UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
T
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2012

OR

o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                     to

Commission file number 001-33678

NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
 
68-0454536
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or
organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

5980 Horton Street, Suite 550, Emeryville CA 94608
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (510) 899-8800

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X]      No [  ] 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X]    No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer  [  ]
 
Accelerated filer   [  ]
 
Non-accelerated filer   [  ]
 
Smaller reporting company    [X]
 
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2). Yes  [  ]  No [X] 

As of August 6, 2012, there were 28,959,362 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
 
 
1

 
 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
           
           
Item 1.
  
Financial Statements
     
           
           
 
1.
Consolidated Balance Sheets:
3
   
   
June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011
     
           
 
2.
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss:
4
   
   
Three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, and for the cumulative period from July 1, 2002 (inception) to June 30, 2012
           
 
3.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:
5
   
   
Six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, and for the cumulative period from July 1, 2002 (inception) to June 30, 2012
           
 
4.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
6
   
           
Item 2.
  
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
19
   
           
Item 3.
  
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
24
   
           
Item 4.
  
Controls and Procedures
24
   
           
PART II
OTHER INFORMATION
           
Item 1A.
  
Risk Factors
24
   
           
Item 2.
 
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securiteis and Use of Proceeds
40
   
           
Item 6.
  
Exhibits
40
   
           
SIGNATURES
41
   
           
EXHIBIT INDEX
42
   
 
Unless the context requires otherwise, all references in this report to “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company” and “NovaBay” refer to NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

NovaBay ® , NovaBay Pharma ® , AgaNase ® , Aganocide ® , NeutroPhase ® , AgaDerm ® , Going Beyond Antibiotics TM , Baynovation TM ,   Urovation TM and Dermavation TM are trademarks of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.  All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective owners.
 
 
2

 
PART I
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM  1.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)
 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

   
June 30,
   
December 31,
 
   
2012
   
2011
 
(in thousands, except per share data)
 
(unaudited)
   
(Note 2)
 
ASSETS
           
Current assets:
           
Cash and cash equivalents
  $ 4,653     $ 8,428  
Short-term investments
    5,720       5,710  
Accounts receivable
    9       3  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
    506       417  
Total current assets
    10,888       14,558  
Property and equipment, net
    1,069       1,270  
Other assets
    117       135  
TOTAL ASSETS
  $ 12,074     $ 15,963  
                 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
               
Liabilities:
               
Current liabilities:
               
Accounts payable
  $ 901     $ 472  
Accrued liabilities
    1,306       1,061  
Deferred revenue
    1,537       1,305  
Total current liabilities
    3,744       2,838  
Deferred revenues - non-current
    539       945  
Deferred rent
    50       115  
Warrant liability
    2,128       2,721  
Total liabilities
    6,461       6,619  
                 
Stockholders' Equity:
               
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; none outstanding at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011
           
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 65,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011; 28,868 and 28,587 issued and outstanding at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively
    289       286  
                 
Additional paid-in capital
    43,427       42,386  
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
    (62 )     (44 )
Accumulated deficit during development stage
    (38,041 )     (33,284 )
Total stockholders' equity
    5,613       9,344  
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
  $ 12,074     $ 15,963  


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
3

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(unaudited)


   
Three Months Ended
June 30,
   
Six Months Ended
June 30,
   
Cumulative Period
from July 1, 2002 (inception) to
 
(in thousands, except per share data)
 
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
    June 30, 2012  
Revenue:
                             
License and collaboration revenue
  $ 856     $ 4,527     $ 2,172     $ 7,006     $ 52,771  
Other revenues
    15             19       11       45  
Total revenue
    871       4,527       2,191       7,017       52,816  
                                         
Operating expenses:
                                       
Research and development
    2,378       2,769       4,642       5,689       55,513  
General and administrative
    1,368       1,318       2,909       2,833       36,563  
Total operating expenses
    3,746       4,087       7,551       8,522       92,076  
Operating income (loss)
    (2,875 )     440       (5,360 )     (1,505 )     (39,260 )
                                         
