2016, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Prime Advisors, Inc., relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xxix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
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(d)(2)(xxviii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated December 20, 2017, between AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC and Villanova Investment Management Company LLC, relating to the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(2)(xxxii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 289 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001158 on December 21, 2017.
(d)(3)(i) Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated February 13, 2013, between the Registrant and LSV Asset Management, relating to the LSV Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(10) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000118 on March 1, 2013.
(d)(3)(ii) Amended Schedule A, dated August 24, 2018, to the Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated February 13, 2013, between the Registrant and LSV Asset Management, relating to the LSV Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(3)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 297 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-012526 on August 27, 2018.
(d)(3)(iii) Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated September 1, 2016, between the Registrant and Cambiar Investors, LLC, relating to the Cambiar Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(3)(iii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 268 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001670 on September 1, 2016.
(d)(3)(iv) Amended Schedule A, dated March 1, 2019, to the Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated September 1, 2016, between the Registrant and Cambiar Investors, LLC, relating to the Cambiar Funds, is filed herewith.
(d)(3)(v) Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated February 23, 2016, between the Registrant and Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC, relating to the Rice Hall James Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(3)(vi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 263 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001304 on April 29, 2016.
(d)(3)(vi) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated March 1, 2008, between the Registrant and Haverford Investment Management, Inc., relating to the Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(25) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000118 on March 1, 2013.
(d)(3)(vii) Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated February 10, 2015, between the Registrant and Westwood Management Corp., relating to the Westwood Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(3)(ix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 254 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000298 on April 20, 2015.
(d)(3)(viii) Amended Schedule A, dated December 18, 2018, to the Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated February 10, 2015, between the Registrant and Westwood Management Corp., relating to the Westwood Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(3)(viii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 300 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-018200 on December 19, 2018.
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(d)(3)(ix) Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement between the Registrant and Edgewood Management LLC, relating to the Edgewood Growth Fund, to be filed by amendment.
(d)(3)(x) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated March 31, 2010, between the Registrant and Sands Capital Management, LLC, relating to the Sands Capital Global Growth Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(34) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000118 on March 1, 2013.
(d)(3)(xi) Expense Limitation Agreement, effective as of March 28, 2011, between the Registrant and AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC, relating to the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(43) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 154 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-11-000353 on June 29, 2011.
(d)(3)(xii) Amended Schedule A, dated December 19, 2017, to the Expense Limitation Agreement, effective as of March 28, 2011, between the Registrant and AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC, relating to the AlphaOne Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(3)(xi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 289 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001158 on December 21, 2017.
(d)(3)(xiii) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 15, 2011, between the Registrant and Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P., relating to the Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(38) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000118 on March 1, 2013.
(d)(3)(xiv) Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated April 30, 2013, between the Registrant and Hamlin Capital Management, LLC, relating to the Hamlin High Dividend Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(42) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 210 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000257 on April 30, 2013.
(d)(3)(xv) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated March 28, 2012, between the Registrant and Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc., relating to the THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund (formerly, Thomson Horstmann & Bryant MicroCap Fund), is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(46) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000118 on March 1, 2013.
(d)(3)(xvi) Amended Schedule A to the Expense Limitation Agreement, dated March 28, 2012, between the Registrant and Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc., relating to the THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund (formerly, Thomson Horstmann & Bryant MicroCap Fund), is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(50) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 225 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000589 on October 9, 2013.
(d)(3)(xvii) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated January 31, 2013, between the Registrant and Harvest Global Investments Limited, relating to the Harvest Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(3)(xix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 236 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000442 on June 24, 2014.
(d)(3)(xviii) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated February 23, 2016, between the Registrant and CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc., relating to the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund and CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(3)(xix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 261 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001069 on February 26, 2016.
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(d)(3)(xix) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 13, 2017, between the Registrant and CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc., relating to the CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(3)(xviii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 288 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001113 on December 13, 2017.
(d)(3)(xx) Expense Limitation Agreement, effective as of July 3, 2013, between the Registrant and Fayez Sarofim & Co., relating to the Sarofim Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (d)(75) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000386 on July 26, 2013.
(e)(1)(i) Distribution Agreement, dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005, between the Registrant and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (formerly, SEI Financial Services Company) is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (e)(1)(i) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 252 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000094 on February 27, 2015.
(e)(1)(ii) Amendment No. 1, effective as of August 30, 2010, to the Distribution Agreement, dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005, between the Registrant and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (formerly, SEI Financial Services Company), is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (e)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 158 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-11-000517 on September 16, 2011.
(e)(1)(iii) Amendment No. 2, dated [XX], to the Distribution Agreement, dated November 14, 1991, as amended and restated November 14, 2005 and as amended August 30, 2010, between the Registrant and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (formerly, SEI Financial Services Company), to be filed by amendment.
(e)(2) Revised Form of Amended Sub-Distribution and Servicing Agreement for SEI Investments Distribution Co., dated October 2007, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (e)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 76 to the Registration Statement of The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund II (File No. 033-50718), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-08-000222 on May 30, 2008.
(f) Not applicable.
(g)(1)(i) Amended and Restated Custody Agreement, dated February 12, 2013, between the Registrant and U.S. Bank, National Association, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (g)(1)(i) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 233 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000296 on April 30, 2014.
(g)(1)(ii) Amendment, dated November 6, 2013, to the Amended and Restated Custody Agreement dated February 12, 2013 between the Registrant and U.S. Bank, National Association, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (g)(1)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 233 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000296 on April 30, 2014.
(g)(2)(i) Custodian Agreement, dated June 26, 2001, between the Registrant and MUFG Union Bank, N.A. (formerly, Union Bank of California, N.A.) is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (g)(2)(i) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
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(g)(2)(ii) Amended Appendix B, dated November 21, 2017, to the Custodian Agreement, dated June 26, 2001, between the Registrant and MUFG Union Bank, N.A. (formerly, Union Bank of California, N.A.), is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (g)(2)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 289 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001158 on December 21, 2017.
(g)(3)(i) Custodian Agreement, dated November 25, 2014, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (g)(3)(i) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(g)(3)(ii) Amendment, dated May 12, 2015, to the Custodian Agreement, dated November 25, 2014, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (g)(3)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(g)(3)(iii) Amendment, dated November 6, 2015, to the Custodian Agreement, dated November 25, 2014, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (g)(3)(iii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(g)(3)(iv) Amendment, dated August 25, 2016, to the Custodian Agreement, dated November 25, 2014, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (g)(3)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 272 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001815 on October 31, 2016.
(h)(1) Amended and Restated Administration Agreement, dated November 13, 2018, between the Registrant and SEI Investments Global Funds Services, is filed herewith.
(h)(2)(i) Transfer Agency and Service Agreement, dated January 15, 2003, between the Registrant and State Street Bank and Trust Company is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(62) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 67 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-03-000495 on August 28, 2003.
(h)(2)(ii) AML Delegation Amendment, dated May 20, 2003, to the Transfer Agency and Service Agreement, dated January 15, 2003, between the Registrant and State Street Bank and Trust Company is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(65) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 68 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-03-000630 on December 29, 2003.
(h)(2)(iii) Amendment to and Assignment of Transfer Agency and Service Agreement, dated March 8, 2018, between the Registrant and State Street Bank and Trust Company, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(2)(iii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 294 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-006346 on April 30, 2018.
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(h)(2)(iv) Agency Agreement, dated April 1, 2006, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(7) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 190 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-12-000262 on May 23, 2012.
(h)(2)(v) Amendment, dated April 1, 2009, to the Agency Agreement, dated April 1, 2006, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(2)(vi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(h)(2)(vi) Amended Fee Schedule, dated August 30, 2012, to the Agency Agreement, dated April 1, 2006, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(10) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 193 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-12-000370 on August 22, 2012.
(h)(2)(vii) Amendment, dated November 13, 2013, to the Agency Agreement, dated April 1, 2006, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc. is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(2)(viii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(h)(2)(viii) Amendment No. 3, dated April 30, 2018, to the Agency Agreement, dated April 1, 2006, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(2)(viii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 297 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-012526 on August 27, 2018.
(h)(2)(ix) Amendment, dated [XX], to the Agency Agreement, dated April 1, 2006, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., to be filed by amendment.
(h)(2)(x) Transfer Agency Services Agreement, dated November 14, 2012, between the Registrant and Atlantic Shareholder Services, LLC, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(2)(viii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 292 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003073 on February 28, 2018.
(h)(2)(xi) Amendment, dated November 19, 2013, to the Transfer Agency Services Agreement, dated November 14, 2012, between the Registrant and Atlantic Shareholder Services, LLC, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(2)(ix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 292 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003073 on February 28, 2018.
(h)(3)(i) Shareholder Services Plan is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 261 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001069 on February 26, 2016.
(h)(3)(ii) Amended Exhibit A to the Shareholder Services Plan, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(3)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 288 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001113 on December 13, 2017.
(h)(4)(i) Securities Lending Agency Agreement, dated October 23, 2012, between the Registrant and Securities Lending Finance Trust Company, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(4)(i) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 292 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003073 on February 28, 2018.
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(h)(4)(ii) Securities Lending Authorization Agreement, dated November 3, 2014, between BNP Paribas, New York Branch and Edgewood Growth Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(4)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 292 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003073 on February 28, 2018.
(h)(4)(iii) First Amendment, dated February 3, 2015, to the Securities Lending Authorization Agreement, dated November 3, 2014, between BNP Paribas, acting through its New York Branch, and Edgewood Growth Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(4)(iii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 292 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003073 on February 28, 2018.
(h)(4)(iv) Securities Lending Authorization Agreement, dated June 2, 2016, between BNP Paribas, acting through its New York Branch, and the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (h)(4)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 292 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003073 on February 28, 2018.
(i) Opinion and Consent of Counsel, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, is filed herewith.
(j)(1) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, relating to the McKee International Equity Portfolio and Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund, is filed herewith.
(j)(2) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Ernst & Young LLP, relating to the AlphaOne Funds, CIBC Atlas Funds, Cambiar Funds, Edgewood Growth Fund, Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, LSV Funds, Sands Capital Global Growth Fund, THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund (formerly, Thomson Horstmann & Bryant MicroCap Fund) and Westwood Funds, is filed herewith.
(j)(3) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, BBD, LLP, relating to the Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, ICM Small Company Portfolio, Rice Hall James Funds and TS&W Equity Portfolio, is filed herewith.
(j)(4) Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, relating to the Cornerstone Funds, is filed herewith.
(k) Not Applicable.
(l) Not Applicable.
(m)(1)(i) Distribution Plan, dated August 8, 1994, as amended August 14, 2000, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (m) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 41 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0000950109-00-004829 on December 13, 2000.
(m)(1)(ii) Schedule A, as last amended August 21, to the Distribution Plan, dated August 8, 1994, as amended August 14, 2000, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (m)(1)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 297 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-012526 on August 27, 2018.
(m)(2)(i) Distribution Plan, dated September 17, 2002, relating to Investor Shares of the Rice Hall James SMID Cap Portfolio, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (m)(6) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 74 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-04- 000242 on June 1, 2004.
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(m)(2)(ii) Amended Schedule A, dated November 13, 2007, to the Distribution Plan, dated September 17, 2002, relating to Investor Shares of the Rice Hall James SMID Cap Portfolio, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (m)(4) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 111 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-09-000276 on July 2, 2009.
(n)(1) Registrant's Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 21, 2007, including Schedules and Certificates of Class Designation thereto, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (n) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 229 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000099 on February 28, 2014.
(n)(2) Amended and Restated Schedule M and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 21, 2007, relating to the LSV Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (n)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 297 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-012526 on August 27, 2018.
(n)(3) Amended and Restated Schedule B and Certificates of Class Designation to the Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 21, 2007, relating to the Cambiar Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (n)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 258 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000632 on August 28, 2015.
(n)(4) Amended and Restated Schedule D and Certificates of Class Designation to the Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 21, 2007, relating to the Westwood Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (n)(5) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 300 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-018200 on December 19, 2018.
(n)(5) Schedule N and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 21, 2007, relating to the Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (n)(5) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 268 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001670 on September 1, 2016.
(n)(6) Amended and Restated Schedule C and Certificates of Class Designation to the Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 21, 2007, relating to the Edgewood Growth Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (n)(6) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 274 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001948 on December 30, 2016.
(n)(7) Amended and Restated Schedule L and Certificates of Class Designation to the Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 21, 2007, relating to the CIBC Atlas Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (n)(7) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 288 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001113 on December 13, 2017.
(n)(8) Amended and Restated Schedule F and Certificates of Class Designation to the Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 21, 2007, relating to the AlphaOne Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (n)(8) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 289 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001158 on December 21, 2017.
(o) Not Applicable.
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(p)(1) Registrant's Code of Ethics, dated November 2007, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(1) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 100 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-07-000518 on November 15, 2007.
(p)(2) LSV Asset Management Revised Code of Ethics, dated November 29, 2017, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 292 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003073 on February 28, 2018.
(p)(3) Cambiar Investors, LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated April 1, 2016, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 267 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001529 on August 26, 2016.
(p)(4) Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated November 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(4) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 261 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001069 on February 26, 2016.
(p)(5) C.S. McKee, L.P. Revised Code of Ethics, dated April 18, 2013, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(5) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 229 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000099 on February 28, 2014.
(p)(6) Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley, LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated December 5, 2016, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(6) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 277 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000154 on February 28, 2017.
(p)(7) Haverford Investment Management, Inc. Revised Code of Ethics, dated April 2017, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(8) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 284 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000729 on August 28, 2017.
(p)(8) Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated June 2017, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(9) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 289 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001158 on December 21, 2017.
(p)(9) Acadian Asset Management LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated January 2016, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(10) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 272 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001815 on October 31, 2016.
(p)(10) Westwood Management Corp. Revised Code of Ethics, dated July 27, 2016, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(11) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 275 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001950 on December 30, 2016.
(p)(11) Edgewood Management LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated October 29, 2018, is filed herewith.
(p)(12) Sands Capital Management, LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated March 2017, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(13) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 284 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000729 on August 28, 2017.
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(p)(13) AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC Code of Ethics, dated May 1, 2011, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(20) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 158 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-11-000517 on September 16, 2011.
(p)(14) Loomis, Sayles & Company L.P. Revised Code of Ethics, dated April 18, 2018, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(14) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 301 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-018244 on December 20, 2018.
(p)(15) SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(21) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000118 on March 1, 2013.
(p)(16) Hamlin Capital Management, LLC Revised Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(19) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 233 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000296 on April 30, 2014.
(p)(17) Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc. Revised Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(20) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 229 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000099 on February 28, 2014.
(p)(18) SEI Investments Distribution Co. Code of Ethics, dated August 2, 2018, is filed herewith.
(p)(19) Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(27) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 193 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-12-000370 on August 22, 2012.
(p)(20) Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated January 30, 2019, is filed herewith.
(p)(21) Harris Associates L.P. Revised Code of Ethics, dated September 21, 2016, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(23) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 274 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001948 on December 30, 2016.
(p)(22) Thornburg Investment Management Inc. Revised Code of Ethics, dated March 2017, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(23) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 284 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000729 on August 28, 2017.
(p)(23) Marsico Capital Management, LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated October 25, 2018, is filed herewith.
(p)(24) Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC Revised Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(26) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 261 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001069 on February 26, 2016.
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(p)(25) Fairpointe Capital LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(27) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 261 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001069 on February 26, 2016.
(p)(26) Phocas Financial Corporation Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(35) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 193 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-12-000370 on August 22, 2012.
(p)(27) Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated December 12, 2016, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(29) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 277 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000154 on February 28, 2017.
(p)(28) Driehaus Capital Management LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated June 15, 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(30) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 261 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001069 on February 26, 2016.
(p)(29) ClariVest Asset Management LLC Revised Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(31) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 284 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000729 on August 28, 2017.
(p)(30) Harvest Global Investments Limited Revised Code of Ethics, dated October 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(36) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 263 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001304 on April 29, 2016.
(p)(31) CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. Code of Ethics, dated March 31, 2010, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(46) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 221 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000503 on September 4, 2013.
(p)(32) Fayez Sarofim & Co. Code of Ethics, dated October 27, 2014, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(38) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 255 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000328 on April 30, 2015.
(p)(33) SEI Investments Global Funds Services Code of Ethics, dated January 2018, is filed herewith.
(p)(34) Numeric Investors LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated August 2014, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(40) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 261 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001069 on February 26, 2016.
(p)(35) Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated Code of Ethics, dated November 30, 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(44) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 261 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001069 on February 26, 2016.
(p)(36) Franklin Advisers, Inc. Revised Code of Ethics, dated December 31, 2018, is filed herewith.
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(p)(37) Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(46) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(p)(38) Prime Advisors, Inc. Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(47) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 266 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001507 on August 24, 2016.
(p)(39) Villanova Investment Management Company LLC Code of Ethics is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (p)(46) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 289 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-001158 on December 21, 2017.
(q)(1) Powers of Attorney for Ms. Betty L. Krikorian and Messrs. Robert A. Nesher, George J. Sullivan, Jr., Mitchell A. Johnson, Bruce Speca and Joseph T. Grause are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (q) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 212 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000327 on June 18, 2013.
(q)(2) Power of Attorney for
Mr.
Stephen Connors is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (q)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 258 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000632 on August 28, 2015.
(q)(3) Resolution adopted by the Board of Trustees of the Registrant on February 28, 2017 is incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (q)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 277 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000154 on February 28, 2017.
(q)(4) Powers of Attorney for Ms. Tracie E. Ahern and Mr. N. Jeffrey Klauder are incorporated herein by reference to exhibit (q)(4) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 294 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-42484), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-006346 on April 30, 2018.
ITEM 29. PERSONS CONTROLLED BY OR UNDER COMMON CONTROL WITH REGISTRANT:
Not Applicable.
ITEM 30. INDEMNIFICATION:
Article VIII of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust filed as Exhibit (a) to the Registrant's Registration Statement is incorporated herein by reference. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "1933 Act") may be permitted to trustees, directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant by the Registrant pursuant to the Agreement and Declaration of Trust or otherwise, the Registrant is aware that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and, therefore, is unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by trustees, directors, officers or controlling persons of the Registrant in connection with the successful defense of any act, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such trustees, directors, officers or controlling persons in connection with the shares being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issues.
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ITEM 31. BUSINESS AND OTHER CONNECTIONS OF INVESTMENT ADVISERS:
The following lists any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature in which each investment adviser, and each director, officer or partner of that investment adviser, is or has been engaged within the last two fiscal years for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner, or trustee. Unless noted below, none of the investment advisers, and/or director, officer or partner of each investment adviser, is or has been engaged within the last two fiscal years in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Acadian Asset Management LLC
Acadian Asset Management LLC (“Acadian”) serves as the investment adviser to the Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio and as an investment sub-adviser to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of Acadian is 260 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110. Acadian is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
John Chisholm, Executive Vice President, co-CEO, co-CIO |
Acadian Asset Management (UK) Ltd
110 Cannon Street, 4th Floor
EC4N 6EU
Acadian Asset Management (Australia) Ltd 20 Martin Place
Level 9, Suite 3
Acadian Asset Management (Japan)
Marunouchi Trust Tower Main
Japan
Acadian Asset Management (Singapore) Pte Ltd
8 Shenton Way, #37-02
|
Affiliated Directorships |
Ross Dowd, Executive Vice President, co-CEO |
Acadian Asset Management (UK) Ltd
110 Cannon Street, 4th Floor
EC4N 6EU
Acadian Asset Management (Australia) Ltd 20 Martin Place
Level 9, Suite 3
Acadian Asset Management (Japan)
Marunouchi Trust Tower Main
Japan
Acadian Asset Management (Singapore) Pte Ltd
8 Shenton Way, #37-02
|
Affiliated Directorships |
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Mark Minichiello, Executive Vice President, COO, Treasurer, Secretary |
Acadian Asset Management (UK) Ltd
110 Cannon Street, 4th Floor
EC4N 6EU
Acadian Asset Management (Australia) Ltd 20 Martin Place
Level 9, Suite 3
Acadian Asset Management (Japan)
Marunouchi Trust Tower Main
Japan
Acadian Asset Management (Singapore) Pte Ltd
8 Shenton Way, #37-02
|
Affiliated Directorships |
Jennifer Souza, Member of Board of Managers
|
BrightSphere Inc. (a holding company) 200 Clarendon Street, 53rd Floor Boston, MA 02116
Acadian Asset Management LLC (an investment advisor); 260 Franklin Street Boston, MA 02110
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC (an investment advisor); 300 East Lombard Street, Suite 810 Baltimore, MD 21202 |
Senior Vice President, Director of Affiliate Management
Affiliated Directorships |
Christopher Hadley, Member of Board of Managers |
BrightSphere Investment Group, plc (a public company traded on the NYSE); 5th Floor Millennium Bridge House 2 Lambeth Hill London EC4V 4GG United Kingdom
BrightSphere Inc. (a holding company) 200 Clarendon Street, 53rd Floor Boston, MA 02116
Acadian Asset Management LLC (an investment advisor) 260 Franklin Street Boston, MA 02110 |
Executive Vice President and Chief Talent Officer
Executive Vice President and Chief Talent Officer
Affiliated Directorships |
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Aidan Riordan, Member of Board of Managers |
BrightSphere Investment Group, plc (a public company traded on the NYSE); 5th Floor Millennium Bridge House 2 Lambeth Hill London EC4V 4GG United Kingdom
BrightSphere Inc. (a holding company) 200 Clarendon Street, 53rd Floor Boston, MA 02116
Acadian Asset Management LLC (an investment advisor); 260 Franklin Street Boston, MA 02110
Barrow, Hanley, Mewhinney & Strauss, LLC (an investment advisor); JPMorgan Chase Tower 2200 Ross Avenue, 31st Floor Dallas, TX 75201
The Campbell Group, Inc. (a holding company for Campbell Global, LLC) One South West Columbia, Suite 1720 Portland, OR 97258
Copper Rock Capital Partners LLC (an investment advisor); 200 Clarendon Street, 51st Floor Boston, MA 02116
Landmark Partners LLC (an investment advisor);
10 Mill Pond Lane Simsbury
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC (an investment advisor); 300 East Lombard Street, Suite 810 Baltimore, MD 21202
Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC (an investment advisor) 6806 Paragon Pl., Ste. 300 Richmond, VA 23230 |
Executive Vice President, Head of Affiliate Management
Director, Executive Vice President, Head of Affiliate Management
Affiliated Directorships |
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Stephen Belgrad, Member of Board of Managers |
BrightSphere Investment Group, plc (a public company traded on the NYSE); 5th Floor Millennium Bridge House 2 Lambeth Hill London EC4V 4GG United Kingdom
BrightSphere Inc. (a holding company) 200 Clarendon Street, 53rd Floor Boston, MA 02116
Acadian Asset Management LLC (an investment advisor); 260 Franklin Street Boston, MA 02110
Landmark Partners LLC (an investment advisor);
10 Mill Pond Lane Simsbury
BrightSphere International Limited (an investment advisor) 5th Floor Millennium Bridge House 2 Lambeth Hill London EC4V 4GG United Kingdom |
President and Chief Executive Officer
President and Chief Executive Officer
Affiliated Directorships |
Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC
Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC (“AllianzGI US”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of AllianzGI US is 1633 Broadway, New York, New York 10019. AllianzGI US is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Douglas Eu, Member, Executive Committee Allianz Global Investors U.S. Holdings LLC |
Allianz Global Investors Holdings LLC 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019 |
Managing Director, Chief Executive Officer |
Allianz Global Investors GmbH Bockenheimer Landstrasse 42-44 60323 Frankfurt Germany |
Member, Global Executive Committee | |
Barbara Claussen, Member, Executive Committee Allianz Global Investors U.S. Holdings LLC |
Allianz Global Investors Holdings LLC 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019 |
Managing Director, Chief Administrative Officer, Member-Operating Committee |
Erin Bengtson-Olivieri, Member, Executive Committee Allianz Global Investors U.S. Holdings LLC, Chief Financial Officer |
Allianz Global Investors Holdings LLC 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019 |
Managing Director, Chief Financial Officer |
Allianz Global Investors Distributors LLC 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019 |
Managing Director | |
Peter Bonanno, Member, Executive Committee Allianz Global Investors U.S. Holdings LLC |
Allianz Global Investors Holdings LLC 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019 |
Managing Director, Chief Legal Officer, Secretary, Global General Counsel, Secretary - Executive Committee, Secretary - Operating Committee |
Allianz Global Investors Distributors LLC 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019 |
Managing Director | |
Paul Koo, Chief Compliance Officer |
Allianz Global Investors Holdings LLC 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019 |
Director, Head of U.S. Compliance |
Andreas Utermann, Chair, Global Executive Committee Allianz Global Investors |
Allianz Global Investors GmbH Bockenheimer Landstrasse 42-44 60323 Frankfurt Germany |
Managing Director, Global Chief Executive Officer, Global Chief Investment Officer |
Tokio Marine Rogge Asset Management Ltd 199 Bishopsgate London, England EC2M 3TY |
Director |
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC (“AlphaOne”) serves as the investment adviser for the AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund, AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund and AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund. The principal address of AlphaOne is 1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Berwyn Pennsylvania 19312. AlphaOne is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Paul Hondros, President and CEO |
IntrustNet Insurance Services, LLC 1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 10 Berwyn, PA 19312 |
Chairman
|
Magis Capital Partners, LLC 1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 100 Berwyn, PA 19312 |
Founder |
|
Fiduciary Exchange 1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., 3rd floor Berwyn, PA 19312 |
Chairman of the Board | |
Donald O’Hara, COO and CCO |
Chesterbrook Capital, LLC
Villanova Investment Management Company, LLC
Silkworth Capital Partners, LLC
Reflection Asset Management, LLC |
CEO/CCO
COO/CCO
COO/CCO
COO/CCO |
Cambiar Investors, LLC
Cambiar Investors, LLC (“Cambiar”) serves as the investment adviser to the Cambiar Opportunity Fund, the Cambiar International Equity Fund, the Cambiar Small Cap Fund, the Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund, the Cambiar SMID Fund, the Cambiar Global Equity Fund and the Cambiar International Small Cap Fund. The principal address of Cambiar is 200 Columbine Street, Suite 800, Denver, Colorado 80206. Cambiar is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of Cambiar engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc. (“CIBC”) serves as the investment adviser for the CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund, CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund and CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund. The principal address of CIBC is One South Wacker Drive, Suite 3500, Chicago, Illinois 60606. CIBC is an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Dan Brown, CFO |
CIBC World Markets Corp. 425 Lexington Ave. New York, NY 10017 |
Vice President Finance, US & Latin America |
Stephen Wade, Director |
CIBC World Markets Corp. 425 Lexington Avenue New York, NY 10017 |
Senior Vice President and Chief Risk Officer, USA |
Kevin Burns, Director |
CIBC Bancorp USA 120 South LaSalle Street Chicago, IL 60603 |
Enterprise Risk Manager |
ClariVest Asset Management LLC
ClariVest Asset Management LLC (“ClariVest”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of ClariVest is 3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92130. ClariVest is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
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Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. (“Cornerstone”) serves as the investment adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund and Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund. The principal address of Cornerstone is 225 108th Avenue NE, Suite 400, Bellevue, Washington 98004-5782. Cornerstone is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Anne Farrell Director |
Seattle Foundation 1200 – 5 th Avenue, Suite 1300 Seattle, WA 98101 |
President Emeritus |
Seattle University | Trustee Emeritus | |
Delta Dental of Washington | Director | |
KCTS Channel 9 Public Television | Board Chairwoman | |
National Assoc. of Corporate Directors | Director | |
Greg Collins Director |
Parker Smith & Feek (PS&F) 2233 112th Ave NE Bellevue, WA 98004 |
President/CEO |
Overlake Medical Center | Board Chairman | |
Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce | Director | |
Montana State University | Board of Governors | |
Sue McNab Director |
Hedgebrook Whidbey Island, WA |
Director |
Lynne Herer Smith Director |
The Holocaust Center for Humanity | Director |
Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC
Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC (“CRM”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of CRM is 520 Madison Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10022. CRM is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of CRM engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
C.S. McKee, L.P.
C.S. McKee, L.P. (“C.S. McKee”) serves as the investment adviser to the McKee International Equity Portfolio. The principal address of C.S. McKee is One Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222. C.S. McKee is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Michael J. Donnelly Senior Vice President |
Blue Devil Capital 2051 Murdstone Rd. Pittsburgh, PA 15241 |
President |
Driehaus Capital Management LLC
Driehaus Capital Management LLC (“Driehaus”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of Driehaus is 25 East Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2703. Driehaus is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser | Name of Other Company | Connection with Other Company |
Richard H. Driehaus Chairman. Chief Investment Officer through 10/3/2017 |
Driehaus Capital Holdings LLLP* | Chairman |
Driehaus Mutual Funds** | Trustee until 10/12/2017 | |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | Chairman. President & Chief Executive Officer from 3/6/2017-12/31/2017 | |
Robert H. Gordon President and Chief Executive Officer through 3/6/2017 |
Driehaus Capital Holdings LLLP* | President and Chief Executive Officer until 3/6/2017 |
Driehaus Mutual Funds** | President until 3/6/2017 | |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | President and Chief Executive Officer until 3/6/2017 | |
Stephen J. Kneeley Interim President and Chief Executive Officer from 3/6/2017 to 1/1/2018. Named Permanent President and Chief Executive Officer on 1/1/2018 |
Driehaus Capital Holdings LLLP*
|
Interim President and Chief Executive Officer from 3/6/2017 to 1/1/2018. Named Permanent President and Chief Executive Officer on 1/1/2018 |
Driehaus Mutual Funds**
|
Interim President from 3/6/2017 to 1/1/2018. Named Permanent President on 1/1/2018 | |
Janet L. McWilliams General Counsel and Secretary |
Driehaus Capital Holdings LLLP* | Senior Vice President and Secretary |
Driehaus Mutual Funds** | Chief Legal Officer and Assistant Vice President | |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | General Counsel and Secretary | |
Michelle L. Cahoon Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer through 1/7/2019
|
Driehaus Capital Holdings LLLP* | Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer until 1/7/2019 |
Driehaus Mutual Funds** | Vice President and Treasurer until 1/7/2019 | |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer until 1/7/2019 | |
Robert Kurinsky Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer effective 1/7/2019 |
Driehaus Capital Holdings LLLP* | Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer effective 1/7/2019 |
Driehaus Mutual Funds** | Vice President and Treasurer effective 1/7/2019 | |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer effective 1/7/2019 | |
Stephen T. Weber Director of Sales and Relationship Management |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | President and Chief Executive Officer effective 1/1/2018 |
Thomas M. Seftenberg Director of Relationship Management and Marketing |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | Director of Relationship Management and Marketing |
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Michael R. Shoemaker Assistant Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer |
Driehaus Mutual Funds** |
Chief Compliance Officer, Assistant Vice President and since 10/15/2018, Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | Assistant Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer | |
Michael P. Kailus Assistant Secretary through 10/15/2018 |
Driehaus Mutual Funds** | Assistant Secretary and Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer until 10/15/2018 |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | Assistant Secretary until 10/15/2018 | |
Christina Jacobs Assistant Secretary effective 1/7/2019 |
Driehaus Mutual Funds** | Assistant Secretary effective 1/7/2019 |
Driehaus Securities LLC*** | Assistant Secretary effective 1/7/2019 |
* | Driehaus Capital Holdings LLLP, located at 25 East Erie Street, Chicago, IL 60611, is a holding company and is the majority owner of Driehaus Capital Management LLC and Driehaus Securities LLC. |
** | Driehaus Mutual Funds, located at 25 East Erie Street, Chicago, IL 60611, is an open-end management investment company registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Company Act of 1940. |
*** | Driehaus Securities LLC, located at 25 East Erie Street, Chicago, IL 60611, is a limited-purpose broker-dealer registered with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. |
Edgewood Management LLC
Edgewood Management LLC (“Edgewood”) serves as the investment adviser to the Edgewood Growth Fund. The principal address of Edgewood is 535 Madison Avenue, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10022. Edgewood is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of Edgewood engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Fairpointe Capital LLC
Fairpointe Capital LLC (“Fairpointe”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of Fairpointe is One North Franklin Street, Suite 3300, Chicago, Illinois 60606-2401. Fairpointe is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of Fairpointe engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Fayez Sarofim & Co.
Fayez Sarofim & Co. (“Fayez Sarofim”) serves as the investment adviser for the Sarofim Equity Fund. The principal address of Fayez Sarofim is 2907 Two Houston Center, 909 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77010. Fayez Sarofim is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017.
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Fayez Sarofim Chairman, Co-Chief Investment Officer and Director (2015) |
Sarofim Trust Co. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Chairman |
Sarofim Realty Advisors Co.
8115 Preston Road
|
Chairman and Director | |
Sarofim International Management Company Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Investment Officer and Director | |
The Sarofim Group, Inc. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Director | |
Kinder Morgan, Inc. 500 Dallas
Suite 1000
|
Director | |
Christopher B. Sarofim Vice Chairman |
Kemper Corporation One East Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60601 |
Director |
Sarofim Trust Co. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Vice Chairman | |
Sarofim International Management Company Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Vice Chairman and President | |
The Sarofim Group, Inc. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Director, Vice Chairman |
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Raye G. White Executive Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Chief Compliance Officer and Director |
Sarofim Trust Co. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
President, Chief Executive Officer, Treasurer and Director |
Sarofim International Management Company Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Executive Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer and Director | |
Sarofim Realty Advisors Co.
8115 Preston Road
|
Secretary, Treasurer and Director | |
The Sarofim Group, Inc. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Executive Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer and Director | |
William Gentry Lee, Jr., CFA Chief Executive Officer, Co-Chief Investment Officer and Director (2015) |
Sarofim Trust Co. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Senior Vice President |
Sarofim International Management Company Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Senior Vice President | |
Sarofim Realty Advisors Co.
8115 Preston Road
|
Senior Vice President | |
The Sarofim Group, Inc. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Director, President | |
Charles E. Sheedy, CFA Senior Vice President |
Sarofim Trust Co. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Senior Vice President and Director |
Sarofim Realty Advisors Co.
8115 Preston Road
|
Vice Chairman | |
Sarofim International Management Company Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Senior Vice President | |
The Sarofim Group, Inc. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Senior Vice President | |
Alan R. Christensen, CFA President and Head of Investment Risk |
Sarofim Trust Co. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Vice President |
Sarofim International Management Company Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Vice President | |
The Sarofim Group, Inc. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Vice President |
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Daniel S. Crumrine Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Deputy Chief Compliance Officer |
Sarofim Trust Co. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Director |
Sarofim Realty Advisors Co.
8115 Preston Road
|
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | |
Sarofim International Management Company Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | |
The Sarofim Group, Inc. Two Houston Center Suite 2907 Houston, TX 77010 |
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |
Franklin Advisers, Inc.
Franklin Advisers, Inc. (“Franklin Advisers”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund. The principal address of Franklin Advisers is One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403. Franklin Advisers is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of Franklin Advisers engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Hamlin Capital Management, LLC
Hamlin Capital Management, LLC (“Hamlin”) serves as the investment adviser for the Hamlin High Dividend Equity Fund. The principal address of Hamlin is 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor, New York, New York 10019. Hamlin is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Mark Stitzer – Managing Partner
|
Hamlin Capital Advisors, LLC 5550 West Executive Drive, Suite 540 Tampa, FL 33609 |
Owner |
Branchville Persistence, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner | |
Hamlin-Crest GP, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner | |
Joseph Bridy – Senior Partner & Fixed Income Portfolio Manager |
Hamlin Capital Advisors, LLC 5550 West Executive Drive, Suite 540 Tampa, FL 33609 |
Owner |
Branchville Persistence, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner | |
Hamlin-Crest GP, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner |
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Chris D’Agnes – Senior Partner & Equity Portfolio Manager
|
Hamlin Capital Advisors, LLC 5550 West Executive Drive, Suite 540 Tampa, FL 33609 |
Owner |
Hamlin-Crest GP, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner | |
Charlie Garland – Senior Partner and Equity Portfolio Manager |
Hamlin Capital Advisors, LLC 5550 West Executive Drive, Suite 540 Tampa, FL 33609 |
Owner |
Hamlin-Crest GP, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner | |
Deborah Finegan – Senior Partner & Chief Operating Officer |
Hamlin Capital Advisors, LLC 5550 West Executive Drive, Suite 540 Tampa, FL 33609 |
Owner |
Branchville Persistence, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner | |
Hamlin-Crest GP, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner | |
Vivian Pan – Senior Partner |
Hamlin-Crest GP, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner |
Benjamin Kaufman – Partner & Senior Bond Analyst |
Hamlin-Crest GP, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner |
Parker Stitzer – Partner & Senior Bond Analyst |
Hamlin-Crest GP, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner |
Michael Tang – Partner & Senior Equity Analyst |
Hamlin-Crest GP, LLC 640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Owner |
Harris Associates L.P.
Harris Associates L.P. (“Harris”) is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Harris serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The directors and executive officers of Harris, or Harris Associates, Inc. (“HAI”), its general partner, have had as their sole business, profession, vocation or employment during the past two years only their duties as executive officers/employees of Harris; Harris’ ultimate parent company, Natixis Investment Managers; HAI; Harris Associates Investment Trust (“HAIT”), a U.S. registered investment company consisting of the seven Oakmark Funds for which Harris serves as the advisor and sponsor; and/or Harris Associates Securities L.P. (“HASLP”), an affiliated limited-purpose broker-dealer of which Harris is a limited partner. The business address of Harris, HAI, HAIT and HASLP is 111 S. Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, Illinois 60606. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser | Name of Other Company | Connection with Other Company |
Kristi L. Rowsell President |
HAI | Director and President |
HAIT | Trustee and President | |
HASLP | President | |
Zachary Weber Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |
HAI | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |
HAIT | Vice President, Principal Financial Officer and Treasurer | |
HASLP | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer | |
David G. Herro Deputy Chairman, Chief Investment Officer, International Equity, Portfolio Manager and Analyst |
HAI
|
Director, Deputy Chairman, since 2015, and Chief Investment Officer, International Equity |
HAIT | Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark Global Fund, Oakmark Global Select Fund, Oakmark International Fund and Oakmark International Small Cap Fund) | |
Anthony P. Coniaris Co-Chairman, Portfolio Manager and Analyst |
HAI
|
Director, Co-Chairman, since 2016 |
HAIT | Executive Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark Select Fund, Oakmark Global Fund, Oakmark Global Select Fund) | |
Kevin G. Grant Co-Chairman, Portfolio Manager and Analyst |
HAI
|
Director, Co-Chairman, since 2016 |
HAIT | Executive Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark Fund) | |
Colin P. McFarland Chief Compliance Officer |
HAI | Chief Compliance Officer |
Clyde S. McGregor Vice President and Portfolio Manager |
HAI | Vice President |
HAIT | Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark Equity and Income Fund and Oakmark Global Fund) | |
Thomas W. Murray Vice President, Director of U.S. Research, Portfolio Manager and Analyst |
HAI | Vice President and Director of U.S. Research |
HAIT | Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark Select Fund) |
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William C. Nygren Vice President, Chief Investment Officer, U.S. Equity, Portfolio Manager and Analyst |
HAI | Vice President and Chief Investment Officer, U.S. Equity, since 2017 |
HAIT | Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark Fund, Oakmark Select Fund and Oakmark Global Select Fund) | |
Justin D. Hance Vice President, Director of International Research, since 2016, Portfolio Manager and Analyst |
HAI | Vice President and Director of International Research |
HAIT | Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark International Small Cap Fund) | |
Michael L. Manelli Vice President, Portfolio Manager and Analyst |
HAI | Vice President |
HAIT | Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark International Fund, Oakmark International Small Cap Fund) | |
M. Colin Hudson, Vice President, Portfolio Manager and Analyst | HAI | Vice President |
HAIT | Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark Equity and Income Fund) | |
Christopher W. Keller, Chief Operating Officer | HAI | Chief Operating Officer |
HASLP | Chief Operating Officer | |
HAIT | Vice President | |
Jason E. Long Vice President, Portfolio Manager and Analyst |
HAI | Vice President |
HAIT | Vice President andPortfolio Manager (Oakmark Global Fund) | |
Eric Liu Vice President, Portfolio Manager and Analyst |
HAI | Vice President since 2019 |
HAIT | Vice President and Portfolio Manager (Oakmark Global Select Fund) | |
Rana J. Wright | HAI |
Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since 2018
|
HASLP |
Vice President, General Counsel Anti-Money Laundering Officer and Secretary since 2018
|
|
HAIT | Vice President, Secretary and Chief Legal Officer since 2018 | |
Michael J. Pietras Chief Compliance Officer (HASLP) |
HASLP | Chief Compliance Officer |
Jean Raby | HAI | Director since 2017 |
Natixis Investment Managers 21 quai d’Austerlitz 75013 Paris, France |
Chief Executive Officer | |
David Giunta | HAI | Director since 2017 |
Natixis Investment Managers, L.P. 888 Boylston Street Boston, MA 02199 |
President and CEO, Natixis Investment Managers, L.P. | |
Beverly M. Bearden | HAI | Director since 2017 |
Natixis Investment Managers, L.P. 888 Boylston Street Boston, MA 02199 |
Deputy Chief Executive Officer and Head of Human Resources, Natixis Investment Managers |
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Harvest Global Investments Limited
Harvest Global Investments Limited (“Harvest”) serves as the investment adviser for the Harvest Funds China All Assets and the Harvest Asian Bond Fund. The principal address of Harvest is 31/F One Exchange Square, 8 Connaught Place, Central Hong Kong. Harvest is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Zhao Xuejun Director |
Harvest Capital Management Co Limited 8/F, China Resources Building, No.8, Jianguomen Beidajie, Beijing, China
|
Director |
Harvest Wealth Management Co., Ltd Unit 4606-10, Shanghai Two ifc, 8 Century Avenue, Pudong New Area, Shanghai P.R.C |
Director | |
Harvest Real Estate Investments (Cayman) Limited 190 Elgin Avenue, George Town Grand Cayman KY1-9005, Cayman Islands |
Director | |
Harvest Real Estate Investment (HK) Limited 31/F, One Exchange Square, 8 Connaught Place, Central, Hong Kong |
Director | |
Harvest Capital International (Cayman) Limited 190 Elgin Avenue, George Town Grand Cayman KY1-9005 Cayman Islands |
Director | |
Harvest Capital International (Hong Kong) Limited 701, 7/F, Tower 2, Silvercord, 30 Canton Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong |
Director | |
igoldenbeta Network Technology (Cayman) Limited 190 Elgin Avenue, George Town, Grand Cayman KY1-9005, Cayman Islands |
Director | |
Li Ming Director |
Harvest Capital Management Co Limited 8/F, China Resources Building, No.8, Jianguomen Beidajie, Beijing |
Director |
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C- 35
Kerry Chow Employee |
Harvest USA Incorporation 160 Greentree Drive, Suite 101, City of Dover 19904, Country of Kent, State of Delaware. |
Director |
HGI (USA) Investments LLC 708 Third Avenue Sixth Floor New York, NY 10017 |
Director | |
HGI (USA) LLC 708 Third Avenue Sixth Floor New York, NY 10017 |
Director | |
Harvest Global Investments (UK) Limited 5th Floor, 6 St. Andrew Street, London, EC4A 3AE |
Director | |
David Tong Employee |
Harvest USA Incorporation 160 Greentree Drive, Suite 101, City of Dover 19904, Country of Kent, State of Delaware. |
Director |
HGI (USA) Investments LLC 708 Third Avenue Sixth Floor New York, NY 10017 |
Director | |
HGI (USA) LLC 708 Third Avenue Sixth Floor New York, NY 10017 |
Director | |
Thomas Kwan Employee |
DKJ Company Limited Flat E, 11/F, Block 4, Nam Fu Estate, Quarry Bay, HK |
Director |
Micro Eco Farm (HK) Limited Rm A5, 3/F, On Tat Ind Bldg, No 3-5 Pat Tat St, Kowloon, HK |
Director |
Haverford Financial Services, Inc.
Haverford Financial Services, Inc. (“Haverford”) serves as the investment adviser for the Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund. The principal address of Haverford is Three Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450, Radnor, Pennsylvania 19087-4546. Haverford is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
C- 36
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
George W. Connell Vice Chairman & Owner |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice Chairman & Indirect Owner
|
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice Chairman & Indirect Owner
|
|
Drexel Morgan & Co. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
CEO, President & Owner
|
|
Drexel Morgan Capital Advisers, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 305 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Director, Indirect Owner | |
Red Wing Management II, LLC 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 305 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Indirect Owner | |
Joseph J. McLaughlin Chairman, CEO & President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Chairman & CEO
|
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative | |
Binney H. C. Wietlisbach Executive Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
President, Director & Secretary
|
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
CEO & President | |
Henry B. Smith Vice President and CIO |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President, Co-Chief Investment Officer & Director
|
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative | |
Drexel Morgan & Co. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Advisory Board Member | |
David Brune Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President
|
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative |
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
John H. Donaldson Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President
|
Timothy A. Hoyle Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President & Co-Chief Investment Officer
|
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative | |
Jeffrey M. Bagley Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President
|
MarieElena V. Ness Chief Compliance Officer |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
VP & Chief Compliance Officer
|
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
VP & Chief Compliance Officer
|
|
Drexel Morgan & Co. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
VP & Chief Compliance Officer
|
|
Regulatory Compliance Assistance, LLC
|
Sole Member | |
Paul S. Rovner Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
VP, CFO, & Assistant Secretary |
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
VP & CFO | |
Drexel Morgan & Co. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
VP & Secretary | |
Drexel Morgan Capital Advisers, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 305 Radnor, PA 19087 |
VP & CFO |
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
John M. Derderian Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President
|
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Secretary, Treasurer, Registered Principal | |
T. Keith Eby Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative | |
Diane E. Goldstein Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Lydia C. Holiat Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative | |
Charles L. Homer Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Drexel Morgan & Co. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Marketing | |
Seth D. Horwitz Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative | |
Thomas J. Lynch Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative |
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Anne E. Mangini Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Drexel Morgan & Co. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Marketing | |
David C. Peppard Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative | |
Patrice M. Shute Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative | |
Robert F. Stiles Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Representative | |
John S. Supplee Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President & Chief Operating Officer |
Haverford Trust Securities, Inc. 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Registered Principal | |
Christine E. Walker Vice President |
The Haverford Trust Company 3 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450 Radnor, PA 19087 |
Vice President |
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC (“ICM”) serves as the investment adviser to the ICM Small Company Portfolio. The principal address of ICM is 300 East Lombard Street, Suite 810, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. ICM is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
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During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of ICM engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. (“Loomis Sayles”) serves as the investment adviser to the Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund and as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund. The address of Loomis Sayles is One Financial Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111-2621. Loomis Sayles is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Beverly M. Bearden Director |
Natixis Investment Managers, L.P. | Deputy Chief Executive Officer |
Robert J. Blanding, Formerly Chairman of the Board (1995 to 2017) and Director (1990 to 2017) |
Loomis Sayles Investments Asia Pte. Ltd. 10 Collyer Quay #14-06, Ocean Financial Centre, Singapore 049315 |
Director ( 2012 to 2017) |
Loomis Sayles Investments Limited The Economist Plaza, 25 St. James’s Street, London, England SW1A 1 HA |
Alternate Director (2011 to 2017) |
|
Natixis Investment Managers Japan Co. Ltd. Hibiya Kokusai Building –4F – 2-2-3, Uchisaiwaicho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0011 – Japan |
Director (2000 to 2017) |
|
Daniel J. Fuss Vice Chairman, Executive Vice President and Director |
Loomis Sayles Funds I 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Executive Vice President |
Loomis Sayles Funds II 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Executive Vice President | |
David L. Giunta
Director
|
Natixis Investment Managers 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
President and Chief Executive Officer, US and Canada |
Natixis Advisors, L.P. 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
President and Chief Executive Officer | |
Natixis Distribution Corporation 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer | |
Natixis Distribution, L.P 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
President and Chief Executive Officer | |
Loomis Sayles Funds I 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee and Executive Vice President | |
Loomis Sayles Funds II 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee and President | |
Natixis Funds Trust I 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer | |
Natixis Funds Trust II 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer | |
Natixis Funds Trust IV 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer | |
Natixis ETF Trust 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer | |
Gateway Trust 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer |
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
John T. Hailer Formerly Director (2008 to 2017) |
Natixis Investment Managers 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
President and CEO, US & Asia (2007 to 2017) |
Kevin P. Charleston Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President and Director
|
Loomis Sayles Funds I 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer |
Loomis Sayles Funds II 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee | |
Natixis Funds Trust I 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee | |
Natixis Funds Trust II 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee | |
Natixis Funds Trust IV 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee | |
Natixis ETF Trust 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee | |
Gateway Trust 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Trustee | |
Loomis Sayles Distributors, Inc. One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
Director | |
Loomis Sayles Investments Limited The Economist Plaza, 25 St. James’s Street, London, England SW1A 1 HA |
Executive Vice President | |
Loomis Sayles Trust Company, LLC One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
Manager and President | |
Loomis Sayles Investments Asia Pte. Ltd. 10 Collyer Quay #14-06, Ocean Financial Centre, Singapore 049315 |
Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors |
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
John F. Gallagher III Executive Vice President and Director |
Loomis Sayles Distributors, Inc. One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
President |
Loomis Sayles Distributors, L.P. One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
President | |
Loomis Sayles Investments Asia Pte. Ltd. 10 Collyer Quay #14-06, Ocean Financial Centre, Singapore 049315 |
Director | |
Jean S. Loewenberg Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Secretary and Director |
Loomis Sayles Distributors, Inc. One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
Director |
Loomis Sayles Investments Limited The Economist Plaza, 25 St. James’s Street, London, England SW1A 1 HA |
General Counsel and Secretary | |
Loomis Sayles Trust Company, LLC One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
Manager and Secretary | |
Loomis Sayles Investments Asia Pte. Ltd. 10 Collyer Quay #14-06, Ocean Financial Centre, Singapore 049315 |
Director | |
John R. Gidman Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer and Director |
Loomis Sayles Solutions, LLC One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
President |
Jaehoon Park, Executive Vice President, Chief Investment Officer and Director |
Loomis Sayles Investments Asia Pte. Ltd. 10 Collyer Quay #14-06, Ocean Financial Centre, Singapore 049315 |
Director |
Jean Raby Director |
Natixis Investment Managers 888 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199 |
Chief Executive Officer |
Paul J. Sherba Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Director
|
Loomis Sayles Distributors, Inc. One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
Vice President and Treasurer |
Loomis Sayles Distributors, L.P. One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
Vice President and Treasurer | |
Loomis Sayles Trust Company, LLC One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111 |
Manager and Chief Financial Officer | |
Loomis Sayles Investments Asia Pte. Ltd. 10 Collyer Quay #14-06, Ocean Financial Centre, Singapore 049315 |
Director | |
Loomis Sayles Investments Limited The Economist Plaza, 25 St. James’s Street, London, England SW1A 1 HA |
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer | |
Pierre P. Servant Formerly Director (2007 to 2017) |
Natixis Investment Managers 21 quai d’Austerlitz, 75634 Paris cedex 13 - France | CEO and Member of the Executive Board (2007 to 2017) |
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LSV Asset Management
LSV Asset Management (“LSV”) serves as the investment adviser to the LSV Value Equity Fund, LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund, LSV Small Cap Value Fund, LSV Global Value Fund, LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund and LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund. LSV also serves as an investment sub-adviser to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The address of LSV is 155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600, Chicago, Illinois 60606. LSV is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of LSV engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Marsico Capital Management, LLC
Marsico Capital Management, LLC (“Marsico”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of Marsico is 1200 17th Street, Suite 1600, Denver, Colorado 80202. Marsico is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of Marsico engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC
Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC (“MetWest”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund. The principal address of MetWest is 865 S. Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017. MetWest is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
The principal business address of The TCW Group, Inc. (the “Group”), TCW Investment Management Company LLC (“TIMCO”), TCW Asset Management Company LLC (“TAMCO”), TCW LLC and Trust Company of the West is 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017.
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser
|
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Tad Rivelle Chief Investment Officer – Fixed Income, Group Managing Director |
TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Group Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer - Fixed Income (TIMCO, TAMCO, and TCW LLC) |
Laird Landmann President |
The TCW Group, Inc., TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Group Managing Director (TIMCO, TAMCO, TCW LLC, Group) |
David Lippman Chief Executive Officer |
The TCW Group, Inc., TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
President and Chief Executive Officer (TAMCO, TIMCO, TCW LLC, Group)
|
Stephen Kane Group Managing Director |
TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Group Managing Director (TAMCO, TIMCO, TCW LLC) |
Bryan T. Whalen Group Managing Director |
TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Group Managing Director (TAMCO, TIMCO, TCW LLC) |
Patrick A. Moore Group Managing Director |
TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Group Managing Director (TAMCO, TIMCO, TCW LLC) |
Cal Rivelle Group Managing Director |
The TCW Group, Inc., TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Group Managing Director (TAMCO, TIMCO, TCW LLC); Group Managing Director of Investment Technology (Group)
|
Joseph Carieri Group Managing Director |
TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Group Managing Director (TAMCO, TIMCO, TCW LLC)
|
C- 45
David DeVito Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer |
The TCW Group, Inc., TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer (TAMCO, TIMCO, TCW LLC, Group) |
Jeffrey Engelsman Global Chief Compliance Officer, Managing Director |
The TCW Group, Inc., TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Global Chief Compliance Officer, Managing Director (TAMCO, TIMCO, TCW LLC), Global Chief Compliance Officer (Group) |
Meredith Jackson Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Secretary |
The TCW Group, Inc., TCW Investment Management Company LLC, TCW Asset Management Company LLC and TCW LLC 865 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, California 90017 |
Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Secretary (TAMCO, TIMCO, TCW LLC, Group) |
Numeric Investors LLC
Numeric Investors LLC (“Numeric”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of Numeric is 200 Pier 4 Boulevard, 5th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02210. Numeric is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Gregory Bond, Director of Research
|
Numeric Holdings LLC 200 Pier 4 Boulevard, 5 th Floor Boston, MA 02210
|
Member of Board of Managers |
Eric Burl, Manager (Numeric Holdings LLC) |
Numeric Holdings LLC 200 Pier 4 Boulevard, 5 th Floor Boston, MA 02210
|
Member of Board of Managers |
Man Group plc Riverbank House 2 Swan Lane London EC4R 3AD United Kingdom
|
Global Co-Head of Sales and Marketing, Head of Americas and Executive Committee Member | |
Man Global Private Markets (USA) Inc. 6836 Morrison Boulevard, Suite 430 Charlotte, NC 28211
|
Director and President
|
|
Silvermine Capital Management LLC 281 Tresser Boulevard, Suite 1102 Stamford, CT 06901
|
President | |
Man Investments Inc. 452 Fifth Avenue, 27th Floor New York, NY 10018
|
Director and President
|
|
GLG LLC 452 Fifth Avenue, 27th Floor New York, NY 10018
|
President
|
|
Managed Funds Association 600 14th Street, N.W., Suite 900 Washington, DC 20005
|
Director |
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Shanta Puchtler, Chief Executive Officer and President |
Numeric Holdings LLC 200 Pier 4 Boulevard, 5 th Floor Boston, MA 02210
|
Member of Board of Managers |
Man Group plc Riverbank House 2 Swan Lane London EC4R 3AD United Kingdom
|
Executive Committee Member | |
Sandy Rattray, Manager (Numeric Holdings LLC) |
Numeric Holdings LLC 200 Pier 4 Boulevard, 5 th Floor Boston, MA 02210
|
Chairman and Member of Board of Managers |
AHL Partners LLP Riverbank House 2 Swan Lane London EC4R 3AD United Kingdom
|
Restricted Member | |
Man Group plc Riverbank House 2 Swan Lane London EC4R 3AD United Kingdom
|
Chief Investment Officer and Executive Committee Member | |
Christopher Ancona, Chief Compliance Officer |
Chesapeake Partners Management Co., Inc. and CP Management, LLC 2800 Quarry Lake Drive, Suite 300 Baltimore, MD 21209 |
Chief Compliance Officer and General Counsel (through December 2016) |
Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC
Parametric Portfolio Associates LLC (“Parametric”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of Parametric is 1918 Eighth Avenue, Suite 3100, Seattle, Washington 98101. Parametric is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Brian Langstraat, Chief Executive Officer |
Eaton Vance Corp. Two International Place Boston, MA 02110 |
Board of Directors |
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Phocas Financial Corporation
Phocas Financial Corporation (“Phocas”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of Phocas is 980 Atlantic Avenue, Suite 106, Alameda, California 94501-1001. Phocas is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of Phocas engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Prime Advisors, Inc.
Prime Advisors, Inc. (“Prime”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund. The principal address of Prime is 22635 NE Marketplace Drive, Redmond, Washington 98053. Prime is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of Prime engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC (“Rice Hall James”) serves as the investment adviser to the Rice Hall James Micro Cap Portfolio, Rice Hall James SMID Cap Portfolio and Rice Hall James Small Cap Portfolio. The principal address of Rice Hall James is 600 West Broadway, Suite 1000, San Diego, California 92101-3383. Rice Hall James is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of Rice Hall James engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated (“Baird”) serves as an investment sub-adviser for the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of Baird is 777 East Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202. Baird is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Paul E. Purcell Chairman, Director |
RiverFront Investment Holding Group, LLC 1214 East Cary Street Richmond, Virginia 23219 |
Director |
Mary Ellen Stanek Director |
Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company 720 E. Wisconsin Avenue Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202 |
Director |
Wisconsin Energy Corporation and Wisconsin Electric Power Company 231 West Michigan Street P.O. Box 1331 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201 |
Director | |
Terrance P. Maxwell Chief Financial Officer |
Investors Real Estate Trust 1400 31st Avenue SW P.O. Box 1988 Minot, North Dakota 58702 |
Trustee |
Greenhouse Funds GP LLC and Greenhouse GP LLC 2711 Centerville Road Wilmington, Delaware 19808 |
Board of Managers |
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Patrick S. Lawton Director |
Waterstone Financial, Inc. 11200 West Plank Court Wauwatosa, Wisconsin 53226 |
Director |
BMO Harris Bradley Center 1001 North 4th Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203 |
Director | |
Michael J. Schroeder Director |
RiverFront Investment Holding Group, LLC 1214 East Cary Street Richmond, Virginia 23219 |
Director |
Sanitas Brewing Company 1860 38th Street Boulder, Colorado 80302 |
Director | |
William Mahler Director |
Greenhouse Funds GP LLC and Greenhouse GP LLC 2711 Centerville Road Wilmington, Delaware 19808 |
Board of Managers |
Sands Capital Management, LLC
Sands Capital Management, LLC (“Sands Capital”) serves as the investment adviser to the Sands Capital Global Growth Fund. The principal address of Sands Capital is 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 3000, Arlington, Virginia 22209. Sands Capital is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC
SKY Harbor Capital Management LLC (“SKY Harbor”) serves as investment sub-adviser for the Registrant’s Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund and Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund. The principal address of SKY Harbor is 20 Horseneck Lane, Greenwich, Connecticut 06830. SKY Harbor is an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
SKY Harbor’s Board consists of two management directors who are the co-founders of the firm and two outside directors. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, none of the management directors, officers or employees of SKY Harbor is or has been engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee. The outside directors of SKY Harbor are engaged in other activities as set forth in the chart below.
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
David J. Wermuth Director |
Stone Point Capital, LLC 20 Horseneck Lane Greenwich, CT 06830
|
Senior Principal and General Counsel |
Fayez S. Muhtadie Director |
Stone Point Capital, LLC 20 Horseneck Lane Greenwich, CT 06830 |
Senior Principal |
Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc.
Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc. (“THB”) serves as the investment adviser for the THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund (formerly, Thomson Horstmann & Bryant MicroCap Fund). The principal address of THB is 501 Merritt 7, Norwalk, Connecticut 06851. THB is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc. engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC
Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC (“TSW”) serves as the investment adviser to the TS&W Equity Portfolio. The principal address of TSW is 6641 W. Broad Street, Suite 600, Richmond, Virginia 23230. TSW is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018, no director, officer or partner of TSW engaged in any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee.
Thornburg Investment Management, Inc.
Thornburg Investment Management, Inc. (“TIM”) serves as an investment sub-adviser to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund. The principal address of TIM is 2300 North Ridgetop Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87506. TIM is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Garrett Thornburg, Chairman |
Thornburg Securities Corporation, 1 2300 North Ridgetop Road Santa Fe, NM 87506 |
Chairman |
Thornburg Investment Trust, 2300 North Ridgetop Road Santa Fe NM, 87506 |
Chairman |
1 | In addition to Thornburg Securities Corporation, Garrett Thornburg maintains controlling beneficial interests in certain non-investment related entities and non-operating entities established for estate planning or investment purposes. |
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Villanova Investment Management Company LLC
Villanova Investment Management Company LLC (“VIMCO”) serves as investment sub-adviser to the AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund. The principal address of VIMCO is 1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 100, Berwyn Pennsylvania 19312. VIMCO is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Edward A. Trumpbour Principal and Founder |
Holy Child School at Rosemont 1344 Montgomery Avenue Rosemont, PA 19010 |
Trustee |
Westwood Management Corp.
Westwood Management Corp. (“Westwood”) serves as the investment adviser for the Westwood Large Cap Value Fund, Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund, Westwood SmallCap Fund, Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund and Westwood Flexible Income Fund. The principal address of Westwood is 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200, Dallas, Texas 75201. Westwood is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The information listed below is for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2017 and 2018.
Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Brian Casey President and Chief Executive Officer and Director |
Westwood Holdings Group, Inc.* (NYSE: WHG) 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
President and Chief Executive Officer and Director |
Westwood Trust** 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Executive Officer and Director | |
Westwood International Advisors Inc. a 181 Bay Street, Suite 2450 Toronto, Ontario M5J 2S1 |
Chief Executive Officer and Director | |
Tiffany B. Kice Chief Financial Officer |
Westwood Holdings Group, Inc.* (NYSE: WHG) 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Financial Officer |
Westwood International Advisors Inc. a 181 Bay Street, Suite 2450 Toronto, Ontario M5J 2S1 |
Chief Financial Officer | |
Westwood Trust** 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Financial Officer | |
Westwood Advisors, LLC*** 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Financial Officer |
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Name and Position with Investment Adviser |
Name and Principal Business
Address of Other Company |
Connection with Other Company |
Mark R. Freeman, CFA Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer |
Westwood Holdings Group, Inc.* (NYSE: WHG) 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Investment Officer |
Sylvia L. Fry Chief Compliance Officer (through March 31, 2017) |
Westwood Holdings Group, Inc.* (NYSE: WHG) 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Compliance Officer |
Westwood Trust** 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Compliance Officer | |
Westwood Advisors, LLC*** 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Compliance Officer | |
Julie K. Gerron General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer |
Westwood Holdings Group, Inc.* (NYSE: WHG) 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Compliance Officer (beginning April 1, 2017) and General Counsel |
Westwood International Advisors Inc. a 181 Bay Street, Suite 2450 Toronto, Ontario M5J 2S1 |
General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer | |
Westwood Trust** 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Compliance Officer (beginning April 1, 2017) and General Counsel | |
Westwood Advisors, LLC*** 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Compliance Officer (beginning April 1, 2017) and General Counsel | |
Fabian Gomez, Chief Operating Officer (effective February 7, 2018) |
Westwood Holdings Group, Inc.* (NYSE: WHG) 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Operating Officer |
Westwood International Advisors Inc. a 181 Bay Street, Suite 2450 Toronto, Ontario M5J 2S1 |
Chief Operating Officer | |
Westwood Trust** 200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200 Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Operating Officer | |
Westwood Advisors, LLC***
Dallas, TX 75201 |
Chief Operating Officer |
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* | Westwood Management Corp., Westwood Trust, Westwood Advisors, LLC, and Westwood International Advisors Inc. are wholly owned subsidiaries of Westwood Holdings Group, Inc., a publicly traded company on the NYSE (NYSE: WHG). |
** | Westwood Trust provides trust and custodial services and participation in common trust funds that it sponsors to institutions and high net worth individuals. |
*** | Westwood Advisors, LLC (formerly, McCarthy Group Advisors, LLC) is a SEC registered investment adviser that managed investment limited liability companies until January 12, 2018 and provides wealth management and digital advisory services. Westwood Advisors is now based in Dallas, TX. |
a | Westwood International Advisors Inc. is a Canadian Corporation located in Toronto, Ontario that is registered as a Portfolio Manager and Exempt Market Dealer with the Ontario Securities Commission (“OSC”) and the Autorité des marchés financiers (“AMF”) in Quebec. |
Item 32. Principal Underwriters
(a) | Furnish the name of each investment company (other than the Registrant) for which each principal underwriter currently distributing the securities of the Registrant also acts as a principal underwriter, distributor or investment adviser. |
The Registrant's distributor, SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the "Distributor"), acts as distributor for:
SEI Daily Income Trust | July 15, 1982 |
SEI Tax Exempt Trust | December 3, 1982 |
SEI Institutional Managed Trust | January 22, 1987 |
SEI Institutional International Trust | August 30, 1988 |
The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund II | January 28, 1993 |
Bishop Street Funds | January 27, 1995 |
SEI Asset Allocation Trust | April 1, 1996 |
SEI Institutional Investments Trust | June 14, 1996 |
City National Rochdale Funds (f/k/a CNI Charter Funds) | April 1, 1999 |
Causeway Capital Management Trust | September 20, 2001 |
ProShares Trust | November 14, 2005 |
Community Capital Trust (f/k/a Community Reinvestment Act Qualified Investment Fund) | January 8, 2007 |
TD Asset Management USA Funds Inc. | July 25, 2007 |
SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP | July 31, 2007 |
Global X Funds | October 24, 2008 |
ProShares Trust II | November 17, 2008 |
Exchange Traded Concepts Trust (f/k/a FaithShares Trust) | August 7, 2009 |
Schwab Strategic Trust | October 12, 2009 |
RiverPark Funds Trust | September 8, 2010 |
Adviser Managed Trust | December 10, 2010 |
New Covenant Funds | March 23, 2012 |
Cambria ETF Trust | August 30, 2012 |
Highland Funds I (f/k/a Pyxis Funds I) | September 25, 2012 |
KraneShares Trust | December 18, 2012 |
SEI Insurance Products Trust | September 10, 2013 |
The KP Funds | September 19, 2013 |
The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund III | February 12, 2014 |
SEI Catholic Values Trust | March 24, 2015 |
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SEI Hedge Fund SPC | June 26, 2015 |
SEI Energy Debt Fund | June 30, 2015 |
Gallery Trust | January 8, 2016 |
Schroder Series Trust | February 10, 2017 |
Schroder Global Series Trust | February 10, 2017 |
City National Rochdale Select Strategies Fund | March 1, 2017 |
Metaurus Equity Component Trust | October 2, 2017 |
Causeway ETMF Trust | December 28, 2017 |
Impact Shares Trust | March 1, 2018 |
City National Rochdale Strategic Credit Fund | May 16, 2018 |
Symmetry Panoramic Trust | July 23, 2018 |
The Distributor provides numerous financial services to investment managers, pension plan sponsors, and bank trust departments. These services include portfolio evaluation, performance measurement and consulting services (“Funds Evaluation”) and automated execution, clearing and settlement of securities transactions (“MarketLink”).
(b) | Furnish the Information required by the following table with respect to each director, officer or partner of each principal underwriter named in the answer to Item 25 of Part B. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each director or officer is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, PA 19456. |
Name | Position and Office with Underwriter | Positions and Offices with Registrant |
William M. Doran | Director | -- |
Paul F. Klauder | Director | -- |
Wayne M. Withrow | Director | -- |
Kevin P. Barr | Director, President & Chief Executive Officer | |
Maxine J. Chou | Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operations Officer, & Treasurer | -- |
Karen E. LaTourette | Chief Compliance Officer, Anti-Money Laundering Officer & Assistant Secretary | -- |
John C. Munch | General Counsel & Secretary | -- |
Mark J. Held | Senior Vice President | -- |
John P. Coary | Vice President & Assistant Secretary | -- |
Lori L. White | Vice President & Assistant Secretary | -- |
Judith A. Hirx | Vice President | -- |
Jason McGhin | Vice President | -- |
Gary Michael Reese | Vice President | -- |
Robert M. Silvestri | Vice President | -- |
Item 33. Location of Accounts and Records:
Books or other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, and the rules promulgated thereunder, are maintained as follows:
(a) | With respect to Rules 31a-1(a); 31a-1(b)(1); (2)(a) and (b); (3); (6); (8); (12); and 31a-1 (d), the required books and records are maintained at the offices of Registrant’s custodians: |
U.S. Bank, National Association
800 Nicollett Mall
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55402-4302
MUFG Union Bank, N.A. (formerly known as Union Bank, N.A.)
350 California Street
6th Floor
San Francisco, California 94104
C- 56
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
40 Water Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02109-3661
(b) | With respect to Rules 31a-1(a); 31a-1 (b)(1),(4); (2)(C) and (D); (4); (5); (6); (8); (9); (10); (11); and 31a-1(f), the required books and records are maintained at the offices of Registrant’s administrator: |
SEI Investments Global Funds Services
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
(c) | With respect to Rules 31a-1 (b)(5), (6), (9) and (10) and 31a-1 (f), the required books and records are maintained at the offices of the Registrant’s investment advisers: |
Acadian Asset Management LLC
260 Franklin Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02110
Allianz Global Investors U.S. LLC
1633 Broadway
New York, New York 10019
AlphaOne Investment Services, LLC
1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 100
Berwyn Pennsylvania 19312
Cambiar Investors, LLC
200 Columbine Street, Suite 800
Denver, Colorado 80206
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
One South Wacker Drive, Suite 3500
Chicago, Illinois 60606
ClariVest Asset Management LLC
3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 100
San Diego, California 92130
Cornerstone Advisors, Inc.
225 108th Avenue NE, Suite 400
Bellevue, Washington 98004-5782
Cramer Rosenthal McGlynn LLC
520 Madison Avenue, 20th Floor
New York, New York 10022
C.S. McKee, L.P.
One Gateway Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222
C- 57
Driehaus Capital Management LLC
25 East Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611-2703
Edgewood Management LLC
535 Madison Avenue, 15th Floor
New York, New York 10022
Fairpointe Capital LLC
One North Franklin Street, Suite 3300
Chicago, Illinois 60606-2401
Fayez Sarofim & Co.
2907 Two Houston Center
909 Fannin Street
Houston, Texas 77010
Franklin Advisers, Inc.
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, California 94403
Hamlin Capital Management, LLC
640 Fifth Avenue, 6th Floor
New York, New York 10019
Harris Associates L.P.
111 S. Wacker Drive, Suite 4600
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Harvest Global Investments Limited
31/F One Exchange Square
8 Connaught Place, Central
Hong Kong
Haverford Financial Services, Inc.
Three Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 450
Radnor, Pennsylvania 19087-4546
Investment Counselors of Maryland, LLC
300 East Lombard Street
Suite 810
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.
One Financial Center
Boston, Massachusetts 02111-2621
LSV Asset Management
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 4600,
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Marsico Capital Management, LLC
1200 17th Street, Suite 1600
Denver, Colorado 80202-5824
C- 58
Metropolitan West Asset Management LLC
865 S. Figueroa Street, Suite 1800
Los Angeles, California 90017
Numeric Investors LLC
200 Pier 4 Boulevard, 5th Floor
Boston, Massachusetts 02210
Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC
1918 Eighth Avenue, Suite 3100
Seattle, Washington 98101
Phocas Financial Corporation
980 Atlantic Avenue, Suite 106
Alameda, California 94501-1001
Prime Advisors, Inc.
22635 NE Marketplace Drive
Redmond, Washington 98053
Rice Hall James & Associates, LLC
600 West Broadway, Suite 1000
San Diego, California 92101-3383
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated
777 East Wisconsin Avenue
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
Sands Capital Management, LLC
1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 3000
Arlington, Virginia 22209
SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC
20 Horseneck Lane
Greenwich, Connecticut 06830
Thomson Horstmann & Bryant, Inc.
501 Merritt 7
Norwalk, Connecticut 06851
Thompson, Siegel & Walmsley LLC
6641 W. Broad Street, Suite 600
Richmond, Virginia 23230
Thornburg Investment Management, Inc.
2300 North Ridgetop Road
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87506
Villanova Investment Management Company LLC
1000 Chesterbrook Blvd., Suite 100
Berwyn Pennsylvania 19312
Westwood Management Corp.
200 Crescent Court, Suite 1200
Dallas, Texas 75201
C- 59
Item 34. Management Services: None.
Item 35. Undertakings: None.
C- 60
NOTICE
A copy of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust for The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”) is on file with the Secretary of State of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and notice is hereby given that this registration statement has been executed on behalf of the Trust by an officer of the Trust as an officer and by its trustees as trustees and not individually and the obligations of or arising out of this registration statement are not binding upon any of the trustees, officers, or shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Trust.
C- 61
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for effectiveness of this Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 485(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment No. 305 to Registration Statement No. 033-42484 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Oaks, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on the 28th day of February, 2019.
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND | |||
By: | * | ||
Michael Beattie, President |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Post-Effective Amendment to the Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the date(s) indicated.
* | Trustee | February 28, 2019 | |||
Tracie E. Ahern | |||||
* | Trustee | February 28, 2019 | |||
Joseph T. Grause, Jr. | |||||
* | Trustee | February 28, 2019 | |||
Mitchell A. Johnson | |||||
* | Trustee | February 28, 2019 | |||
N. Jeffrey Klauder | |||||
* | Trustee | February 28, 2019 | |||
Betty L. Krikorian | |||||
* | Trustee | February 28, 2019 | |||
Robert A. Nesher | |||||
* | Trustee | February 28, 2019 | |||
Bruce Speca | |||||
* | Trustee | February 28, 2019 | |||
George J. Sullivan, Jr. | |||||
* | President | February 28, 2019 | |||
Michael Beattie | |||||
* | Treasurer, Controller & | February 28, 2019 | |||
Stephen Connors | Chief Financial Officer | ||||
*By: | /s/ Dianne M. Descoteaux | ||||
Dianne M. Descoteaux | |||||
Attorney-in-Fact |
C- 62
EXHIBIT INDEX
(d)(1)(vi) | Amended Schedule A, dated March 1, 2019, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 24, 2002, between the Registrant and Cambiar Investors, LLC |
(d)(2)(xx) | Amended Schedule A, dated May 18, 2018, to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated September 5, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Numeric Investors, LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund |
(d)(2)(xxi) | Amendment, dated November 13, 2018, to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated September 5, 2014, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Numeric Investors, LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund |
(d)(2)(xxvi) | Amended and Restated Sechedule A, dated August 21, 2018, to the Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated August 24, 2016, between Cornerstone Advisors, Inc. and Metropolitan West Asset management LLC, relating to the Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund |
(d)(3)(iv) | Amended Schedule A, dated March 1, 2019, to the Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated September 1, 2016, between the Registrant and Cambiar Investors, LLC, relating to the Cambiar Funds |
(h)(1) | Amended and Restated Administration Agreement, dated November 13, 2018, between the Registrant and SEI Investments Global Funds Services |
(i) | Opinion and Consent of Counsel, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP |
(j)(1) | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, relating to the McKee International Equity Portfolio and Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund |
(j)(2) | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Ernst & Young LLP, relating to the AlphaOne Funds, CIBC Atlas Funds, Cambiar Funds, Edgewood Growth Fund, Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, LSV Funds, Sands Capital Global Growth Fund, THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund (formerly, Thomson Horstmann & Bryant MicroCap Fund) and Westwood Funds |
(j)(3) | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, BBD, LLP, relating to the Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, ICM Small Company Portfolio, Rice Hall James Funds and TS&W Equity Portfolio |
(j)(4) | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, relating to the Cornerstone Funds |
(p)(11) | Edgewood Management LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated October 29, 2018 |
(p)(18) | SEI Investments Distribution Co. Code of Ethics, dated August 2, 2018 |
(p)(20) | Parametric Portfolio Associates ® LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated January 30, 2019 |
(p)(23) | Marsico Capital Management, LLC Revised Code of Ethics, dated October 25, 2018 |
(p)(33) | SEI Investments Global Funds Services Code of Ethics, dated January 2018 |
(p)(36) | Franklin Advisers, Inc. Revised Code of Ethics, dated December 31, 2018 |
C- 63
SCHEDULE A
Amended as of March 1, 2019
to the
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AGREEMENT
between
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
and
CAMBIAR INVESTORS, LLC
dated June 24, 2002
Pursuant to Article 3, the Trust shall pay the Adviser compensation at an annual rate as follows:
Name of Fund | Fee |
Cambiar Opportunity Fund | 0.60% |
Cambiar International Equity Fund |
0.90% on the first $2 billion in assets; 0.80% for assets between $2 billion and $10 billion; and 0.70% for assets over $10 billion |
Cambiar Small Cap Fund | 0.85% |
Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund | 0.90% |
Cambiar SMID Fund | 0.80% |
Cambiar Global Equity Fund | 0.75% |
Cambiar International Small Cap Fund | 0.90% |
ACKNOWLEDGED AND ACCEPTED BY:
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND | CAMBIAR INVESTORS, LLC | ||||
By: | /s/ Matthew M. Maher | By: | /s/ Christine M. Simon | ||
Name: | Matthew M. Maher | Name: | Christine M. Simon | ||
Title: | Vice President & Asst. Secretary | Title: | Executive Director |
May 18, 2018
Cornerstone Advisors Inc.
225-108 th Avenue NE
Suite 400
Bellevue, Washington 98004-5782
Re: | Amendment to the Sub-Advisory Agreement dated as of September 5, 2014 by and between Cornerstone Advisors Inc. and Numeric Investors LLC (the “ Sub-Adviser ”), as may be further amended and restated from time to time (the “ Sub-Advisorv Agreement ”) |
Ladies and Gentlemen:
By this letter agreement (this “ Agreement ”), the parties hereto wish to update and amend the Sub-Advisory Agreement effective as of July 1, 2018 (the “Effective Date ”). Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined shall have the meanings set forth in the Sub-Advisory Agreement. In consideration of the mutual promises and agreements set forth herein, and such other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto hereby agree that the Sub-Advisory Agreement shall be amended as follows:
1. | Schedule A of the Sub-Advisory Agreement is hereby deleted in its entirety and replaced with Schedule A attached hereto. |
2. | All rights, obligations and liabilities in respect of the Sub-Advisory Agreement shall continue to exist save as varied herein. In the event of any conflict or inconsistency between the provisions of this Agreement and the Sub-Advisory Agreement, the terms of this Agreement shall prevail. |
3. | This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original but which together shall constitute one instrument. All other terms of the Sub-Advisory Agreement are hereby ratified and confirmed. |
4. | This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the substantive laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, without giving effect to its principles of conflicts of law. |
[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]
Amended and Restated
SCHEDULE A
Effective July 1, 2018
to the
SUB-ADVISORY AGREEMENT
dated September 5,2014 between
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS INC.
and
NUMERIC INVESTORS LLC
Effective July 1, 2018, each Fund will pay to the Sub-Adviser as compensation for the Sub-Adviser’s services rendered, a fee, computed daily at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of the respective Fund as may be allocated by the Adviser to the Sub-Adviser from time to time under the following fee schedule:
Fund | Rate |
[Redacted] |
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS INC. | |||
By: | /s/ Bruce Duff | ||
Name: | Bruce Duff | ||
Title: | COO | ||
NUMERIC INVESTORS LLC | |||
By: | /s/ Solomon Kuckelman | ||
Name: | Solomon Kuckelman | ||
Title: | Secretary | ||
6 Nov 2018 |
Schedule A - Sub-Advisory Agreement
If the foregoing correctly sets forth our agreement, please sign and return this Agreement to us at which time it shall be and become our mutual binding agreement, enforceable in accordance with its terms.
Very truly yours, | |||||
NUMERIC INVESTORS LLC | |||||
By: | /s/ Solomon Kuckelman | ||||
Name: | Solomon Kuckelman | ||||
Title: | Secretary | ||||
6 Nov 2018 | |||||
Acknowledged and agreed as of the date hereof: | |||||
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS INC. | |||||
By: | /s/ Bruce Duff | ||||
Name: | Bruce Duff | ||||
Title: | COO |
November_, 2018
Cornerstone
Advisors Inc.
225-108
th
Avenue NE
Suite 400
Bellevue, WA 98004-5782
Re: | Amendment to the Sub-Advisory Agreement dated September 5, 2014 by and between Cornerstone Advisors Inc. (the "Adviser") and Numeric Investors LLC (the "Sub-Adviser"), as amended and restated from time to time (the "Sub-Advisory Agreement") |
Ladies and Gentlemen:
By this letter agreement (this "Agreement"), the parties hereto wish to update and amend the Sub-Advisory Agreement effective as of November 13, 2018 (the "Effective Date").
In consideration of the mutual promises and agreements set forth herein, and such other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto hereby agree that the Sub-Advisory Agreement shall be amended as follows:
1. The following paragraph is hereby added as Section 21 of the Sub-Advisory Agreement:
Use of Associates. The Sub-Adviser shall not delegate any of its rights, duties or obligations under this Agreement with respect to its discretionary investment and advisory functions without the prior written consent of the Adviser. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, however, the Sub-Adviser may, at its own discretion, perform any or all of its duties, rights, powers, functions and obligations with respect to activities other than discretionary investment and advisory functions hereunder through one or more of its affiliates and their respective directors, officers and employees (each, a "Man Associate") without the consent of the Adviser; provided that (i) the Sub- Adviser shall always remain responsible to the Adviser for the Sub-Adviser's obligations hereunder, (ii) the Sub-Adviser shall be responsible for, and liable to a Fund for any losses arising from, any acts or omissions of a Man Associate to the same extent Sub- Adviser would have been responsible or liable under this Agreement, (iii) the Sub- Adviser shall be responsible for ensuring that each Man Associate complies with the terms hereof and (iv) the Sub-Adviser shall compensate the Man Associates out of the fees it receives hereunder.
2. All rights, obligations and liabilities in respect of the Sub-Advisory Agreement shall continue to exist save as, varied herein. In the event of any conflict or inconsistency between the provisions of this Agreement and the Sub-Advisory Agreement, the terms of this Agreement shall prevail.
3. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original but which together shall constitute one instrument. All other terms of the Sub-Advisory Agreement are hereby ratified and confirmed.
4. This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the substantive laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, without giving effect to its principles of conflicts oflaw.
[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]
2
If the foregoing correctly sets forth our agreement, please sign and return this Agreement to us at which time it shall be and become our mutual binding agreement, enforceable in accordance with its terms.
Very truly yours, | |||
NUMERIC INVESTORS LLC | |||
By: | /s/ Solomon Kuckelman | ||
Name: Solomon Kuckelman | |||
Title: Secretary |
Acknowledged and agreed as of the date hereof: CORNERSTONE ADVISORS INC.
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS INC. | ||
By: | /s/ Jeff A. Huse | |
Name: Jeff A. Huse | ||
Title: Vice President |
3
Amended and Restated
SCHEDULE A
dated August 21, 2018
to the
SUB-ADVISORY AGREEMENT
dated August 24, 2016 between
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS INC.
and
METROPOLITAN WEST ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC
Each Fund will pay to the Sub-Adviser as compensation for the Sub-Adviser’s services rendered, a fee, computed daily at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of the respective Fund as may be allocated by the Adviser to the Sub-Adviser from time to time under the following fee schedule:
Fund | Rate |
[Redacted]
CORNERSTONE ADVISORS INC. | |||
By: | /s/ Jeff Huse | ||
Name: | Jeff Huse | ||
Title: | Vice President | ||
METROPOLITAN WEST ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC | |||
By: | /s/ David Lippman | ||
Name: | David Lippman | ||
Title: | Chief Executive Officer |
Schedule A Sub-Advisory Agreement
SCHEDULE A
Amended as of March 1, 2019
to the
AMENDED AND RESTATED EXPENSE LIMITATION AGREEMENT
dated September 1, 2016 between
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND
and
CAMBIAR INVESTORS, LLC
MAXIMUM ANNUAL OPERATING EXPENSE LIMITS
This Agreement relates to the following Funds of the Trust:
Name of Fund | Maximum Annual Operating Expense Limit | Initial End Date |
Cambiar Opportunity Fund | 0.65% | March 1, 2020 |
Cambiar Small Cap Fund | 0.90% | March 1, 2020 |
Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund | 0.95% | March 1, 2020 |
Cambiar International Equity Fund | 0.90% | March 1, 2020 |
Cambiar SMID Fund | 0.85% | March 1, 2020 |
Cambiar Global Equity Fund | 0.80% | March 1, 2020 |
Cambiar International Small Cap Fund | 0.95% | March 1, 2020 |
ACKNOWLEDGED AND ACCEPTED BY:
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND | CAMBIAR INVESTORS, LLC | ||||
By: | /s/ Matthew M. Maher | By: | /s/ Christine M. Simon | ||
Name: | Matthew M. Maher | Name: | Christine M. Simon | ||
Title: | Vice President & Asst. Secretary | Title: | Executive Director |
FORM OF AMENDED AND RESTATED ADMINISTRATION AGREEMENT
THIS AMENDED AND RESTATED ADMINISTRATION AGREEMENT (this “ Agreement ”) is made as of the 13 th day of November, 2018 (the “ Effective Date ”), by and between The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, a Massachusetts business trust (the “ Trust ”) and SEI Investments Global Funds Services, a statutory trust formed under the laws of the State of Delaware (the “ Administrator ”).
WHEREAS, the Trust has entered into an Administration Agreement dated as of November 14, 1991, as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time (the “Original Administration Agreement”), pursuant to which the Administrator agreed to provide certain administrative services to the Trust; and
WHEREAS, the Trust is an open-end management investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “ 1940 Act ”), consisting of separate investment portfolios (each a “ Fund ”), each of which may consist of one or more classes (each a “ Class ”) of shares of beneficial interest (“ Shares ”);
WHEREAS, for purposes of this Agreement, each group of Funds for which a particular Investment Adviser acts as investment adviser pursuant to a Series Schedule, shall be referred to herein as a “ Series ”;
WHEREAS, the Trust desires the Administrator to provide, and the Administrator is willing to provide, administrative and accounting services to such Funds of the Trust on the terms and conditions set forth herein; and
WHEREAS the Administrator and the Trust each desire to amend and restate the Original Administration Agreement with this Agreement;
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the mutual covenants contained herein, the Trust, the Administrator and each Investment Adviser (solely with respect to its specific obligations herein and as relating to its Series) hereby agree as follows:
SECTION 1 | DEFINITIONS |
1.01 | “ 1940 Act ” shall have the meaning given to such term in the preamble of this Agreement. |
1.02 | “ Administrator ” shall have the meaning given to such term in the preamble of this Agreement. |
1.03 | “ Agreement ” shall have the meaning given to such term in the preamble of this Agreement. |
1.04 | “ AML Regime ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 14.12 of this Agreement. “ AML Regime ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 14.12 of this Agreement. |
1.05 | “ Authorized Person ” shall include, as applicable, any trustee, Investment Adviser, director or other Person having similar status or performing similar functions, as the case may be, acting on behalf of the Fund. |
1.06 | “ Board of Trustees ” shall mean the board of trustees of the Funds of the Trust. |
1.07 | “ Confidential Information ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 11.01 of this Agreement. |
1.08 | “ Disclosing Party ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 11.01 of this Agreement. |
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 1 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
1.09 | “ Fund ” shall have the meaning given to such term in the preamble of this Agreement. |
1.10 | “ Fund Counsel ” shall mean the counsel to the Funds of the Trust as approved by the Board of Trustees of the Trust. |
1.11 | “ Gross Negligence ” means a conscious, voluntary act or omission in reckless disregard of a legal duty and the rights of, or consequences to, others. |
1.12 | “ Instructions ” means oral or written instructions, explanations, information, specifications or documentation actually received by the Administrator pertaining to the performance of its duties hereunder relating to a Fund and from an Authorized Person of the Fund. |
1.13 | “ Interested Party ” or “ Interested Parties ” means the Administrator, its subsidiaries and its affiliates and each of their respective officers, directors, employees, agents, delegates and associates. |
1.14 | “ Investments ” shall mean such cash, securities and all other assets and property of whatsoever nature now owned or subsequently acquired by or for the account of a Fund. |
1.15 | “ Investment Adviser ” shall refer to each investment adviser approved by the Board of Trustees of the Trust (or successor investment adviser as may be approved by the Board of Trustees of the Trust from time to time) that is exclusively responsible for the investment program of the Series for which it serves as Investment Adviser, and which executes a Series Schedule to this Agreement,“ Organizational Documents ” means, as applicable, the, declaration of trust, certificate of trust, bylaws or other similar documentation setting forth the respective rights and obligations of trustees, officers and Shareholders of the Trust. |
1.16 | “ Person ” shall mean any natural person, partnership, estate, association, custodian, nominee, limited liability company, corporation, trust or other legal entity. |
1.17 | “ Pricing Sources ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 7 of this Agreement. |
1.18 | “ Proprietary Information ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 14.01 of this Agreement. |
1.19 | “ Reasonable Steps ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 11.01 of this Agreement. |
1.20 | “ Receiving Party ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 11.01 of this Agreement. |
1.21 | “ Shares ” refers to the shares of stock of or other equity interest in, as the case may be, a Fund. |
1.22 | “ Shareholder ” shall refer to a record owner of outstanding Shares of a Fund. |
1.23 | “ Sub-Ad v iser ” shall refer to each investment sub-adviser approved by the Board of Trustees of the Trust (or successor investment sub-adviser as may be approved by the Board of Trustees of the Trust from time to time) that serves as sub-adviser to an Investment Adviser of any Fund of the Trust. |
1.24 | “ Trust Data ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 3 of this Agreement. |
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 2 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
1.25 | “ Trust Materials ” means any prospectus, statement of additional information, supplement, registration statement, including material agreements as filed with Part C thereof, N-14, exemptive application, proxy statement or proxy solicitation materials, manager information statement, board materials, board minutes or other periodic report of the Trust or a Fund as applicable, or any advertising, marketing, Shareholder communication, or promotional material generated by the Trust, an Investment Adviser or sub-adviser on behalf of a Fund from time to time, as appropriate. Trust Materials shall also include all amendments or supplements to any of the foregoing. Any Trust Materials prepared by Administrator shall be subject to review by Fund Counsel. The Administrator is not responsible for Trust Materials. |
1.26 | “ Web Access ” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 14.01 of this Agreement. |
SECTION 2 | APPOINTMENT AND CONTROL |
2.01 | Services. The Trust hereby appoints the Administrator to be, and the Administrator agrees to act as, the administrative agent of the Trust for the term and subject to the provisions hereof. The Administrator shall perform (and may delegate or sub-contract, as provided below) the services set forth in this Agreement, including the services set forth in Schedule I , which may be amended from time to time in writing by the Administrator and the Trust (“ Services ”). Each of the parties hereto agree that additional portfolios may be established within the Trust upon approval by the Board of Trustees of the Trust. Following such approval by the Board of Trustees, the portfolios will be added as additional Funds under this Agreement upon the execution and delivery of a schedule (“ Series Schedule ”) substantially in the form set forth in Exhibit A by the investment adviser (“Investment Adviser”) for each Series and the Trust. Each Series Schedule shall cause the terms and conditions of this Agreement to apply with respect to each applicable Series and the Trust authorizes the Investment Adviser to enter into each Series Schedule to this Agreement that shall set forth any additional rights and obligations applicable to the Investment Adviser and with respect to the Series identified in such Series Schedule. |
2.02 | Authority/Instructions. Each of the activities engaged in under the provisions of this Agreement by the Administrator on behalf of any Fund in the Trust shall be subject to the overall direction and control of the Board of Trustees, any Authorized Person of a Fund or any person authorized to act on the Trust’s behalf including, without limitation, the Board of Trustees of the Trust and the Investment Adviser with respect to a Fund within its Series; provided, however, that the Administrator shall have the general authority to do all acts deemed in the Administrator’s good faith belief to be necessary and proper to perform its obligations under this Agreement. In performing its duties hereunder, the Administrator shall observe and comply with all applicable resolutions and/or directives of the Trust’s Board of Trustees of which it has notice, and applicable laws which may from time to time apply to the Services rendered by the Administrator. The Administrator shall not provide any services related to the management, investment advisory or sub-advisory functions of any Fund of the Trust and shall have no liability relating to the foregoing. |
Each Fund shall furnish the Administrator with any and all Instructions deemed necessary by the Administrator in the performance of its duties hereunder, and the Administrator shall not be liable for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith without gross negligence, reckless disregard or willful misconduct in accordance with such Instructions. The Administrator, in performing its duties hereunder, shall be entitled to fully rely on the accuracy and validity of any and all Instructions furnished to it by a Fund.