Non-cash loss (gain) on change in  fair value of warrants
    628             593             (139 )
Other income (expense), net
    27       (11 )     22       (42 )     1,443  
                                         
Income (loss) before income taxes
    (2,220 )     429       (4,745 )     (1,547 )     (37,956 )
Provision for income taxes
    (6 )     (4 )     (12 )     (16 )     (85 )
Net income (loss)
    (2,226 )     425       (4,757 )     (1,563 )     (38,041 )
                                         
Other comprehensive gain (loss):
                                       
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on  available-for-sale securities
    (20 )     4       (18 )     (9 )     (62 )
Total comprehensive income (loss)
  $ (2,246 )   $ 429     $ (4,775 )   $ (1,572 )   $ (38,103 )
                                         
Net loss per share:
                                       
Basic and diluted
  $ (0.08 )   $ 0.02     $ (0.17 )   $ (0.07 )        
Shares used in per share calculations:
                                       
Basic and diluted
    28,671       23,480       28,621       23,454          
 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
4

 
 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
 
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
   
Cumulative Period from July 1, 2002 (inception) to
 
(in thousands)
 
2012
   
2011
    June 30, 2012  
Cash flows from operating activities:
                 
Net loss
  $ (4,757 )   $ (1,563 )   $ (38,041 )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
                       
Depreciation and amortization
    174       216       2,103  
Accretion of discount on short-term investments
                (252 )
Net realized loss on sales of short-term investments
    17       17       42  
Loss on disposal of property and equipment
    30       14       163  
Stock-based compensation expense for options issued to employees and directors
    691       552       5,435  
Compensation expense for warrants issued for services
    34             196  
Stock-based compensation expense for options and stock issued to non-employees
    172       106       1,171  
Non-cash loss (gain) on change in fair value of warrants
    (593 )           139  
Taxes paid by LLC
                1  
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
                       
Increase in accounts receivable
    (6 )     (3,066 )     (9 )
Increase in prepaid expenses and other assets
    (63 )     (89 )     (438 )
Increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
    785       287       2,338  
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue
    (174 )     192       2,075  
Net cash used in operating activities
    (3,690 )     (3,334 )     (25,077 )
                         
Cash flows from investing activities:
                       
Purchases of property and equipment
    (4 )     (117 )     (3,217 )
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment
    1             47  
Purchases of short-term investments
    (2,929 )     (1,546 )     (111,475 )
Proceeds from maturities and sales of short-term investments
    2,875       1,500       105,847  
Cash acquired in purchase of LLC
                516  
Net cash used in investing activities
    (57 )     (163 )     (8,282 )
                         
Cash flows from financing activities:
                       
Proceeds from preferred stock issuances, net
                11,160  
Proceeds from common stock issuances
                17  
Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants
    43       53       2,062  
Proceeds from initial public offering, net of costs
                17,077  
Proceeds from (payment on) shelf offering, net of costs
          (11 )     6,575  
Proceeds from stock subscription receivable
                873  
Proceeds from issuance of notes
                405  
Principal payments on capital lease
                (157 )
Proceeds from short-term borrowing
                88  
Principal payment on short-term borrowing
    (71 )           (88 )
Proceeds from borrowings under equipment loan
                1,216  
Principal payments on equipment loan
          (106 )     (1,216 )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
    (28 )     (64 )     38,012  
                         
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
    (3,775 )     (3,561 )     4,653  
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
    8,428       11,534        
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
  $ 4,653     $ 7,973     $ 4,653  
 
  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
5

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on addressing the large unmet therapeutic needs of the global anti-infective market with its two distinct categories of products. 

Aganocide® Compounds
NovaBay’s first-in-class Aganocide® compounds, led by NVC-422, are patented, synthetic molecules with a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria, viruses and fungi.  Mimicking the mechanism of action that human white blood cells use against infections, Aganocides possess a reduced likelihood that bacteria or viruses will be able to develop resistance, which is critical for advanced anti-infectives.  Having demonstrated therapeutic proof-of-concept in Phase 2 clinical studies, these compounds are well suited to treat and prevent a wide range of local, non-systemic infections.  NovaBay is currently focused in three large therapeutic markets:
 
 
·
Dermatology - Partnered with Galderma, a leading dermatology company, the companies are developing a gel formulation of NVC-422 for treating the highly contagious skin infection, impetigo.  A Phase 2b clinical study is planned for 2012.
 