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 3 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
2.03 | Third Parties; Affiliates . The Administrator may delegate to, or sub-contract with, third parties or affiliates certain administrative or other functions it deems necessary to perform its obligations under this Agreement; provided, however, all fees and expenses incurred in any delegation or sub-contract shall be paid by the Administrator. The Trust acknowledges that during the term of this Agreement, the services to be performed by the Administrator may be completed by one or more of the Administrator’s affiliates or third parties located in or outside of the United States of America. |
2.04 | Trust Data . Each Fund of a Trust shall be solely responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of all data and other information provided to the Administrator by or on behalf of the Fund pursuant to this Agreement (including, without limitation, (i) prices, (ii) sufficient transaction supporting documentation, (iii) detailed accounting methodologies with respect to a Fund’s Investments as approved by the Fund’s auditors, (iv) trade and settlement information from prime brokers and custodians, and (v), Fund information provided directly or indirectly by an Investment Adviser or Sub-Adviser) (collectively, “ Trust Data ”). All Trust Data shall be provided to the Administrator by a Fund on a timely basis and in a format and medium reasonably requested by the Administrator from time to time. Each Fund shall have an ongoing obligation to promptly update all Trust Data applicable to the Fund so that such information remains complete and accurate. All Trust Data shall be prepared and maintained, by or on behalf of the Trust, in accordance with applicable law, applicable Trust Materials and generally accepted accounting principles. The Administrator shall be entitled to rely on all Trust Data and shall have no liability for any loss, damage or expense incurred by any Fund or any other Person to the extent that such loss, damage or expense arises out of or is related to Trust Data that is not timely, current, complete and accurate. |
SECTION 3 | REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND COVENANTS OF THE Trust |
3.01 | The Trust represents and warrants that: |
3.01.01. | it has full power, right and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby; the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby have been duly and validly approved by all requisite actions on its part, including by the Board of Trustees of the Trust, and no other proceedings on its part are necessary to approve this Agreement or to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby; this Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by it; this Agreement constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against it in accordance with the Agreement’s terms; |
3.01.02. | it is not a party to any, and there are no, pending or threatened legal, administrative, arbitral or other proceedings, claims, actions or governmental or regulatory investigations or inquiries (collectively, “ Actions ”) of any nature against it or its properties or assets which could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material effect upon its business or financial condition. There is no injunction, order, judgment, decree, or regulatory restriction imposed specifically upon it or any of its properties or assets which could prohibit its execution or performance of this Agreement; |
3.01.03. | it is not in default under any contractual or statutory obligations whatsoever (including the payment of any tax) which, individually or in the aggregate, could materially and adversely affect, or is likely to materially and adversely affect, its business or financial condition; |
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THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
3.01.04. | it has obtained all consents and given all notices (regulatory or otherwise) and has made all required regulatory filings necessary to carry on its business and is in compliance in all material respects with all applicable laws and regulations; |
3.01.05. | it has a valid engagement with an independent auditor, custodian and broker and will provide additional information regarding such service providers, including information regarding the terms of its agreements with such service providers, upon request; |
3.01.06. | as of the close of business on the Effective Date, the Trust has authorized the issuance of an indefinite number of Shares and has elected to register an indefinite number of shares in accordance with Rule 24f-2 under the 1940 Act; |
3.01.07. | if necessary, any Shareholder approval of this Agreement has been obtained; |
3.01.08. | it has notified the Administrator of any and all separate agreements, arrangements or undertakings between the Trust and any third party that could have an impact on the Administrator’s performance of its obligations pursuant to this Agreement; and |
3.02 | The Trust covenants and agrees that: |
3.02.01. | Upon request, it will furnish the Administrator from time to time with complete copies, authenticated or certified, of each of the following: |
(a) | Copies of the following documents: |
(1) | The Trust’s current Declaration of Trust and of any amendments thereto, certified by the proper official of the state in which such document has been filed; |
(2) | The Trust's current bylaws and any amendments thereto; and |
(3) | Copies of resolutions of the Board of Trustees covering the approval of this Agreement, authorization of a specified officer of the Trust to execute and deliver this Agreement and authorization for specified officers of the Trust to instruct the Administrator. |
(b) | A list of all the officers of the Trust, together with specimen signatures of those officers who are authorized to instruct the Administrator in all matters; |
(c) | Copies of the current prospectus and statement of additional information for each Fund and other Trust Materials as requested; and |
(d) | The expense budget for each Fund for the current fiscal year. |
The Trust shall promptly provide the Administrator with notice of any material updates of or changes to any of the foregoing documents or information, including an updated written copy of such document or information. Until the Administrator receives such updated information or document, the Administrator shall have no obligation to implement or rely upon such updated information or document.
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THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
3.02.02. | it shall timely perform or oversee the performance of all obligations identified in this Agreement as obligations of the Trust, including, without limitation, providing the Administrator with all Trust Data and Organizational Documents reasonably requested by the Administrator; |
3.02.03. | it will notify the Administrator as soon as reasonably practical in advance of any matter which could materially affect the Administrator’s performance of its duties and obligations under this Agreement, including any amendment to the documents referenced in Section 4.02.01 above; |
3.02.04. | it will comply in all material respects with all applicable requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the 1940 Act, and any laws, rules and regulations of governmental authorities having jurisdiction over the Trust; |
3.02.05. | any reference to the Administrator or this Agreement in the Trust Materials shall be limited solely to the description provided by the Administrator in writing from time to time or such other description as the parties shall mutually agree in advance and in writing, or which is required by applicable law or regulation; |
3.02.06. | it shall be solely responsible for its compliance with applicable investment policies, the Trust Materials, and any laws and regulations governing the manner in which its assets may be invested, and shall be solely responsible for any losses attributable to non-compliance with the Trust Materials, and applicable policies, laws and regulations governing the Trust, its activities or the duties, actions or omissions of each Investment Adviser; and |
3.02.07. | it will promptly notify the Administrator of updates to its representations and warranties hereunder. |
SECTION 4 | REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND COVENANTS OF THE ADMINISTRATOR |
4.01 | The Administrator represents and warrants that: |
4.01.01. | It is duly organized and validly existing in good standing under the laws of the state of its jurisdiction. |
4.01.02. | it has full power, right and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby; the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby have been duly and validly approved by all requisite action on its part, and no other proceedings on its part are necessary to approve this Agreement or to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby; this Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by it; this Agreement constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against it in accordance with the Agreement’s terms. |
4.02 | Cybersecurity . The Administrator represents, warrants, covenants and agrees that: |
4.02.01 | from the Effective Date and for so long as this Agreement is in effect, (i) it has access to and shall maintain the facilities, computers, equipment, and personnel reasonably necessary to perform its duties and obligations under this Agreement and (ii) it has implemented a written information security program that includes commercially reasonable administrative, technical and physical safeguards designed to protect the safety, security and confidentiality of information of its clients; |
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THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
4.02.02 | the Administrator’s use and dissemination of personal information in connection with the Administrator’s business shall be conducted in accordance in all material respects with applicable privacy policies published or otherwise adopted by the Administrator and laws applicable to the Administrator; |
4.02.03 | it shall: (i) take Reasonable Steps to ensure that information of and about the Trust or any of the Trust’s investors is reasonably protected against loss and against unauthorized access, use, modification, disclosure or other misuse; (ii) take Reasonable Steps to protect the confidentiality, integrity and security of its software, databases, systems, networks and Internet sites and all information stored or contained therein or transmitted thereby from potential unauthorized use, access, interruption or modification by third parties; (iii) encrypt all such information while in transit outside of the Administrator’s computing systems or networks; and (iv) maintain business continuity controls and plans that are reviewed not less than annually. Without limiting the foregoing, the Administrator shall provide in writing to the Trust, upon reasonable request: (w) a summary of its then current written information security program; (x) confirmation that, to the Administrator’s knowledge, no unauthorized access, interruption or modification to, loss, or destruction of Confidential Information of the Trust or non-public personal information provided by or on behalf of the Trust (each, a “ Data Breach ”) has occurred; (y) a current summary of its business continuity / disaster recovery plan and the results of the most recent test of such business continuity / disaster recovery plan; and (z) a written privacy policy governing the manner by which the Administrator collects, uses and transfers “nonpublic personal information” (as defined in such published privacy policy) and other Confidential Information. As used herein, “ Reasonable Steps ” means steps that a party takes to protect its own, similarly confidential or proprietary information of a similar nature, which steps shall in no event be less than a reasonable standard of care. |
4.02.04 | it shall notify the Trust as soon as reasonably practicable after: (i) the Administrator becomes aware of any Data Breach, and shall provide information about such Data Breach as reasonably requested by the Trust. |
SECTION 5 | LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND INDEMNIFICATION |
5.01 | The duties of the Administrator shall be confined to those expressly set forth herein, and no implied duties are assumed by or may be asserted against the Administrator hereunder. The Administrator and its affiliates, including their respective officers, directors, agents and employees, shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss arising out of any investment or trading error or for any act or omission in carrying out its duties hereunder, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or Gross Negligence in the performance of its duties, or by reason of reckless disregard of its obligations and duties hereunder. Under no circumstances shall the Administrator be liable to the Trust, Investment Adviser, Sub-Adviser or any Fund for any special, incidental, consequential, indirect or punitive damages, , lost profits or loss of business of any kind whatsoever (including, without limitation, attorney and accountant fees) under any provision of this Agreement. |
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THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
5.02 | So long as the Administrator, or its agents, acts without willful misfeasance, bad faith or Gross Negligence in the performance of its duties, and without reckless disregard of its obligations and duties hereunder, the Trust assumes full responsibility on behalf of each Fund and shall indemnify the Administrator and hold it harmless from and against any and all actions, suits and claims, whether groundless or otherwise, and from and against any and all claims, demands, losses, damages, costs, charges, reasonable counsel fees and disbursements, payments, expenses and liabilities (including reasonable investigation expenses) arising directly or indirectly out of any act or omission of the Administrator in carrying out its duties hereunder. The indemnity and defense provisions set forth herein shall indefinitely survive the termination of this Agreement. |
5.03 | The indemnification rights hereunder shall include the right to reasonable advances of defense expenses in the event of any pending or threatened litigation with respect to which indemnification hereunder may ultimately be merited. If in any case the Trust may be asked to indemnify or hold the Administrator harmless, the Administrator shall promptly advise the Trust of the pertinent facts concerning the situation in question, and the Administrator will use all reasonable care to identify and notify the Trust promptly concerning any situation which presents or appears likely to present the probability of such a claim for indemnification, but failure to do so shall not affect the rights hereunder. |
5.04 | The Trust shall be entitled to participate at its own expense or, if it so elects, to assume the defense of any suit brought to enforce any claims subject to this indemnity provision. If the Trust elects to assume the defense of any such claim, the defense shall be conducted by counsel chosen by the Trust and satisfactory to the Administrator, whose approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. In the event that the Trust elects to assume the defense of any suit and retain counsel, the Administrator shall bear the fees and expenses of any additional counsel retained by it. If the Trust does not elect to assume the defense of a suit, it will reimburse the Administrator for the fees and expenses of any counsel retained by the Administrator. |
5.05 | The Administrator may apply to the Trust, an Investment Adviser (solely with respect to its applicable Series) or any Person acting on the Trust’s behalf at any time for instructions and may consult Fund Counsel or with accountants, counsel and other experts with respect to any matter arising in connection with the Administrator’s duties hereunder, and the Administrator shall not be liable or accountable for any action taken or omitted by it in good faith in accordance with such instruction or consultation. Also, the Administrator shall not be liable for actions taken pursuant to any document which it reasonably believes to be genuine and to have been signed by an Authorized Person or Authorized Persons. The Administrator shall not be held to have notice of any change of authority of any officer, employee or agent of the Trust until receipt of written notice thereof. To the extent that the Administrator consults with the Trust’s counsel or accountants pursuant to this provision, any such expense shall be borne by the Trust. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as imposing upon the Administrator any obligation to seek such instructions or advice, or to act in accordance with such advice when received. |
5.06 | Subject to the oversight and direction of the Board of Trustees, the Administrator will maintain oversight of a compliance program for the Trust consistent with Rule 38a-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 that includes a Trust Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) and such additional Compliance Officers as deemed appropriate from time to time. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Fund Compliance Services provided through the Administrator under this Agreement are administrative in nature and do not constitute, nor shall they be construed as constituting, legal advice or the provision of legal services for or on behalf of any Fund or any other person. The Fund Compliance Services performed under this Agreement will be at the request and direction of the Board of Trustees, a Fund or its Chief Compliance Officer, as applicable. |
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THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
Each Investment Adviser will be responsible for the development of compliance policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent violation of the federal securities laws, as such term is defined under Rule 38a-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, for each Fund for which it serves as Investment Adviser. The Administrator shall have no responsibility for the investment decisions of any Fund and the Administrator shall have no obligation to ensure compliance by any Fund with the policies, restrictions, guidelines, or disclosures applicable to the Fund or any other term or condition of the original documents, operating documents, policies and procedures of any fund or its registration statement. Further, the Administrator shall have no liability to the Trust for any loss or damage suffered by the Trust as a result of any breach of investment policies, objectives, guidelines or restrictions applicable to a Fund or any misstatement or omission in the registration statement. The Trust acknowledges that any reporting by the Administrator to the Fund’s Board does not constitute a duty to monitor compliance of any Fund and the Administrator shall not be liable for ensuring compliance by any Fund with any legislation or regulations or exemptions from legislation or regulations of any jurisdiction applicable to a Fund.
5.07 | The Administrator may, from time to time, provide to the Trust services and products (“ Special Third Party Services ”) from external third party sources that are telecommunication carriers, Pricing Sources, data feed providers or other similar service providers (“ Special Third Party Vendors ”). The Trust and each Investment Adviser acknowledges and agrees that the Special Third Party Services are confidential and proprietary trade secrets of the Special Third Party Vendors. Accordingly, the Trust and Investment Advisers shall honor requests by the Administrator and the Special Third Party Vendors to protect their proprietary rights in their data, information and property including requests that the Trust and Investment Advisers place copyright notices or other proprietary legends on printed matter, print outs, tapes, disks, film or any other medium of dissemination. The Trust and each Investment Adviser further acknowledges and agrees that all Special Third Party Services are provided on an “AS IS WITH ALL FAULTS” basis solely for such internal use in connection with the Trust, and as an aid in connection with the receipt of the Services. The Trust and each Investment Adviser may use Special Third Party Services as normally required on view-only screens and hard copy statements, reports and other documents necessary to support Fund Shareholders, however they shall not distribute any Special Third Party Services to other third parties. THE SPECIAL THIRD PARTY VENDORS AND THE ADMINISTRATOR MAKE NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE, OR ANY OTHER MATTER WITH RESPECT TO ANY OF THE SPECIAL THIRD PARTY SERVICES. NEITHER THE ADMINISTRATOR NOR THE SPECIAL THIRD PARTY VENDORS SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES SUFFERED BY THE TRUST, INVESTMENT ADVISER OR ANY FUND IN THE USE OF ANY OF THE SPECIAL THIRD PARTY SERVICES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LIABILITY FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR SIMILAR DAMAGES. |
5.08 | The Administrator shall have no liability for its reliance on Trust Data or the performance or omissions of unaffiliated third parties such as, by way of example and not limitation, transfer agents, sub-transfer agents, custodians, prime brokers, placement agents, third party marketers, asset data service providers, Investment Advisers or sub-advisers, current or former third-party service providers, Pricing Sources, software providers, printers, postal or delivery services, telecommunications providers and processing and settlement services. The Administrator may rely on and shall have no duty to investigate or confirm the accuracy or adequacy of any information provided by any of the foregoing third parties. |
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THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
5.09 | The Administrator shall have no obligations with respect to any laws relating to the distribution, purchase or sale of Shares. Further, the Trust assumes full responsibility for the preparation, contents and distribution of its Trust Materials and its compliance with any applicable laws, rules, and regulations. |
5.10 | THE TRUST AND THE ADMINISTRATOR HAVE FREELY AND OPENLY NEGOTIATED THIS AGREEMENT, INCLUDING THE PRICING, WITH THE KNOWLEDGE THAT THE LIABILITY OF THE PARTIES IS TO BE LIMITED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT. |
5.11 | The provisions of this Section 6 shall survive the termination of this Agreement. |
SECTION 6 | VALUATION |
The method of valuation of securities and the method of computing the Net Asset value shall be as set forth in each Fund’s registration statement. The Administrator is entitled to rely on the price and value information (hereinafter “ Valuation Information ”) provided by brokers and custodians, Investment Advisers, Sub-Advisers or any third-party pricing services selected by the Administrator, an Investment Adviser, Sub-Adviser or the Trust (collectively hereinafter referred to as the “ Pricing Sources ”) as reasonably necessary in the performance of the Services. The Administrator shall have no obligation to obtain Valuation Information from any sources other than the Pricing Sources and may rely on estimates provided by a Fund’s Investment Adviser, or Sub-Adviser. The Administrator shall have no liability or responsibility for the accuracy of the Valuation Information provided by a Pricing Source or the delegate of a Pricing Source and the Trust shall indemnify and defend the Administrator against any loss, damages, costs, charges or reasonable counsel fees and expenses in connection with any inaccuracy of such Valuation Information. The Trust shall not use Valuation Information for any purpose other than in connection with the Services provided in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
SECTION 7 | ALLOCATION OF CHARGES AND EXPENSES |
7.01 | The Administrator . The Administrator shall furnish at its own expense the personnel necessary to perform its obligations under this Agreement. |
7.02 | Fund Expenses . The Trust on behalf of each Fund, assumes and shall pay or cause to be paid all expenses of a Fund not otherwise allocated in this Agreement. For avoidance of doubt, Fund expenses incurred shall be borne by the Funds and include, but are not limited to, initial organization and offering expenses; costs of maintaining corporate existence; taxes; costs of preferred shares; expenses of conducting repurchase orders for the purpose of repurchasing fund shares; transfer agency, custodial and dividend disbursing expenses; interest; compensation and expenses of the Trust’s trustees and compliance officers; brokerage fees and commissions; fees associated with Securities and Exchange Commission filings, including EDGAR fees and securities pricing data and expenses; regulatory fees; state and federal registration fees and fees for blue sky services; advisory, sub-advisory, administration and shareholder servicing fees; insurance premiums; fidelity bond premiums; costs relating to use of vendors to meet fund regulatory requirements, including liquidity vendors; costs relating to printing and delivery of materials in connection with meetings of the Trust’s trustees; costs relating to printing; Fund legal, accounting and audit expenses; and extraordinary expenses, including litigation affecting any Fund and legal obligations relating thereto for which the Fund may have to indemnify its Trustees or officers. In certain instances an Investment Adviser of a Fund in the Trust may elect to be responsible for certain Fund expenses but in no circumstance will any Fund expenses be borne by the Administrator. The Administrator may determine in its sole discretion which Fund expenses may be allocated to multiple Funds in the Trust or across all Funds in the Trust. |
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SECTION 8 | COMPENSATION |
8.01 | Fees . Each Fund shall pay to the Administrator compensation for the services performed by the Administrator pursuant to this Agreement, the fees set forth in the applicable Series Schedule, each of which Series Schedule shall be considered a part hereof, and incorporated herein. No Fund shall have a right of set-off. The fees set forth on each Series Schedule are determined based on the characteristics of the Fund(s) included on such Series Schedule as of the effective date of such Series Schedule. Any material change to the characteristics to a Fund may give rise to an adjustment to the fees. In the event of such a change, the parties shall negotiate any adjustment to the fees payable hereunder in good faith. The Trust shall cause each Fund to pay the Administrator’s fees monthly in U.S. Dollars, unless otherwise agreed to by the parties. The Administrator is hereby authorized to, and may, at its option, automatically debit its fees due from a Fund’s cash account(s). The Trust shall cause the foregoing fees to be paid despite the existence of any dispute among the parties. If a Series Schedule becomes effective subsequent to the first day of any calendar month or terminates before the last day of any calendar month, the Administrator’s compensation for that part of the month in which such Series Schedule is in effect shall be prorated in a manner consistent with the calculation of the fees as set forth in the applicable Series Schedule. The Trust shall cause each Fund to pay interest on all amounts past due in an amount equal to the lesser of the maximum amount permitted by applicable law or the month fee of one and one-half percent (1 ½ %) times the amount past due multiplied by the number of whole or partial months from the date on which such amount was first due up to and including the day on which payment is received by the Administrator. |
SECTION 9 | DURATION AND TERMINATION |
9.01 | Term and Renewal . This Agreement shall become effective as of the Effective Date and shall remain in effect with respect to each Series, for the full duration of the Initial Term and each Renewal Term each as set forth and defined in the applicable Series Schedule, unless terminated in accordance with the provisions of the Series Schedule, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the provisions of this Section 10 . |
9.02 | Termination for Cause . |
9.02.01. | This Agreement may be terminated by the Trust or Administrator by giving at least ninety days prior notice in writing to the other parties if at any time the other party shall have been first (i) notified in writing that such party shall have materially failed to perform its duties and obligations under this Agreement (such notice shall be of the specific asserted material breach) (“ Breach Notice ”) and (ii) the party receiving the Breach Notice shall not have remedied the noticed failure within ninety days after receipt of the Breach Notice requiring it to be remedied. |
9.03 | Effect of Termination . |
9.03.01. | The termination of this Agreement shall be without prejudice to any rights that may have accrued hereunder to any party hereto prior to such termination. |
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THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
9.03.02. | After termination of this Agreement and upon payment of all accrued fees, reimbursable expenses and other moneys owed to the Administrator, the Administrator shall send to the Trust, or as it shall direct, all books of account, records, registers, correspondence, documents and assets relating to the affairs of or belonging to the Trust in the possession of or under the control of the Administrator or any of its agents or delegates. |
9.03.03. | In the event any and all accrued fees, reimbursable expenses and other moneys owed to the Administrator hereunder remain unpaid in whole or in part for more than thirty days past due, the Administrator, without further notice, may take any and all actions it deems necessary to collect such amounts due, and any and all of its collection expenses, costs and fees shall be paid by the applicable Fund(s), including, without limitation, administrative costs, attorney’s fees, court costs, collection agencies or agents and interest. |
SECTION 10 | CONFLICTS OF INTEREST |
10.01 | Non-Exclusive . The services of the Administrator rendered to the Trust are not deemed to be exclusive. The Administrator is free to render such services to others. The Administrator shall not be deemed to be affected by notice of, or to be under any duty to disclose to the Trust or Person acting on the Trust’s behalf, information which has come into its possession or the possession of an Interested Party in the course of or in connection with providing administrative or other services to any other person or in any manner whatsoever other than in the course of carrying out its duties pursuant to this Agreement. |
10.02 | Rights of Interested Parties . Subject to applicable law, nothing herein contained shall prevent: |
10.02.01. | an Interested Party from buying, holding, disposing of or otherwise dealing in any Shares for its own account or the account of any of its customers or from receiving remuneration in connection therewith, with the same rights which it would have had if the Administrator were not a party to this Agreement; |
10.02.02. | an Interested Party from buying, holding, disposing of or otherwise dealing in any securities or other investments for its own account or for the account of any of its customers and receiving remuneration in connection therewith, notwithstanding that the same or similar securities or other investments may be held by or for the account of the Trust; |
10.02.03. | an Interested Party from receiving any commission or other remuneration which it may negotiate in connection with any sale or purchase of Shares or Investments effected by it for the account of the Trust; provided, however, that the amount of such commission or other remuneration is negotiated at arm’s length; and |
10.02.04. | an Interested Party from contracting or entering into any financial, banking or other transaction with the Trust or from being interested in any such contract or transaction; provided, however, that the terms of such transaction are negotiated at arm's length. |
SECTION 11 | CONFIDENTIALITY |
11.01 | Confidential Information . The Administrator, the Trust and each Investment Adviser (in such capacity, the “ Receiving Party ”) acknowledge and agree to maintain the confidentiality of Confidential Information (as hereinafter defined) provided to the Receiving Party by the Administrator, the Trust and Investment Adviser (in such capacity, the “ Disclosing Party ”) in connection with this Agreement. The Receiving Party shall not disclose or disseminate the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information to any Person other than those employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and licensees of the Receiving Party, or with respect to the Administrator as a Receiving Party, to those employees, agents, technology service providers, contractors, subcontractors, licensors and licensees of any agent or affiliate, who have a need to know it in order to assist the Receiving Party in performing its obligations, or to permit the Receiving Party to exercise its rights under this Agreement. In addition, the Receiving Party (a) shall take all Reasonable Steps to prevent unauthorized access to the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information, and (b) shall not use the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information, or authorize other Persons to use the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information, for any purposes other than in connection with performing its obligations or exercising its rights hereunder. As used herein, “Reasonable Steps” means steps that a party takes to protect its own confidential or proprietary information of a similar nature, which steps shall in no event be less than a reasonable standard of care. |
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THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
The term “ Confidential Information ,” as used herein, means any of the Disclosing Party’s proprietary or confidential information provided in connection with this Agreement including, without limitation, any non-public personal information (as defined in Regulation S-P) of a Sub-Adviser or of the Disclosing Party, its affiliates, their respective clients or suppliers, or other Persons with whom they do business, that may be obtained by the Receiving Party, the terms of (or any exercise of rights granted by) this Agreement, the Trust’s portfolio, trading or position information, technical data; trade secrets; know-how; business processes; product plans; product designs; service plans; services; customer lists and customers; markets; software; developments; inventions; processes; formulas; technology; designs; drawings; and marketing, distribution or sales methods and systems; sales and profit figures or other financial information that is disclosed, directly or indirectly, to the Receiving Party by or on behalf of the Disclosing Party, whether in writing, orally, electronically or by other means and whether or not such information is marked as confidential.
11.02 | Exclusions . Notwithstanding the foregoing, information shall not be Confidential Information and shall not be subject to such confidentiality obligations if it: (a) is already known to the Receiving Party free of any restriction at the time it is obtained from the Disclosing Party, (b) is subsequently learned from an independent third party free of any restriction and without breach of this Agreement; (c) is or becomes publicly available through no wrongful act of the Receiving Party; (d) is independently developed by or for the Receiving Party without reference to or use of any Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party; (e) is received by a Receiving Party and/or its affiliates pursuant to business and/or service relationships separate from this Agreement (hereinafter “Other Services”), the confidentiality of which shall be governed only by any contract or agreement related to such Other Services; or (f) is required to be disclosed pursuant to an applicable law, rule, regulation, government requirement or court order, or the rules of any stock exchange (provided, however, that the Receiving Party shall advise the Disclosing Party of such required disclosure promptly upon learning thereof in order to afford the Disclosing Party a reasonable opportunity to contest, limit and/or assist the Receiving Party in crafting such disclosure). |
11.03 | Permitted Disclosure . The Receiving Party shall advise its employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and licensees, and shall require its affiliates to advise their employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and licensees, of the Receiving Party’s obligations of confidentiality and non-use under this Section 11 , and shall be responsible for ensuring compliance by its and its affiliates’ employees, agents, contractors, subcontractors and licensees with such obligations. In addition, the Receiving Party shall require all Persons that are provided access to the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information, other than the Receiving Party’s accountants and legal counsel, to execute confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements containing provisions substantially similar to those set forth in this Section 11 . The Receiving Party shall promptly notify the Disclosing Party in writing upon learning of any unauthorized disclosure or use of the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information by such Persons. |
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THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
11.04 | Effect of Termination . Upon the Disclosing Party’s written request following the termination of this Agreement, the Receiving Party promptly shall return to the Disclosing Party, or destroy, all Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party provided under or in connection with this Agreement, including all copies, portions and summaries thereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, (a) the Receiving Party may retain one copy of each item of the Disclosing Party’s Confidential Information for purposes of identifying and establishing its rights and obligations under this Agreement, for archival or audit purposes and/or to the extent required by applicable law, and (b) the Administrator shall have no obligation to return or destroy Confidential Information of the Trust that resides in save tapes of Administrator; provided, however, that in either case all such Confidential Information retained by the Receiving Party shall remain subject to the provisions of Section 11 for so long as it is so retained. If requested by the Disclosing Party, the Receiving Party shall certify in writing its compliance with the provisions of this Section 11 . |
SECTION 12 | ROLE OF ADMINISTRATOR STAFF |
12.01 | Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to appoint the Administrator and/or its officers, directors or employees as the attorneys of the Trust or of any Fund; form any attorney-client relationships or be deemed to constitute the provision of legal advice. |
12.02 | The Trust and each Fund registered with the Trust acknowledges that in-house attorneys of the Administrator exclusively represent the Administrator and rely on Fund Counsel to review all services provided by in-house attorneys of the Administrator, including any services performed pursuant to a mutually agreed upon Statement of Work between the Administrator and a Fund, and to provide independent judgment on each Fund’s behalf. |
12.03 | Due to the fact that no attorney-client relationship exists between in-house attorneys of the Administrator and either the Trust or any Fund, any information provided to attorneys of the Administrator may not be privileged and may be subject to compulsory disclosure under certain circumstances. |
SECTION 13 | MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS |
13.01 | Internet Access . Data and information may be made electronically accessible to the Trust, Investment Advisers and/or Sub-Adviser(s) and its Shareholders through Internet access to one or more web sites provided by the Administrator (“ Web Access ”). As between the Trust and Administrator, the Administrator shall own all right, title and interest to such Web Access, including, without limitation, all content, software, interfaces, documentation, data, trade secrets, design concepts, “look and feel” attributes, enhancements, improvements, ideas and inventions and all intellectual property rights inherent in any of the foregoing or appurtenant thereto including all patent rights, copyrights, trademarks, know-how and trade secrets (collectively, the “Proprietary Information”). The Trust recognizes that the Proprietary Information is of substantial value to the Administrator and shall not use or disclose the Proprietary Information except as specifically authorized in writing by the Administrator. Use of the Web Access by the Trust or its agents or Shareholders will be subject to any additional terms of use set forth on the web site. All Web Access and the information (including text, graphics and functionality) on the web sites related to such Web Access is presented “As Is” and “As Available” without express or implied warranties including, but not limited to, implied warranties of non-infringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The Administrator neither warrants that the Web Access will be uninterrupted or error free, nor guarantees the accessibility, reliability, performance, timeliness, sequence, or completeness of information provided on the Web Access. |
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 14 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
13.02 | Independent Contractor . In making, and performing under, this Agreement, the Administrator shall be deemed to be acting as an independent contractor of the Trust and neither the Administrator nor its employees shall be deemed an agent, affiliate, legal representative, joint venturer or partner of the Trust or any Investment Adviser. No party is authorized to bind any other party to any obligation, affirmation or commitment with respect to any other Person. |
13.03 | Assignment; Binding Effect . The Trust may not assign, delegate or transfer, by operation of law or otherwise, this Agreement (in whole or in part), or any of the Trust’s obligations hereunder, without the prior written consent of the Administrator, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. The Administrator may assign or transfer, by operation of law or otherwise, all or any portion of its rights under this Agreement to an affiliate of the Administrator or to any person or entity who purchases all or substantially all of the business or assets of the Administrator to which this Agreement relates, provided that such affiliate, person or entity agrees in advance and in writing to be bound by the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement. Subject to the foregoing, all of the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of each party’s successors and permitted assigns. Any assignment, delegation, or transfer in violation of this provision shall be void and without legal effect. |
13.04 | Agreement for Sole Benefit of the Administrator, the Trust and each Investment Adviser . This Agreement is for the sole and exclusive benefit of the Administrator, the Trust and solely with respect to its Series, each Investment Adviser, and will not be deemed to be for the direct or indirect benefit of the clients or customers of the Administrator, the Trust or any Investment Adviser. The clients or customers of the Administrator, the Trust or any Investment Adviser will not be deemed to be third party beneficiaries of this Agreement nor to have any other contractual relationship with the Administrator by reason of this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser is a third-party beneficiary of this Agreement solely for purposes of Section 11.01 of this Agreement. |
13.05 | Governing Law; Jurisdiction . This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania without giving effect to any choice or conflict of law provision or rule that would cause the application of the laws of any other jurisdiction. To the extent that the applicable laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, or any of the provisions of this Agreement, conflict with the applicable provisions of the 1940 Act, the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the latter shall control. Each party to this Agreement, by its execution hereof, (i) hereby irrevocably submits to the nonexclusive jurisdiction of the state courts of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or the United States District Courts for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania for the purpose of any action between the parties arising in whole or in part under or in connection with this Agreement, and (ii) hereby waives to the extent not prohibited by applicable law, and agrees not to assert, by way of motion, as a defense or otherwise, in any such action, any claim that it is not subject personally to the jurisdiction of the above-named courts, that its property is exempt or immune from attachment or execution, that any such action brought in one of the above-named courts should be dismissed on grounds of forum non conveniens, should be transferred or removed to any court other than one of the above-named courts, or should be stayed by reason of the pendency of some other proceeding in any other court other than one of the above-named courts, or that this Agreement or the subject matter hereof may not be enforced in or by such court. |
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 15 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
13.06 | Equitable Relief . Each party agrees that any other party’s violation of the provisions of Section 11 (Confidentiality) may cause immediate and irreparable harm to the other party for which money damages may not constitute an adequate remedy at law. Therefore, the parties agree that, in the event either party breaches or threatens to breach said provision or covenant, the other party shall have the right to seek, in any court of competent jurisdiction, an injunction to restrain said breach or threatened breach, without posting any bond or other security. |
13.07 | Dispute Resolution . Whenever any party desires to institute legal action against another party concerning this Agreement, it shall provide written notice to that effect to such other parties. The party providing such notice shall refrain from instituting said legal proceedings for a period of thirty days following the date of provision of such notice. During such period, the parties shall attempt in good faith to amicably resolve their dispute by negotiation among their executive officers. This Section 14.07 shall not prohibit any party from seeking, at any time, equitable relief as permitted under Section 14.06 . |
13.08 | Notice . All notices provided for or permitted under this Agreement (except for correspondence between the parties related to operations in the ordinary course) shall be deemed effective upon receipt, and shall be in writing and (a) delivered personally, (b) sent by commercial overnight courier with written verification of receipt, or (c) sent by certified or registered U.S. mail, postage prepaid and return receipt requested, to the party to be notified, at the address for such party set forth below, or at such other address of such party specified in the opening paragraph of this Agreement. Notices to the Administrator shall be sent to the attention of: General Counsel, SEI Investments Global Funds Services, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456, with a copy, given in the manner prescribed above, to the Administrator relationship manager assigned to the applicable Fund. Notices to the Trust shall be sent to the Person(s) indicated on Schedule II, and notices to an Investment Adviser shall be sent to the persons specified in the applicable Series Schedule. |
13.09 | Entire Agreement; Amendments . This Agreement sets forth the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof. This Agreement supersedes all prior or contemporaneous representations, discussions, negotiations, letters, proposals, agreements and understandings between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof, whether written or oral. This Agreement may be amended, modified or supplemented only by a written instrument duly executed by an authorized representative of each of the parties. |
13.10 | Severability . Any provision of this Agreement that is determined to be invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall be ineffective to the extent of such invalidity or unenforceability in such jurisdiction, without rendering invalid or unenforceable the remaining provisions of this Agreement or affecting the validity or enforceability of such provision in any other jurisdiction. If a court of competent jurisdiction declares any provision of this Agreement to be invalid or unenforceable, the parties agree that the court making such determination shall have the power to reduce the scope, duration, or area of the provision, to delete specific words or phrases, or to replace the provision with a provision that is valid and enforceable and that comes closest to expressing the original intention of the parties, and this Agreement shall be enforceable as so modified. |
13.11 | Waiver . Any term or provision of this Agreement may be waived at any time by the party entitled to the benefit thereof by written instrument executed by such party. No failure of either party hereto to exercise any power or right granted hereunder, or to insist upon strict compliance with any obligation hereunder, and no custom or practice of the parties with regard to the terms of performance hereof, will constitute a waiver of the rights of such party to demand full and exact compliance with the terms of this Agreement. |
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 16 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
13.12 | Anti-Money Laundering Laws . In connection with performing the Services set forth herein, the Administrator may provide information that the Trust may rely upon in connection with the Trust’s compliance with applicable laws, policies and regulations aimed at the prevention and detection of money laundering and/or terrorism activities (hereinafter, the “ AML Regime ”). The Trust and the Administrator agree that the Trust shall be responsible for its compliance with such AML Regime. It shall be a condition precedent to providing Services to the Trust under this Agreement and the Administrator shall have no liability for non-performance of its obligations under this Agreement unless it is satisfied, in its absolute discretion, that it has sufficient and appropriate information and material to discharge its obligations under the AML Regime, and that the performance of such obligations will not violate any AML Regime applicable to it. Without in any way limiting the foregoing, the Trust acknowledges that the Administrator is authorized to return a Shareholder’s Investment in any Fund and take any action necessary to restrict payment of redemption proceeds to the extent necessary to comply with its obligations pursuant to the AML Regime. |
13.13 | Force Majeure . No breach of any obligation of a party to this Agreement (other than obligations to pay amounts owed) will constitute an event of default or breach to the extent it arises out of a cause, existing or future, that is beyond the control and without negligence of the party otherwise chargeable with breach or default, including without limitation: work action or strike; governmental action; lockout or other labor dispute; flood; war; riot; theft; act of terrorism, earthquake or natural disaster. Either party desiring to rely upon any of the foregoing as an excuse for default or breach will, when the cause arises, give to the other party prompt notice of the facts which constitute such cause; and, when the cause ceases to exist, give prompt notice thereof to the other party. |
13.14 | Equipment Failures . In the event of equipment failures beyond the Administrator’s control, the Administrator shall take reasonable and prompt steps to minimize service interruptions but shall have no liability with respect thereto. The Administrator shall develop and maintain a plan for recovery from equipment failures which may include contractual arrangements with appropriate parties making reasonable provision for emergency use of electronic data processing equipment to the extent appropriate equipment is available. |
13.15 | Headings . All Section headings contained in this Agreement are for convenience of reference only, do not form a part of this Agreement and will not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. |
13.16 | Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument. Each such counterpart shall be deemed an original, and it shall not be necessary in making proof of this Agreement to produce or account for more than one such counterpart. This Agreement shall be deemed executed by both parties when any one or more counterparts hereof or thereof, individually or taken together, bears the original facsimile or scanned signatures of each of the parties. |
13.17 | Limited Recourse . The Trust has been established with segregated liability between its Funds. The Trust and Administrator acknowledge that any amounts due or payable to the Administrator under this Agreement or any Series Schedule, howsoever arising, will be payable only out of the assets of the Fund to which such amounts are attributable, or in the sole discretion of an Investment Adviser, directly out of the assets of the Investment Adviser, and in no circumstances will the assets of one Fund be used to discharge the liabilities of any other Fund of the Trust. |
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 17 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Administrator’s recourse against the Trust in respect of any claims which may be brought against, suffered or incurred by the Administrator, its permitted delegates, servants or agents shall be limited to the Fund established in respect of Shares to which the claims relate, and the Administrator shall have no recourse directly to the Trust or any other Fund in respect of any such claims or to any assets of any Investment Adviser. If, following the realization of all of the assets of the relevant Fund and subject to the application on such realization proceeds in payment of all claims relating to the relevant Fund (if any) and all other liabilities (if any) to the Trust ranking pari passu with or senior to the claims which have recourse to the relevant Fund, the claims are not paid in full:
(a) | the amount outstanding in respect of the claims relating to the relevant Fund shall be automatically extinguished; |
(b) | the Administrator shall have no further right of payment in respect thereof; and |
(c) | the Administrator shall not be able to petition for the winding-up of the Trust or the termination of any other Fund as a consequence of any such shortfall. |
PROVIDED HOWEVER that sub-clauses (a) and (b) above shall not apply to any assets of any Fund that may be subsequently held or recouped by the Fund.
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The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 18 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed and delivered this Agreement as of the Effective Date.
ADMINISTRATOR: | TRUST: | ||||
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES | THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND | ||||
By: | /s/ John Alshefski | By: | /s/ Michael Beattie | ||
Name: | John Alshefski | Name: | Michael Beattie | ||
Title: | SVP | Title: | President |
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 19 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
SCHEDULE I
List of Services
1. | Maintain the Trust’s accounting books and records; |
2. | Obtain Fund security valuations from appropriate sources consistent with the Trust’s pricing and valuation policies, and calculate net asset value of each Fund and class; |
3. | Compute yields, total return, expense ratios, portfolio turnover rate and average dollar-weighted portfolio maturity, as appropriate; |
4. | Track and validate income and expense accruals, analyze and modify expense accrual changes periodically, and process expense disbursements to vendors and service providers; |
5. | Perform cash processing such as recording paid-in capital activity, perform necessary reconciliations with the transfer agent and the custodian, and provide cash availability data to the Investment Adviser, if requested; |
6. | Calculate required ordinary income and capital gains distributions, coordinate estimated cash payments, and perform necessary reconciliations with the transfer agent; |
7. | Provide standardized performance reporting data to the Trust and each Investment Adviser; |
8. | Provide performance, financial and expense information for registration statements and proxies; |
9. | Communicate net asset value, yield, total return or other financial data to appropriate third party reporting agencies, and assist in resolution of errors reported by such third party agencies; |
10. | Update accounting system to reflect rate changes, as received from a Fund's Investment Adviser, sub-adviser or respective designee, on variable interest rate instruments; |
11. | Accrue expenses of each Fund according to instructions received from the Trust's treasurer or other authorized representative (including officers of the a Fund’s Investment Adviser); |
12. | Determine the outstanding receivables and payables for all (1) security trades, (2) portfolio share transactions and (3) income and expense accounts in accordance with the budgets provided by the Trust or its Investment Adviser; |
13. | Prepare the Trust’s financial statements for review by fund management and independent auditors, manage annual and semi-annual report preparation process, prepare Forms N-SAR, N-Q, N-CSR, N-CEN, N-PORT and 24f-2, provide Fund performance data for annual report, coordinate printing and delivery of annual and semi-annual reports to Shareholders, and file Forms N-SAR, N-Q, N-CSR, N-CEN, N-PORT and 24f-2 with the SEC via EDGAR. |
14. | Monitor each Fund’s compliance with the requirements of Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code with respect to status as a regulated investment company; |
15. | Prepare and file federal and state tax returns for the Trust other than those required to be prepared and filed by the Trust’s transfer agent or custodian. |
16. | Provide data for year-end 1099’s and supplemental tax letters; |
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 20 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
17. | Provide such fund accounting and financial reports in connection with quarterly meetings of the Board of Trustees as the Board of Trustees may reasonably request; |
18. | Excluding proxy statements that arise due to Investment Adviser or sub-adviser changes in control, manage the Trust’s proxy solicitation process, including evaluating proxy distribution channels, coordinating with outside service provider to distribute proxies, tracking Shareholder responses and tabulating voting results, and managing the proxy solicitation vendor if necessary; |
19. | Provide individuals to serve as ministerial officers of the Trust, as requested; |
20. | Provide principal financial officer for purposes of Sarbanes-Oxley; |
21. | Provide a liquidity risk management program coordinator to administer Trust-level liquidity policies and procedures and facilitate board reporting and compliance oversight relating to fund-level liquidity risk management programs |
22. | Coordinate with the Trust’s counsel on filing of the Trust’s registration statements and proxy statements, and coordinate printing and delivery of the Trust’s prospectuses and proxy statements; |
23. | Provide consultation to the Trust on regulatory matters relating to the operation of the Trust as requested and coordinate with the Trust’s legal counsel regarding such matters; |
24. | Assist legal counsel to the Trust in the development of policies and procedures relating to the operation of the Trust; |
25. | Act as liaison to legal counsel to the Trust and, where applicable, to legal counsel to the Trust’s independent trustees; |
26. | Coordinate with Trust counsel in the preparation, review and execution of contracts between the Trust and third parties, such as the Trust’s Investment Adviser, transfer agent, and custodian, and record-keepers or Shareholder service providers; |
27. | Assist the Trust in handling and responding to routine regulatory examinations with respect to records retained or services provided by the Administrator, and coordinate with the Trust’s legal counsel in responding to any non-routine regulatory matters with respect to such matters; |
28. | Provide consulting with respect to the ongoing design, development and operation of the Trust, including new Funds or Share classes and/or load structures and financing, as well as changes to investment objectives and policies for existing Funds; |
29. | Coordinate as necessary the registration or qualification of Shares with appropriate state securities authorities; |
30. | Except with respect to special board meetings called at the request of an Investment Adviser, manage the preparation for and conducting of Board of Trustees meetings by (i) coordinating the Trust’s Board of Trustees’ schedule and book production and distribution process, (ii) subject to review and approval by the Trust and its counsel, preparing meeting agendas, (iii) preparing the relevant sections of the Board of Trustees materials required to be prepared by the Administrator, (iv) assisting to gather and coordinate special materials related to annual contract renewals and approval of rule 12b-1 plans for and as directed by the Board of Trustees or Trust counsel, (v) attending Board of Trustees meetings, and (vi) performing such other Board of Trustees meeting functions as shall be agreed by the parties in writing (in this regard, the Trust shall provide the Administrator with notice of regular meetings at least six (6) weeks before such meeting and as soon as practicable before any special meeting of the Board of Trustees); |
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 21 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
31. | Cooperate with, and take all reasonable actions in the performance of its duties under this Agreement to ensure that all necessary information is made available to the Trust's independent public accountants in connection with the preparation of any audit or report requested by the Trust, including the provision of a conference room at the Administrator’s location if necessary (in this regard, the Trust’s independent auditors shall provide the Administrator with reasonable notice of any such audit so that (i) the audit will be completed in a timely fashion and (ii) the Administrator will be able to promptly respond to such information requests without undue disruption of its business); and |
32. | On a T+2 post-trade basis and based on the information available to the Administrator, periodically monitor the Funds for compliance with applicable limitations as set forth in the Trust's or any Fund’s then current Prospectus or Statement of Additional Information (this provision shall not relieve the Trust’s Investment Adviser and sub-advisers, if any, of their primary day-to-day responsibility for assuring such compliance, including on a pre-trade basis). |
33. | Additional Reports and Services. |
a. | Upon reasonable notice and as mutually agreed upon, the Administrator may provide additional reports upon the request of the Trust or its Investment Adviser, which may result in additional charges, the amount of which shall be agreed upon between the parties prior to the provision of such report. |
b. | Upon reasonable notice and as mutually agreed upon, the Administrator may provide such additional services with respect to a Fund, which may result in an additional charge, the amount of which shall be agreed upon between the parties prior to the provision of such service. |
34. | Fund Compliance Services. Subject to the approval and oversight of the Board of Trustees, the Administrator will maintain oversight of a compliance program for the Trust consistent with Rule 38a-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 that includes a Trust Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) responsible for administering the Trust’s policies and procedures adopted under Rule 38a-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“1940 Act”). The CCO and Fund compliance officers (“Fund Compliance Team”) will conduct an initial due diligence review of each Investment Adviser and sub-adviser of a Fund and will provide information to the Board of Trustees regarding the policies and procedures that each Investment Adviser and sub-adviser has adopted pursuant to Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act on behalf of the Fund(s) for which it serves as Investment Adviser or sub-adviser (“Fund Compliance Programs”). The Fund Compliance Team will facilitate quarterly and annual reporting to the Board of Trustees regarding the operation and effectiveness of the Fund Compliance Programs and will serve as a liaison between the Investment Adviser or sub-adviser and the Board of Trustees regarding material compliance matters that arise relating to the Fund Compliance Programs. |
***
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 22 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
Enhanced Services:
Upon request by a Fund, the Administrator may, at its discretion, provide the following enhanced services. In the sole discretion of the Administrator, the provision of any enhanced services by the Administrator may be subject to the completion of a Statement of Work detailing the terms relating to the performance of any Enhanced Services.
a) | Perform administrative functions associated with account opening, name change, conversion, merger, market-specific licensing renewals, and account closing documentation for foreign custody market registration provided to the Administrator by the Fund’s custodian. |
b) | Perform administrative functions associated with the completion of tax documentation required by the custodian or sub-custodian for tax reclaim applications in foreign markets that the Fund’s adviser requests the Fund be able to trade in including forms, signatures and appropriate certifications. |
c) | Perform administrative functions associated with the completion of, and subject to adviser review, proxy documentation as required by the custodian or sub-custodian for it to process voting requirements in foreign markets that the Fund’s adviser requests the Fund be able to trade in, including forms, signatures and appropriate certifications. |
d) | Perform initial review of due diligence materials in connection with Fund reorganizations. |
e) | Prepare preliminary drafts of any of the following Trust Materials for review and completion by Fund Counsel: |
(i) | Prospectuses, Summary Prospectuses, Statements of Additional Information, Registration Statements, including Part C, and supplements and annual updates thereto |
(ii) | Registration statement disclosure pertaining to special issues or related performance information |
(iii) | Proxy statements |
(iv) | N-14s |
(v) | Manager information statements |
(vi) | Board meeting minutes |
(vii) | Board meeting materials or materials relating to written consents |
(viii) | Exemptive orders |
f) | Contact the SEC staff to obtain comments relating to Fund filings, prepare initial draft of comment letters and revision of Fund filings to reflect staff comments, each subject to review and completion by Fund Counsel. |
g) | Pursuant to individual Statements of Work, provide information relating to new regulations or changes in regulations and compliance with such regulations. Any such information shall be administrative in nature and shall not constitute, nor shall it be construed to constitute, legal advice or the provision of legal services for or on behalf of any Fund or any person. |
[END OF EXHIBIT A]
The Advisors Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 23 of 23 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF SEI GLOBAL SERVICES, INC. |
SCHEDULE II
Notice Instruction Form
TO WHOM NOTICES SHOULD BE SENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 14.08 OF THE AGREEMENT:
Name of Party or Parties: | ||
Name of Contact: | ||
Address: | ||
Telephone No.: | ||
Facsimile No.: | ||
Email Address: |
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 1 of 8 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES |
EXHIBIT A
FORM OF SERIES SCHEDULE
SERIES SCHEDULE DATED [___________]
TO
ADMINISTRATION AGREEMENT
DATED AS OF November 13, 2018
BETWEEN
The advisors’ inner circle fund,
AND
[name of investment advisEr] (the “investment advisEr”)
ON BEHALF OF The [name of fund(s)]
AND
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 2 of 8 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES |
New Fund Fees: |
There will be a one-time additional service charge of $10,000 for services provided by Administrator in assisting and coordinating the launch of each new Fund on behalf of the Investment Adviser, such fee to be paid by the Investment Adviser by electronic wire transfer of immediately available funds to the wire instructions set forth below in advance of Administrator beginning performance of the new Fund organizational services. Wells Fargo Bank NA Winston-Salem, NC ABA # 053000219 SEI Investments Company Acct #2079900401288 Ref: [INVESTMENT ADVISER NAME] – New Fund |
|
Investment Adviser Maintenance Fee: |
To the extent that the Board of Trustees of the Trust (the “ Board ”) has approved a Fund within the Series and approved the Investment Adviser as the Fund’s adviser, and such Fund is not Live (as defined below) by the date that is the three month anniversary of the date of the last such approval (the “ Approval Date ”), then the Investment Adviser shall pay SEI a relationship maintenance fee equal to $1,000 per month for each month that the Fund is not Live and such fee shall be retroactive to include each of the first three months following the Approval Date. For purposes of the foregoing, a Fund shall be deemed to be “Live” as of the date on which Administrator first calculates such Fund’s official net asset value. | |
Annual CPI Increase: | The fees payable hereunder shall be subject to one annual increase at Administrator’s discretion, equal to the percentage increase in the Philadelphia Consumer Price Index since the effective date of the Series Schedule with respect to the first such increase and since the date of the immediately preceding increase with respect to all subsequent increases; provided, however, that Administrator shall notify the Series’ Investment Adviser of its intent to effectuate any such increase at least thirty days prior to December 21 st of the then current year. | |
Reorganization Fees: | The Investment Adviser shall pay Administrator a transaction charge equal to $50,000 in connection with each Reorganization Event to which the Series or any Fund thereof is a party. For purposes of the foregoing, a “ Reorganization Event ” means any material change in the organizational structure of the Series or any Fund thereof, including, without limitation, any merger, acquisition or divestiture of all or any portion of the assets of the Series or any Fund as well as any acquisition or merger by the Series or a Fund of any other fund or assets into the Series or Fund. | |
Operational Automation: | A critical component of Administrator’s services is Fund valuations. Automated trade delivery and receipt between fund advisers and Administrator is critical to high quality service. Accordingly, Administrator and the Investment Adviser agree to use best efforts to implement automated trade delivery and receipt as soon as practicable after each Fund’s establishment in the Trust. | |
Term: | The term of this Schedule shall continue in effect with respect to each Fund for a period of five years from and after the date on which the Administrator first calculates a Fund’s official net asset value (the “ Initial Term ”). Following expiration of the Initial Term, this Schedule shall continue in effect for successive periods of three years (each, a “ Renewal Term ”). |
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 3 of 8 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES |
Termination: | This Schedule may be terminated only: (a) by any party at the end of the Initial Term or the end of any Renewal Term on one hundred eighty days prior written notice to the other parties hereto; (b) by any party hereto on such date as is specified in written notice given by the terminating party, in the event of a material breach of this Agreement by another party, provided the terminating party has notified the breaching party of such material breach at least ninety days prior to the specified date of termination and the breaching party has not remedied such breach by the specified date; or (c) as to any Fund, upon forty-five days prior written notice, effective (i) upon the reorganization or merger of a Fund into another entity, provided that Administrator or one of its affiliates enters into a written agreement to provide administration services on behalf of such surviving entity, (ii) upon any “change of control” of the Investment Adviser by sale, merger, reorganization, acquisition or other disposition of substantially all of the assets of the Investment Adviser to a third party, provided that Administrator or one of its affiliates enters into a written agreement to provide administration services on behalf of the third party or surviving entity (or purposes of this paragraph, the term “change of control” shall mean any transaction that results in the transfer of right, title and ownership of twenty five percent (25%) or more of the equity interests of the Investment Adviser to a third party), or (iii) by the non-breaching party, upon any material breach of the Administration Agreement which remains uncured 45 days after the breaching party has received notice by the non-breaching party of such breach. | |
Early Termination: | Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this paragraph, the parties may agree to terminate this Schedule with respect to a particular Fund on or before the expiration of the then current term (hereinafter, an “ Early Termination ”). In the event the parties agree to an Early Termination, the parties will agree upon the effective date of such Early Termination and, on or before such effective date, the applicable Fund shall (i) not be in material breach of the Agreement (including this Schedule) and (ii) pay the Buyout Amount to Administrator in the manner set forth below. As used herein, the term “ Buyout Amount ” shall mean the amount that is equal to (1) the average monthly fee payable by each Fund to Administrator hereunder during the six-month period (or such shorter period if fewer than six months have elapsed since the effective date of this Schedule) immediately preceding the mutual agreement called for in this paragraph multiplied by (2) the number of months remaining in the then current term (including any Renewal Term to which the applicable Fund is already committed). The Fund shall pay the Buyout Amount to Administrator on or before the effective date of the Early Termination by means of wire or other immediately available funds. | |
Investment Adviser Expense Repayment: |
Any and all out of pocket fees, costs, or expenses advanced by Administrator, in its sole discretion on behalf of a Fund or the undersigned Investment Adviser, as a result of any failure to fully satisfy and comply with any and all applicable Fund expense caps or expense ratio limits, shall be the responsibility of the Investment Adviser and shall be promptly repaid to Administrator (“ Repayment Obligation ”). Any such Repayment Obligation of the Investment Adviser shall survive: (i) the termination of the Agreement and this Schedule thereto, (ii) any merger or liquidation of any subject Fund, unless and until the Repayment Obligation is indefeasibly paid in full. |
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 4 of 8 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES |
Publicity: | Except to the extent required by applicable Law, neither the Administrator nor the Investment Adviser shall issue or initiate any press release arising out of or in connection with this Series Schedule or the Services rendered pursuant to the Agreement; provided, however, that if no special prominence is given or particular reference made to any Fund over other clients, nothing herein shall prevent the Administrator from (i) placing any Fund’s or the Investment Adviser’s name and/or company logo(s) (including any registered trademark or service mark) on the Administrator’s client list(s) (and sharing such list(s) with current or potential clients of the Administrator) and/or marketing material which will include such entities’ name, logo and those services provided to the Fund(s) by the Administrator; (ii) using any Fund or the Investment Adviser as reference; or (iii) otherwise orally disclosing that a Fund or Investment Adviser is a client of the Administrator at presentations, conferences or other similar meetings. If the Administrator desires to engage in any type of publicity other than as set forth in subsections (i) through (iii) above or if the Investment Adviser desires to engage in any type of publicity, the party desiring to engage in such publicity shall obtain the prior written consent of the other party hereto, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, delayed or conditioned. | ||
Assumptions: |
Each Fund shall use commercially reasonable efforts to implement automatic trade communication to Administrator and automated custody reconciliation as soon as practicable following the date of this Schedule. The Investment Adviser acknowledges and accepts that the Trust structure in place facilitates the administrative service offering by Administrator and that certain Trust level service provider agreements currently in place (e.g., Transfer Agency Agreement, Custody Agreement) are entered into and agreed to between the Trust and the applicable service provider and that the services being provided otherwise benefit the Fund. The Investment Adviser acknowledges and agrees that it has reviewed and understands the general terms and conditions of these service provider agreements and consents to the obligations, applicable fees and the services to be provided to the Fund under such Agreements. |
||
Investment Adviser Representations and Covenants |
The Investment Adviser represents and warrants that: | ||
a) | it has full power, right and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby; the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby have been duly and validly approved by all requisite actions on its part, including by the Board of Trustees of the Trust, and no other proceedings on its part are necessary to approve this Agreement or to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby; this Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by it; this Agreement constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against it in accordance with the Agreement’s terms; |
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 5 of 8 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES |
b) | it is not a party to any, and there are no, pending or threatened legal, administrative, arbitral or other proceedings, claims, actions or governmental or regulatory investigations or inquiries (collectively, “ Actions ”) of any nature against it or its properties or assets which could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material effect upon its business or financial condition. There is no injunction, order, judgment, decree, or regulatory restriction imposed specifically upon it or any of its properties or assets which could prohibit its execution or performance of this Agreement; | ||
c) | it is not in default under any contractual or statutory obligations whatsoever (including the payment of any tax) which, individually or in the aggregate, could materially and adversely affect, or is likely to materially and adversely affect, its business or financial condition | ||
d) | it has obtained all consents and given all notices (regulatory or otherwise) and has made all required regulatory filings necessary to carry on its business and is in compliance in all material respects with all applicable laws and regulations; | ||
e) | it has notified the Administrator of any and all separate agreements, arrangements or undertakings between the Trust and any third party that could have an impact on the Administrator’s performance of its obligations pursuant to this Agreement; | ||
f) | on behalf of each Fund for which it serves as Investment Adviser, shall furnish the Administrator with any and all Instructions deemed necessary by the Administrator in the performance of its duties hereunder, and the Administrator shall not be liable for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith without gross negligence, reckless disregard or willful misconduct in accordance with such Instructions. The Administrator, in performing its duties hereunder, shall be entitled to fully rely on the accuracy and validity of any and all Instructions furnished to it by a Fund. | ||
g) | it shall be solely responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of all data and other information provided to the Administrator by or on behalf of a Fund pursuant to this Agreement (“Trust Data”). All Trust Data shall be provided on a timely basis and in a format and medium reasonably requested by the Administrator from time to time. The Investment Adviser agrees that it shall have an ongoing obligation to promptly update all Trust Data that it provides to the Administrator applicable to a Fund so that such information remains complete and accurate. The Investment Adviser agrees that the Administrator shall be entitled to rely on all Trust Data provided by it and shall have no liability for any loss, damage or expense incurred by any Fund or any person to the extent that such loss, damage or expense arises out of or is related to Trust Data that is not timely, current, complete or accurate. |
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 6 of 8 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES |
h) | to the best of its knowledge, no existing shareholder of any Fund to which this Series Schedule is applicable is a designated national and/or blocked person as identified on the Office of Foreign Assets Control’s list maintained by the U.S. Department of Treasury (found at http://www.treas.gov.ofac ) or any other relevant regulatory of law enforcement agencies, as applicable. The Investment Adviser agrees to immediately notify the Chief Compliance Officer of the Trust if it becomes aware of any change to this representation. | ||
i) | It will provide any information or materials reasonably requested by the Trust, The Board of Trustees or Fund Compliance officers in connection with the services provided in the Trust’s Administration Agreement. | ||
Investment Adviser Specific Obligations |
The Investment Adviser shall be responsible for providing the following information to the Administrator as indicated: | ||
1. | A list of contact persons (primary, backup and secondary backup) of each Series’ Investment Adviser, and, if applicable, sub-adviser, who can be reached until 6:30 p.m. ET with respect to valuation matters. | ||
2. | Copies of all Trust Data reasonably requested by the Administrator or necessary for the Administrator to perform its obligations pursuant to this Agreement. | ||
3. | Notices to the Investment Adviser pursuant to Section 13.08 of the Agreement shall be sent to: |
Name of Contact: | |||
Address: | |||
Telephone No.: | |||
Facsimile No.: | |||
Email Address: |
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 7 of 8 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES |
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Series Schedule to the Administration Agreement dated November 13, 2018 by their duly authorized representatives as of the day and year first above written.
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND, | |||
On behalf of the | |||
BY: | |||
Name: | |||
Title: | |||
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES | |||
BY: | |||
Name: | |||
Title: | |||
AGREED TO AND ACCEPTED BY: | |||
[NAME OF INVESTMENT ADVISER], Adviser to [NAME OF FUNDS] | |||
BY: | |||
Name: | |||
Title: |
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund Administration Agreement | Page 8 of 8 |
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF
SEI INVESTMENTS GLOBAL FUNDS SERVICES |
February 28, 2019
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Re: | Opinion of Counsel regarding Post-Effective Amendment No. 305 to the Registration Statement filed on Form N-1A under the Securities Act of 1933 (File No. 033-42484) |
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as counsel to The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Trust”), a Massachusetts voluntary association (commonly known as a business trust), in connection with the above-referenced registration statement (as amended, the “Registration Statement”), which relates to the Trust’s units of beneficial interest, with no par value per share (collectively, the “Shares”) of the following portfolios of the Trust: Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund, AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund, AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund, CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund, CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund, Cambiar International Equity Fund, Cambiar Opportunity Fund, Cambiar Small Cap Fund, Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund, Cambiar SMID Fund, Cambiar Global Equity Fund, Cambiar International Small Cap Fund, Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund, Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund, Edgewood Growth Fund, Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, ICM Small Company Portfolio, Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund, LSV Value Equity Fund, LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund, LSV Small Cap Value Fund, LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Value Fund, LSV Emerging Markets Equity Fund, McKee International Equity Portfolio, Rice Hall James Micro Cap Portfolio, Rice Hall James Small Cap Portfolio, Rice Hall James SMID Cap Portfolio, Sands Capital Global Growth Fund, THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund (formerly, Thomson Horstmann & Bryant MicroCap Fund), TS&W Equity Portfolio, Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund, Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Westwood SmallCap Fund, Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Plus Fund, Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund, Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund and Westwood Flexible Income Fund (the “Funds”). This opinion is being delivered to you in connection with the Trust’s filing of Post-Effective Amendment No. 305 to the Registration Statement (the “Amendment”) to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 485(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”). With your permission, all assumptions and statements of reliance herein have been made without any independent investigation or verification on our part except to the extent otherwise expressly stated, and we express no opinion with respect to the subject matter or accuracy of such assumptions or items relied upon.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius llp
1701 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103-2921 United States |
|
In connection with this opinion, we have reviewed, among other things, copies of the following documents:
(a) | a certificate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts certifying that the Trust is validly existing under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; |
(b) | the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust for the Trust and all amendments and supplements thereto (the “Declaration of Trust”) and the Second Amended and Restated By-Laws (the “By-Laws”); |
(c) | a certificate executed by Dianne M. Descoteaux, the Secretary of the Trust, certifying as to, and attaching copies of, the Trust’s Declaration of Trust and By-Laws, and certain resolutions adopted by the Board of Trustees of the Trust authorizing the issuance of the Shares of the Funds; and |
(d) | a printer’s proof of the Amendment. |
In our capacity as counsel to the Trust, we have examined the originals, or certified, conformed or reproduced copies, of all records, agreements, instruments and documents as we have deemed relevant or necessary as the basis for the opinion hereinafter expressed. In all such examinations, we have assumed the legal capacity of all natural persons executing documents, the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of all original or certified copies, and the conformity to original or certified copies of all copies submitted to us as conformed or reproduced copies. As to various questions of fact relevant to such opinion, we have relied upon, and assume the accuracy of, certificates and oral or written statements of public officials and officers and representatives of the Trust. We have assumed that the Amendment, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, will be in substantially the form of the printer’s proof referred to in paragraph (d) above.
Based upon, and subject to, the limitations set forth herein, we are of the opinion that the Shares, when issued and sold in accordance with the terms of purchase described in the Registration Statement, will be legally issued, fully paid and non-assessable under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement. In giving this consent, we do not concede that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the 1933 Act.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP |
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form N-1A of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund of our report dated December 27, 2018, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights, which appears in McKee International Equity Portfolio’s Annual Report on Form N-CSR for the year ended October 31, 2018. We also consent to the references to us under the headings "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" and "Financial Highlights" in such Registration Statement.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 28, 2019
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form N-1A of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund of our report dated December 27, 2018, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights, which appears in Loomis Sayles Full Discretion Institutional Securitized Fund’s Annual Report on Form N-CSR for the year ended October 31, 2018. We also consent to the references to us under the headings "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" and "Financial Highlights" in such Registration Statement.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 28, 2019
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the references to our firm under the captions "Financial Highlights" in the Prospectuses and “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Statements of Additional Information, and to the incorporation by reference in Post-Effective Amendment No. 305 to the Registration Statement of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (Form N-1A: File No. 033-42484) of our reports dated December 28, 2018, on the financial statements and financial highlights of AlphaOne Small Cap Opportunities Fund, AlphaOne VIMCO Small Cap Value Fund, AlphaOne NextGen Technology Fund, CIBC Atlas All Cap Growth Fund, CIBC Atlas Disciplined Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Equity Income Fund, CIBC Atlas Mid Cap Equity Fund, CIBC Atlas Income Opportunities Fund, Cambiar Opportunity Fund, Cambiar SMID Fund, Cambiar Small Cap Fund, Cambiar International Equity Fund, Cambiar International Small Cap Fund, Cambiar Global Equity Fund, Cambiar Global Ultra Focus Fund, Edgewood Growth Fund, Haverford Quality Growth Stock Fund, LSV Conservative Value Equity Fund, LSV Small Cap Value Fund, LSV Value Equity Fund, LSV U.S. Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Managed Volatility Fund, LSV Global Value Fund, Sands Capital Global Growth Fund, THB Asset Management MicroCap Fund (formerly, Thomson Horstmann & Bryant Microcap Fund), Westwood LargeCap Value Fund, Westwood Low Volatility Equity Fund, Westwood SMidCap Plus Fund, Westwood SMidCap Fund, Westwood SmallCap Fund, Westwood MLP and Strategic Energy Fund, Westwood Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Worldwide Income Opportunity Fund, Westwood Emerging Markets Fund, Westwood Short Duration High Yield Fund, Westwood Opportunistic High Yield Fund, Westwood Market Neutral Income Fund, and Westwood Strategic Convertibles Fund (thirty-eight of the series constituting The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund (the “Funds”)) included in each Fund’s Annual Report to shareholders for the year ended October 31, 2018.
/s/Ernst & Young LLP |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 28, 2019
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the references to our firm in the Registration Statement on Form N-1A of the The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund and to the use of our report dated December 20, 2018 on the financial statements and financial highlights of Acadian Emerging Markets Portfolio, a series of shares of beneficial interest in The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund. Such financial statements and financial highlights appear in the October 31, 2018 Annual Report to Shareholders which is incorporated by reference into the Statement of Additional Information.
/s/ BBD, LLP | |
BBD, LLP |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 25, 2019
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the references to our firm in the Registration Statement on Form N-1A of the The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund and to the use of our report dated December 20, 2018 on the financial statements and financial highlights of ICM Small Company Portfolio, a series of shares of beneficial interest in The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund. Such financial statements and financial highlights appear in the October 31, 2018 Annual Report to Shareholders which is incorporated by reference into the Statement of Additional Information.
/s/ BBD, LLP | |
BBD, LLP |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 25, 2019
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the references to our firm in the Registration Statement on Form N-1A of the The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund and to the use of our report dated December 20, 2018 on the financial statements and financial highlights of Rice Hall James Micro Cap Portfolio, Rice Hall James Small Cap Portfolio, and Rice Hall James SMID Cap Portfolio, each a series of shares of beneficial interest in The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund. Such financial statements and financial highlights appear in the October 31, 2018 Annual Report to Shareholders which is incorporated by reference into the Statement of Additional Information.
/s/ BBD, LLP | |
BBD, LLP |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 25, 2019
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the references to our firm in the Registration Statement on Form N-1A of the The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund and to the use of our report dated December 20, 2018 on the financial statements and financial highlights of TS&W Equity Portfolio, a series of shares of beneficial interest in The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund. Such financial statements and financial highlights appear in the October 31, 2018 Annual Report to Shareholders which is incorporated by reference into the Statement of Additional Information.
/s/ BBD, LLP | |
BBD, LLP |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 25, 2019
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Post-Effective Amendment No. 305 to Registration Statement No. 033-42484 on Form N-1A of our report dated December 26, 2018, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights of Cornerstone Advisors Global Public Equity Fund and Cornerstone Advisors Core Plus Bond Fund, each a series of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, appearing in the Annual Report on Form N-CSR of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund for the year ended October 31, 2018, and to the references to us under the headings "Financial Highlights" in the Prospectus and "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" in the Statement of Additional Information, both of which are part of such Registration Statement.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 28, 2019
Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | XIV. Code of Ethics |
XIV. Code of Ethics
Rule 16a-1; Rule 206(4)-5
A. INTRODUCTION
Edgewood Management LLC (“Edgewood”) has implemented the following Code of Ethics (the “Code”) policies to ensure high ethical standards by its employees and to maintain the confidence of its Clients. Edgewood has a fiduciary duty that requires all Edgewood employees to act in the best interests of its Clients. In addition to all personnel of Edgewood being required to comply with all applicable securities laws, they are all obligated to put the interests of the Clients before their own personal interests and to act honestly and fairly in all aspects of their job.
This Code is intended to comply with the various provisions of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Act”), and Rule 17j-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and also requires that all Access Persons comply with federal securities laws and applicable rules and regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). This Code has been adopted with respect to Edgewood’s investment advisory services to all of its Clients, including each client that is a U.S. registered investment company or series thereof (each, a “Client”). Edgewood forbids any director, officer and employee from engaging in any conduct that is contrary to this Code.
It is the responsibility of each Access Person to ensure that any securities transaction being considered for his or her Personal Account is not subject to a restriction contained in this Code or otherwise prohibited by any applicable law. Personal securities transactions for Access Persons in Covered Securities may be effected only in accordance with the provisions of this Code. This Code is intended to ensure that employees’ conduct and personal securities transactions are conducted in accordance with the following principles:
i. | the duty to place the interests of Clients first; |
ii. | the duty to ensure all personal securities transactions are conducted in such a manner as to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest; or any abuse of an individual’s responsibility and position of trust; and |
iii. | the fundamental duty of Edgewood personnel not to take inappropriate advantage of their positions for any personal benefit to the detriment of Clients. |
Edgewood considers adherence to this Code, the related restrictions on personal trading, and compliance with all applicable federal securities laws basic conditions of employment. Failure to comply with this Code may result in disciplinary action, including, but not limited to, monetary fines, disgorgement of profits, and suspension or termination of employment.
A written code cannot answer all questions raised in the context of business relationships. Thus, each employee is required to recognize and respond appropriately to specific situations as they arise. In unclear situations, employees are expected to seek guidance from the Chief Compliance Officer of Edgewood, or her designee, who is charged with the administration of this Code.
The following definitions are applicable within the context of this Code of Ethics:
a. | Access Person shall mean each director or officer of Edgewood, any employee or agent, or any natural person or company in a control relationship to Edgewood who, in connection with the person’s regular functions or duties, makes, participates in or obtains information regarding the purchase or sale of covered securities by a Client advised by Edgewood, or whose functions relates to the making of any recommendations with respect to such purchases or sales. |
b. | Act means the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. |
Page 34 of 116
Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | B. APPLICABILITY OF THE CODE |
c. | Beneficial Owner shall have the meaning as that set forth in Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except that the determination of direct or indirect beneficial ownership shall apply to all Covered Securities which an Access Person owns or acquires. A Beneficial Owner of a security is any person who, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, has or shares a direct or indirect pecuniary interest (the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to profit or share in any profit derived from a transaction in the subject securities) in a security. Indirect pecuniary interest in a security includes securities held by a person’s immediate family sharing the same household. Immediate family means any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law (including adoptive relationships). |
d. | Client means any person or entity with which Edgewood presently maintains an effective investment advisory contract. The meaning of Client shall exclude any person or entity that has terminated their investment advisory contract with Edgewood or instructed Edgewood to entirely liquidate and/or cease management of all assets. |
e. | Control means the power to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of a company, unless such power is solely the result of an official position with such company. Ownership of 25% or more of a company’s outstanding voting securities is presumed to give the holder control over the company. Based upon the facts and circumstances of a given situation, the Review Officer may rebut this presumption. |
f. | Covered Security means any security and any option to purchase or sell, and any security convertible into or exchangeable for, a security. The following are not included as a Covered Security : |
i. | Direct obligations of State and Local Government or Agencies; |
ii. | Direct obligations of the Federal Government and Agencies of the United States; |
iii. | Banker’s acceptances and bank certificates of deposit; |
iv. | Commercial paper and high quality short-term debt instruments; |
v. | Repurchase agreements covering any of the foregoing; and |
vi. | Shares of registered open-end investment companies and open-end exchange traded funds not advised or sub-advised by Edgewood. |
g. | Purchase or sale includes, among other things, the writing of an option to purchase or sell. |
B. APPLICABILITY OF THE CODE
This Code applies to all Personal Accounts of all Access Persons.
1. | A Personal Account includes an account maintained by or for: |
a. | An Access Person’s spouse (other than a legally separated or divorced spouse of the Access Person) and minor children; |
b. | Any immediate family members who live in the Access Person’s household and any other individuals who live in the Access Person’s household and over whose purchases, sales or other trading activities the Access Person exercises control or investment discretion; |
c. | Any persons to whom the Access Person provides primary financial support, and either (i) whose financial affairs the Access Person controls, or (ii) for whom the Access Person provides discretionary advisory services; and |
d. | Any partnership, corporation, or other entity of which the Access Person has 25% or greater Beneficial Ownership, or in which the Access Person exercises effective control. |
Page 35 of 116
Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | C. Transactions in Personal Accounts |
2. | A Personal Account does not include any account for which an Access Person serves as trustee of a trust for the benefit of (i) a person to whom the Access Person does not provide primary financial support or (ii) an independent third party. |
3. |
Access persons may maintain personal accounts that are managed by Edgewood or a representative of Edgewood, including investments in the funds for which Edgewood provides investment advice. Transactions in these accounts executed solely by Edgewood, such as across the board trades, are not subject to pre-clearance requirements. Any employee directed transactions in these types of accounts are subject to preclearance and reporting requirements.
The Chief Compliance Officer is responsible for maintaining a comprehensive list of all Access Persons and Personal Accounts. |
C. Transactions in Personal Accounts
Edgewood has implemented a Blacklist which contains securities (i) that are in the Edgewood Large Cap Growth portfolio (the “Portfolio”) and (ii) Edgewood’s Investment Committee is considering adding to the Portfolio. The Blacklist will be maintained by Edgewood’s Investment Committee and compliance department. A copy of the Blacklist will be available to Access Persons through Edgewood’s compliance department. Securities in the Portfolio will be removed from the Blacklist no sooner than one full trading day following the completion of an Edgewood trading program selling out of the security from the Portfolio.
An Access Person must obtain prior written approval of the Chief Compliance Officer, or her designee, before engaging in any transaction in securities on the Blacklist in his or her Personal Account(s). An Access Person shall request pre-trade clearance through Edgewood’s designated compliance platform or, if the compliance platform is unavailable, an Access Person shall use the designated pre-trade clearance form (See Attachment A). The Chief Compliance Officer or her designee will grant pre-clearance if she concludes the transaction would comply with the provisions of this Code.
When submitting for pre-trade clearance approval for securities on the Blacklist, an Access Person will be required to provide their acknowledgement and agreement that the compliance department has discretion to require the trade to be reversed or undone depending on the circumstances surrounding an Investment Committee’s investment decision. In the event an Access Person realizes gains when reversing or unwinding a trade as may be required pursuant to this Code, gains from such trades will be donated to a charity selected by Edgewood.
The Chief Compliance Officer, or her designee, will determine whether the trade is in compliance with the Code including whether the trade would put the Access Person’s interests before Edgewood’s Clients’ interests. Certain factors the Chief Compliance Officer will take into consideration include the size of the proposed transaction and the nature of the security.
The Chief Compliance Officer must obtain the prior written approval of Julianne Mulhall or Fausto Rotundo before engaging in any transaction in Covered Securities in her Personal Account.
Any approval given under this paragraph will remain in effect only for the day the approval is granted.
1. | Exceptions from Pre-Trade Clearance Provisions : |
In recognition of the de minimis or involuntary nature of certain transactions, there are certain exceptions from the Pre-Trade Clearance requirements. All other restrictions and reporting obligations will continue to apply to transactions excluded from Pre-Trade Clearance pursuant to this Section.
Accordingly, the following transactions in Covered Securities will be excluded from the Pre-Trade Clearance requirements:
1. | Mandatory purchases or sales effected pursuant to option assignment, and purchases that are made pursuant to an Automatic Investment Plan; |
Page 36 of 116
Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | D. INSIDER TRADING |
2. | Trades executed by Edgewood in exercise of its discretionary authority over the assets of an Access Person. This includes across-the-board trades effected by the Edgewood trading department pursuant to periodic rebalancing, deposits or withdrawals and/or portfolio investment modifications directed by the Investment Committee; |
3. | Purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of the issuer’s securities, to the extent such rights were acquired from such issuer, and sales of such rights so acquired; |
4. | Transactions effected in, and the holdings of, any account over which the Access Person has no direct or indirect influence or control (e.g., blind trust, discretionary account or trust managed by a third party); and, |
5. | Transactions in Securities that are not on the Black List at the time of the Access Person’s transaction and shares of registered open-end investment companies and open-end exchange traded funds ("ETFs") not advised or sub-advised by Edgewood. |
For purposes of this section, the (i) common stock and any fixed income security of an issuer shall not be deemed to be the same security; and (ii) convertible preferred stock shall be deemed to be the same security as both the common stock and fixed income securities of that issuer, and (iii) non-convertible preferred stock of an issuer shall be deemed to be the same security as the fixed income securities of that issuer.
Exceptions may be granted by the Chief Compliance Officer in certain limited circumstances provided no harm resulted to a client and the fiduciary standard is maintained.
D. INSIDER TRADING
Insider trading is based on a simple, well-established principle: if you receive material, non-public information about a public company from any source, you are prohibited from discussing or acting on that information.
Access Persons are prohibited from trading based on material, non-public information, or communicating material non-public information to others in violation of the law. Under insider trading laws, a person or company that illegally trades in securities of a company while in possession of material, non-public information about that company may be subject to severe sanctions, including civil penalties, fines and imprisonment.
While the law concerning insider trading is not static, it is generally understood that the law prohibits:
i. | Trading by an insider while in possession of material, non-public information; |
ii. | Trading by a non-insider while in possession of material, non-public information, where the information either was disclosed to the non-insider in violation of an insider’s duty to keep it confidential or was misappropriated; or |
iii. | An insider, or a non-insider described in clause (ii) above, from communicating material, non-public information to others. |
Page 37 of 116
Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | D. INSIDER TRADING |
Who is an Insider?
The concept of “insider” is broad. It includes all employees of a company. Corporate insiders who possess material, nonpublic information about a corporation may be required either to disclose that information to the investing public or to refrain from passing such information along to others, trading in or recommending the purchase or sale of the corporation’s securities. Similarly, as a general rule, those to whom corporate insiders “tip” material, nonpublic information must refrain from passing such information along to others, trading in or recommending the corporation’s securities. In addition, under most circumstances, tipping or trading on material, nonpublic information about a tender offer may violate the rules of the SEC. Tipping may include spreading rumors about potential tender offers. For example, personnel may not pass along a rumor regarding a tender offer to those who are likely to trade on the information or further spread the rumor if the rumor emanated, directly or indirectly, from someone connected with the target, the offeror, or their respective officers, directors, partners, employees or persons acting on their behalf, even if such information was inadvertently communicated.
What is Material Information?
The question of whether information is material is not always easily resolved. Generally, the courts have held that a fact is material if there is substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider the information “important” in making an investment decision. As such, material information would include information which would likely affect the market price of any securities, or which would likely be considered important by a reasonable investor in determining whether to buy, sell or hold such securities. Examples of material information may include the following:
• | Significant dividend increases or decreases |
• | Significant earnings information or estimates |
• | Significant changes in earnings information or estimates previously released by a company |
• | Significant expansion or curtailment of operations |
• | Significant increases or declines in orders |
• | Significant merger, acquisition or divestiture proposals or agreements |
• | Significant new products or discoveries |
• | Extraordinary borrowing |
• | Major litigation |
• | Significant liquidity problems |
• | Extraordinary management developments |
• | Purchase or sale of substantial assets |
• | Capital restructuring, such as exchange offers |
• | Block and/or Restricted Securities transactions |
Material information also may relate to the market for a company’s securities. Information about a significant order to purchase or sell securities may, in some contexts, be material. Prepublication information regarding reports in the financial press also may be material. For example, the United States Supreme Court upheld the criminal convictions of insider trading defendants who capitalized on prepublication information about The Wall Street Journal’s “Heard on the Street” column.
What is Non-public Information?
Information is “non-public” if it has not been disclosed generally to the investing public. Information is made public if it has been broadly disseminated and made available to the general public by publication in the newspapers or other media or if it has been the subject of a press release addressing the general investing public. However, information is not necessarily made public merely because such information is communicated through rumors or other unofficial statements in the marketplace.
Other examples of potential sources of inside information include the receipt of information related to the offering of private investments in public offerings (“PIPES”), and information from other third parties including but not limited to counsel, independent registered public accounting firms, financial partners and trading partners.
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | D. INSIDER TRADING |
Company Management
As part of its investment research process, Edgewood’s Investment Committee meets with employees of public companies to obtain information pertaining to the company that may assist the Investment Committee in its investment decision making process. In addition to discussing the information at the research meetings, the Investment Committee members input all research notes from meetings with company employees in the research database used by the Investment Committee. A member of Edgewood’s compliance department reviews the research notes and attends the Investment Committee’s research meetings.
Expert Networks
As part of its research process, Edgewood occasionally utilizes research firms that offer consultations with individuals that have expertise in specific areas (herein referred to as “Expert Networks”). Edgewood finds this source of information valuable in understanding industry-specific issues, however, it is only one part of Edgewood’s extensive investment research process. Nevertheless, Edgewood recognizes there are limitations to these specialized sources of information and the possibility of the dissemination of material, nonpublic information from these Expert Networks. Edgewood’s Compliance Department will perform due diligence on Expert Networks used by Edgewood to ensure adequate controls are in place to prohibit possible dissemination of material, nonpublic information to Edgewood from the Expert Networks. Part of Edgewood’s due diligence will include ensuring the Expert Network receives certifications from its consultants certifying the consultants will not disseminate material, nonpublic information to the Expert Network’s clients. Pre-clearance approval by Edgewood's Compliance Department will be required for experts that are employed by public companies.
Resolving Situations
The law of insider trading is complicated and continuously developing. Access Persons who are uncertain about the application of insider trading rules should discuss the situation with the Chief Compliance Officer. You must notify the Chief Compliance Officer immediately if you have any reason to believe that insider trading has occurred or is about to occur or if you receive, or believe you received, material, non-public information including all information regarding any direct or indirect PIPES offerings received by you.
Before executing any trade for yourself or others, including private accounts managed by Edgewood, you must determine whether you have access to material, nonpublic information. If you think that you might have access to material, nonpublic information, you should take the following steps:
• | Prior to taking any action, report the information and proposed trade immediately to the Chief Compliance Officer; |
• | Do not purchase or sell the securities on behalf of yourself or others, including private accounts managed by the firm; |
• | Do not communicate the information inside or outside the firm, other than to the Chief Compliance Officer; and |
• | After the Chief Compliance Officer has reviewed the issue, the firm will determine whether the information is material and nonpublic and, if so, what action the firm will take. |
You should consult with the Chief Compliance Officer before taking any action or engaging in any transaction which inside information may have been provided. This degree of caution will protect you, our clients, and the firm.
The Chief Compliance Officer shall use the following reviews and procedures to detect any possible trading on inside information:
• | review of the personal securities statements for all Access Persons and any related accounts; |
• | review of trading activity in Advisory Client accounts; |
• | investigation of any circumstances about any possible receipt, trading or other use of inside information. |
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | E. PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS |
E. PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS
1. Prohibition Against Fraudulent Conduct
No director, officer or employee of Edgewood shall, directly or indirectly:
a. | employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud a Client or engage in any manipulative practice with respect to a Client; |
b. | make any untrue statement of a material fact to a Client; |
c. | engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon a Client; |
d. | engage in any manipulative practice with respect to a Client; or |
e. | use any information concerning a security held or to be acquired by a client for personal gain or in a manner detrimental to the interests of a client, including but not limited to information concerning shares of the Edgewood Growth Fund. |
2. Confidentiality
Access Persons may not disseminate, sell or otherwise use Edgewood’s physical resources, electronic media, proprietary information, client information or technology for their personal benefit or for the benefit of a third party. This includes information relating to the investment intentions or activities of any Client, or securities that are being considered for purchase or sale on behalf of any Client.
3. Dissemination of Rumors
All employees are expressly prohibited from knowingly spreading as fact any rumor they know to be false concerning any company, or any purported market development, with the purpose and design to impact trading in or the price of that company’s or any other company’s securities, and from engaging in any other type of activity that constitutes illegal market manipulation. This prohibition includes the spreading of false rumors, or any other form of illegal market manipulation, via any media, including, but not limited to email, instant messages, text messages, blogs or chat rooms.
4. Initial Public Offerings
Access Persons shall not directly or indirectly acquire securities in an initial public offering.
5. Short Sales
An Access Person may not engage in any short sale of a security that is in the Edgewood Large Cap Growth model portfolio.
6. Private Placements, Investment Opportunities of Limited Availability
Access Persons may not directly or indirectly acquire securities in a private placement (including private investment funds such as hedge funds, private equity funds or venture capital funds) or investment opportunity of limited availability unless Edgewood's Investment Committee and compliance department first determines whether the investment opportunity should be reserved for a Client, and whether such opportunity is being offered to the Access Person by virtue of their position with the Adviser.
Any Access Person who has taken a personal position through a private placement will be under an affirmative obligation to disclose that position in writing to the compliance department if he or she plays a material role in a Client’s subsequent investment decision regarding the same issuer; this separate disclosure must be made even though the Access Person has previously disclosed the ownership of the privately placed security in compliance with the Pre-Trade Clearance requirements of this section. Once disclosure is given, an independent review of the Client’s investment decision will be made.
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | E. PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS |
7. Service as a Director
Prior to accepting a position as a director of any company or organization (private or public, for-profit or not-for-profit), an Access Person must obtain approval from the compliance department. All such positions should be reported to the compliance department.
8. Outside Business Activities
Edgewood discourages Access Persons from holding unrelated outside employment, including consulting. Access Persons are required to immediately report any outside business activity to the compliance department. Employees may not engage in outside activities that (a) interferes, competes, or conflicts with the interest of Edgewood or its clients; (b) encroaches on normal working time or otherwise impairs performance; or (c) implies Edgewood’s sponsorship or support of an outside organization.
9. Gifts
Access Persons are prohibited from accepting gifts that (i) fall outside Edgewood’s “normal business practice” (generally $500.00 or less) or (ii) are excessive in value from any person or company that does business with Edgewood. Unsolicited business entertainment, including meals or tickets to cultural and sporting events, are permitted if they are not so frequent or of such high value as to raise a question of impropriety. In no event are employees allowed to accept cash gifts. Employees are required to document and disclose through Edgewood’s compliance department the acceptance of any gift or entertainment regardless of the value. Employees shall provide the compliance department with a written report of gifts received each quarter. Email is an acceptable means to report to the compliance department the receipt of any gifts.
Additionally, any gifts, entertainment, any payment of money or anything of value made directly or indirectly by you to a labor organization or officer, agent, shop steward, or other representative or employee of any labor organization (including union officials serving in some capacity to a Taft-Hartley Plan) must be reported to the compliance department. All items regardless of the amount or value must be reported. The following are examples of potentially reportable items: meals, gifts, travel and lodging costs, bar bills, sporting event tickets, theatre tickets, clothing or equipment, golf, sponsorships, donations to union related charities or scholarship funds, and receptions.
10. Other Prohibited Transactions
Access Persons shall not:
1. | accept any preferential treatments or anything other than a value outside of Edgewood’s “normal business practice” as set forth above from any broker-dealer or other entity with which a Client does business that influences Access Persons from taking actions that are not in the best interest of Clients; |
2. | establish or maintain an account at a broker-dealer, bank or other entity through which securities transactions may be effected without written notice to the compliance department when establishing such an account and registration of the account on the designated compliance platform; |
3. | use knowledge of portfolio transactions of a Client for their personal benefit or the personal benefit of others; or |
4. | violate the anti-fraud provisions of the federal or state securities laws. |
11. Short-Term Trading Profits
Access Persons are discouraged from trading on a short-term basis in their personal accounts.
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | E. PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS |
12. Background Checks
Periodically, the Chief Compliance Officer or her designee shall perform a search of each Supervised Person to confirm the Supervised Person’s work history, felony convictions and/or guilty pleas, and/or any other legal proceedings in connection with an investment-related activity such as a violation of investment-related statutes or regulations. Searches shall be on various databases including the FINRA broker database and the Google search engine. Furthermore, Edgewood will retain a third party service provider to run a background check on Edgewood employees. Edgewood shall comply with all local, state, and federal laws including the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) relating to background checks including obtaining an employee’s written consent prior to running a background check.
13. Political Contributions
Edgewood and its employees are prohibited from making, or directing or soliciting any other person to make, any political contribution or provide anything else of value for the purpose of influencing or inducing the obtaining or retaining of investment advisory service business.
SEC Rule 206(4)-5 prohibits Edgewood from being compensated for providing investment advice to a state or local government entity for two years if “covered” employees (as defined in Rule 206(4)-5) of Edgewood make political contributions to certain officials of that government entity in excess of certain de minimis levels. Furthermore, Rule 206(4)-5 (i) prohibits the solicitation or coordination of political contributions to such officials or certain state or local party committees and (ii) requires investment advisers to maintain books and records relating to state and local government entity clients, political contributions, and information relating to covered employees.
A. Definitions
1. | Contribution means any gift, subscription, loan, advance, or deposit of money or anything of value made for: (i) the purpose of influencing any election for federal, state or local office, (ii) the payment of debt incurred in connection with any such election, or (iii) transition or inaugural expenses incurred by the successful candidate for state or local office. Volunteer services provided to a campaign by employees on their own personal time are not treated as Contributions, however, certain expenses from personal resources including hosting a reception or utilizing Edgewood’s office space and personnel in connection with volunteering could be considered an in-kind Contribution. |
2. | Coordinating Contributions means bundling, pooling, delivering or otherwise facilitating the Contributions made by other persons. |
3. | Soliciting Contributions means to communicate, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of obtaining or arranging a Contribution. |
B. Policies and Procedures for Political Activity by Employees
1. | Contributions. All Access Persons are required to obtain approval from Edgewood’s Compliance Department prior to making any Contribution of any value. Access Persons may obtain such approval from the Compliance Department by submitting a request through the designated compliance platform or, if the compliance platform is unavailable, by completing a “Political Contribution Request Form” (See Attachment C). Edgewood’s Compliance Department will review and evaluate each Contribution request to determine whether the Contribution is permissible based upon the requirements of Rule 206(4)-5. Access Persons will be notified in writing of the Compliance Department’s final determination. |
2. | Coordinating or Soliciting Contributions, or Political Fundraising. All Access Persons must obtain approval from Edgewood’s Compliance Department prior to Coordinating or Soliciting Contributions, or engaging in any other political fundraising. Access Persons must use the Political Contribution Request Form to request approval for such activities. Coordinating or Soliciting Contributions, or political fundraising, may even include, for example, having one’s name appear on a fundraising letter. |
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | F. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS |
3. | Prospective Employees. All prospective employees, prior to becoming an Edgewood employee, are required to complete the “Political Contributions Disclosure Form for Prospective Employees” ( See Attachment D ) and provide it to the Chief Compliance Officer indicating any political contributions in the two (2) years (either directly or via a Political Action Committee which the person controls) preceding the date the “Political Contributions Disclosure Form for Prospective Employees” is completed. |
C. Prohibition Against Establishing or Controlling a Political Action Committee (“PAC”)
Access Persons are prohibited from establishing, controlling, contributing to or otherwise being involved with a PAC without receiving pre-approval from Edgewood’s Compliance Department.
D. Indirect Contributions
Access Persons are prohibited from performing any act which would result in a violation of Rule 206(4)-5 and/ or this policy, whether directly or indirectly, or through or by any other person or means including spouses, family members, placement agents, consultants, etc.).
E. Quarterly Certifications
At the end of each calendar quarter, Edgewood’s Compliance Department will distribute a quarterly Certification Form. Access Persons are required to certify all information pertaining to Contributions on the quarterly Certification.
F. Monitoring
Edgewood’s Compliance Department is responsible for monitoring all Contributions to ensure that Edgewood will not be precluded from accepting and/ or receiving compensation for the proscribed timeframes from potential clients in accordance with Rule 206(4)-5.
G. Required Records
Edgewood’s Compliance Department will keep all necessary records based on the information gathered under this policy pursuant to Rule 204-2.
14. Non-U.S. Government Entities
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, 15 U.S.C. §§78dd-1, et seq. (“FCPA”), prohibits corrupt payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business. Access Persons are prohibited from making any offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization of the payment of money or anything of value to any person, while knowing that all or a portion of such money or thing of value will be offered, given or promised, directly or indirectly, to a Foreign Official (as defined herein) to influence the Foreign Official in his or her capacity, induce the Foreign Official to do or omit to do an act in violation of his or her lawful duty, or to secure any improper advantage to assist in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, Edgewood.
A “Foreign Official” means any officer or employee of a foreign government, a public international organization, or any department or agency thereof or any person acting in an official capacity. Depending on the jurisdiction, a Foreign Official could be a member of a royal family, a member of a legislative body, or an official of a state-owned business enterprise. Criminal and civil penalties may be imposed for violations of the FCPA including fines up to $2,000,000 and imprisonment for up to five years. Access Persons are to notify the Chief Compliance Officer immediately if there is any reason to believe an Access Person has violated this policy.
F. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
The following sets out the reporting requirements for Access Persons pertaining to their personal accounts:
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | F. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS |
A. Initial and Annual Holding Reports
Within ten (10) days of commencing employment, Access Persons are required to disclose to the compliance department all of their personal accounts. Such list of securities holdings must be current as of a date not more than 45 days prior to the employment date and must contain the following information:
i. | the title and type of security, ticker symbol or CUSIP number as appropriate, number of shares and principal amount of each Covered Security in which the Access Person had any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership when the person became an Access Person; |
ii. | the name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person maintained an account in which any Reportable Securities were held for the direct or indirect benefit of the Access Person as of the date the person became an Access Person; and, |
iii. | the date that the report is submitted. |
Brokerage account statements from the prior month of employment will satisfy this requirement.
Each Access Person must submit annually thereafter a holdings report setting forth the above-specified information which must be current as of a date no more than forty-five (45) days before the report is submitted.
B. Quarterly Transaction Reports / Duplicate Brokerage Statements
Every Access Person must report to the compliance department no later than thirty (30) days after the end of the calendar quarter, the following information:
With respect to any transaction during the quarter in a Covered Security in which the Supervised Person had any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership:
1. | The date of the transaction, the title, ticker symbol or CUSIP as appropriate, the interest rate and maturity date (if applicable), the number of shares and the principal amount of each Covered Security involved; |
2. | The nature of the transaction ( i.e., purchase, sale or any other type of acquisition or disposition); |
3. | The price of the Covered Security at which the transaction was effected; |
4. | The name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through which the transaction was effected; and |
5. | The date that the report is submitted by the Access Person. |
In lieu of providing quarterly transaction reports, Access Persons may arrange for duplicate copies of all trade confirmations and/or personal account statements to be sent directly from the broker-dealer or other custodian to the Chief Compliance Officer. This requirement may be satisfied by having trade activity and account holdings delivered electronically through the designated compliance software platform.
C. Exclusions from Reporting
Purchases or sales in Covered Securities in an account in which the Access Person has no direct or indirect control are not subject to the reporting requirements of this Section.
D. Certification of Compliance
Access Persons are required to certify annually acknowledging receipt and compliance with the Code. Further, all Access Persons are required to disclose all personal accounts and all personal securities transactions pursuant to the requirements of the Code. ( See Attachment B)
E. Personal Account Opening Procedures
All Access Persons shall provide written notice to the compliance department prior to opening any account with any entity through which a Covered Securities transaction may be effected.
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | G. REVIEW OFFICER |
G. REVIEW OFFICER
A. Duties of Review Officer
The Chief Compliance Officer has been appointed as the Review Officer. The Review Officer or her designee shall:
1. | Confirm receipt of all securities transaction and holdings reports and Pre-Trade Clearance Forms and maintain the names of persons responsible for reviewing these reports; |
2. | identify all persons subject to this Code who are required to make these reports and promptly inform each person of the requirements of this Code; |
3. | compare, on a quarterly basis, all Covered Securities transactions within the previous quarter with each Client’s completed portfolio transactions to determine whether a Code violation may have occurred; |
4. | maintain a signed acknowledgement by each person who is then subject to this Code, in the form of Attachment B; and |
B. Potential Trade Conflict
When there appears to be a transaction that conflicts with the Code, the Review Officer shall request an explanation of the person’s transaction. If after post-trade review, it is determined that there has been a violation of the Code, a report will be made by the designated Review Officer with a recommendation of appropriate action to Edgewood's Board of Managers.
C. Required Records
The Review Officer shall maintain:
1. | a copy of any code of ethics adopted by Edgewood which has been in effect during the previous five (5) years in an easily accessible place; |
2. | a record of any violation of any code of ethics and of any actions taken as a result of such violation, in an easily accessible place for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which the violation occurs; |
3. | a copy of each report made by anyone subject to this Code for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which the report is made, the first two (2) years in an easily accessible place; |
4. | a list of all persons who are, or within the past five years have been, required to make reports or who were responsible for reviewing these reports pursuant to any code of ethics adopted by Edgewood, in an easily accessible place; |
5. | a copy of each written report and certification required of this Code for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which it is made, the first two (2) years in an easily accessible place; and |
6. | a record of any decision, and the reasons supporting the decisions, approving the acquisition by Access Persons of initial public offerings or privately placed securities for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which the approval is granted. |
D. Post-Trade Review Process
Following receipt of trade confirms and statements, transactions will be screened for potential violations of the Code, including the following:
1. | Black List. Transactions by Access Persons in securities that are on the Black List requiring applicable pre-trade clearance. |
2. | Recommendations. Transactions by an Access Person for which the Access Person makes or participates in making a recommendation. |
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Edgewood Management LLC - Compliance Manual Oct 29, 2018 | G. REVIEW OFFICER |
3. | Other activities. Transactions that may give the appearance that an Access Person has executed transactions not in accordance with this Code. |
E. Submission to Fund Board
The Review Officer shall annually prepare a written report to the Board of Directors of each Client that is a registered investment company that:
1. | describes any issues under this Code or its procedures since the last report to the Board of Directors, including, but not limited to, information about material violations of the code or procedures and sanctions imposed in response to the material violations; and |
2. | certifies Edgewood has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent its Access Persons from violating this Code. |
This written report may be in the form of quarterly questionnaires containing the same information as indicated above.
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SEI INVESTMENTS DISTRIBUTION CO.
RULE 17j-1 CODE OF ETHICS
|
A copy of this Code may be accessed on the SEI intranet site under the Corporate Governance section.
This is an important document. You should take the time to read it thoroughly before you submit the required annual certification.
Any questions regarding this Code of Ethics should be referred to a member of the SIDCO Compliance Department
As of August 2, 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. | General Policy | |
II. | Code of Ethics | |
A. | Purpose of Code | |
B. | Employee Categories | |
C. | Prohibitions and Restrictions | |
D. | Pre-clearance of Personal Securities Transactions | |
E. | Reporting Requirements | |
F. | Detection and Reporting of Code Violations | |
G. | Violations of the Code of Ethics | |
H. | Confidential Treatment | |
I. | Recordkeeping | |
J. | Definitions Applicable to the Code of Ethics | |
III. | Exhibits – Code of Ethics Reporting Forms |
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I. GENERAL POLICY
SEI Investments Distribution Co. (“SIDCO”) serves as principal underwriter for investment companies that are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“Investment Vehicles”). In addition, certain employees of SIDCO may serve as directors and/or officers of certain Investment Vehicles. This Code of Ethics (“Code”) sets forth the procedures and restrictions governing personal securities transactions for certain SIDCO personnel.
SIDCO has a highly ethical business culture and expects that its personnel will conduct any personal securities transactions consistent with this Code and in such a manner as to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest or abuse of a position of trust and responsibility. Thus, SIDCO personnel must conduct themselves and their personal securities transactions in a manner that does not create conflicts of interest with the firm’s clients.
Pursuant to this Code, SIDCO personnel, their family members, and other persons associated with SIMC may be subject to various pre-clearance and reporting standards for their personal securities transactions based on their status as defined by this Code. Therefore, it is important that every person pay special attention to the categories set forth to determine which provisions of this Code applies to him or her, as well as to the sections on restrictions, pre-clearance, and reporting of personal securities transactions.
Each person subject to this Code must read and retain a copy of this Code and agree to abide by its terms. Failure to comply with the provisions of this Code may result in the imposition of serious sanctions, including, but not limited to, disgorgement of profits, penalties, dismissal, substantial personal liability and/or referral to regulatory or law enforcement agencies.
Please note that employees and registered representatives of SIDCO are subject to the supervisory procedures and other policies and procedures of SIDCO, and are also subject to the Code of Conduct of SEI Investments Company, which is the parent company of SIDCO. The requirements and limitations of this Code of Ethics are in addition to any requirements or limitations contained in these other policies and procedures. All employees are required to comply with federal securities laws and any regulations set forth by self-regulatory organizations (FINRA, NASD, and the MSRB) of which SIDCO is a member.
Any questions regarding this Code of Ethics should be directed to a member of the SIDCO Compliance Department.
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II. CODE OF ETHICS
A. Purpose of Code
This Code is intended to conform to the provisions of Section 17(j) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“the 1940 Act”), as amended, and Rule 17j-1 thereunder, as amended, to the extent applicable to SIDCO’s role as principal underwriter to Investment Vehicles. Those provisions of the U.S. securities laws are designed to prevent persons who are actively engaged in the management, portfolio selection or underwriting of registered investment companies from participating in fraudulent, deceptive or manipulative acts, practices or courses of conduct in connection with the purchase or sale of securities held or to be acquired by such companies. Certain SIDCO personnel will be subject to various requirements based on their responsibilities within SIDCO and accessibility to certain information. Those functions are set forth in the categories below.
B. Access Persons
(1) any director, officer or employee of SIDCO who serves as a director or officer of an Investment Vehicle for which SIDCO serves as principal underwriter;
(2) any director or officer of SIDCO who, in the ordinary course of business, makes, participates in or obtains information regarding, the purchase or sale of Covered Securities by an Investment Vehicle for which SIDCO serves as principal underwriter, or whose functions or duties in the ordinary course of business relate to the making of any recommendation to the Investment Vehicle regarding the purchase or sale of a Covered Security.
C. Prohibitions and Restrictions
1. | Prohibition Against Fraud, Deceit and Manipulation |
Access Persons may not, directly or indirectly, in connection with the purchase or sale of a security held or to be acquired by an Investment Vehicle for which SIDCO serves as principal underwriter:
(a) employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud the Investment Vehicle;
(b) make to the Investment Vehicle any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading;
(c) engage in any act, practice or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the Investment Vehicle; or
(d) engage in any manipulative practice with respect to the Investment Vehicle.
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2. | Excessive Trading of Mutual Fund Shares |
Access Persons may not, directly or indirectly, engage in excessive short-term trading of shares of Investment Vehicles for which SIDCO serves as principal underwriter. Exhibit 6 hereto provides a list of the Investment Vehicles for which SIDCO provided such services. For purposes of this section, a person’s trades shall be considered “excessive” if made in violation of any stated policy in the mutual fund’s prospectus or if the trading involves multiple short-term round trip trades in a Fund for the purpose of taking advantage of short-term market movements.
Note that the SEI Funds are Covered Securities. 1 Trades in the SEI Funds do not have to be pre-cleared but do have to be reported in accordance with this Code. Trades in SEI Funds done through the SEI Capital Accumulation (401(k)) Plan and trades done through an employee account established at SEI Private Trust Company will be deemed to satisfy the reporting requirements of the Code. Any trades in SEI Funds done in a different channel must be reported to the SIDCO Compliance Officer or the designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department.
3. | Personal Securities Restrictions |
Access Persons:
• | may not purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any Covered Security within 24 hours before or after the time that the same Covered Security (including any equity related security of the same issuer such as preferred stock, options, warrants and convertible bonds) is being purchased or sold by any Investment Vehicle for which SIDCO serves as principal underwriter. |
• | may not acquire securities as part of an Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) without obtaining the written approval of the SIDCO Compliance Officer or the designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department before directly or indirectly acquiring a beneficial ownership in such securities. |
• | may not acquire a Beneficial Ownership interest in securities issued in a private placement transaction without obtaining prior written approval from the SIDCO Compliance Officer or the designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department. |
• | may not profit from the purchase and sale or sale and purchase of a Covered Security within 60 days of acquiring or disposing of Beneficial Ownership of that Covered Security. This prohibition does not apply to transactions resulting in a loss, or to futures or options on futures on broad-based securities indexes or U.S. Government securities. This prohibition also does not apply to transactions in the SEI Funds, which are separately covered under the “Excessive Trading of Mutual Fund Shares” discussed in Section II.C.2 above. |
1 | The SEI Family of Funds includes the following Trusts: SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Index Funds, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Liquid Asset Trust and SEI Tax Exempt Trust. |
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• | may not serve on the board of directors of any publicly traded company. |
D. Pre-Clearance of Personal Securities Transactions
1. Transactions Required to be Pre-Cleared:
• | Access Persons must pre-clear with the SIDCO Compliance Officer or the designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department a proposed transaction in a Covered Security if he or she has actual knowledge at the time of the transaction that, during the 24 hour period immediately preceding or following the transaction, the Covered Security was purchased or sold or was being considered for purchase or sale by any Investment Vehicle . The pre-clearance obligation applies to all Accounts held in the person’s name or in the name of others in which they hold a Beneficial Ownership interest. Note that, among other things, this means that these persons must pre-clear such proposed securities transactions by their spouse or domestic partner, minor children, and relatives who reside in the person’s household. |
• | The SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department may authorize a Pre-clearing Person to conduct the requested trade upon determining that the transaction for which pre-clearance is requested would not result in a conflict of interest or violate any other policy embodied in this Code. Factors to be considered may include: the discussion with the requesting person as to the background for the exemption request, the requesting person’s work role, the size and holding period of the requesting person’s position in the security, the market capitalization of the issuer, the liquidity of the security, the reason for the requesting person’s requested transaction, the amount and timing of client trading in the same or a related security, and other relevant factors. The person granting the authorization must document the basis for the authorization. |
2. Transactions that do no have to be pre-cleared:
• | purchases or sales over which the person pre-clearing the transactions (the “Pre-clearing Person”) has no direct or indirect influence or control; |
• | purchases, sales or other acquisitions of Covered Securities which are non-volitional on the part of the Pre-clearing Person or any Investment Vehicle, such as purchases or sales upon exercise or puts or calls written by Pre-clearing Person, sales from a margin account pursuant to a bona fide margin call, stock dividends, stock splits, mergers consolidations, spin-offs, or other similar corporate reorganizations or distributions; |
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• | purchases or withdrawals made pursuant to an Automatic Investment Program; however, any transaction that overrides the preset schedule or allocations of the automatic investment plan must be reported in a quarterly transaction report; |
• | purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of its securities, to the extent such rights were acquired for such issuer; and |
• | acquisitions of Covered Securities through gifts or bequests. |
3. Pre-clearance Procedures:
• | All requests for pre-clearance of securities transactions must be submitted to the SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department by using the SEI Automated Pre- Clearance Trading system . |
• | The following information must be provided for each request: |
a. Name, date, phone extension and job title
b. Transaction detail, i.e. whether the transaction is a buy or sell; the security name and security type; number of shares; price; date acquired if a sale; and whether the security is traded in a portfolio or Investment Vehicle, part of an initial public offering, or part of a private placement transaction; and
c. Signature and date; if electronically submitted, initial and date.
• | The SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department will notify the requesting person whether the trading request is approved or denied through the SEI Automated Pre-Clearance Trading system. |
• | A Pre-clearance Request should not be submitted for a transaction that the requesting person does not intend to execute. |
• | Pre-clearance trading authorization is valid from the time when approval is granted through the next business day. If the transaction is not executed within this period, an explanation of why the previous pre- cleared transaction was not completed must be submitted to the SIDCO Compliance department or entered into the SEI Automated Pre-clearance Trading system. Also, Open and Limit Orders must be resubmitted for pre-clearance approval if not executed within the permitted time period. |
• | With respect to any transaction requiring pre-clearance, the person subject to pre-clearance must submit to the SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department transaction reports showing the transactions for all the Investment Vehicles with respect to which such person has knowledge regarding purchases and sales that triggered the requirement to pre-clear under Section D.1. The transaction information must be provided for the 24 hour period before and after the date on which their securities transactions were effected. These reports may be submitted in hard copy or viewed through the SEI Pre-clearance Trading system. Transaction reports need only cover the Investment Vehicles that hold or are eligible to purchase and sell the types of securities proposed to be bought or sold by person subject to pre-clearance requirements. For example, if a person seeks approval for a proposed equity trade, only the transactions reports for the Investment Vehicles effecting or eligible to effect transactions in equity securities are required. |
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• | The SIDCO Compliance Department will maintain pre-clearance records and records of exemptions granted for 5 years. |
E. Reporting Requirements
1. | Duplicate Brokerage Statements |
• | Access Persons are required to instruct their broker/dealer to file duplicate statements with the SIDCO Compliance Department at SEI Oaks. Statements must be filed for all Accounts (including those in which the person has a Beneficial Ownership interest), except those that trade exclusively in open-end funds other than Reportable Funds, government securities or Automatic Investment Plans. Failure of a broker/dealer to send duplicate statements will not excuse a violation of this Section. |
• | Sample letters instructing the broker/dealer firms to send the statements to SIDCO are attached in Exhibit 1 of this Code. If the broker/dealer requires a letter authorizing a SIDCO employee to open an account, the permission letter may also be found in Exhibit 1. Please complete the necessary brokerage information and forward a signature ready copy to the SIDCO Compliance Officer. |
• | If no such duplicate statement can be supplied, the employee should contact the SIDCO Compliance Department. |
2. | Initial Holdings Report |
• | Access Persons must submit an Initial Holdings Report to the SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department disclosing every Covered Security, including mutual fund accounts, beneficially owned directly or indirectly by such person within 10 days of becoming an Access Person. Any person who returns the report late may be subject to the penalties in Section G regarding Code of Ethics violations. |
• | The following information must be provided on the report: |
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a. the title of the security;
b. the number of shares held;
c. the principal amount of the security;
d. the name of the broker, dealer, transfer agent; bank or other location where the security is held; and
e. the date the report is submitted.
The information disclosed in the report should be current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date the person becomes an Access Person. If the above information is contained on the Access Person’s brokerage statement, he or she may attach the statement and sign the Initial Holdings Report.
• | The Initial Holdings Report is attached as Exhibit 2 to this Code. |
3. | Quarterly Report of Securities Transactions |
• | Access Persons must submit quarterly transaction reports of the purchases and/or sales of Covered Securities in which such persons have a direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership interest. The report will be provided to all of the above defined persons before the end of each quarter by the SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department and must be completed and returned no later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter. Quarterly Transaction Reports that are not returned by the date they are due will be considered late and will be noted as violations of the Code of Ethics. Any person who repeatedly returns the reports late may be subject to the penalties in Section G regarding Code of Ethics violations. |
• | The following information must be provided on the report: |
a. the date of the transaction, the description and number of shares, and the principal amount of each security involved;
b. whether the transaction is a purchase, sale or other acquisition or disposition;
c. the transaction price;
d. the name of the broker, dealer or bank through whom the transaction was effected;
e. a list of securities accounts opened during the quarterly including the name of the broker, dealer or bank and account number; and
f. the date the report is submitted.
• | The Quarterly Report of Securities Transaction is attached as Exhibit 3 to this Code. |
4. | Annual Report of Securities Holdings |
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• | On an annual basis, Access Persons must submit to the SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department an Annual Report of Securities Holdings that contains a list of all Covered Securities, including mutual fund accounts, in which they have any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership interest. |
• | The following information must be provided on the report: |
a. the title of the security;
b. the number of shares held;
c. the principal amount of the security;
d. the name of the broker, dealer, transfer agent, bank or other location where the security is held; and
e. the date the report is submitted.
The information disclosed in the report should be current as of a date no more than 45 days before the report is submitted. If the above information is contained on the Access Person’s brokerage statement, he or she may attach the statement and sign the annual holdings report.
• | Annual Reports must be completed and returned to the SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department within 30 days after the end of the calendar year-end. Annual Reports that are not returned by the date they are due will be considered late and will be noted as violations of the Code of Ethics. Any person who repeatedly returns the reports late may be subject to the penalties in Section G regarding Code of Ethics violations. |
• | The Annual Report of Securities Holdings is attached as Exhibit 4 to this Code. |
5. | Annual Certification of Compliance |
• | Access Persons will be required to certify annually that they: |
-have read the Code of Ethics;
-understand the Code of Ethics; and
-have complied with the provisions of the Code of Ethics.
• | The SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative from the SIDCO Compliance Department will send out annual forms to all Access Persons that must be completed and returned no later than 30 days after the end of the calendar year. Any person who repeatedly returns the forms late may be subject to the penalties in Section G regarding Code of Ethics violations. |
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• | The Annual Certification of Compliance is attached as Exhibit 5 to this Code. |
6. | Exception to Reporting Requirements |
• | An Access Person who is subject to the Code of Ethics of an affiliate of SIDCO (“Affiliate Code”), and who pursuant to the Affiliate Code submits reports consistent with the reporting requirements of paragraphs 1 through 4 above, will not be required to submit such reports under this Code. |
F. Detection and Reporting of Code Violations
1. | The SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department will: |
• | review the personal securities transaction reports or duplicate statements filed by Access Persons and compare the reports or statements of the Investment Vehicles’ completed portfolio transactions. The review will be performed on a quarterly basis. If the SIDCO Compliance Officer or the designated representative of the SIDCO Compliance Department determines that a compliance violation may have occurred, the Officer will give the person an opportunity to supply explanatory material; |
• | prepare an Annual Issues and Certification Report to the Board of Trustees or Directors of any Investment Vehicle that (1) describes the issues that arose during the year under this Code, including, but not limited to, material violations of and sanctions under the Code, and (2) certifies that SIDCO has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent its Access Persons from violating this Code; |
• | prepare a written report to SIDCO management outlining any violations of the Code together with recommendations for the appropriate penalties; and |
• | prepare a written report detailing any approval(s) granted for the purchase of securities offered in connection with an IPO or a private placement. The report must include the rationale supporting any decision to approve such a purchase. |
2. | An employee who in good faith reports illegal or unethical behavior will not be subject to reprisal or retaliation for making the report. Retaliation is a serious violation of this policy and any concern about retaliation should be reported immediately. Any person found to have retaliated against an employee for reporting violations will be subject to appropriate disciplinary action. |
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G. Violations of the Code of Ethics
1. Penalties:
• | Persons who violate the Code of Ethics may be subject to serious penalties, which may include: |
▪ | written warning; |
▪ | reversal of securities transactions; |
▪ | restriction of trading privileges; |
▪ | disgorgement of trading profits; |
▪ | fines; |
▪ | suspension or termination of employment; and/or |
▪ | referral to regulatory or law enforcement agencies. |
2. Penalty Factors:
• | Factors which may be considered in determining an appropriate penalty include, but are not limited to: |
▪ | the harm to clients; |
▪ | the frequency of occurrence; |
▪ | the degree of personal benefit to the employee; |
▪ | the degree of conflict of interest; |
▪ | the extent of unjust enrichment; |
▪ | evidence of fraud, violation of law, or reckless disregard of a regulatory requirement; and/or |
▪ | the level of accurate, honest and timely cooperation from the employee. |
H. Confidential Treatment
• | The SIDCO Compliance Officer or designated representative from the SIDCO Compliance Department will use their best efforts to assure that all requests for pre-clearance, all personal securities reports and all reports for securities holding are treated as personal and confidential. However, such documents will be available for inspection by appropriate regulatory agencies and other parties, such as counsel, within and outside SIDCO as necessary to evaluate compliance with or sanctions under this Code. |
I. Recordkeeping
• | SIDCO will maintain records relating to this Code of Ethics in accordance with Rule 31a-2 under the 1940 Act. They will be available for examination by representatives of the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory agencies. |
• | A copy of this Code that is, or at any time within the past five years has been, in effect will be preserved in an easily accessible place for a period of five years. |
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• | A record of any Code violation and of any sanctions taken will be preserved in an easily accessible place for a period of at least five years following the end of the fiscal year in which the violation occurred. |
• | A copy of each Quarterly Transaction Report, Initial Holdings Report, and Annual Holdings Report submitted under this Code, including any information provided in lieu of any such reports made under the Code, will be preserved for a period of at least five years from the end of the fiscal year in which it is made, for the first two years in an easily accessible place. |
• | A record of all persons, currently or within the past five years, who are or were required to submit reports under this Code, or who are or were responsible for reviewing these reports, will be maintained in an easily accessible place for a period of at least five years from the end of the calendar year in which it is made. |
J. Definitions Applicable to the Code of Ethics
• | Account - a securities trading account held by a person and by any such person's spouse, minor children and adults residing in his or her household (each such person, an "immediate family member"); any trust for which the person is a trustee or from which the person benefits directly or indirectly; any partnership (general, limited or otherwise) of which the person is a general partner or a principal of the general partner; and any other account over which the person exercises investment discretion. |
• | Automatic Investment Plan – a program in which regular periodic purchases (or withdrawals) are made automatically in (or from) investment accounts in accordance with a predetermined schedule and allocation. An Automatic Investment Plan includes a dividend reinvestment plan. |
• | Beneficial Ownership – Covered Security ownership in which a person has a direct or indirect financial interest. Generally, a person will be regarded as a beneficial owner of Covered Securities that are held in the name of: |
a. | a spouse or domestic partner; |
c. | a relative who resides in the person’s household; or |
d. | any other person IF : (a) the person obtains from the securities benefits substantially similar to those of ownership (for example, income from securities that are held by a spouse); or (b) the person can obtain title to the securities now or in the future. |
• | Covered Security – except as noted below, includes any interest or instrument commonly known as a "security", including notes, bonds, stocks (including closed-end funds), debentures, convertibles, preferred stock, security future, warrants, rights, and any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security (including a certificate of deposit) or on any group or index of securities. The term “Covered Securities” specifically includes the SEI Funds. See the definition of Reportable Funds below. |
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A “Covered Security” does not include (i) direct obligations of the U.S. Government, (ii) bankers' acceptances, (iii) bank certificates of deposit, (iv) commercial paper and other high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements, (v) shares issued by money market funds and (vi) shares issued by open-end investment companies other than a Reportable Fund.
• | Initial Public Offering – an offering of securities for which a registration statement has not been previously filed with the U.S. SEC and for which there is no active public market in the shares. |
• | Purchase or sale of a Covered Security – includes the writing of an option to purchase or sell a security. |
• | Reportable Fund – Any non-money market fund for which SIDCO serves as principal underwriter. |
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SEI INVESTMENTS DISTRIBUTION CO. CODE OF ETHICS EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1 | Account Opening Letters to Brokers/Dealers |
Exhibit 2 | Initial Holdings Report |
Exhibit 3 | Quarterly Transaction Report |
Exhibit 4 | Annual Securities Holdings Report |
Exhibit 5 | Annual Compliance Certification |
Exhibit 6 | SIDCO Client List |
EXHIBIT 1 |
Date:
Your Broker
street address
city, state zip code
Re: | Your Name |
your S.S. number or account number
Dear Sir or Madam:
Please be advised that I am an employee of SEI Investments Distribution Co. Please send duplicate statements only of this brokerage account to the attention of:
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
Attn: The Compliance Department
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, PA 19456
This request is made pursuant to SEI’s Code of Ethics.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Sincerely,
Your name
Date:
[Address]
Re: | Employee Name |
Account #
SS#
Dear Sir or Madam:
Please be advised that the above referenced person is an employee of SEI Investments Distribution Co. We grant permission for him/her to open a brokerage account with your firm, provided that you agree to send duplicate statements only of this employee’s brokerage account to:
SEI Investments Distribution Co.
Attn: The Compliance Department
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, PA 19456
This request is made pursuant to SEI’s Code of Ethics.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Sincerely,
SEI Compliance Officer
EXHIBIT 2 |
SEI INVESTMENTS DISTRIBUTION CO.
INITIAL HOLDINGS REPORT
Name of Reporting Person: | |||
Date Person Became Subject to the Code’s Reporting Requirements: | |||
Information in Report Dated as of: | |||
Date Report Due: | |||
Date Report Submitted: |
Securities Holdings
Name of Issuer and Title of Security | No. of Shares (if applicable) | Principal Amount, Maturity Date and Interest Rate (if applicable) | Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank Where Security Held |
If you have no securities holdings to report, please check here. [ ]
Securities Accounts
Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank | Account Number | Names on Account | Type of Account |
If you have no securities accounts to report, please check here. [ ]
I certify that I have included on this report all securities holdings and accounts in which I have a direct or indirect beneficial interest and required to be reported pursuant to the Code of Ethics and that I will comply with the Code of Ethics.
Signature: | Date: | ||||
Received by: |
EXHIBIT 3 |
SEI INVESTMENTS DISTRIBUTION CO.
QUARTERLY TRANSACTION REPORT
Transaction Record of Securities Directly or Indirectly Beneficially Owned
For the Quarter Ended ________
Name: |
Submission Date: |
Securities Transactions
Date of Transaction | Name of Issuer and Title of Security | No. of Shares (if applicable) | Principal Amount, Maturity Date and Interest Rate (if applicable) | Type of Transaction | Price |
Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank Effecting Transaction |
If you had no reportable transactions during the quarter, please check here. [ ]
NOTE: Trades in SEI Funds done through the SEI Capital Accumulation (401(k)) Plan and trades done through an employee account established at SEI Private Trust Company will be deemed to satisfy the reporting requirements of the Code and do not have to be reported here. Any trades in SEI Funds done in a different channel must be reported.
This report is required of all officers, directors and certain other persons under Rule 17j-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and is subject to examination. Transactions in direct obligations of the U.S. Government need not be reported. In addition, persons need not report transactions in bankers' acceptances, certificates of deposit, commercial paper or open-end investment companies other than Reportable Funds. The report must be returned within 30 days of the applicable calendar quarter end. The reporting of transactions on this record shall not be construed as an admission that the reporting person has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the security listed.
Securities Accounts
If you established an account within the quarter, please provide the following information:
Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank |
Account Number | Names on Account |
Date Account was Established |
Type of Account |
If you did not establish a securities account during the quarter, please check here. [ ]
By signing this document, I represent that all reported transactions were pre-cleared through the Compliance Department or the designated Compliance Officer in compliance with the SIDCO Code of Ethics. In addition, I certify that I have included on this report all securities transactions and accounts required to be reported pursuant to the Policy.
Signature: | ||
Received by: |
EXHIBIT 4 |
SEI INVESTMENTS DISTRIBUTION CO.
ANNUAL SECURITIES HOLDINGS REPORT
As of December 31, _______
Name of Reporting Person: |
Securities Holdings
Name of Issuer and Title of Security | No. of Shares (if applicable) | Principal Amount, Maturity Date and Interest Rate (if applicable) | Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank Where Security Held |
If you had no securities holding to report this year, please check here. [ ]
Securities Accounts
If you established an account during the year, please provide the following information:
Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank |
Date Account was Established |
Account Number |
Names on Account | Type of Account |
If you have no securities accounts to report this year, please check here. [ ]
I certify that the above list is an accurate and complete listing of all securities in which I have a direct or indirect beneficial interest.
Signature | Received by | |||
Date |
Note: Do not report holdings of U.S. Government securities, bankers’ acceptances, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and mutual funds other than Reportable Funds.
EXHIBIT 5 |
SEI INVESTMENTS DISTRIBUTION CO. RULE 17J-1 CODE OF ETHICS
ANNUAL COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATION
Please return the signed form via email or
interoffice the form to SEI Compliance Department – Meadowlands Two
1. | I hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of the Code of Ethics. |
2. | I have read and understand the Code of Ethics and recognize that I am subject thereto. In addition, I have raised any questions I may have on the Code of Ethics with the SIDCO Compliance Officer and have received a satisfactory response[s]. |
3. | For all securities/accounts beneficially owned by me, I hereby declare that I have complied with the terms of the Code of Ethics during the prior year. |
Print Name: | ||
Signature: | ||
Date: | ||
Received by SIDCO: |
EXHIBIT 6 |
As of August 2, 2018, SIDCO acts as distributor for the following:
SEI Daily Income Trust SEI Tax Exempt Trust
SEI Institutional Managed Trust
SEI Institutional International Trust
The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund
The Advisors' Inner Circle Fund II
Bishop Street Funds
SEI Asset Allocation Trust
SEI Institutional Investments Trust
City National Rochdale Funds (f/k/a CNI Charter Funds)
Causeway Capital Management Trust
ProShares Trust
ProShares Trust II
Community Capital Trust (f/k/a Community Reinvestment Act Qualified Investment Fund)
TD Asset Management USA Funds
SEI Structured Credit Fund
LP Global X Funds
Exchange Traded Concepts Trust (f/k/a FaithShares Trust)
Schwab Strategic Trust
RiverPark Funds
Adviser Managed Trust Fund
New Covenant Funds
Cambria ETF Trust
Highland Funds I (f/k/a Pyxis Funds I)
KraneShares Trust
SEI Insurance Products Trust
KP Funds
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III
SEI Catholic Values Trust
SEI Hedge Fund SPC
SEI Energy Debt Fund
Gallery Trust
RiverPark Floating Rate CMBS Fund (f/k/a RiverPark Commercial Real Estate Fund)
Schroder Series Trust
Schroder Global Series Trust
City National Rochdale Select Strategies Fund
Metaurus Equity Component Trust
Causeway ETMF Trust
Impact Shares Trust
City National Rochdale Strategic Credit Fund
Symmetry Panoramic Trust
CODE OF ETHICS
PARAMETRIC PORTFOLIO ASSOCIATES LLC
January 30, 2019
Table of Contents
I. | Overview | ||
II. | Standards of Business Conduct | ||
III. | Personal Securities Transactions Policy and Procedures | ||
A. | Definitions | ||
B. | Applicability of the Policy | ||
1. | Who is Covered | ||
2. | What Accounts are Covered | ||
C. | Rules Applicable to All Access Persons | ||
1. | Use of a Designated Broker | ||
2. | Prohibited Practices | ||
3. | Preclearance Requirements | ||
4. | Exempt Transactions | ||
5. | Restricted Transactions | ||
6. | Reporting Requirements | ||
7. | Managed Accounts | ||
D. | Additional Rules Applicable to Seattle Investment Personnel | ||
1. | Requirement to Pre-Notify CCO of Personal Securities Transactions | ||
2. | Blackout Periods and Restricted Securities Lists | ||
E. | Administration | ||
1. | Maintenance of List of Access Persons | ||
2. | Review of Securities Reports | ||
3. | Certifications by Access Persons | ||
4. | Reports to Management and Trustees of Registered Investment Company Clients | ||
5. | Recordkeeping Requirements | ||
6. | Confidentiality | ||
F. | Violations and Sanctions |
Parametric Code of Ethics – January 30, 2019 | 2 | P a g e |
I. Overview
Parametric Portfolio Associates LLC (“Parametric”) is an investment adviser registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Parametric has adopted this written Code of Ethics (this “Code”) in accordance with Rule 204A-1 under the Investment Advisers Act and Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act.
All Parametric directors, officers, employees and interns are considered to be Access Persons of Parametric and are subject to this Code. In addition, any supervised person, such as a consultant, contractor or temporary employee who has access to nonpublic information regarding the purchase or sale of securities in Parametric client portfolios or is involved in making securities recommendations, is considered an Access Person and is subject to this Code.
II. Standards of Business Conduct
Parametric is committed to setting the highest ethical standards with regard to the business conduct of its employees and Access Persons 1 . Parametric has adopted the following standards to promote an environment committed to ethical and professional excellence. By adhering to these standards and this Code, you will enable Parametric to develop and maintain the valued trust and confidence of its Clients and prospective clients.
As an Access Person of Parametric subject to this Code, you are expected to comply with the following standards of business conduct:
• | You must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including federal securities laws; |
• | You must comply with the fiduciary obligations outlined below; and |
• | You must comply with this Code. |
You have a duty to promptly report any violation or apparent violation of this Code to the CCO or a member of Parametric’s Compliance department (“Compliance”). This duty exists whether the violation or apparent violation is yours or that of another person subject to this Code. Retaliation against individuals who report violations or apparent violations of this Code in good faith is not permitted. Violators of this Code are subject to sanctions.
Nothing in this Code restricts or prohibits you from initiating communications directly with, responding to any inquiries from, providing testimony before, providing confidential information to, reporting possible violations of law or regulation to, or from filing a claim or assisting with an investigation directly with a self-regulatory authority or a government agency or entity, including without limitation, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Department of Labor, the National Labor Relations Board, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the U.S. Commodities Futures Trading Commission, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the U.S. Congress, any other federal, state or local governmental agency or commission, and any agency Inspector General (collectively, the "Regulators"), or from making other disclosures that are protected under the whistleblower provisions of federal, state or local law or regulation. This Code does not limit your right to receive an award from any Regulator that provides awards for information relating to a potential violation of law. You do not need prior authorization to engage in conduct protected by this paragraph, and do not need to notify the CCO that you have engaged in such conduct. You recognize and agree that, in connection with any such activity outlined above, you must inform the Regulators, your attorney, a court or a government official that the information you are providing is confidential. Despite the foregoing, you are not permitted to reveal to any third-party, including any governmental, law enforcement, or regulatory authority, information you came to learn during the course of your employment that is protected from disclosure by any applicable privilege, including but not limited to the attorney-client privilege and/or attorney work product doctrine. Parametric and its affiliates do not waive any applicable privileges or the right to continue to protect privileged attorney-client information, attorney work product, and other privileged information.
1 | Capitalized terms in this section are defined in section III.A - Definitions. |
Parametric Code of Ethics – January 30, 2019 | 3 | P a g e |
Please take notice that federal law provides criminal and civil immunity from federal and state claims for trade secret misappropriation to individuals who disclose a trade secret to their attorney, a court, or a government official in certain, confidential circumstances that are set forth at 18 U.S.C. §§ 1833(b)(1) and 1833(b)(2), related to the reporting or investigation of a suspected violation of the law, or in connection with a lawsuit for retaliation for reporting a suspected violation of the law.
Fiduciary Obligations
You have a duty to act in utmost good faith with respect to each Client, and to provide full and fair disclosure of all material facts, particularly where the interests of Parametric may be in conflict with those of a Client. Parametric has a duty to deal fairly and act in the best interests of its Clients at all times. The following fiduciary principles govern your activities and the interpretation/administration of these rules:
• | The interests of Clients must be placed first at all times. |
• | All of your personal Securities Transactions must be conducted consistent with the rules contained in this Code and in such manner as to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest or any abuse of your position of trust and responsibility. |
• | You should never use your position with Parametric, or information acquired through your employment, in your personal trading in a manner that may create a conflict—or the appearance of a conflict—between your personal interests and the interests of Parametric or its Clients. If such a conflict or potential conflict arises, you must report it immediately to the CCO. |
In connection with providing investment advisory services to Clients, this includes avoiding any activity which directly or indirectly:
• | defrauds a Client in any manner; |
• | misleads a Client, including any statement that omits material facts; |
• | operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit on a Client; |
• | functions as a manipulative practice with respect to a Client; and |
• | functions as a manipulative practice with respect to securities. |
These rules do not identify all possible conflicts of interest, and literal compliance with each of the specific provisions of this Code will not shield you from liability for personal trading or other conduct that is designed to circumvent its restrictions or violates a fiduciary duty to Clients.
Parametric Code of Ethics – January 30, 2019 | 4 | P a g e |
III. Personal Securities Transactions Policy and Procedures
A. Definitions
Access Person includes (i) all directors, officers, employees and interns of Parametric; and (ii) any supervised person, such as a consultant, contractor and temporary employee, who has access to nonpublic information regarding the purchase or sale of securities in Client portfolios or is involved in making securities recommendations, as determined at the discretion of the CCO. Employees of Eaton Vance located in a Parametric office are also considered Access Persons under this Code.
Affiliated Fund includes each investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 for which Parametric acts as the investment adviser or sub-adviser. Parametric’s list of Affiliated Funds is maintained in StarCompliance. Please consult StarCompliance for the most current list of Affiliated Funds.
Automatic Investment Plan means a program in which regular periodic purchases (or withdrawals) are made automatically in (or from) investment accounts in accordance with a predetermined schedule and allocation. An Automatic Investment Plan includes a dividend reinvestment plan.
Beneficial Interest with respect to Securities or a Securities Account generally means an interest where you or a member of your Immediate Family, directly or indirectly, (i) have investment discretion or the ability (including joint ability or discretion) to purchase or sell Securities or direct the disposition of Securities; (ii) have voting power over Securities, or the right to direct the voting of Securities; or (iii) have a direct or indirect financial interest in Securities (or other benefit substantially equivalent to ownership of Securities). For purposes of this Code, “beneficial ownership” shall be interpreted in the same manner as it would be under Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder.
CCO means the Chief Compliance Officer of Parametric or another person designated to perform the functions of the Chief Compliance Officer under various provisions of this Code.
Client is any person or entity to which Parametric provides investment advisory services.
Closed-End Fund means any fund with a fixed number of shares and which does not issue and redeem shares on a continuous basis. While Closed-End Funds are often listed and trade on stock exchanges, they are not “Exchange Traded Funds” as defined below.
Control means with respect to (i) an entity, the power to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of the entity, unless such power is solely the result of an official position of such entity, (ii) an account, having investment discretion over the account, and (iii) an issuer (including an Affiliated Fund), a Beneficial Interest in more than 25% of the voting securities of the issuer.
Cryptocurrency means any virtual or digital representation of value, token or other asset in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of such assets and to verify the transfer of assets, which is not a Security or otherwise characterized as a security under the relevant law.
Cryptocurrencies that have been deemed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to be a Security are reportable under this Code and must be held with a Designated Broker.
Designated Broker means any one of the following broker-dealer firms that provide electronic data feeds to StarCompliance: Ameriprise Financial; Betterment; Charles Schwab; Citigroup; E*Trade; Edward Jones; Fidelity; Interactive Brokers; JP Morgan Chase; Merrill Lynch; Morgan Stanley; Raymond James; RBC Wealth Management; Stifel Financial; TD Ameritrade; UBS; USAA; Vanguard; and Wells Fargo. Additional broker-dealers may be added or removed from this list over time. The current list of Designated Brokers may be found in StarCompliance and on the Parametric Intranet.
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Exchange Traded Fund is a registered open-end investment company or unit investment trust that can be traded on an exchange throughout the day like a stock. Examples of Exchange Traded Funds include SPDR S&P 500 ETF (ticker: SPY), iShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF (ticker: EEM), and PowerShares QQQ (ticker: QQQ).
Exchange Traded Note is a debt security traded on a national securities exchange that is not an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Examples of Exchange Traded Notes include SPDR Gold Shares (ticker: GLD) or iShares Silver Trust (ticker: SLV), grantor trusts, or exchange-traded limited partnerships.
Immediate Family of any person includes his or her spouse, domestic partner, children and relatives living in his or her primary residence, excluding temporary house guests.
Initial Public Offering means an offering of securities registered under the Securities Act of 1933, the issuer of which, immediately before the registration, was not subject to the reporting requirements of Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. As used in this Code, the term “Initial Public Offering” shall also mean a one-time offering of stock to the public by the issuer of such stock which is not an initial public offering.
Managed Account is an investment account in which you and your Immediate Family have no investment discretion or direct or indirect influence or control. No direct or indirect influence or control exists over an account where, for example, (a) you or your Immediate Family member is a grantor or beneficiary of a trust managed by a third-party trustee and he or she has limited involvement in trust affairs, or (b) the third-party manager (or other financial intermediary) acting as a third-party manager has discretionary investment authority over the account. However, direct or indirect influence or control will be deemed to exist where you or your Immediate Family member has discussions with the trustee or third-party manager that go beyond a summary, description or explanation of account positioning and/or activity. For example, any of the following actions by you or your Immediate Family member would qualify as direct or indirect influence or control over the account: (i) suggesting purchases or sales of investments to the trustee or third-party manager; (ii) directing the purchase or sale of Securities; or (iii) consulting with the trustee or third-party manager as to the purchase or sale of investments to be made in the account (including situations where the trustee or third-party manager requests input and/or permission from you or your Immediate Family member before entering into a transaction). Managed Accounts must be approved as such by the CCO (see section III.C.7 - Managed Accounts).
Mid/Large Cap Issuer is an issuer of Securities with an equity market capitalization of $3 billion or more.
Mutual Fund means open-end investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (and does not include closed-end investment companies). For the avoidance of doubt, Exchange Traded Funds and Closed-End Funds are not considered to be Mutual Funds under this Code.
Private Placement means an offering that is exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to Section 4(2) or Section 4(5) or pursuant to Rule 504, Rule 505 or Rule 506 under the Securities Act of 1933. A Private Placement thus includes any offer to you to purchase any securities, whether stock, debt securities, or partnership interests from any entity, unless those securities are registered under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Investment Company Act of 1940 (that is, are publicly offered/publicly traded securities).
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Seattle Investment Personnel includes all employees in the Portfolio Management, Trading and Research departments in Parametric’s Seattle office. Seattle office employees in other departments who may have access to pre-execution model portfolio transaction information may also be deemed Seattle Investment Personnel by the CCO for purposes of this Code. All Seattle Investment Personnel will be notified of such designation by the CCO.
Securities shall include anything that is considered a “security” as defined in Section 2(a)(36) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, including most kinds of investment instruments, including:
• | Stocks & bonds |
• | Shares of Exchange Traded Funds |
• | Shares of Closed-End Funds |
• | Shares of Affiliated Funds |
• | Exchange Traded Notes |
• | Options on securities, on indexes and on currencies |
• | Investments in all kinds of limited partnerships |
• | Investments in unit investment trusts |
• | Investments in real estate investment trusts (REITs) |
• | Investments in private investment funds, hedge funds, private equity funds and venture capital funds |
• | Units and shares of non-U.S. unit trusts and non-U.S. funds |
• | Cryptocurrencies that have been deemed to be a Security by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |
For purposes of this Code, the term “Securities” does not include:
• | Direct obligations of the U.S. government |
• | Money-market instruments, including bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper and high quality short-term debt obligations, including repurchase agreements |
• | Shares of money-market funds |
• | Shares of Mutual Funds, other than shares of Affiliated Funds |
• | Units of a unit investment trust, if the investment trust is invested exclusively in unaffiliated Mutual Funds (e.g., variable insurance products) |
• | Currencies and currency forwards |
• | Physical commodities |
Securities Account means, with respect to any Access Person, an account with a broker, dealer or bank in which Securities are held and traded and the Access Person or a member of his or her Immediate Family has a Beneficial Interest and/or Control.
Securities Transaction means a transaction (whether a purchase, sale or other type of acquisition or disposition, including a gift) in a Security in which the Access Person or a member of his or her Immediate Family has or acquires a Beneficial Interest and/or Control.
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Small Cap Issuer is an issuer of Securities with an equity market capitalization of less than $3 billion.
StarCompliance shall mean the online application utilized by Compliance for administering the Code of Ethics and monitoring personal securities trading by Access Persons.
B. Applicability of the Policy
1. Who is Covered
This Policy applies to all Access Persons of Parametric and covers not only your personal Securities Transactions, but also those of your Immediate Family.
2. What Accounts are Covered
Unless the CCO determines otherwise based on your specific facts and circumstances, this Policy applies to Securities Transactions and holdings in: (i) all accounts in which you or members of your Immediate Family have a direct or indirect Beneficial Interest; and (ii) all accounts that are directly or indirectly under your Control or the Control of a member of your Immediate Family.
Accounts that are generally covered by this Policy are referred to hereafter as Securities Accounts and include accounts that are:
• | in your name; |
• | in the name of a member of your Immediate Family; |
• | of a partnership in which you or a member of your Immediate Family have a Beneficial Interest, or are a partner with direct or indirect investment discretion; |
• | a trust of which you or a member of your Immediate Family are a beneficiary and/or a trustee with direct or indirect investment discretion (on a sole or joint basis); |
• | of a closely held corporation, limited liability company or similar legal entity in which you or a member of your Immediate Family are a Controlling shareholder and have direct or indirect investment discretion over Securities held by such entity; |
• | an account or trust holding Securities where you or a member of your Immediate Family have sole or shared investment discretion, or are otherwise deemed to have Control over the account; and |
• | Schwab One brokerage accounts established for you upon hire for the purpose of receiving Eaton Vance Corp. equity award shares and/or Eaton Vance Employee Stock Purchase Plan shares. |
Accounts that are not covered by this Policy include:
• | Accounts that may only hold Mutual Funds, other than Affiliated Funds; |
• | Qualified tuition program accounts established pursuant to Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (“529 Plans”); and |
• | Eaton Vance Employee Retirement Plan accounts. |
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C. | Rules Applicable to All Access Persons 2 |
The following rules will be enforced for all Access Persons unless otherwise individually exempted or preapproved in writing by the CCO.
1. | Use of a Designated Broker |
All Securities Accounts must be maintained with a Designated Broker, unless:
• | the account is a Managed Account and has been approved as such by the CCO; |
• | the account is subject to a code of ethics or similar policy applicable to a member of your Immediate Family requiring an account be held at an entity other than a Designated Broker, in which case you must provide Securities Transactions and holdings information for such account to Compliance no less than quarterly and within 30 calendar days after the end of each calendar quarter; or |
• | you are located in Parametric’s Australia office, in which case you must provide Securities Transactions and holdings information for each Securities Account to Compliance no less than quarterly and within 30 calendar days after the end of each calendar quarter. |
You must initiate movement of all pre-established Securities Accounts to a Designated Broker within 30 calendar days after your employment date or the date you become an Access Person. 3
2. | Prohibited Practices |
You are prohibited from engaging in the following transactions and practices.
a) | Insider Trading |
You are prohibited from purchasing or selling any security, either personally or for a Client, while in possession of material, non-public information concerning the security or its issuer. Please refer to Parametric’s Insider Trading Policy.
b) | Front Running |
Front Running is the practice of effecting the purchase or sale of a Security for personal benefit based on the knowledge of one or more impending Client transaction(s) in the same or equivalent Security. (Example: A Portfolio Manager mentions that Parametric is selling all of its holdings of Company X and you know that the large trade will negatively affect the stock, so you put in a personal order to sell your shares of Company X before the Parametric order is sent to the market.)
c) | Market Manipulation |
Transactions intended to raise, lower or maintain the price of any security or to create a false appearance of active trading are prohibited.
2 | Reminder : When this Policy refers to “you” or your transactions, it includes your Immediate Family and Securities Accounts in which you and/or they have a direct or indirect Beneficial Interest. |
3 | Additional brokers, dealers or banks may be considered. |
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d) | Derivatives and Options Trading |
Derivatives transactions, including options, futures and swaps, are prohibited.
e) | Short-Term Trading |
You may not sell a Security until at least 60 calendar days after the most recent purchase trade date of the same or equivalent Security. You may not repurchase a Security until at least 60 calendar days after the most recent sale trade date of the same or equivalent Security. You may not trade partial positions or use FIFO principles to enter into or trade out of positions of the same Security. (NOTE: Exempt Transactions below are not subject to this prohibition.)
f) | Investment Clubs |
You may not be a member of an investment club that trades in and owns Securities in which members have an interest. Such an investment club is regarded by this Code as your personal account, and it is usually impracticable for you to comply with the rules of this Code with respect to that investment club.
g) | Public Company Ownership Limit |
You may not own more than 0.5% of the outstanding shares of any one public company without written approval from the CCO.
3. | Preclearance Requirements |
You are prohibited from engaging in the following transactions without written preapproval as indicated. Preclearance requests for the following transactions must be submitted via StarCompliance .
a) | Eaton Vance Corp. Securities |
You must preclear all transactions in publicly traded Securities issued by Eaton Vance Corp. (“EVC”) with the Treasury Department of EVC, except that you do not have to preclear (i) purchases pursuant to the EVC Employee Stock Purchase Plan or to the exercise of any EVC stock option agreement, (ii) bona fide gifts of such EVC Securities that you may receive, or (iii) automatic, non-voluntary transactions involving such EVC Securities, such as stock dividends, stock splits, or automatic dividend reinvestments, or certain non-voluntary transactions initiated by a broker, dealer or bank with respect to such EVC Securities deposited in a margin account. Once obtained, approval is valid only for the day on which it is granted. (NOTE: The purchase or sale of publicly traded options on EVC Securities is prohibited.)
There are times when transactions in EVC Securities are routinely prohibited, such as prior to releases of EVC earnings information. You will normally be notified of these blackout periods, during which time trading in EVC Securities is prohibited.
Failure to preclear transactions in EVC Securities may result in the imposition of a fine to be donated to an acceptable charitable organization, as well as additional sanctions as outlined below in the section III.F - Violations and Sanctions.
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b) | Initial Public Offerings |
You may not purchase or otherwise acquire any Security in an Initial Public Offering, except with prior written approval from the CCO. Requests to purchase Securities in an Initial Public Offering will generally be denied by the CCO. Approval may be granted only in rare cases that involve extraordinary circumstances. Accordingly, Parametric discourages such applications. You may be given approval to purchase a Security in an Initial Public Offering, for example, pursuant to the exercise of rights you have as an existing bank depositor or insurance policyholder to acquire the Security in connection with the bank’s conversion from mutual or cooperative form to stock form, or the insurance company’s conversion from mutual to stock form.
Participation in an initial or secondary offering of a Cryptocurrency (sometimes referred to as an initial coin offering (ICO) or a secondary coin offering (SCO)) requires preclearance and approval by the CCO under this Code.
c) | Private Placements |
You may not purchase or otherwise acquire any Security in a Private Placement, except with prior written approval from the CCO. (Note that a Private Placement includes virtually any Security that is not a publicly traded/listed Security.) Such approval will only be granted where you establish that there is no conflict or appearance of conflict with any Client or other possible impropriety (such as where the Security in the Private Placement is appropriate for purchase by a Client, or when your participation in the Private Placement is suggested by a person who has a business relationship with Parametric or its affiliates or expects to establish such a relationship). Examples where approval may be granted, subject to the particular facts and circumstances, are a personal investment in a private fund or limited partnership in which you would have no involvement in making recommendations or decisions, or your investment in a closely held corporation or partnership started by a family member or friend.
4. | Exempt Transactions |
The following transactions are exempt from sections III.C.5 - Restricted Transactions and III.C.6 - Reporting Requirements and the Short-Term Trading prohibition of this Code, unless noted otherwise:
• | The purchase of Securities effected pursuant to an Automatic Investment Plan (the sale of Securities acquired under an automated investment plan is exempt from the Short-Term Trading prohibition but is subject to all other rules herein); |
• | Transactions effected by exercise of rights issued to the holders of a class of Securities pro rata, to the extent they are issued with respect to Securities of which you have Beneficial Interest; |
• | Acquisitions or dispositions of Securities as the result of a stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split, merger, consolidation, spin-off or other similar corporate distribution or reorganization applicable to all holders of a class of Securities of which you have Beneficial Interest; |
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• | Purchases or sales of Securities issued in qualified tuition programs established pursuant to Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code; |
• | Transactions that are non-volitional by the Access Person or his/her Immediate Family, including purchases or sales of Securities in which such Access Person has no advance knowledge of the transaction (e.g., the required liquidation of a Security when rolling over a 401(k) plan); |
• | Transactions effected in an approved Managed Account (note that there are reporting requirements and other restrictions related to Managed Accounts, as outlined below in section III.C.7 - Managed Accounts); and |
• | The acquisition of Securities, such as stock grants and employee stock options, received as compensation from an employer or the purchase of stock through an employer’s stock purchase plan (“ESPP”). (NOTE: The sale of Securities received from an employer or purchased via an ESPP is exempt from the Short-Term Trading prohibition but is subject to all other provisions of this Code.) This provision does not apply to EVC Securities, which you are required to preclear. |
5. | Restricted Transactions |
The following Securities Transactions are restricted as indicated, but do not require preclearance. These restrictions do not apply to Exempt Transactions of this Code, unless specified otherwise.
a) | Daily Transaction Value Limits 4 |
• | For fixed income securities, you may purchase or sell up to $100,000 per day per issuer. |
• | For Exchange Traded Notes, you may purchase or sell up to $100,000 per day per issuer. |
• | For Exchange Traded Funds, you may purchase or sell up to $100,000 per day per Exchange Traded Fund. |
• | For Closed-End Funds, you may purchase or sell up to $10,000 per day per Closed-End Fund. |
• | For equities and REITs, you may purchase or sell up to $50,000 per day per Mid/Large Cap Issuer and up to $10,000 per day per Small Cap Issuer (as defined at time of transaction). |
b) | Short Sales |
You may not sell short any Security, except that you may sell short a Security if you own at least the same amount of the Security you sell short (i.e., selling short “against the box”).
c) | Same-Day Model Transactions |
You may not transact in a Security when you have actual knowledge that a same-day proprietary model and/or third-party investment manager model trade will occur in the same or equivalent Security and in the same direction (i.e., purchase or sale).
4 | The daily transaction value limits are based on your local currency and apply across all of your reportable Securities Accounts. |
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d) | Blackout Periods and Restricted Securities Transactions |
At the discretion of the CCO, you may from time to time be temporarily restricted from all personal Securities trading (a “blackout period”). You may also be temporarily or indefinitely restricted from transacting in certain specific Securities or types of Securities based on your job responsibilities and access to certain information. You will be notified of all such personal Securities trading blackout periods and restricted Securities transactions in writing by the CCO.
e) | Trade Orders |
All Securities trade orders must be same-day orders. Securities trade orders that are open for longer than one trading day (i.e., good-till-cancelled (GTC) and other carry-over orders) are prohibited.
6. | Reporting Requirements |
a) | Initial Holdings Report |
Within 10 calendar days of your employment date and/or initial designation as an Access Person under this Code, you must submit to Compliance a report of your personal Securities holdings, including the title, type, exchange ticker or CUSIP number (if applicable), number of shares and principal amount of each Security held as of a date not more than 45 calendar days before you became an Access Person. Your report must also include the name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom you maintain an account for trading or holding any type of Securities, whether stocks, bonds, funds, or other types and the date on which you submit the report to Compliance. The Initial Holdings Report is administered via StarCompliance.
b) | Annual Holdings Report |
Within 30 calendar days after each calendar year end, you must submit to Compliance a report of your personal Securities holdings, including the same Security information required for the Initial Holdings Report. The Annual Holdings Report is combined with the Q4 Transactions Report and is administered via StarCompliance.
c) | Quarterly Transactions Report |
Within 30 calendar days after each calendar quarter end, you must submit to Compliance a report of your Securities Transactions during the prior calendar quarter, including the date of the transaction, the title, type, exchange ticker or CUSIP number (if applicable), the interest rate and maturity date (if applicable), and the number of shares and principal amount of each Security in the transaction, the nature of the transaction (whether a purchase, sale or other type of acquisition or disposition, including a gift), the price of the Security at which the transaction was effected, and the name of the broker, dealer or bank with whom the transaction was effected. The Quarterly Transactions Report is administered via StarCompliance.
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d) | New Accounts |
You must report new Securities Accounts to Compliance within 10 calendar days of establishing the account. You may do so by entering the account in StarCompliance or notifying Compliance in writing. You may not purchase or sell Securities in the new account until the electronic data feed for the account has been established in StarCompliance.
New Securities Accounts (not including Managed Accounts) of Access Persons registered with FINRA through Eaton Vance Distributors, Inc. (“EVD”) are automatically approved for purposes of FINRA Rule 3210, if they are established with a Designated Broker. Any exception, whereby an Access Person registered with FINRA maintains a Securities Account with a broker, dealer or bank other than a Designated Broker, requires written consent of the EVD Chief Compliance Officer or designee.
7. | Managed Accounts 5 |
Managed Accounts must be approved as such in writing by the CCO. The CCO’s approval of a Managed Account is contingent upon the provision of a signed letter from the broker, financial advisor, trustee or other control person other than you or your Immediate Family members (the “Discretionary Manager”) on the Discretionary Manager’s letterhead containing the following representations 6 :
• | Neither you nor your Immediate Family members have investment discretion or direct or indirect influence or control over the account, and in particular you do not: |
o | Direct or suggest the purchase or sale of securities to the Discretionary Manager; or |
o | Consult with the Discretionary Manager as to the particular allocation of specific Securities investments to be made in the account (including situations where the Discretionary Manager requests input and/or permission from you or your Immediate Family member prior to transacting). |
• | The relationship between the Discretionary Manager and you and your Immediate Family member is limited to a professional, client-adviser relationship (i.e., the Discretionary Manager is not a family member or close personal friend, and no Immediate Family member of yours is employed by the Discretionary Manager). |
• | All transactions in EVC Securities will either be restricted from being purchased or sold in the Managed Account or will be precleared pursuant to this Code. |
You must also acknowledge the above representations in writing to the CCO and agree to immediately notify the CCO if any of the above representations are no longer accurate.
Securities Transactions in approved Managed Accounts are exempt from the Short-Term Trading prohibition and section III.C.5 - Restricted Transactions, but are still subject to section III.C.3 – Preclearance Requirements (Initial Public Offerings, Private Placements and EVC securities transactions in approved Managed Accounts still require written preapproval). However, you must ensure the Discretionary Manager provides account holdings and transactions information to
5 | See section III.A - Definitions above. |
6 | If the letter from the Discretionary Manager does not include all of the above representations above, the CCO may determine via other means at his or her discretion, including via a signed certification and acknowledgement from the employee, the account qualifies as a Managed Account. |
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Compliance either electronically via StarCompliance, if possible, or via annual account statements within 30 calendar days after the end of the calendar year. Securities Transactions in Managed Accounts will be subject to review from time to time by the CCO to determine if any purchase or sale of a Security would have been prohibited pursuant to this Code, absent relying on the exemption provided herein.
Annually, within 30 calendar days of each calendar year end, you must re-certify in writing to the CCO the above representations regarding each Managed Account. Failure to do so will result in the account no longer qualifying as a Managed Account under this Code. This annual re- certification is part of the Combined Annual Holdings & Q4 Transactions Certification administered via StarCompliance.
NOTE: There is no exemption from preclearance for Initial Public Offerings or Private Placements, even when such transactions are effected through a Managed Account. You should ensure the Discretionary Manager of your Managed Account(s) is aware of this restriction.
D. | Additional Rules Applicable to Seattle Investment Personnel 7 |
1. | Requirement to Pre-Notify CCO of Personal Securities Transactions |
Seattle Investment Personnel are required to pre-notify the CCO of intended personal Securities Transactions (including those of Immediate Family members) one business day prior to transacting via StarCompliance.
2. | Blackout Periods and Restricted Securities Lists |
Seattle Investment Personnel may be temporarily restricted from all personal Securities trading by the CCO during significant model portfolio rebalance and index reconstitution events. Seattle Investment Personnel may also be temporarily restricted from transacting in specific Securities during significant model portfolio rebalance or index reconstitution events as determined by the CCO. Seattle Investment Personnel will be notified of all such personal trading blackout periods and restricted securities lists in writing by the CCO.
E. | Administration |
1. | Maintenance of List of Access Persons |
Compliance shall maintain a current and complete list of all Access Persons of Parametric. In addition, Compliance shall ensure each Access Person is aware of their status as an Access Person and each Access Person receives a copy of this Code.
2. | Review of Securities Reports |
Compliance shall ensure that all Initial and Annual Holdings Reports and Quarterly Transactions Reports are reviewed in accordance with this Code.
7 | Seattle Investment Personnel is defined in section III.A - Definitions above. |
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3. | Certifications by Access Persons |
Each Access Person must certify at the time of hire or at the time he or she becomes an Access Person and annually thereafter (within the timeframe established by Compliance) that he or she has read and understood the Code of Ethics, as revised (if applicable), and has complied and will comply with its provisions. In addition, upon any material revision to the Code of Ethics, each Access Person must certify that he or she has read the Code, as revised, and understands and agrees to comply with its provisions.
4. | Reports to Management and Trustees of Registered Investment Company Clients |
At least annually, the CCO shall submit to the Parametric Enterprise Management Committee (“EMC”) and upon request the Board of Trustees of Registered Investment Company Clients a written report that (i) describes any issues arising under this Code since the last report to the EMC and/or the Board, including information about material violations and the sanctions imposed in response to material violations, and (ii) certifies that Parametric has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent Access Persons from violating this Code.
5. | Recordkeeping Requirements |
Parametric shall maintain the following records at its principal place of business in an easily accessible place and make these records available to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or any presentative of the SEC at any time and from time to time for reasonable periodic, special or other examination:
• | Copies of the Parametric Code of Ethics currently in effect and in effect at any time within the past five years; |
• | A record of any violation of the Code of Ethics and of any action taken as a result of the violation, to be maintained for at least five years after the end of the fiscal year in which the violation occurred; |
• | Copies of Access Persons’ Quarterly Transactions Reports and Initial and Annual Holdings Reports, to be maintained for at least five years after the end of the fiscal year in which the report is made or information provided; |
• | A record of any approval to acquire a Security in an Initial Public Offering or in a Private Placement with the reasons supporting the approval, for at least five years after the end of the fiscal year in which the approval is granted; |
• | A record of all Access Persons, currently and within the past five fiscal years, who are or were required to make reports referred to in section III.C.6 - Reporting Requirements; |
• | Copies of each certification referred to in paragraph 3 of this Administration section made by a person who currently is, or in the past five years was, subject to this Code, to be maintained for at least five years after the fiscal year in which the certification was made; and |
• | Copies of each report referred to in paragraph 4 of this Administration section above, to be maintained for at least five years after the end of the fiscal year in which it was made. |
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6. | Confidentiality |
All reports and other documents and information supplied by any Access Person in accordance with the requirements of this Code shall be treated as confidential, but are subject to review as provided herein by Compliance, by senior management of Parametric, representatives of the SEC, or otherwise as required by law, regulation, or court order.
F. | Violations and Sanctions |
Any Access Person of Parametric who violates any provision of this Code may be subject to sanction, including, but not limited to, censure, a temporary or permanent ban on personal securities trading, disgorgement of any profit or taking of any loss, fines, consideration of such violation during the year-end performance and discretionary compensation review process, and suspension or termination of employment. Each sanction shall be approved by the CCO. In the event the CCO violates any provisions of this Code, the CEO shall recommend the sanction to be imposed for approval by the EMC and the CCO of Eaton Vance.
In adopting and approving this Code of Ethics, Parametric does not intend that a violation of this Code of Ethics necessarily is or should be considered to be a violation of Rule 204A-1 of the Investment Advisers Act or Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act.
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Marsico Capital Management,
LLC
The Marsico Investment Fund
Code of Ethics
A. | Introduction and Overview | 2 |
B. | Key Definitions | 3 |
C. | Persons Covered by the Code | 5 |
D. | Summary of General Conduct Guidelines for Personal Investments | 6 |
D.1. | Transactions in Restricted-Reportable Investments | 7 |
D.2. | Permitted Transactions in Other Investments | 10 |
D.3. | Transactions Requiring Pre-Clearance | 12 |
D.4. | Special Transactions Requiring Pre-Clearance of Purchase or Sale | 13 |
E.1. | Reporting Obligations | 16 |
E.2. | Review of Reports and Other Documents | 19 |
F. | Violations of the Code | 19 |
G. | Protection of Material, Non-Public Information | 20 |
H.1. | Miscellaneous Issues Concerning Board Service, Gifts, and Limited Offerings | 21 |
H.2. | Recordkeeping Requirements | 23 |
H.3. | Board Approval and Annual Review Requirements | 24 |
I. | Definitions of Certain Terms | 24 |
J. | Adoption and Effective Date | 28 |
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A. | Introduction and Overview |
This is the Code of Ethics (“Code”) of Marsico Capital Management, LLC (“MCM”) and The Marsico Investment Fund (the “Funds”) (together, “Marsico”). The Code imposes stringent restrictions on personal investing, other business activities, and gifts/entertainment to help ensure that our professional and personal conduct preserves Marsico’s reputation for high standards of ethics and integrity.
The Code applies to Employees and other Covered Persons identified in Section B. below. As used in the Code, terms such as “you,” “your,” “we,” and “our” may refer to Employees alone or to Covered Persons generally (including Employees and related persons as defined in Section B.1.), depending on the context. Please ask the Compliance Department if you have any questions. It is your responsibility to become familiar with the Code and comply with it as a condition of your employment. Violations will be taken seriously and may result in sanctions including termination of employment.
The Code’s restrictions reflect fiduciary duties and other duties that we owe to clients (including the Marsico Funds and their shareholders), such as:
• | The duty to place the interests of clients first and avoid abuses of their trust |
- | Treat clients with care, loyalty, honesty, and good faith |
- | Treat clients equitably and avoid favoritism |
- | Don’t place personal interests ahead of clients |
- | Don’t take an investment opportunity that belongs to clients |
• | The duty to avoid, manage, minimize, or disclose material conflicts of interest |
- | Restrict personal investing to keep focus on client interests and minimize investment-related conflicts of interest |
- | Restrict outside business activities to minimize other conflicts of interest |
- | Seek to disclose material conflicts of interest that cannot be avoided |
• | The duty not to take inappropriate advantage of position |
- | Avoid extravagant gifts or entertainment from or to service providers or clients to avoid misunderstanding about appropriate business relationships |
• | The duty to comply with securities laws |
- | Don’t mislead clients through misstatements or failures to state material facts |
- | Don’t engage in fraud or deceit upon clients |
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Because regulations and industry standards can change, Marsico reserves the right to amend any part of the Code. Marsico also may grant exemptions when necessary if no harm to clients is expected to result and the exemption is documented by the Compliance Department.
No code of ethics can anticipate every situation. Even if no specific Code provision applies, please abide by the general duties and other principles of the Code outlined above. If you have any questions about the Code or whether certain matters may be covered by it, please contact the Compliance Department or the Legal Department.
B. | Key Definitions |
A few key capitalized terms in the Code are defined here. Other terms are defined in Section I. later in the Code.
1. | Covered Person means all persons subject to any Code requirements, including all Employees; their immediate family members by blood or marriage living in an Employee’s household; any relative or non-relative who shares significant financial arrangements with an Employee (as may be reflected in, without limitation, a joint checking account or investment account); and any other Access Person as defined in Section I. |
Although certain requirements and restrictions of the Code apply only to Employees, others apply to all Covered Persons. In particular, all accounts and trades of Covered Persons must meet trading restrictions and reporting requirements, and each Employee must report all accounts and trades for related Covered Persons as discussed in Section E.1., including:
• | Any account in which a Covered Person has a direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership interest, and trades in such accounts , unless Compliance determines otherwise. |
• | Any other account over which a Covered Person has direct or indirect influence or control, and trades in such accounts , unless Compliance determines otherwise. |
Please ask the Compliance Department if you have any questions.
2. | Covered Security means all securities and similar investments subject to the Code, including any stock, bond, or other instrument that is considered a “security” under the Investment Company Act, futures or options based on such a security, and any interest in a private investment fund, hedge fund, or limited partnership, but not does not include certain investments listed in d. below. More specifically, Covered Securities include the following: |
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a. | Prohibited Investments – means those investments that a Covered person generally may not hold or purchase. Prohibited Investments include the following: |
• | Shares of funds sub-advised by Marsico (“MCM Sub-advised Funds”) . MCM Sub-advised Funds may not be purchased or held by Covered Persons. If a Covered Person already holds shares of any MCM Sub-advised Fund when a related Employee joins Marsico, the shares must be disposed of (see D.1.d. below). |
b. | Restricted-Reportable Investments – means stocks, corporate bonds, and derivatives described further below, which a Covered Person may purchase, sell, or sell short only if the Covered Person obtains pre-clearance of every transaction , and also reports all transactions and all holdings. |
Marsico Fund shares also are considered Restricted-Reportable Investments, and are subject to special requirements discussed below.
Restricted-Reportable Investments must be traded through brokers approved by Compliance as identified on a list provided by Compliance (“Electronic Feed Brokers”) . Compliance may make changes or exceptions to the Electronic Feed Brokers list as needed and on a limited basis.
Restricted-Reportable Investments include the following:
• | Shares of publicly traded common stock or preferred stock ( including warrants and rights ) |
• | Corporate bonds |
• | Any future, put, call, straddle, option, privilege, or other derivative based on a particular security (“Derivative”) (Derivatives are typically not issued by a security issuer) |
The Marsico Funds are also considered Restricted-Reportable Investments for purposes of this Code, although they can be purchased without pre-clearance through UMB Fund Services (“UMB”), through MCM’s 401(k) plan (Empower Retirement, or “Empower” (formerly known as Great-West)), or through Electronic Feed Brokers only . Sales or exchanges out of Marsico Fund shares must be pre-cleared by Compliance .
c. | Reportable Investments – means those investments that a Covered Person generally can purchase, hold, exchange, sell, or sell short without pre-clearance, but for which transactions must be reported. Reportable Investments include the following: |
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• | Municipal securities and foreign sovereign debt, including bills, bonds or notes |
• | Exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”), and closed-end funds ( which may only be traded through Electronic Feed Brokers ) |
• | Shares of collective investment funds or commingled funds held through retirement plans |
• | Any Derivative on a group or index of securities |
• | Any Derivative entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency |
• | Any Derivative based directly on particular Reportable Investments (not including Derivatives on Restricted-Reportable Investments, which are subject to pre-clearance) |
• | Registered notes through person-to-person lending programs |
d. | The following are NOT considered Covered Securities , and therefore transactions in them are not restricted or reportable under the Code: |
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Direct obligations of the U.S. government (e.g., Treasury securities) |
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• | Bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and high-quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements | |
• | Shares issued by money market funds |
• | Shares of open-end mutual funds ( except ETFs, ETNs, and closed-end funds (which are Reportable Investments), shares of the Marsico Funds (which are Restricted-Reportable Investments) or MCM Sub-advised Funds (which are Prohibited Investments)) |
• | Interests in a state-sponsored college savings 529 plan |
• | Investments that are not securities, such as commodities or foreign currencies, and Derivatives based on commodities or other investments that are not securities (excluding Derivatives entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency, which are Reportable Investments covered by Section B.2.c. above) |
C. | Persons Covered by the Code |
Certain requirements and restrictions of the Code apply to Employees alone, while others apply to all Covered Persons generally (including Employees and related persons as defined in Section B.1.), depending on the context. Please ask the Compliance Department if you have any questions.
Trustees of the Funds
Trustees of the Funds who are Employees are subject to all provisions of the Code. In contrast, Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“Independent Trustees”), are subject to the Code generally, but are not subject to the investment restrictions or reporting requirements in Sections D., D.1., D.2., D.3., or D.4. Independent Trustees are not subject to Section E.1., applicable to a transaction in a Covered Security, unless the Independent Trustee knew or should have known, in the ordinary course of fulfilling his or her official duties as a Fund trustee, that during the 15-day period immediately before or after the Independent Trustee’s transaction in a Covered Security, Marsico purchased or sold that security for a Fund, or considered the purchase or sale of that security. In addition, Independent Trustees are not subject to the restrictions in Section H.1. regarding board service, other business activities, or gifts and entertainment.
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A special provision of the Code applies to any Independent Trustee who is an officer or director of an operating company, if the company’s securities are held by a Fund, or are under consideration for purchase or sale by the Fund. See Section G. below.
D. | Summary of General Conduct Guidelines for Personal Investments |
Specific Limitations on Personal Investing: The Code generally allows Covered Persons to personally transact in Restricted-Reportable Investments (subject to limitations including pre-clearance and a Blackout Period described in Sections D.1.a.1. and D.3.c. below), Reportable Investments, and other investments that are not considered Covered Securities. Related requirements are described in Sections D.1., D.2., D.3., and Section E. below.
Other Conduct Guidelines for Personal Investing: In addition, SEC rules impose certain general conduct guidelines that apply to personal investments that are permitted by the Code:
1. | A Covered Person may not acquire an interest in a Limited Offering or in an Initial Public Offering without the prior written approval of MCM ( these types of investments are not eligible for the de minimis exemptions from the Blackout Period described in D.3.d. below ). |
2. | With respect to the Marsico Funds, an Employee may not, in connection with the acquisition or sale of any Security Held or to be Acquired by a Fund or any Security issued by the Fund: |
(a) Employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud the Fund;
(b) Make to the Fund any untrue statement of a material fact, or omit to state to the Fund a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made not misleading, in light of the circumstances under which the statements are made;
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(c) Engage in any act, practice, or course of business that would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any Fund; or
(d) Engage in any manipulative practice with respect to the Fund.
Here are a few examples of conduct that must be avoided under these conduct guidelines:
• | Causing a Fund to invest (or not invest) in a security to achieve a personal benefit for a Covered Person rather than for the benefit of the Fund. |
Examples include:
- | Causing a Fund to buy a security to support or drive up the value of a Covered Person’s own investment in the security |
- | Causing a Fund not to sell a security to protect a Covered Person’s own investment |
• | Exploiting knowledge of Fund transactions to profit from their market effects. |
Examples include:
- | Selling a security for a Covered Person’s own account based on the knowledge that the Fund is about to sell the same security |
D.1. Transactions in Restricted-Reportable Investments
a. | Requirements Related to Restricted-Reportable Investments . Restricted-Reportable Investments may include securities that MCM may buy or sell for clients. To minimize potential conflicts of interest, Marsico requires all Covered Persons to submit a pre-clearance request to the Compliance Department for ALL transactions in any Restricted-Reportable Investments (other than Marsico Fund shares, which require pre-clearance for sales only) except in limited cases. Restricted-Reportable Investments Include: |
• | Shares of publicly traded common stock or preferred stock ( including warrants and rights ) |
• | Corporate bonds |
• | Any Derivative on a particular security |
The Marsico Funds are also considered Restricted-Reportable Investments for purposes of this Code, although they can be purchased without pre-clearance through UMB, Empower, or through Electronic Feed Brokers only, and are not subject to the Blackout Period described below . Sales or exchanges out of Marsico Fund shares must be pre-cleared by Compliance .
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1. | Covered Persons may not purchase or sell any Restricted-Reportable Investments within three business days before or after (not including the day of the trade, “Blackout Period” , as further described in D.3.c. below ) a trade in the same security (or a security issued by the same issuer, subject to Compliance review) for a Fund or other client , subject to the de minimis exemptions from the Blackout Period (see D.3.d. below). |
2. | Covered Persons may not sell short a security (or effect uncovered derivative transactions intended to accomplish the same result for that security) currently held for a Fund or other client. |
3. | All transactions in Restricted-Reportable Investments must be traded through brokers on the Electronic Feed Brokers list . |
4. | Pre-clearance must be obtained from the Compliance Department for ALL transactions in a Restricted-Reportable Investment (except in certain circumstances further described in D.1.c. below) . |
5. | The Blackout Period (see D.3.c. below) will apply to all transactions not meeting the de minimis criteria (see D.3.d. below). |
6. | All transactions are subject to a 30 day holding period requirement calculated using a last in, first out (“LIFO”) methodology. Covered Persons are prohibited from disposing of a Restricted-Reportable Investment within 30 calendar days of the most recent acquisition (excluding Derivatives, which may be held less than 30 calendar days). The prohibition also applies to re-acquiring a disposed security within 30 calendar days of the last sale date (also excluding Derivatives). The Compliance Department may waive compliance with this requirement in advance at its discretion. |
7. | The maximum number of transactions per calendar quarter is limited to 20 total (an Employee’s and a related Covered Person’s transactions will be aggregated across accounts having common ownership) , with the Compliance Department having discretion to occasionally allow variances to this on a limited basis. This maximum number applies to all transactions in Restricted-Reportable Investments, even those meeting the Blackout Period de minimis exemptions. |
b. | Holding Previously Acquired Restricted-Reportable Investments . Despite the requirement to use Electronic Feed Brokers to transact in Restricted-Reportable Investments, Covered Persons may continue to hold Restricted-Reportable Investments acquired before a related Employee joined Marsico in their existing non-Electronic Feed Broker brokerage account. Any sales of previously acquired Restricted-Reportable Investments must be pre-cleared with the Compliance Department. Any new purchases of Restricted-Reportable Investments (even if the same securities are already held) must be made through one of the Electronic Feed Brokers. |
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c. | Exceptions for acquisitions of Restricted-Reportable Investments involving limited discretion . Despite general pre-clearance restrictions on purchasing these securities, Covered Persons may otherwise acquire and hold certain Restricted-Reportable Investments through certain transactions involving limited discretion without pre-clearance, subject to conduct guidelines in Section D. and security and account reporting requirements in Section E.1. In particular, Covered Persons may acquire Restricted-Reportable Investments through: |
• | Dividend reinvestment plans |
• | The receipt and the exercise, whether or not discretionary, of rights, warrants, options, or other securities granted to a company’s existing shareholders because of their pre-existing ownership of related securities, or granted to its current or former employees (such as the receipt of securities of a spin-off of an existing company, or the discretionary or non-discretionary exercise of warrants or rights to buy tracking stock, additional securities, or related securities). |
• | The receipt of stock through stock dividends, stock splits, mergers, spinoffs, restricted shares that become unrestricted by their own terms, or other corporate events that are generally applicable to other existing holders of the same class of securities . MCM hereby grants prior approval to acquire an interest in an Initial Public Offering if the securities acquired are issued to Covered Persons who are existing shareholders pursuant to this paragraph. Please note that any sale of Restricted-Reportable Investments obtained through these means must meet the pre-clearance and other requirements described in Section D.3. |
• | Non-volitional Transactions . A Covered Person may acquire or divest Restricted-Reportable Investments through non-volitional transactions that the person generally does not control (such as when an issuer whose securities you already own issues new securities to you or redeems or replaces a security, a derivative instrument expires, shares you already own are deemed worthless or written off after a significant event for the company that issued the shares, or you receive a gift from a relative or other person outside your control). If you acquire Restricted-Reportable Investments through a non-volitional transaction, but can control their sale, the sale must meet the pre-clearance and other requirements described in Section D.3. |
d . | Holding of shares of MCM Sub-Advised Funds . A Covered Person must dispose of, and may not hold shares of, an MCM Sub-advised Fund after a related Employee joins Marsico. Covered Persons who acquired MCM Sub-advised Fund shares prior to a related Employee’s employment with Marsico should sell those shares within 60 days of joining Marsico. A pre-clearance is not required in this circumstance. |
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e. | Purchases/Holding/Sales of Marsico Fund Shares . Covered Persons may invest in Marsico Fund shares subject to the following restrictions: |
• | Marsico Fund shares may only be purchased through UMB, Empower, or through Electronic Feed Brokers. |
• | If a Covered Person acquired Marsico Fund shares through channels other than UMB, Empower, or through Electronic Feed Brokers before a related Employee joined Marsico, the Covered Person must initiate a transfer of the shares to UMB, Empower, or any of the Electronic Feed Brokers, or sell the shares within 60 days of joining Marsico. |
• | Covered Persons must hold all Marsico Fund shares for at least 30 days after purchase. Waivers may be granted in cases of death, disability, or other special circumstances approved by the Compliance Department (such as systematic withdrawal programs). Automatic investments into Marsico Fund shares (e.g., generated by ongoing systematic bi-monthly contributions into the Empower 401(k) plan or an ongoing automatic investment plan into a UMB or Electronic Feed Broker account) are exempt from the 30 day hold period ( standard Compliance pre-clearance of the sale is still required ). Sanctions may be imposed for a violation up to and including disgorgement of any profit on a sale. The Compliance Department’s determination regarding any sanction will be final. |
Marsico Fund shares are subject to sale pre-clearance and reporting requirements discussed in Section D.3., subject to certain exceptions:
• | An Employee may obtain a hardship withdrawal from an MCM 401(k) plan or borrow against an MCM 401(k) Plan account with Empower, even though such a withdrawal or borrowing may involve an effective sale of some or all Marsico Fund shares held in the account, without pre-clearing the sale. |
D.2. Permitted Transactions in Other Investments
A Covered Person may freely, without pre-clearance, purchase, hold, exchange, sell, or sell short Reportable Investments, or investments that are not Covered Securities. These transactions must still comply with Section D. and reporting requirements in Section E.1.
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a. | Purchase, holding, or sale of Reportable Investments |
A Covered Person (or financial adviser, trustee or other person) may, without pre-clearance, buy, hold, exchange, sell, or sell short Reportable Investments, including the following:
• | Municipal securities and foreign sovereign debt, including bills, bonds or notes |
• | ETFs, ETNs, and closed-end funds traded through Electronic Feed Brokers |
• | Shares of collective investment funds or commingled funds held through retirement plans |
• | Any Derivative on a group or index of securities |
• | Any Derivative entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency |
• | Any Derivative based directly on particular Reportable Investments (not including Derivatives on Restricted-Reportable Investments, which are subject to pre-clearance) |
• | Registered notes through person-to-person lending programs |
(REMINDER: You MUST REPORT quarterly (or more frequently, as may be requested by Compliance) any trading activity in the above securities, and you MUST REPORT annually your holdings of the above securities)
b. | Purchase, holding, or sale of Investments that are not Covered Securities |
A Covered Person (or financial adviser, trustee or other person) may, without pre-clearance, buy, hold, exchange, sell, or sell short without restrictions any security or other investment that is not a Covered Security, including the following:
• | Direct obligations of the U.S. government (e.g., Treasury securities) |
• | Bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and high-quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements |
• | Shares issued by money market funds |
• | Shares of open-end mutual funds ( except ETFs, ETNs, and closed-end funds (which are Reportable Investments), shares of the Marsico Funds (which are Restricted-Reportable Investments) or MCM Sub-advised Funds, which are Prohibited Investments)) |
• | Interests in a state-sponsored college savings 529 plan |
• | Investments that are not securities, such as commodities or foreign currencies, and Derivatives based on commodities or other investments that are not securities (excluding Derivatives entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency, which are Reportable Investments covered by Section D.2.a above) |
(REMINDER: You do not need to report activity in or holdings of Investments that are not Covered Securities, but the account must still be reported)
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D.3. Transactions Requiring Pre-Clearance
A Covered Person may transact in a Restricted-Reportable Investment (including Marsico Fund shares or other securities) if the person follows pre-clearance and other procedures designed to avoid potential conflicts of interest.
a. | Restricted-Reportable Investments (including Marsico Fund Shares) . Before a Covered Person buys, sells, or exchanges any Restricted-Reportable Investment (Marsico Fund shares only require pre-clearance for sales or exchanges that will create a sale), a related Employee must submit a pre-clearance request and receive approval. The persons authorized to approve pre-clearances for transactions are: |
Compliance Analysts or Director of Compliance
Chief Compliance Officer of MCM
Chief Compliance Officer of the Marsico Funds
Once pre-clearance is granted it is valid only until market close on the next business day, and only for the approved security and amount indicated on the pre-clearance (or for a lower amount) unless otherwise discussed with Compliance staff.
Failure to obtain pre-clearance for a purchase, sale, or exchange of any Restricted-Reportable Investment (Marsico Fund shares only require pre-clearance for sales or exchanges that will create a sale) is a breach of Marsico’s rules. A violation by an Employee or a related Covered Person may expose the Employee to sanctions, may require a trade to be canceled, and the Covered Person or related Employee may be required to bear any loss. If MCM believes it is warranted in its sole discretion, MCM may require any profits from an unauthorized trade to be donated to a charity.
b. | Holding Period for Shares of Marsico Funds . As a general principle, Covered Persons should engage in personal securities transactions in the Marsico Funds for investment purposes rather than to generate short-term trading profits. Therefore, Covered Persons are generally prohibited from selling Marsico Fund shares acquired within the previous 30 days. MCM may waive compliance with this requirement in advance for good cause shown. |
c. | Blackout Period for Restricted-Reportable Investments . You may not buy or sell a Restricted-Reportable Investment within three business days before or after (not including the day of the trade, “the Blackout Period”) a trade in the same security (or a security issued by the same issuer, subject to Compliance review) for a Fund or other client. Derivatives on particular Restricted-Reportable Investments, which are not issued by a security issuer, may still be subject to the Blackout Period if MCM has employed, or plans to employ, a derivative strategy based on the same security for a Fund or client; and in any case these Derivatives still require pre-clearance and Compliance approval. In the case where MCM has sold completely out of a security for all clients, Covered Persons may sell the same security, after Compliance pre-approval, without the need to wait for the three business day Blackout Period to end. This Blackout Period is intended to ensure that a Covered Person’s securities transactions do not coincide with those of MCM’s clients. Its application before a trade for a client poses difficulties (since it may be impossible to predict whether a security will be traded in the future). Nonetheless, MCM makes reasonable efforts to apply this period. The Blackout Period does not apply to Marsico Fund transactions. |
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If a pre-cleared trade falls within the Blackout Period, MCM may ask the Covered Person to cancel the transaction if appropriate and available in the circumstances, or may waive compliance with the requirement if there is good cause or under other special circumstances.
d. | De Minimis Exemptions from the Blackout Period . During the pre-clearance review by Compliance, transactions in Restricted-Reportable Investments may be allowed a de minimis exemption from the Blackout Period when the total trade in a security on any one day is equal to or less than an estimated $20,000 at the time of pre-clearance ( aggregated across an Employee’s and a related Covered Person’s accounts having common ownership ) and the security’s issuer has a market capitalization of $5 billion or greater. Please note that multiple classes or types of shares from one issuer will be combined for consideration of the $20,000 limit. In calculating the value of derivatives for purposes of the de minimis exemption, the calculation is based on the value of the shares underlying the applicable contract, and not the value of the contract. |
Transactions meeting the de minimis exemption from the Blackout Period must still be pre-cleared with the Compliance Department and must be reported pursuant to the requirements of this Code.
D.4. Special Transactions Requiring Pre-Clearance of Purchase or Sale
a. | Employment Arrangements . A Covered Person may buy or sell Restricted-Reportable Investments, including options under a present or former employment arrangement , and may exercise or sell any options, if the employer or an affiliate issues the securities or options. An Employee must obtain MCM’s prior approval if a related Covered Person enters into such an arrangement to receive options or other securities in connection with a new employment arrangement commencing after the Employee has joined MCM. (See form of Approval of Investment in Limited Offering covered in b. below). |
b. | Limited Offerings . A Covered Person may not acquire an interest in any Limited Offering (such as an interest in a private company, partnership, limited liability company, private equity fund, venture capital fund, hedge fund, or other unregistered operating company or investment company that invests in securities, real estate, or other assets) unless a related Employee obtains MCM’s prior approval (see form of Approval of Investment in Limited Offering). |
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Investments in a hedge fund or other pooled vehicle whose assets are invested in publicly-traded shares of stock and other securities like those purchased for MCM clients (except a fund advised by MCM) will generally be subject to conditions similar to those for a Special Account discussed below.
A Covered Person may sell an interest in a Limited Offering without restrictions, (unless the person will receive an interest in an Initial Public Offering in return, which requires MCM’s prior approval). Holdings and transactions in a Limited Offering must be reported on Code report forms (subject to exceptions discussed in E.1.d. below).
A Covered Person need not seek approval for additional transactions in a Limited Offering after the initial transaction if the additional transactions do not increase the amount of the person’s investment beyond what was originally approved by MCM. If there are additional investments in the same previously approved Limited Offering beyond the original amounts approved, the additional investments must be approved and the transactions must be reported as required in section E.1.b.
If a Covered Person acquires a Limited Offering in a private company, either before association with Marsico or through an Exempted Transaction, MCM may have to follow special procedures if it later seeks to purchase securities of the same issuer for clients. At MCM’s discretion, the Employee having a Beneficial Ownership interest in the investment may be excluded from decision-making relating to such an investment. If the Employee plays a material part in MCM’s consideration of the investment, the decision to invest may be independently reviewed by other MCM investment personnel with no personal interest in the issuer. MCM may request information from Employees regarding these items, as appropriate.
Pre-approval and reporting requirements may not apply to a Covered Person’s ownership of certain personal or family companies or partnerships that do not hold assets such as securities primarily for investment. An entity (e.g., an LLC) that holds only family property (such as an airplane, residence, or vacation home), and is not primarily intended as an investment, are exempted because the entity is not a vehicle for investing in securities. In contrast, if the entity holds securities or similar assets mainly for investment, owns substantial income-producing assets, or offers shares/ownership opportunities to non-family members, it may be viewed as an investment vehicle, and the exemption may NOT apply.
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c. | Special Accounts . A financial adviser, trustee, or other person may buy or sell Restricted-Reportable Investments in a managed Special Account for an Employee (or other Covered Person in whose securities the Employee has a Beneficial Ownership interest) only in circumstances requiring, among other things, that the Employee obtains MCM’s prior approval (see form of Special Account Certification). Approval will require that: |
(1) The financial adviser, trustee, or other person who manages the Special Account has complete control over the account under a written grant of discretion or other formal arrangement, and that the Employee has no direct influence or control over specific investment decisions made for the Special Account, apart from providing information about general goals and objectives and restricted securities;
(2) The Employee (and any related person) does not disclose to the financial adviser, trustee, or other person who manages the Special Account any action that Marsico may take or has or has not taken, or any consideration by Marsico of any security;
(3) The financial adviser, trustee, or other person who manages the Special Account does not consult in advance with the Employee (or related Covered Person) regarding specific investment decisions to be implemented for the Special Account, apart from obtaining information about general goals and objectives and restricted securities; and
(4) The Employee completes the form of Special Account Certification (or its equivalent) and any other documents requested by MCM; reports the existence of the Special Account in periodic holdings and transaction reports; and reports securities holdings and transactions in the Special Account through account statements or otherwise if requested.
Whether an exemption will be granted for a Special Account will be determined on a case-by-case basis. MCM reserves the rights to impose additional conditions as necessary or appropriate depending on the circumstances, and to revoke the exemption at any time.
d. | Initial Public Offerings . A Covered Person may not acquire an interest in an Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) unless a related Employee obtains the prior approval of MCM’s Compliance Department (see form of Approval of Investment in Initial Public Offering), or the purchase occurs through a transaction involving limited discretion. Because IPO securities generally are Restricted-Reportable Investments, sales of such securities also are subject to pre-clearance requirements. Purchases of IPOs will not be allowed a de minimis exemption from the Blackout Period . |
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E.1. Reporting Obligations
Each Employee must file with MCM periodic reports about the Employee’s securities holdings, transactions, and accounts and those of other Covered Persons related to the Employee as defined in B.1. above. SEC requirements mainly determine the form of these reports and their contents.
Failure to file a timely, accurate, and complete report is a serious breach of the Code and SEC rules. If you are late, or file a report that is misleading or incomplete, you may face sanctions including identification by name to the Funds’ board of directors or MCM management, withholding of salary or bonuses, or termination of employment.
a. | Initial Holdings Report : Each Employee must provide an initial complete listing of all accounts and each Covered Security (consisting of Prohibited Investments, Restricted-Reportable Investments, and Reportable Investments as defined on pages 3 through 5, including Marsico Fund shares and MCM Sub-advised Fund shares) in which you or related Covered Persons had any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership as of the date when employment began. |
(1) | Specifically, within ten days after you begin employment with Marsico, you must submit to Marsico a report that contains: |
(a) | The name/title and ticker symbol (or other security identifier) of each Covered Security (including all holdings of Marsico Fund shares and of MCM Sub-advised Fund shares). |
(b) | The number of shares held; and the principal amount of the Covered Security as of the date when you began employment with Marsico. You may initially provide this information to Compliance by supplying copies of account statements or broker transaction confirmations that contain accurate, up-to-date information. All information contained in the account statements or confirmations must be current as of a date not more than 45 days prior to the date of your employment. |
(c) | The name and address of any broker, dealer, bank, or other institution (such as a general partner of a limited partnership, or transfer agent of a company) that maintained any account in which any securities (Covered Securities or not) were held for your or any related Covered Person’s direct or indirect benefit when you began employment with Marsico, the approximate date(s) when those accounts were established, and the account numbers and names of the persons for whom the accounts are held. MCM’s Compliance Department will request duplicate account statements and confirmations (either electronically or via paper statements) from relevant brokers, dealers, banks and other institutions with assistance from the Marsico Employee. |
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(d) | The date that you submitted the report. |
b. | Quarterly Transaction Report : Each Employee must provide a quarterly report indicating all transactions during the quarter in Covered Securities (this includes Restricted-Reportable Investments and Reportable Investments as defined on pages 3 through 5) in which you or related Covered Persons had any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership. |
(1) | Specifically, within 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter, you must submit to Marsico a report that contains: |
(a) | The date of each transaction (purchases, exchanges, sales), the name/title and ticker symbol (or CUSIP), interest rate and maturity date (if applicable), and the number of shares of and the principal amount of each Covered Security involved. Any transactions in an automatic investment plan including a dividend reinvestment plan do not need to be reported (although Compliance may request duplicate statements containing these transactions from time to time). In the event that no reportable transactions occurred during the quarter, the report should so note and be submitted in that form. |
(b) | The nature of the transaction (i.e., purchase, sale, or other type of acquisition or disposition). |
(c) | The price at which the transaction was effected. |
(d) | The name of the broker, dealer, bank, or other institution with or through which the transaction was effected. |
You may provide this information by providing electronic or paper account statements or transaction confirmation copies to Compliance that contain accurate, up-to-date information, or by relying on statements or confirmations (or other information) known to have been received by Marsico no later than 30 days after the end of the applicable calendar quarter. You need not provide back-up statements regarding purchase and sale transactions in Marsico Fund shares that are held at Empower, UMB, or through Electronic Feed Brokers (however, statements may be requested in the instance of rollovers into Empower, or for certain Electronic Feed Brokers which do not provide electronic statement files) . MCM’s Compliance Department obtains monthly purchase and sale reports from Empower regarding the Marsico 401(k) accounts and from UMB regarding Marsico Fund shares you hold at UMB in accounts that you have identified.
(e) | The name and address of any broker, dealer, bank, or other institution (such as a general partner of a limited partnership, or transfer agent of a company) that maintained any account in which any securities (Covered Securities or not) were held during the quarter for your or any related Covered Person’s direct or indirect benefit, the account numbers and names of the persons for whom the accounts were held, and the approximate date when each account was established. |
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(f) | A notice of any new account opened for the direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership of the Employee during the past quarter. MCM’s Compliance Department will send a request to relevant institutions to provide duplicate account statements and confirmations (either electronically or via paper statements) of securities transactions to Marsico with assistance from the Employee. |
(g) | The date that you submitted the report. |
c. | Annual Holdings Report : Annually, within 45 days after a date specified by the Compliance Department, each Employee must submit to Marsico a report that contains a complete listing of all accounts and of each Covered Security (consisting of Restricted-Reportable Investments and Reportable Investments as defined on pages 3 through 5, including Marsico Fund shares) in which you or related Covered Persons had any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership as of the date. |
(1) | Specifically, within 45 days after the specified date, you must submit to Marsico a report that contains: |
(a) | the name/title and ticker symbol (or other security identifier) of each Covered Security (including all holdings of Marsico Fund shares). |
(b) | the number of shares held. |
(c) | the principal amount of the Covered Security. |
You may provide this information in part by providing electronic or paper account statements or transaction confirmation copies to Compliance that contain accurate, up-to-date information. All information contained in account statements or confirmations provided to Compliance must be current as of the specified date (not more than 45 days prior to the submission date). You need not provide back-up statements regarding share balances of Marsico Fund shares that are held at Empower, UMB, or through Electronic Feed Brokers . Regarding Marsico Fund shares, MCM’s Compliance Department obtains monthly share balance reports from Empower regarding the Marsico 401(k) accounts and from UMB regarding Marsico Fund shares you hold at UMB in accounts that you have identified. MCM’s Compliance department also receives daily share balance information for Marsico Fund shares held in accounts that you have identified with Electronic Feed Brokers. You must confirm that the information contained in these confirmations and statements or transaction reports accurately reflects all reportable holdings for the period .
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(d) | The name and address of any broker, dealer, bank, or other institution (such as a general partner of a limited partnership, or transfer agent of a company) with which you maintained any account in which any securities (Covered Securities or not) were held for your or any related Covered Person’s direct or indirect benefit on the effective date, the account numbers and names of the persons for whom the accounts are held, and the approximate date when each account was established. |
(e) | The date that you submitted the report. |
(f) | Certifications: Initially, annually, and following any amendments, all Employees will be required to certify that they have read and understand the Code and have complied with the requirements of the Code. |
d. | Exception to requirement to list transactions or holdings : You need not list any securities holdings or transactions in any account over which you had no direct or indirect influence or control ( although securities holdings and transactions in these types of accounts may be listed if Marsico is receiving information electronically through MCM’s software used to assist in monitoring the Code ), unless requested by the Compliance Department. This may apply, for example, to a Special Account. You must still identify the existence of the account in your list of securities accounts. |
Marsico may at any time request statements for any account listed on a report to assist in ensuring compliance with the Code. Please ask the Compliance Department or the Legal Department if you have questions about reporting requirements.
E.2. Review of Reports and Other Documents
The Compliance Department will review each report submitted pursuant to Section E.1. by Employees for consistency with the Code, and may review account statements or confirmations from institutions that maintain the accounts. To ensure adequate scrutiny, a report concerning a member of the Compliance Department will be reviewed by a different member of the Compliance Department.
F. Violations of the Code
All Employees will promptly report any violations of the Code to the Chief Compliance Officer of MCM, the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds, or a member of the Compliance Department. 1 Reports of violations of the Code may be submitted anonymously. Voluntary cooperation with MCM’s internal compliance and reporting systems may assist MCM to efficiently manage and resolve compliance issues as well as benefit Employees. Efforts to obscure Code violations may result in sanctions. Employees who in good faith report violations of the Code or other MCM policies and procedures shall not be subject to any retaliation for their conduct in reporting such violations .
1 | All violations of this Code must periodically be reported to MCM’s Chief Compliance Officer. |
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The Compliance Department will promptly investigate any violation or potential violation of the Code, and recommend to the Chief Compliance Officer of MCM or the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds appropriate action to cure the violation and prevent future violations. The Compliance Department will keep a record of investigations of violations, including actions taken as a result of a violation. If an Employee or a related Covered Person violates the Code, the Employee may be subject to sanctions including identification by name to the Funds’ board of directors or MCM management, withholding of salary or bonuses, or termination of employment. Violations of the Code also may violate federal or state laws and may be referred to authorities.
G. Protection of Material, Non-Public Information
MCM maintains comprehensive policies and procedures designed to prevent the misuse of material, non-public information (“Insider Trading Policy”). MCM’s Insider Trading Policy is designed to ensure, among other goals, that MCM personnel act consistently with fiduciary and legal duties owed to clients, and that those personnel do not personally profit from material, non-public information available to them at the expense of clients or other persons to whom duties are owed. MCM’s Insider Trading Policy is also designed to ensure that MCM’s proprietary information, including MCM securities recommendations and client securities holdings, is not disclosed improperly. Every MCM employee is required to read the Insider Trading Policy, to sign and return accompanying acknowledgements, and to retain a copy of the policy in a readily accessible place for reference.
Special Provision for Independent Fund Trustees: This provision is intended to prevent the misuse of material, non-public information when an Independent Trustee also serves as a director or officer of an operating company, if the company’s securities are held by a Fund, or are under consideration for purchase or sale by the Fund. In those circumstances, the Independent Trustee should refrain from privately discussing the company or the Marsico Funds’ holdings (or contemplated holdings) in the company with any Marsico Employee. The Independent Trustee also should recuse himself or herself from any Board discussion or presentation regarding the securities of the company. The Independent Trustee may attend a general company meeting or other meeting, at which the Independent Trustee may discuss the company with other members of the Board, the financial community, or securities analysts. Any questions regarding this policy should be discussed with the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds.
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H.1. Miscellaneous Issues Concerning Board Service, Gifts, and Limited Offerings
Some conduct that does not involve personal trading may still raise concerns about potential conflicts of interest, and is therefore addressed here.
a. | Service on Boards : Employees may not serve on the board of directors or in a similar capacity for any for-profit company or other for-profit organization that is the type of company in which MCM might reasonably consider investing for clients without MCM’s written approval. Approval generally will be granted only if MCM believes that board service is consistent with the best interests of Marsico’s clients. If service on the board or in a similar capacity is authorized, you and MCM may need to follow certain procedures to ensure that you and Marsico do not obtain or misuse confidential information. MCM also may require you to show that any securities you receive from the for-profit company or organization are appropriate compensation. Employees are asked to notify the Compliance Department if they serve in an investment-related role on the board of directors or similar capacity for any organization ( including non-profit entities ). |
b. | Other Business Activities/Relationships : Employees should consider their fiduciary responsibilities to MCM and its clients in connection with outside business activities, business-related financial relationships, and outside employment arrangements. Employees should also consider family members’ employment arrangements. Outside business activities, business-related financial relationships, and employment arrangements should not interfere with the Employee’s responsibilities at MCM, and Employees should be sensitive to the appearance of potential conflicts of interest. A potential conflict of interest may appear to exist when an Employee’s or family member’s private or personal interests could significantly interfere with the interests of MCM or its clients, including the Marsico Funds. |
To help MCM manage potential conflicts of interest, please inform the Compliance Department or Legal Department of any of your significant and/or investment-related outside business activities, business-related financial relationships, or those of family members (such as your spouse, parent, spouse’s parent, sibling, child) employment arrangements if they might appear to raise potential conflicts of interest, including, but not limited to, business or employment relationships with a broker-dealer or other service provider to MCM, a company in which MCM invests or may invest in for client portfolios, a client or potential client of MCM, or another firm that has a significant relationship with MCM. Any questions should be directed to the Compliance Department or Legal Department.
c. | Gifts/Entertainment : Marsico seeks to work with service providers and clients based primarily on factors such as the quality of services provided, rather than on extraneous considerations such as gifts or relationship aspects not relevant to service quality. |
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Accepting Gifts or Entertainment
Employees should not accept gifts, meals, or entertainment from anyone based on MCM’s position in providing (or potentially providing) investment management services to ERISA plans (or to pooled funds on behalf of such plans), or based on the value or amount of business conducted with ERISA plans (or with pooled funds on behalf of such plans), without approval by the Compliance Department. If such gifts or entertainment are inadvertently accepted, please promptly notify the Compliance Department.
On occasion, Employees may be offered non-cash gifts or entertainment by clients, broker-dealers, other service providers or vendors, or other persons not affiliated with Marsico who may be in a position to do business with Marsico. Any gifts and entertainment considered for acceptance should be nominal or ordinary and customary, and Employees may not accept cash gifts, or extraordinary or extravagant gifts or entertainment.
Subject to restrictions on receiving gifts and entertainment based on MCM’s provision of services to ERISA plans , as discussed above , you may accept gifts of a nominal value (i.e. , no more than $100 annually from one person) such as gift baskets or food items. (Trinkets such as pens, key chains, Lucite “tombstones”, logo-emblazoned items, or similar promotional items of de minimis value are not considered to be gifts.)
For reasons such as to maintain good working relationships and service quality, evaluate capabilities and limitations, learn more about alternatives, etc., you may accept invitations to participate in customary business meals and/or other entertainment of reasonable value if both you and the giver are present and the entertainment is not extravagant (e.g. , routine sporting events or theatrical productions are permissible). Please call the Compliance Department if you are unsure about whether you may receive a gift, meal or entertainment from service providers or clients .
You may not solicit gifts or entertainment from anyone. Please do not accept gifts or entertainment that could raise any questions about MCM’s commitment to work with service providers and others based on factors such as the quality of services provided, or that could be embarrassing to you or Marsico if made public.
Giving Gifts or Entertainment
Employees should not give gifts, meals, or entertainment to anyone in connection with MCM’s position in providing (or potentially providing) investment management services to ERISA plans (or to pooled funds on behalf of such plans), or based on the value or amount of business conducted with ERISA plans (or with pooled funds on behalf of such plans) without approval by the Compliance Department. Employees also should not give any gifts, meals or entertainment to Taft-Hartley clients (union clients or prospects) or foreign public officials (for example, public officials that run sovereign wealth funds) without approval by the Compliance Department . If such gifts, meals or entertainment are inadvertently given, please promptly report them to the Compliance Department.
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Otherwise , employees may not give a gift that has a fair market value greater than $100 per year to persons associated with securities or financial organizations, exchanges, broker-dealers, publicly traded companies, commodity firms, news media, or clients or potential clients of MCM. Subject to the restrictions discussed above, you may provide customary and reasonable entertainment to these persons if both you and the recipient are present and the entertainment is not extravagant. Please do not give gifts or entertainment that could raise any questions about MCM’s commitment to work with service providers and others based on factors such as the quality of services provided, or be embarrassing to you or Marsico if made public. Please call the Compliance Department if you are unsure about whether you may give a gift, meal or entertainment to a client or service provider .
MCM may request information from Employees relating to gifts/entertainment activities. Please ask the Compliance Department or the Legal Department if you have questions about gifts or entertainment.
H.2. Recordkeeping Requirements
Marsico or its agents will maintain the following records at their places of business in the manner stated below. These records may be made available to the Securities and Exchange Commission for reasonable periodic, special, or other examinations:
• | A copy of the Code that is currently in effect, and any Code that was in effect at any time within the past five years (maintained in an easily accessible place); |
• | A record of any violation of the Code, and of any action taken as a result of the violation (maintained in an easily accessible place for five years after the end of the fiscal year in which the violation occurs); |
• | A copy of each report required to be submitted by an Employee under Section E.1., including broker transaction confirmations or account statements (maintained for at least five years after the end of the fiscal year in which the report is made or the information is provided, the first two years in an easily accessible place); |
• | A record of all Employees within the past five years who are or were required to make reports under the Code (maintained in an easily accessible place); |
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• | A record of all persons who are or were responsible for reviewing reports of Employees during the past five years (maintained in an easily accessible place); |
• | A copy of each report to the Board of Trustees of the Funds submitted under Section H.3. of the Code (maintained for at least five years after the end of the fiscal year in which it is made, the first two years in an easily accessible place); |
• | A copy of each written approval granted to an Employee (including the reasons supporting such decision) relating to a Covered Person’s acquisition of securities in an Initial Public Offering or a Limited Offering, and each written approval of other transactions, such as a Pre-clearance Form (maintained for at least five years after the end of the fiscal year in which the approval was granted); and |
• | A copy of each Employee’s periodic Certificate of Compliance (acknowledging receipt of the Code and any amendments) for five years (maintained in an easily accessible place). |
H.3. Board Approval and Annual Review Requirements
This Code and any material changes must be approved by the Board of Trustees of the Funds, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, within six months after the adoption of the material change. Each approval must be based on a determination that the Code contains provisions reasonably necessary to prevent Access Persons from engaging in any conduct prohibited by Rule 17j-l (b) under the 1940 Act, including conduct identified in Section D. above.
At least annually, the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer, on behalf of MCM, will provide to the Board of Trustees of the Funds, and the Trustees will review, a written report that summarizes existing procedures concerning personal trading (including any changes in the Code), certifies that Marsico has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent violations of the Code, describes any issues arising under the Code, including any material violations and sanctions imposed since the last report to the Board, and identifies any recommended changes to the Code.
MCM’s Chief Compliance Officer must approve the Code on behalf of MCM. On an annual basis, MCM’s Chief Compliance Officer, with the assistance of any designees, will review the adequacy and effectiveness of the Code, and make any necessary recommendations for revisions of the Code.
MCM’s Compliance Department is responsible for providing, as necessary, any training and education to Employees regarding compliance with the Code.
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I. Definitions of Certain Terms
1. | “Access Person” means: |
(a) | Any “MCM-Supervised Person,” defined as any MCM partner, officer, director (or person with similar status or functions), or employee (or other person who provides investment advice for MCM and is subject to MCM’s supervision or control), if the MCM-Supervised Person: |
(i) | Has access to non-public information regarding any MCM client’s purchase or sale of securities, or non-public information regarding the portfolio holdings of any investment company advised or sub-advised by MCM; or |
(ii) | Is involved in making securities recommendations to clients, or has access to such recommendations that are non-public; |
(b) | Any “Advisory Person of the Funds or of MCM,” defined as (i) any director, officer, general partner or employee of the Funds or MCM (or of any company in a control relationship to the Funds or MCM) who, in connection with his or her regular functions or duties, makes, participates in, or obtains information regarding the purchase or sale of Covered Securities by a Fund, or whose functions relate to the making of any recommendations with respect to those purchases or sales; and (ii) any natural person in a control relationship to the Funds or MCM who obtains information concerning recommendations made to a Fund with regard to the purchase or sale of Covered Securities by the Fund; and |
(c) | Any “Informed Underwriter Representative,” defined as a director, officer, or general partner of the principal underwriter of the Funds who, in the ordinary course of business, makes, participates in, or obtains information regarding, the purchase or sale of Covered Securities by a Fund, or whose functions or duties in the ordinary course of business relate to the making of any recommendation to a Fund regarding the purchase or sale of Covered Securities; provided that the Informed Underwriter Representative is not required to meet reporting requirements under the Code (or any code of ethics maintained by the principal underwriter) unless the principal underwriter is an affiliated person of a Fund or MCM, or the Informed Underwriter Representative also serves as an officer, director, or general partner of a Fund or MCM. |
(d) All directors, officers, and general partners of either MCM or the Funds are presumed to be Access Persons.
2. | “Beneficial Ownership” has the same meaning as under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Act. Under those provisions, a person generally is the beneficial owner of (or has a Beneficial Ownership interest in) any securities in which the person has or shares a direct or indirect pecuniary interest. A person's Beneficial Ownership interest ordinarily extends to securities held in the name of a spouse, minor children, relatives resident in the person's home, or unrelated persons in circumstances that suggest a sharing of financial interests, such as when the person makes a significant contribution to the financial support of the unrelated person, or shares in profits of the unrelated person’s securities transactions. Key factors in evaluating Beneficial Ownership include the person’s ability to benefit from the proceeds of a security, and the extent of the person’s control over the security. |
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3. | “Covered Person” -- see Section B.1. |
4. | “Covered Security” -- see Section B.2. |
5. | “Derivative” – see Section B.2.b. |
6. | “Employee” means (1) any Marsico Employee, (2) any temporary staffer who has worked for Marsico continuously for more than 30 days, and (3) any other Access Person not included within (1) and (2). “Employee” does not include an Independent Trustee of the Funds. |
7. | “Initial Public Offering” means an offering of securities registered under the Securities Act of 1933, the issuer of which, immediately before the registration, was not subject to the reporting requirements of Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. |
8. | “Limited Offering” means any offering that is exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) or Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act or pursuant to Rule 504, 505, or 506 under the Securities Act. A Limited Offering generally includes any interest in a private company, partnership, limited liability company, private equity fund, venture capital fund, hedge fund, or other unregistered operating company or investment company that invests in securities, real estate, or other assets, and certain interests in stock options or other deferred compensation. |
9. | “Marsico Employee” means any officer, principal, or permanent employee of MCM, and any officer or permanent employee of the Funds. “Marsico Employee” does not include an Independent Trustee of the Funds. “Marsico Employee” also does not include an inactive or semi-retired employee who receives salary or benefits, but does not actively participate in Marsico’s business, have access to current information regarding the purchase or sale of Covered Securities by the Funds, or make recommendations regarding those purchases or sales. |
10. | “Prohibited Investment” -- see Section B.2.a. |
11. | “Restricted-Reportable Investment” -- see Section B.2.b. |
12. | “Reportable Investment” -- see Section B.2.c. |
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13. | "Security Held or to be Acquired by a Fund” means (1) any Covered Security that within the most recent 15 days (a) is or has been held by one of the Funds or a mutual fund sub-advised by MCM; or (b) is being or has been considered by a Fund or MCM for purchase by the Fund or a mutual fund sub-advised by MCM; and (2) any option to purchase or sell, and any security convertible into or exchangeable for, such a Covered Security. |
14. | “Special Account" means a managed account in which a financial adviser, trustee, or other person buys or sells Restricted-Reportable Investments for a Covered Person (or for a person in whose securities a Covered Person has a Beneficial Ownership interest), provided that the account meets the requirements described in Section D.4.c. |
The following forms are available in the MCM Forms public drive:
• | Sample Letter to Broker or Other Institution |
• | Approval of Investment in Limited Offering |
• | Approval of Investment in Initial Public Offering |
• | Special Account Certification |
The following forms are to be submitted electronically through MCM’s software used to assist in monitoring the Code. The forms may instead be submitted in paper form (templates of which are available from Compliance) in the event that MCM’s software used to assist in monitoring the Code is temporarily unavailable, or for other reasons):
• | Initial Personal Holdings Report |
• | Initial/Annual Certification of Compliance with Code of Ethics |
• | Quarterly Personal Transaction Report |
• | Annual Personal Holdings Report |
• | Pre-clearance Form |
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J. Adoption and Effective Date
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Approved by: | /s/ Steven Carlson | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | December 10, 2012 | |
Approved by: | /s/ Steven Carlson | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | May 20, 2015 | |
Approved by: | /s/ Steven Carlson | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | December 1, 2015 | |
Approved by: | /s/ Steven Carlson | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | August 10, 2017 | |
Amendment Approved: | October 25, 2018 | |
Approved by: | /s/ Steven Carlson | |
Title: | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Effective Date: | October 25, 2018 |
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NOTE - This document is very important. Please take the time to read it thoroughly before you submit the required annual certification.
Any questions regarding this Code of Ethics should be referred to a member of the SEI Compliance Department. See page 2 for more information.
A copy of this Code may be accessed on the SEI intranet site under the Corporate Governance section .
January 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page # | ||||
I. | General Policy | 2 | ||
II. | Code of Ethics; | |||
A. | Purpose of Code | 3 | ||
B. | Employee Categories | 3 | ||
C. | Prohibitions and Restrictions | 3 | ||
D. | Pre-clearance of Personal Securities Transactions | 4 | ||
E. | Reporting Requirements | 5 | ||
F. | Detection and Reporting of Code Violations | 8 | ||
G. | Violations of the Code of Ethics | 9 | ||
H. | Confidential Treatment | 9 | ||
I. | Recordkeeping | 9 | ||
J. | Definitions Applicable to the Code of Ethics | 10 | ||
III. | Exhibits – Code of Ethics Reporting Forms: | |||
Exhibit 1A – Sample Account Opening Letter to Brokers/Dealers (from employee) | ||||
Exhibit 1B – Sample Account Opening Letter to Brokers/Dealers (from SEI) | ||||
Exhibit 2 - Initial Securities Holdings Report | ||||
Exhibit 3 - Quarterly Transaction Report | ||||
Exhibit 4 - Annual Securities Holdings Report | ||||
Exhibit 5 - Annual Compliance Certification (only required in lieu of preferred e-mail response) | ||||
Exhibit 6 - List of Investment Vehicles |
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I. | GENERAL POLICY |
SEI Investments Global Funds Services (“SIGFS”) provides fund accounting and administration services to investment companies that are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. In addition, certain employees of SEI or their affiliates serve as directors and/or officers of certain Investment Vehicles. As used herein, “Investment Vehicle” refers to any registered investment company for which SEI provides fund administration or accounting services. This Code of Ethics (“Code”) sets forth the procedures and restrictions governing the personal securities transactions for SEI personnel.
SEI has a highly ethical business culture and expects that all personnel will conduct any personal securities transactions consistent with this Code and in such a manner as to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest or abuse of a position of trust and responsibility. Thus, SEI personnel must conduct themselves and their personal securities transactions in a manner that does not create conflicts of interest with the firm’s clients.
Pursuant to this Code, certain SEI personnel, their family members, and other persons associated with SIGFS will be subject to various requirements for their personal securities transactions based on their status as defined by this Code. Therefore, it is important that every person pay special attention to the categories set forth to determine which provisions of this Code applies to him or her, as well as to the sections on restrictions, pre- clearance, and reporting of personal securities transactions.
Each person subject to this Code must read and retain a copy of this Code and agree to abide by its terms. Failure to comply with the provisions of this Code may result in the imposition of serious sanctions, including, but not limited to, disgorgement of profits, penalties, dismissal, substantial personal liability and/or referral to regulatory or law enforcement agencies.
Please note that all SEI personnel are also subject to the Code of Conduct of SEI Investments Company, which is the parent company of SIGFS. The requirements and limitations of this Code of Ethics are in addition to any requirements or limitations contained in the Code of Conduct. In addition, employees of SIGFS are subject to all other applicable compliance policies and procedures adopted by those entities. All employees are required to comply with federal securities laws.
Any questions regarding this Code of Ethics should be directed to a member of the SEI Compliance Department. Keith Dietel (610-676-2407) is the primary contact.
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II. | CODE OF ETHICS |
A. Purpose of Code
This Code is intended to conform to the provisions of Section 17(j) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“the 1940 Act”), as amended, and Rule 17j-1 there under, as amended, to the extent applicable to SEI’s role as fund accountant and administrator to Investment Vehicles. Those provisions of the U.S. securities laws are designed to prevent persons who are actively engaged in the management, portfolio selection or underwriting of registered investment companies from participating in fraudulent, deceptive or manipulative acts, practices or courses of conduct in connection with the purchase or sale of securities held or to be acquired by such accounts. Certain SEI personnel will be subject to various requirements based on their responsibilities within SEI and accessibility to certain information. Those functions are set forth in the categories below.
B. Employee Categories
1. Access Person:
(A) Any director, officer or employee of SEI or their affiliates who serves as a director or officer of an Investment Vehicle; and
(B) Any director, officer or employee of SEI who, in connection with his or her regular functions or duties, obtains information concerning recommendations to an Investment Vehicle with regard to the purchase or sale of Covered Securities, or obtains prior or contemporaneous information regarding the purchase or sale of Covered Securities by an Investment Vehicle.
2. Administration Personnel:
Any director, officer or employee of SEI whose principal function or duties relate to the provision of fund accounting or fund administration services by SEI to any Investment Vehicle, and who is not an Access Person.
C. Prohibitions and Restrictions
1. Prohibition Against Fraud, Deceit and Manipulation
Access Persons and Administration Personnel may not, directly or indirectly, in connection with the purchase or sale of a security held or to be acquired by an Investment Vehicle:
a. | employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud the Investment Vehicle for which SEI provides fund accounting or administration services; |
b. | make to the Investment Vehicle any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; |
c. | engage in any act, practice or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the Investment Vehicle; or |
d. | engage in any manipulative practice with respect to the Investment Vehicle. |
2. Excessive Trading of Mutual Fund Shares
Access Persons and Administration Personnel may not, directly or indirectly, engage in excessive short- term trading of shares of Investment Vehicles, except for money market funds. Exhibit 6 hereto provides a list of the Investment Vehicles for which SEI provides such services. For purposes of this section, a person’s trades shall be considered “excessive” if made in violation of any stated policy in the fund’s prospectus or if the trading involves multiple short-term round trip trades in a Fund for the purpose of taking advantage of short-term market movements.
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D. Pre-Clearance of Personal Securities Transactions
1. Transactions Required to be Pre-Cleared:
• | Access Persons and Administration Personnel must pre-clear with the SEI Compliance Officer or the designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department a proposed transaction in a Covered Security if he or she has actual knowledge at the time of the transaction that, during the 24 hour period immediately preceding or following the transaction, the Covered Security was purchased or sold or was being considered for purchase or sale by any Investment Vehicle . The pre-clearance obligation applies to all Accounts held in the person’s name or in the name of others in which they hold a Beneficial Ownership interest. Note that, among other things, this means that these persons must pre-clear such proposed securities transactions by their spouse or domestic partner, minor children, and relatives who reside in the person’s household. No transaction in Covered Securities may be effected without prior written approval, except those set forth below in Section D.2 which lists the securities transactions that do not require pre- clearance. |
• | The SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department may authorize a Pre-clearing Person to conduct the requested trade upon determining that the transaction for which pre-clearance is requested would not result in a conflict of interest or violate any other policy embodied in this Code. Factors to be considered may include: the discussion with the requesting person as to the background for the exemption request, the requesting person’s work role, the size and holding period of the requesting person’s position in the security, the market capitalization of the issuer, the liquidity of the security, the reason for the requesting person’s requested transaction, the amount and timing of client trading in the same or a related security, and other relevant factors. The person granting the authorization must document the basis for the authorization. |
2. Transactions that do not have to be pre-cleared:
• | purchases or sales over which the person pre-clearing the transactions (the “Pre-clearing Person”) has no direct or indirect influence or control; |
• | purchases, sales or other acquisitions of Covered Securities which are non-volitional on the part of the Pre-clearing Person or any Investment Vehicle, such as purchases or sales upon exercise or puts or calls written by Pre-clearing Person, sales from a margin account pursuant to a bona fide margin call, stock dividends, stock splits, mergers consolidations, spin-offs, or other similar corporate reorganizations or distributions; |
• | purchases or withdrawals made pursuant to an Automatic Investment Program; however, any transaction that overrides the preset schedule or allocations of the automatic investment plan must be reported in a quarterly transaction report; |
• | purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of its securities, to the extent such rights were acquired for such issuer; and |
• | acquisitions of Covered Securities through gifts or bequests. |
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3. Pre-clearance Procedures:
• | All requests for pre-clearance of securities transactions must be submitted to the SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department by using the SEI Automated Pre-Clearance Trading system . |
• | The following information must be provided for each request: |
a. | Name, date, phone extension and job title; and |
b. | Transaction detail, i.e. whether the transaction is a buy or sell; the security name and security type; number of shares; price; date acquired if a sale; and whether the security is traded in a portfolio or Investment Vehicle, part of an initial public offering, or part of a private placement transaction. |
• | The SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department will notify the requesting person whether the trading request is approved or denied through the SEI Automated Pre-Clearance Trading system. |
• | A Pre-clearance Request should not be submitted for a transaction that the requesting person does not intend to execute. |
• | Pre-clearance trading authorization is valid from the time when approval is granted through the next business day. If the transaction is not executed within this period, an explanation of why the previous pre-cleared transaction was not completed must be submitted to the SEI Compliance department or entered into the SEI Automated Pre-clearance Trading system. Also, Open and Limit Orders must be resubmitted for pre-clearance approval if not executed within the permitted time period. |
• | The SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department can grant exemptions from the personal trading restrictions in this Code (with the exception of pre-clearance obligations) upon determining that the transaction for which an exemption is requested would not result in a conflict of interest or violate any other policy embodied in this Code. Factors to be considered may include: the discussion with the requesting person as to the background for the exemption request, the certification of the requesting person as to his or her lack of knowledge of transactions by Investment Vehicles for which SEI provides fund accounting or administration services, the requesting person’s work role, the size and holding period of the person’s position in the security, the market capitalization of the issuer, the liquidity of the security, the reason for the requested transaction, the amount and timing of client trading in the same or a related security, and other relevant factors. The person granting the exemption must document all exemptions. |
• | The SEI Compliance Department will maintain pre-clearance records and records of exemptions granted for 5 years. |
E. Reporting Requirements
Note: For purposes of the reporting obligations below, please keep in mind that, in addition to other investment companies for which we provide services, the SEI Funds 1 (excluding money market funds) meet the definition of Reportable Funds and, therefore, are Covered Securities. Trades in SEI Funds transacted through the SEI Capital Accumulation (401(k)) Plan and trades transacted through an employee account established at SEI Private Trust Company will be deemed to satisfy the reporting requirements of the Code. You do not need to report separately with respect to those accounts. However, any trades in SEI Funds transacted in a different channel must be reported to the SEI Compliance Officer or the designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department.
1 | The SEI Family of Funds includes the following Trusts: Adviser Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Insurance Products Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, SEI Structured Credit Fund, L.P., New Covenant Funds and The Catholic Values Trust. |
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1. | Duplicate Brokerage Statements (Access Persons) |
• | All Access Persons are required to instruct their broker/dealer to file duplicate statements with the SEI Compliance Department at SEI Oaks. Statements must be filed for all Accounts (including those in which the person has a Beneficial Ownership interest), except those that trade exclusively in open-end funds other than Reportable Funds, government securities or Automatic Investment Plans and do not offer the ability to trade in Covered Securities . Failure of a broker/dealer to send duplicate statements will not excuse a violation of this Section. |
• | A sample letter instructing the broker/dealer firms to send the statements to SEI is included as Exhibit 1A of this Code. If the broker/dealer requires a letter authorizing an SEI employee to open an account, a sample of that type of permission letter may also be found in Exhibit 1B . Please complete the necessary brokerage information and forward a signature ready copy to the SEI Compliance Officer. |
• | If no such duplicate statement can be supplied, the employee should contact the SEI Compliance Department. |
2. | Initial Holdings Report (Access Persons) |
• | All Access Persons must submit an Initial Holdings Report to the SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department disclosing every Covered Security, including Reportable Funds, beneficially owned directly or indirectly by such person within 10 days of becoming an Access Person. Any person who returns the report late may be subject to the penalties in Section G regarding Code of Ethics violations. |
• | The following information must be provided on the report: |
a. | the title of the security; |
b. | the number of shares held; |
c. | the principal amount of the security; |
d. | the name of the broker, dealer, transfer agent; bank or other location where the security is held; and |
e. | the date the report is submitted. |
The information disclosed in the report should be current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date the person becomes an Access Person. If the above information is contained on the Access Person’s brokerage statement, he or she may attach the statement and sign the Initial Holdings Report.
• | The Initial Holdings Report is attached as Exhibit 2 to this Code. |
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3. | Quarterly Report of Securities Transactions (Access Persons) |
• | Access Persons must submit quarterly transaction reports of the purchases and/or sales of Covered Securities in which such persons have a direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership interest. A form for documenting the required reporting will be provided to all of the above defined persons before the end of each quarter by the SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department and must be completed and returned no later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter. Quarterly Transaction Reports that are not returned by the date they are due will be considered late and will be noted as violations of the Code of Ethics. Any person who repeatedly returns the reports late may be subject to the penalties in Section G regarding Code of Ethics violations. |
• | The following information must be provided on the report: |
a. | the date of the transaction, the description and number of shares, and the principal amount of each security involved; |
b. | whether the transaction is a purchase, sale or other acquisition or disposition; |
c. | the transaction price; |
d. | the name of the broker, dealer or bank through whom the transaction was effected; |
e. | a list of securities accounts opened during the quarterly including the name of the broker, dealer or bank and account number; and |
f. | the date the report is submitted. |
• | The Quarterly Report of Securities Transaction is attached as Exhibit 3 to this Code. |
4. | Annual Report of Securities Holdings (Access Persons) |
• | On an annual basis, all Access Persons must submit to the SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department an Annual Report of Securities Holdings that contains a list of all Covered Securities, including Reportable Funds, in which they have any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership interest. |
• | The following information must be provided on the report: |
a. | the title of the security; |
b. | the number of shares held; |
c. | the principal amount of the security; |
d. | the name of the broker, dealer, transfer agent, bank or other location where the security is held; and |
e. | the date the report is submitted. |
The information disclosed in the report should be current as of a date no more than 45 days before the report is submitted. If the above information is contained on the Access Person’s brokerage statement, he or she may attach the statement and sign the annual holdings report.
• | Annual Reports must be completed and returned to the SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department within 30 days after the end of the calendar year-end. Annual Reports that are not returned by the date they are due will be considered late and will be noted as violations of the Code of Ethics. Any person who repeatedly returns the reports late may be subject to the penalties in Section G regarding Code of Ethics violations. |
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• | The Annual Report of Securities Holdings is attached as Exhibit 4 to this Code. |
5. | Annual Certification of Compliance |
• | All Access Persons and Administration Personnel will be required to certify annually that they: |
a. | have read the Code of Ethics; |
b. | understand the Code of Ethics; and |
c. | have complied with the provisions of the Code of Ethics. |
• | The SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative from the SEI Compliance Department will send out the form used to provide such certifications to all Access Persons and Administration Personnel. The certification must be completed and returned no later than 30 days after the end of the calendar year. Any person who repeatedly returns the forms late may be subject to the penalties in Section G regarding Code of Ethics violations. |
• | The Annual Certification of Compliance is attached as Exhibit 5 to this Code. |
6. | Exception to Reporting Requirements |
• | An Access Person who is subject to the Code of Ethics of an affiliate of SEI (“Affiliate Code”), and who pursuant to the Affiliate Code submits reports consistent with the reporting requirements of paragraphs 1 through 4 above, will not be required to submit such reports under this Code. |
F. Detection and Reporting of Code Violations
1. | The SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department will: |
• | review the personal securities transaction reports or duplicate statements filed by Access Persons and compare the reports or statements of the Investment Vehicles’ completed portfolio transactions. The review will be performed on a quarterly basis. If the SEI Compliance Officer or the designated representative of the SEI Compliance Department determines that a compliance violation may have occurred, the Officer will give the person an opportunity to supply explanatory material; |
• | prepare an Annual Issues and Certification Report to the Board of Trustees or Directors of any Investment Vehicle that (1) describes the issues that arose during the year under this Code, including, but not limited to, material violations of and sanctions under the Code, and (2) certifies that SEI has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent its Access Persons from violating this Code; |
• | prepare a written report to SEI management outlining any violations of the Code together with recommendations for the appropriate penalties; and |
• | prepare a written report detailing any approval(s) granted for the purchase of securities offered in connection with an IPO or a private placement. The report must include the rationale supporting any decision to approve such a purchase. |
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2. | An employee who in good faith reports illegal or unethical behavior will not be subject to reprisal or retaliation for making the report. Retaliation is a serious violation of this policy, and any concern about retaliation should be reported immediately. Any person found to have retaliated against an employee for reporting violations will be subject to appropriate disciplinary action. |
G. Violations of the Code of Ethics
1. Penalties:
• | Persons who violate the Code of Ethics may be subject to serious penalties, which may include: |
a. | written warning; |
b. | reversal of securities transactions; |
c. | restriction of trading privileges; |
d. | disgorgement of trading profits; |
e. | fines; |
f. | suspension or termination of employment; and/or |
g. | referral to regulatory or law enforcement agencies. |
2. Penalty Factors:
• | Factors which may be considered in determining an appropriate penalty include, but are not limited to: |
a. | the harm to clients; |
b. | the frequency of occurrence; |
c. | the degree of personal benefit to the employee; |
d. | the degree of conflict of interest; |
e. | the extent of unjust enrichment; |
f. | evidence of fraud, violation of law, or reckless disregard of a regulatory requirement; and/or |
g. | the level of accurate, honest and timely cooperation from the employee. |
H. Confidential Treatment
• | The SEI Compliance Officer or designated representative from the SEI Compliance Department will use their best efforts to assure that all requests for pre-clearance, all personal securities reports and all reports for securities holding are treated as personal and confidential. However, such documents will be available for inspection by appropriate regulatory agencies and other parties, such as counsel, within and outside SEI as necessary to evaluate compliance with or sanctions under this Code. |
I. Recordkeeping
• | SEI will maintain records relating to this Code of Ethics in accordance with Rule 31a-2 under the 1940 Act. They will be available for examination by representatives of the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory agencies. |
• | A copy of this Code that is, or at any time within the past five years has been, in effect will be preserved in an easily accessible place for a period of five years. |
• | A record of any Code violation and of any sanctions taken will be preserved in an easily accessible place for a period of at least five years following the end of the fiscal year in which the violation occurred. |
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• | A copy of each Quarterly Transaction Report, Initial Holdings Report, and Annual Holdings Report submitted under this Code, including any information provided in lieu of any such reports made under the Code, will be preserved for a period of at least five years from the end of the fiscal year in which it is made, for the first two years in an easily accessible place. |
• | A record of all persons, currently or within the past five years, who are or were required to submit reports under this Code, or who are or were responsible for reviewing these reports, will be maintained in an easily accessible place for a period of at least five years from the end of the calendar year in which it is made. |
J. Definitions Applicable to the Code of Ethics
• | Account - a securities trading account held by a person and by any such person's spouse, minor children and adults residing in his or her household (each such person, an "immediate family member"); any trust for which the person is a trustee or from which the person benefits directly or indirectly; any partnership (general, limited or otherwise) of which the person is a general partner or a principal of the general partner; and any other account over which the person exercises investment discretion. |
• | Automatic Investment Plan – a program in which regular periodic purchases (or withdrawals) are made automatically in (or from) investment accounts in accordance with a predetermined schedule and allocation. An Automatic Investment Plan includes a dividend reinvestment plan. |
• | Beneficial Ownership – Covered Security ownership in which a person has a direct or indirect financial interest. Generally, a person will be regarded as a beneficial owner of Covered Securities that are held in the name of: |
a. | a spouse or domestic partner; |
b. | a child residing at home or attending college; |
c. | a relative who resides in the person’s household; or |
d. | any other person IF : (a) the person obtains from the securities benefits substantially similar to those of ownership (for example, income from securities that are held by a spouse); or (b) the person can obtain title to the securities now or in the future. |
• | Covered Security – except as noted below, includes any interest or instrument commonly known as a "security", including notes, bonds, stocks (including closed-end funds), debentures, convertibles, preferred stock, security future, warrants, rights, and any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security (including a certificate of deposit) or on any group or index of securities. Reportable Funds (which include SEI Funds) are “Covered Securities.” See the definition of Reportable Funds below. |
A “Covered Security” does not include (i) direct obligations of the U.S. Government, (ii) bankers' acceptances, (iii) bank certificates of deposit, (iv) commercial paper and other high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements, (v) shares issued by money market funds and (vi) shares issued by open-end investment companies other than a Reportable Fund.
• | Initial Public Offering – an offering of securities for which a registration statement has not been previously filed with the U.S. SEC and for which there is no active public market in the shares. |
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• | Investment Vehicle – a registered investment company for which SEI provides fund administration or accounting services. A list of Investment Vehicles is provided as Exhibit 6 hereto. Please note that this list includes the SEI Funds. |
• | Purchase or Sale of a Covered Security – includes the writing of an option to purchase or sell a security. |
• | Reportable Fund – Any Investment Vehicle other than a money market fund. |
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Exhibit 1A
Sample Account Opening Letters to Brokers/Dealers
(Sent Directly by Employee)
Date:
Your Broker
street address
city, state zip code
Re: Your Name, your S.S. # or account # Dear Sir or Madam:
Please be advised that I am an employee of SEI Investments Global Funds Services. Please send duplicate statements only of this brokerage account to the attention of:
SEI Investments Global Funds Services
Attn: The Compliance Department
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, PA 19456
This request is made pursuant to SEI’s Code of Ethics. Thank you for your cooperation.
Sincerely,
Your name
January 2018
Exhibit 1B
Sample Account Opening Letters to Brokers/Dealers
(Sent by SEI)
Date:
[Address]
Re: Employee Name, Account #, SS# Dear Sir or Madam:
Please be advised that the above referenced person is an employee of SEI Investments Global Funds Services. We grant permission for him/her to open a brokerage account with your firm, provided that you agree to send duplicate statements only of this employee’s brokerage account to:
SEI Investments Global Funds Services
Attn: The Compliance Department
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, PA 19456
This request is made pursuant to SEI’s Code of Ethics. Thank you for your cooperation.
Sincerely,
SEI Compliance Officer
January 2018
Exhibit 2
SEI Investments Global Funds Services
Initial Securities Holdings Report
Name of Reporting Person: | |||
Date Person Became Subject to the Code’s Reporting Requirements: | |||
Information in Report Dated as of: | |||
Date Report Due: | |||
Date Report Submitted: |
Securities Holdings:
Name of Issuer and Title of Security | No. of Shares (if applicable) | Principal Amount, Maturity Date and Interest Rate (if applicable) |
Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank Where Security Held |
If you have no securities holdings to report, please check here. [ ]
Securities Accounts:
Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank | Account Number | Names on Account | Type of Account |
If you have no securities accounts to report, please check here. [ ]
I certify that I have included on this report all securities holdings and accounts in which I have a direct or indirect beneficial interest and required to be reported pursuant to the Code of Ethics. I hereby declare that I will comply with the Code of Ethics.
Signature: | Date: | ||||
Received by: |
January 2018
Exhibit 3
SEI Investments Global Funds Services
Quarterly Transaction Report
Transaction Record of Securities Directly or Indirectly Beneficially Owned
For the Quarter Ended _____________
Name: |
Submission Date: |
Securities Transactions
Date of Transaction | Name of Issuer and Title of Security | No. of Shares (if applicable) | Principal Amount, Maturity Date and Interest Rate (if applicable) | Type of Transaction | Price | Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank Effecting Transaction |
If you had no reportable transactions during the quarter, please check here. [ ]
NOTE: Trades in SEI Funds done through the SEI Capital Accumulation (401(k)) Plan and trades done through an employee account established at SEI Private Trust Company will be deemed to satisfy the reporting requirements of the Code and do not have to be reported here. Any trades in SEI Funds done in a different channel must be reported.
This report is required of all officers, directors and certain other persons under Rule 17j-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and is subject to examination. Transactions in direct obligations of the U.S. Government need not be reported. In addition, persons need not report transactions in bankers' acceptances, certificates of deposit, commercial paper or open-end investment companies other than Reportable Funds. The report must be returned within 30 days of the applicable calendar quarter end. The reporting of transactions on this record shall not be construed as an admission that the reporting person has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the security listed.
Securities Accounts
If you established an account within the quarter, please provide the following information:
Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank | Account Number | Names on Account | Date Account was Established | Type of Account |
If you did not establish a securities account during the quarter, please check here. [ ]
January 2018
By signing this document, I represent that all reported transactions were pre-cleared through the Compliance Department or the designated Compliance Officer in compliance with the SEI Code of Ethics. In addition, I certify that I have included on this report all securities transactions and accounts required to be reported pursuant to the Policy.
Signature: | ||
Received by: |
January 2018
Exhibit 4
SEI Investments Global Funds Services
Annual Securities Holdings Report
as of December 31, _______
Name of Reporting Person: |
Securities Holdings
Name of Issuer and Title of Security | No. of Shares (if applicable) | Principal Amount, Maturity Date and Interest Rate (if applicable) | Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank Where Security Held |
If you had no securities holding to report this year, please check here. [ ]
Securities Accounts
If you established an account within the year, please provide the following information:
Name of Broker, Dealer or Bank | Date Account was Established | Account Number | Names on Account | Type of Account |
If you have no securities accounts to report this year, please check here. [ ]
I certify that the above list is an accurate and complete listing of all securities in which I have a direct or indirect beneficial interest.
Signature | Received by | |||
Date |
Note: Do not report holdings of U.S. Government securities, bankers’ acceptances, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and mutual funds other than Reportable Funds.
January 2018
Exhibit 5
SEI Investments Global Funds Services Rule 17j-1 Code of Ethics Annual Compliance Certification
1. | I hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of the Code of Ethics. |
2. | I have read and understand the Code of Ethics and recognize that I am subject thereto. In addition, I have raised any questions I may have on the Code of Ethics with the SEI Compliance Officer and have received a satisfactory response[s]. |
3. | For all securities/accounts beneficially owned by me, I hereby declare that I have complied with the terms of the Code of Ethics during the prior year. |
Print Name: | ||
Signature: | ||
Date: | ||
Received by SEI: |
Note – This form is only required to be signed if the recipient was not able to electronically certify that he/she has read and understood the code of ethics by using the voting buttons on the e-mail that typically accompanies this document. In such cases, please return the signed form by attaching a scanned PDF version via an e-mail attachment to Keith Dietel ( kdietel@seic.com ) or a hard copy via interoffice mail to Mr. Dietel (Summit 1).
January 2018
Exhibit 6
Investment Vehicles as of January 31, 2018
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund:
Acadian Funds AlphaOne Funds Atlantic Trust Cambiar Funds Cornerstone Advisors
Edgewood Growth Fund FMC Funds
Haverford Quality Growth Fund Hamlin High Dividend Equity Fund Harvest Funds
ICM Small Company Portfolio Loomis Sayles
LSV Funds
McKee International Equity Portfolio Rice Hall James Portfolios
Sands Capital Sarofim Equity Fund TS&W Portfolios
Thomson Horstmann and Bryant Micro Cap Fund Westwood Funds
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II Fund:
Cardinal Fund Champlain Funds Frost Funds
Hancock Horizon Funds
LM Capital Opportunistic Bond Fund Reaves Utility & Infrastructure Fund RSQ International Equity Fund Westfield Capital
Kopernik Funds
RQSI Small Cap Hedged Equity Fund
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III Fund:
Knights of Columbus Funds Fiera Capital Fund
Logan Circle Funds North Pointe Funds
PineBridge Dynamic Asset Allocation Fund Chiron Funds
BNP Paribas AM Funds SGA Fund
RWC Partners Chilton Investec Magellan GQG Partners
Bishop Street Funds The KP Funds
Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund Gallery Trust
Schroder Series Trust Schroder Global Series Trust
Affiliated Funds
The SEI Funds
SEI Structured Credit Fund, L.P. New Covenant Funds
Adviser Managed Trust Catholic Values Trust
Unaffiliated Funds:
Cambria Funds ETF
Causeway Capital Management Trust City National Rochdale Funds Community Capital Trust
Exchange Traded Concepts ETF Funds Global-X ETF Funds
Highland ETF Funds KraneShares Funds and ETF River Park Funds
TD Asset Management USA Funds, Inc. The Community Development Fund Van Eck Market Vectors ETF
Triloma EIG Funds
Registered Hedge Funds:
Mellon Optima L/S Strategy Fund
PERSONAL INVESTMENTS AND INSIDER TRADING POLICY | December 2018 |
FRANKLIN TEMPLETON INVESTMENTS
PERSONAL INVESTMENTS AND INSIDER TRADING POLICY (“The Policy”)
(This Policy serves as a code of ethics adopted pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and Rule 204A-1 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940)
Revised December 31, 2018
SECTION 1. | PURPOSE OF THE POLICY | 1 |
1.1 | SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE POLICY | 2 |
1.2 | STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES | 2 |
1.3 | PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES | 2 |
1.4 | MONITORING OF THE POLICY AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 3 |
SECTION 2. | PERSONAL INVESTMENTS | 3 |
2.1 | STATEMENT ON COVERED EMPLOYEE INVESTMENTS | 3 |
2.2 | CATEGORIES OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO THE POLICY | 3 |
2.3 | ACCOUNTS AND TRANSACTIONS COVERED BY THE POLICY | 4 |
2.4 | PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS | 4 |
2.5 | ADDITIONAL PROHIBITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCESS PERSONS AND PORTFOLIO PERSONS | 5 |
2.6 | REPORTING REQUIREMENTS | 6 |
2.7 | PRE-CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS | 6 |
2.8 | REQUIREMENTS FOR INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS | 7 |
SECTION 3. | INSIDER TRADING | 7 |
3.1 | POLICY ON INSIDER TRADING | 7 |
SECTION 4. | RELATED POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS | 8 |
4.1 | STATEMENT ON OTHER POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS | 8 |
SECTION 5. | ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICY, WAIVERS & REPORTING VIOLATIONS | 8 |
5.1 | CODE OF ETHICS COMMITTEE; REPORTING TO FT FUND BOARDS | 8 |
5.2 | VIOLATIONS OF THE POLICY | 8 |
5.3 | WAIVERS OF THE POLICY | 9 |
5.4 | REPORTING VIOLATIONS | 9 |
This document is the proprietary product of Franklin Templeton Investments. Any unauthorized use, reproduction or transfer of this document is strictly prohibited. Franklin Templeton Investments © 2018. All Rights Reserved.
FRANKLIN TEMPLETON INVESTMENTS
PERSONAL INVESTMENTS AND INSIDER TRADING POLICY | December 2018 | 2 |
SECTION 1. PURPOSE OF THE POLICY
1.1 | Scope and Purpose of the Policy |
The Franklin Templeton Investments Personal Investments and Insider Trading Policy (the “Policy) applies to the personal investment activities of all Covered Employees (as defined in section 2.2 of the Policy) of Franklin Resources, Inc. (“FRI”) and all of its subsidiaries (collectively, “Franklin Templeton”).
Franklin Templeton provides services to the funds that are advised or sub-advised by a Franklin Templeton investment adviser (the “FT Funds”) and other client accounts (“Client Accounts”). Thus, for purposes of this Policy, “FT Fund” includes all open-end and closed-end funds within the Franklin Templeton Group of Funds, as well as any other fund that is advised or sub-advised by a Franklin Templeton investment adviser.
The purpose of the Policy is to summarize the values, principles and business practices that guide Franklin Templeton’s business conduct and to establish a set of principles to guide Covered Employees regarding the conduct expected of them when managing their personal investments.
1.2 | Statement of Principles |
All Covered Employees are required to conduct themselves in a lawful, honest and ethical manner in their business practices and to maintain an environment that fosters fairness, respect and integrity.
Franklin Templeton’s policy is that the interests of the FT Funds and Client Accounts are paramount and come before the interests of any employee. Information concerning the securities 1 holdings and financial circumstances of the FT Funds and Client Accounts, as well as the identity of certain Client Accounts, is confidential and Covered Employees are required to safeguard this information.
The personal investment activities of Covered Employees must be conducted in a manner to avoid actual or potential conflicts of interest with the FT Funds and Client Accounts. In particular, to the extent that a Covered Employee learns of an investment opportunity because of his or her position with Franklin Templeton (e.g., internal or third party research, Franklin Templeton or company sponsored conferences, or communications with company officers), the Covered Employee must give preference to the FT Funds or Client Accounts.
Personal transactions in a security may not be executed, regardless of quantity, if the Covered Employee has access to information regarding, or knowledge or even a presumed knowledge of, FT Fund or Client Account activity in such security, including proposed activity and recommendations.
1.3 | Prohibited Activities |
Covered Employees generally are prohibited from engaging or participating in any activity that has the potential to cause harm to an FT Fund or Client Account. Examples of prohibited activities include, but are not limited to:
• | Making investment decisions, changes in research ratings and trading decisions other than exclusively for the benefit of, and in the best interest of, the FT Funds or Client Accounts; |
• | Taking, delaying or omitting to take any action with respect to any research recommendation, report or rating or any investment or trading decision for an FT Fund or Client Account in order to avoid economic injury to themselves or anyone other than the FT Funds or Client Accounts; |
• | Purchasing or selling a security on the basis of knowledge of a possible trade by or for an FT Fund or Client Account with the intent of personally profiting from, or avoiding a loss with respect to, personal holdings in the same or related securities; |
1. | For purposes of this Policy, the term “securities” also includes derivatives, such as futures, options and swaps. |
FRANKLIN TEMPLETON INVESTMENTS
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• | Revealing to any other person (except in the normal course of the Covered Employee’s duties on behalf of an FT Fund or Client Account) any information regarding securities transactions by any FT Fund or Client Account or the consideration by any FT Fund or Client Account of any such securities transactions; or |
• | Engaging in any act, practice or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit on an FT Fund or Client Account or engaging in any manipulative practice with respect to any FT Fund or Client Account. |
1.4 | Monitoring of the Policy and Additional Information |
Questions regarding the Policy and related requirements should be directed to the Code of Ethics Department located in San Mateo, CA. The Code of Ethics Department can be reached by e-mail at lpreclear@frk.com or by phone at (650) 312-3693 or extension 112-3693. The Code of Ethics Department uses PTA, http://coeprod/pta/index.jsp, an automated transaction pre-clearance system, to manage the oversight of personal investments. Administration of the Policy is the responsibility of the Code of Ethics Committee.
SECTION 2. PERSONAL INVESTMENTS
2.1 | Statement on Covered Employee Investments |
Franklin Templeton recognizes the importance to Covered Employees of managing their own financial resources. However, because of the potential conflicts of interest inherent in its business, Franklin Templeton has implemented this Policy with regard to personal investments of Covered Employees. This Policy is designed to minimize these conflicts and help ensure that Franklin Templeton focuses on meeting its duties as a fiduciary to the FT Funds or Client Accounts.
Covered Employees should be aware that their ability to invest in certain securities and to liquidate those positions may be severely restricted under this Policy due to trading by the FT Funds or Client Accounts, including during times of market volatility. Therefore, as a general matter, Franklin Templeton encourages Covered Employees to exercise caution when investing in individual securities, particularly in situations where a Covered Employee wishes to invest in securities held or likely to be held by the FT Funds or Client Accounts.
Franklin Templeton also discourages Covered Employees from engaging in a pattern of securities transactions that is so excessively frequent as to potentially impact the Covered Employee’s ability to carry out their assigned responsibilities, increases the possibility of potential conflicts or violates the Policy or the FT Funds’ prospectuses.
2.2 | Categories of Persons Subject to the Policy |
All persons subject to the Policy are assigned to the following categories based on their access to information regarding, or involvement in, investment activities. Persons subject to other personal trading policies or codes of ethics adopted by Franklin Templeton or its affiliates generally are exempt from this Policy. 2 Please consult the Code of Ethics Department if you have any questions about how this Policy applies to you.
Covered Employees: Covered Employees are: (1) partners, officers, directors (or persons occupying a similar status or having similar functions) and employees (including certain designated temporary employees or consultants) of any Franklin Templeton investment adviser, as well as any other persons who provide advice on behalf of any Franklin Templeton investment adviser and are subject to the supervision and control of that investment adviser; (2) Access Persons, as defined below; and (3) Independent directors of FT Funds within the Franklin Templeton Group of Funds and independent directors of Franklin Templeton investment advisers (collectively, “Independent Directors”).
2. | In limited circumstances, certain affiliates of FRI may adopt separate policies or codes of ethics governing personal trading in order to address the specific features of their investment activities and operations. Individuals subject to such separate policies or codes of ethics generally are exempt from this Policy. |
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Access Persons: Access Persons are those who have access to non-public information regarding FT Funds’ or Client Accounts’ securities transactions; or have access to recommendations that are non-public; or have access to non-public information regarding the portfolio holdings of the FT Funds or Client Accounts.
Portfolio Persons: Portfolio Persons, a subset of Access Persons, are those who, in connection with their regular functions or duties, make or participate in the decision to purchase or sell a security by an FT Fund or Client Account or if his or her functions relate to the making of any recommendations about those purchases or sales.
Please see the Appendix to this Policy for a table indicating how the provisions of the Policy apply to each category of persons. In addition, please see section 2.8 of the Policy for a description of the requirements for Independent Directors.
2.3 | Accounts and Transactions Covered by the Policy |
The Policy covers two types of securities accounts and transactions: (1) those in which Covered Employees have or share investment control, and (2) those in which Covered Employees have direct or indirect beneficial ownership. Generally, a person has a beneficial ownership in a security if he or she, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, has or shares a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in the security. “Pecuniary interest” has the same meaning as in Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Generally, a pecuniary interest in a security means the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to profit or share in any profit derived from a transaction in the security. Covered Employees are presumed to have a pecuniary interest in securities held by members of their immediate family sharing the same household.
Certain types of securities are exempt from the Policy. These exempt securities include, but are not limited to, direct obligations of the U.S. government, money market instruments, and registered open-end funds other than the FT Funds. Please consult the Code of Ethics Department or PTA for further information about specific types of securities that are exempt from the Policy.
2.4 | Prohibited Transactions |
Trading that Conflicts with FT Funds or Client Accounts
Covered Employees are prohibited from any trading activity that conflicts with the FT Funds’ or Client Accounts’ trading activity. Examples of prohibited trading activity include, but are not limited to:
• | “front running” or trading ahead of an FT Fund or Client Account; and |
• | trading parallel to or against an FT Fund or Client Account. |
Short Sales of Securities Issued by Franklin Resources and Closed-end FT Funds
Covered Employees are prohibited from effecting short sales, including “short sales against the box,” of securities issued by FRI or any closed-end FT Funds. This prohibition includes economically equivalent transactions such as call or put options, swap transactions or other derivatives.
Pledged Securities
Directors and Executive Officers are also prohibited from pledging, hypothecating or otherwise encumbering securities issued by Franklin Resources as described in greater detail in the Franklin Resources, Inc. Code of Ethics and Business Conduct.
Trading in Shares of the FT Funds
A Covered Employee is prohibited from buying and selling shares of an FT Fund if in possession of material non- public information about the FT Fund. Specifically, Covered Employees are prohibited from taking personal advantage of their non-public knowledge of recent or impending investment activities of FT Funds or the FT Funds’ investment advisers or any other non-public information that a reasonable investor would likely consider important in making his or her investment decisions, including information that may have a material effect on an FT Fund’s share price or net asset value.
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Covered Employees must keep confidential at all times any non-public information they may obtain about an FT Fund, including but not limited to information such as portfolio holdings, pricing or valuation of an FT Fund’s portfolio holdings, recent or impending securities transactions by an FT Fund, activities of an FT Fund’s investment advisers, offerings of new FT Funds, changes to investment minimums, closings of FT Funds, changes to investment personnel, FT Fund flow activity, and information on current or prospective FT Fund shareholders.
Short-Term Trading in Open-end FT Funds
Franklin Templeton discourages short-term or excessive trading, often referred to as “market timing,” in shares of the open-end FT Funds. Covered Employees must be familiar with the “Frequent Trading Policy” or its equivalent described in the prospectus of each open-end FT Fund in which they invest and must not engage in trading activity that might violate the purpose or intent of such policy. Accordingly, all Covered Employees must comply with the purpose and intent of each open-end FT Fund’s Frequent Trading Policy or its equivalent and must not engage in any short-term or excessive trading in open-end FT Funds.
For open-end FT Funds within the Franklin Templeton Group of Funds, the Trade Control Team of each FT Fund’s transfer agent will monitor trading activity in shares of the FT Funds by Covered Employees and will report any trading patterns or behaviors that may constitute short-term or excessive trading to the Code of Ethics Department. These reports will include descriptions of any actions taken and any sanctions or penalties imposed in response to such trading activity. This policy applies to the open-end FT Funds including those FT Funds purchased through a 401(k) plan, but does not apply to purchases and sales of money market funds.
2.5 | Additional Prohibitions and Requirements for Access Persons and Portfolio Persons |
Initial Public Offerings
Access Persons are prohibited from investing in securities sold in an initial public offering or a secondary offering by an issuer except for offerings of securities made by closed-end FT Funds advised or sub-advised by
Franklin Templeton.
Short Sales of Securities
Portfolio Persons are prohibited from selling short any security held by the FT Funds, including “short sales against the box.” This prohibition also applies to effecting economically equivalent transactions, including, but not limited to, sales of uncovered call options, purchases of put options while not owning the underlying security, and short sales of bonds that are convertible into equity positions, swaps or other derivatives.
Short Swing Rule
Portfolio Persons are subject to a short swing rule whereby they cannot profit from the purchase and sale or sale and purchase of any security within a 60 calendar day period, including transactions in derivatives and transactions that may occur in margin and option accounts. For purposes of this rule, profits will be determined based upon the maximum gain that could be realized on the purchases and sales (or sales and purchases) occurring during the 60 calendar day period. Please consult the Code of Ethics Department about how profits are calculated for purposes of this rule.
Disclosure of Interest in Securities
Portfolio Persons are required to disclose any interest they have in the securities of an issuer if they are involved in either analysis or investment decisions related to the issuer. Portfolio Persons must re-disclose any such interest if they participate in later recommendations or investment decisions related to the issuer.
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Portfolio Persons must also disclose any personal transactions they are contemplating in the securities referenced above, any position they hold with the issuer and any proposed business relationship between the issuer and the Portfolio Person or any party in which the Portfolio Person has a significant interest.
The disclosures above must be made to their Chief Investment Officer and /or Director of Research.
2.6 | Reporting Requirements |
All Covered Employees must complete an Initial Code of Ethics Certification no later than 10 calendar days after the date the person is notified by a member of the Human Resources Department of the requirement to do so. Additionally, by February 15 th of each subsequent year they must complete an annual certification that they have complied with and will comply with the Policy.
Access Persons must also file an Initial Broker Accounts Certification and Initial Holdings Certification no later than 10 calendar days after the date the person is notified by a member of the Human Resources Department of the requirement to do so. Additionally, by February 15 th of each subsequent year, Access Persons must file a then current annual report of all personal securities accounts and securities holdings and must certify that they have complied with and will comply with the Policy.
On a quarterly basis, and no later than 30 calendar days after the end of each calendar quarter, every Access Person must report all transactions in securities covered by this Policy, except for those executed through an Automatic Investment Plan or that would duplicate information already provided in broker confirmations or statements sent to the Code of Ethics Department directly from the broker.
No later than 30 calendar days after the calendar quarter, Access Persons must report any account established in which any securities were held during that calendar quarter.
2.7 | Pre-Clearance Requirements |
Pre-Clearance of Securities Transactions
Access Persons must obtain pre-clearance from the Code of Ethics Department before buying or selling any security (other than those not requiring pre-clearance, a full list of which is available from the Code of Ethics Department) and are always prohibited from executing transactions in a security if aware that the FT Funds or Client Accounts are active or contemplate being active in the security (even if the transactions have been pre- cleared). Pre-clearance requests should be submitted via PTA.
Private Investments and Limited Offerings
Access Persons must obtain pre-clearance from the Code of Ethics Department before investing in a private placement or purchasing other securities in a limited offering. For example, investments in private or unregistered funds (i.e., hedge funds) are required to be pre-cleared under the Policy.
Discretionary Accounts
Transactions in discretionary accounts do not need to be pre-cleared if satisfactory evidence has been provided to the Code of Ethics Department that sole investment discretion has been granted to an investment manager. The Access Person must certify initially and annually thereafter that they do not have investment control of the account other than the right to terminate. If the Access Person makes, or participates in, an investment decision for an account that has been reported as discretionary, transactions related to that decision must be pre-cleared. If there is any uncertainty about whether a particular account would be deemed discretionary for purposes of the Policy, please consult the Code of Ethics Department.
Exemptions from Pre-Clearance
Certain types of securities and transactions are exempt from pre-clearance requirements. Examples of these types of securities and transactions include, but are not limited to, shares issued by FRI; shares of open-end and closed-end funds (including the FT Funds); shares of ETFs; certain government obligations and transactions effected pursuant to dividend reinvestment plans. In addition, transactions in small quantities of securities (e.g., in the case of equity securities, 500 shares within a 30 calendar day period) are not required to be pre-cleared. Please consult the Code of Ethics Department for further information about the types of securities and transactions that are exempt from the pre-clearance requirements of the Policy.
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“Intent” Is Important
While pre-clearance of Access Persons’ transactions is a cornerstone of Franklin Templeton’s compliance efforts, it cannot detect inappropriate or illegal transactions where the intent conflicts with the principles of the Policy. Thus, the fact that a proposed transaction received pre-clearance is not a defense against a charge of violating the Policy or the securities laws. For example, even if an Access Person received pre-clearance for a transaction, that transaction might constitute front-running if it occurred shortly before a transaction by an FT Fund or Client Account that the Access Person was aware of. In cases like this, the intent may not be evident when a particular transaction request is analyzed for pre-clearance.
2.8 | Requirements for Independent Directors |
Pre-clearance and Reporting Requirements
An Independent Director is subject to the pre-clearance and transaction reporting requirements of the Policy only if such Independent Director, at the time of his or her transaction, knew or should have known that, during the 15 calendar day period before or after the date of the Independent Director’s transaction, the security was purchased or sold or considered for purchase or sale by an FT Fund or Client Account. The pre-clearance and reporting requirements of the Policy do not apply to securities transactions conducted in an account where an Independent Director has granted full investment discretion to a brokerage firm, bank or investment adviser or conducted in a trust account in which the trustee has full investment discretion. Independent Directors are not required to disclose any securities holdings or brokerage accounts, including brokerage accounts where he/she has granted discretionary authority to a brokerage firm, bank or investment adviser.
Initial and Annual Acknowledgment Reports
An Independent Director must complete and return an executed Acknowledgment Form to the Code of Ethics Department no later than 10 calendar days after the date the person becomes an Independent Director. Independent Directors will be asked to certify by February 15 th of each year that they have complied with and will comply with the Policy by filing the Acknowledgment Form with the Code of Ethics Department.
SECTION 3. INSIDER TRADING
3.1 | Policy on Insider Trading |
Insider trading, or trading on material non-public information, is against the law and penalties are severe, both for individuals involved in such unlawful conduct and their employers. No Covered Employee may (1) trade, either personally or on behalf of the FT Funds or Client Accounts, while in possession of material non-public information, or (2) communicate material non-public information to others.
Material non-public information may be obtained by many means, both in connection with a Covered Employee’s job functions (e.g., from meetings with company executives or consultations with expert networks) or independent of the Covered Employee’s employment or relationship with Franklin Templeton (e.g., from friends or relatives).
Before trading for themselves or others (including FT Funds and Client Accounts) in the securities of a company about which a Covered Employee potentially may have material non-public information, the Covered Employee should consider the following questions:
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• | First, is the information material? Information is considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider the information to be important in making his or her investment decision, or if it is reasonably certain to have a substantial effect on the price of the company’s securities. |
• | Second, is the information non-public? Information is non-public until it has been effectively communicated to the marketplace. For example, information in a report filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or that appears in a publication of general circulation (e.g., The Wall Street Journal or Reuters) would be considered public. If the information has been obtained from someone who is betraying an obligation not to share the information (e.g., a company insider), that information is very likely to be non-public. |
If, after consideration of these questions, the Covered Employee believes that the information that they have about a company may be material and non-public, or if the Covered Employee has questions as to whether the information is material or non-public, he or she must report the matter immediately to Trading Desk Compliance/IC, the designated Compliance Officer or Legal Department. In addition, the Covered Employee must not purchase or sell any securities issued by such company on behalf of themselves or others (including on behalf of any FT Fund or Client Account), or communicate the information inside or outside Franklin Templeton.
Trading Desk Compliance/IC or the Compliance Officer will promptly contact the Legal Department for advice. After review of the facts, the Legal Department, Trading Desk Compliance/IC or the Compliance Officer will provide instructions to the Covered Employee. If the information in the Covered Employee’s possession is determined to be material and non-public, the Covered Employee is required to keep the information confidential and secure. Those securities for which the Covered Employee has material non-public information will be placed on restricted trading lists for a timeframe determined by the Compliance Officer.
SECTION 4. RELATED POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS
4.1 | Statement on Other Policies and Requirements |
In addition to the Policy, Covered Employees are required to observe the applicable policies and procedures prescribed in the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct , the policies contained in the U.S. and non-U.S. employee handbooks (as applicable), and various other policies adopted by Franklin Templeton.
SECTION 5. ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICY, WAIVERS & REPORTING VIOLATIONS
5.1 | Code of Ethics Committee; Reporting to FT Fund Boards |
The Code of Ethics Committee is responsible for the administration of the Policy and provides oversight of compliance with the personal trading requirements of the Policy. Among other things, the Committee has the authority and responsibility to review the Policy periodically, review sanction guidelines for violations of the Policy and review trading violations and waivers granted.
At least annually, the Franklin Templeton Fund Boards will be provided with a report describing any issues arising under the Policy.
5.2 | Violations of the Policy |
A Covered Employee that violates this Policy will be sanctioned in a manner commensurate with the violation. Prescribed sanctions range from reminder memos for a first time failure to pre-clear a transaction that would have been approved to the immediate sale of positions, disgorgement of profits, personal trading suspensions and other sanctions, up to and including termination and reporting to regulatory authorities for more serious violations .
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5.3 | Waivers of the Policy |
The Director of Global Compliance or the Chief Compliance Officer may, in his or her discretion, waive compliance by any Covered Employee with the provisions of the Policy, if he or she finds that such a waiver:
(1) | is necessary to alleviate undue hardship or in view of unforeseen circumstances or is otherwise appropriate under all the relevant facts and circumstances; |
(2) | will not be inconsistent with the purposes and objectives of the Policy; |
(3) | will not adversely affect the interests of the FT Funds or Client Accounts or the interests of Franklin Templeton; and |
(4) | will not result in a transaction or conduct that would violate provisions of applicable laws or regulations. |
Any waiver will be in writing, will contain a statement of the basis for it, and any waivers granted by the Chief Compliance Officer of the relevant investment adviser will be reported to the Director of Global Compliance.
5.4 | Reporting Violations |
Covered Employees are required to report violations of the Policy or the related Procedures, whether by themselves or by others.
Franklin Templeton is dedicated to providing Covered Employees with the means and opportunity to report violations of the Policy or the related Procedures, or other instances of wrongdoing, or any concerns they may have regarding ethical violations or accounting, internal control or auditing matters, including fraud. Several means are provided by which reports can be made including:
Compliance and Ethics Hotline: | 1-800-636-6592 | http://intranet/codeofethics/hotline/op_principles.htm | |
Funds Compliance Hotline: | 1-888-678-8852 | http://intranet/codeofethics/hotline/op_principles.htm | |
Corporate Ombudsman: | 1-650-312-2832 | http://intranet/codeofethics/ombudsman/index.htm |
Franklin Templeton will not allow retaliation against any Covered Employee who has submitted a report of a violation of the Policy or the related Procedures in good faith.
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Appendix
Covered Employees |
Access Persons |
Portfolio Persons |
Independent Directors |
|
Prohibited Activities (Section 1.3) | X | X | X | X |
Prohibited Transactions and Other Requirements (Sections 2.4 and 2.5) | ||||
Prohibition on Trading Activity that Conflicts with FT Funds or Client Accounts | X | X | X | X |
Prohibition on Short Sales of FRI and Closed-end FT Funds | X | X | X | X |
Trading in Shares of the FT Funds When in Possession of Material Non-Public Information | X | X | X | X |
Short-Term Trading in Open-end FT Funds | X | X | X | X |
Prohibition on Investments in Initial Public Offerings | X | X | ||
Prohibition on Short Sales of All Securities | X | |||
Short Swing Rule | X | |||
Disclosure of Interest in Securities | X | |||
Reporting Requirements (Section 2.6) | ||||
Initial Certification/Acknowledgment | X | X | X | X |
Initial Disclosure of Accounts and Holdings | X | X | ||
Annual Disclosure of Accounts and Holdings | X | X | ||
Annual Certification of Compliance | X | X | X | X |
Quarterly Disclosure of Transactions | X | X | X* | |
Quarterly Disclosure of New Accounts | X | X | ||
Pre-Clearance Requirements (Section 2.7) | X | X | X* | |
Insider Trading (Section 3) | X | X | X | X |
Requirement to Report Violations (Section 5.4) | X | X | X | X |
* | Only applicable if the Independent Director, at the time of his or her transaction, knew or should have known that, during the 15 calendar day period before or after the date of the Independent Director’s transaction, the security was purchased or sold or considered for purchase or sale by an FT Fund or Client Account. |