 
·
Ophthalmology - NovaBay is developing an eye drop formulation of NVC-422 for treating viral conjunctivitis, for which there is currently no FDA-approved treatment.  The Company launched a global Phase 2b clinical study in this indication in the second quarter of 2012.
 
 
·
Urology – NovaBay’s irrigation solution containing NVC-422 is currently in Phase 2 clinical studies, with the goal of reducing the incidence of urinary catheter blockage and encrustation (UCBE) and the associated urinary tract infections.  The Company reported positive data from Part A of this study and expects to announce top-line results from Part B of this study later in 2012.

NeutroPhase®
In addition to Aganocide compounds, NovaBay is also developing NeutroPhase®, which is an FDA 510(k)-cleared product for wound care.  NeutroPhase is a patented pure hypochlorous acid solution and has the potential to be well suited to treat the six-million-patients in the U.S. who suffer from chronic non-healing wounds, such as pressure, venous stasis and diabetic ulcers. 

NovaBay has begun securing commercial partnerships for NeutroPhase.  In January 2012, NovaBay announced it had entered into a strategic marketing agreement with Pioneer Pharma Co., Ltd., a Shanghai-based company that markets high-end pharmaceutical products into China.  NovaBay expects to announce additional marketing agreements in select geographic markets around the world during 2012.

The Company was incorporated under the laws of the State of California on January 19, 2000 as NovaCal Pharmaceuticals, Inc.  The Company had no operations until July 1, 2002, on which date it acquired all of the operating assets of NovaCal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, a California limited liability company.  In February 2007, the Company changed its name from NovaCal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.  In August 2007, two subsidiaries were formed––NovaBay Pharmaceuticals Canada, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated under the laws of British Columbia (Canada), which may conduct research and development in Canada, and DermaBay, Inc., a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, which may explore and pursue dermatological opportunities.  In June 2010, the Company changed the state in which it is incorporated (the Reincorporation), and is now incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware.  All references to “we,” “us,” “our,” or “the Company” herein refer to the California corporation prior to the date of the Reincorporation, and to the Delaware corporation on and after the date of the Reincorporation.  The Company currently operates in one business segment.

NOTE 2.  SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of NovaBay   Pharmaceuticals, Inc. have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting including the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X.  These statements do not include all disclosures for annual audited financial statements required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.  The consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2011, has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.
 
 
6

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The Company believes these consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments) that are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods presented.  Results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year.

The financial statements have been prepared under the guidelines for Development Stage Entities.  A development stage enterprise is one in which planned principal operations have not commenced, or if its operations have commenced, there have been no significant revenues therefrom.  As of June 30, 2012, the Company continues to conduct clinical trials and has not commenced its planned principal operations.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, NovaBay Pharmaceuticals Canada, Inc. and DermaBay, Inc.  All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes.  These estimates include useful lives for property and equipment and related depreciation calculations, estimated amortization period for payments received from product development and license agreements as they relate to revenue recognition, assumptions for valuing options and warrants, and income taxes.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments with a stated maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash and cash equivalents.  Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates their fair value.  As of June 30, 2012, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were held in financial institutions in the United States and include deposits in money market funds, which were unrestricted as to withdrawal or use.

The Company classifies all highly liquid investments with a stated maturity of greater than three months at the date of purchase as short-term investments.  Short-term investments generally consist of United States government, municipal and corporate debt securities.  The Company has classified its short-term investments as available-for-sale.  The Company does not intend to hold securities with stated maturities greater than twelve months until maturity.  In response to changes in the availability of and the yield on alternative investments as well as liquidity requirements, the Company occasionally sells these securities prior to their stated maturities.  These securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) until realized.  Realized gains and losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities, if any, are determined on a specific identification basis.  A decline in the market value below cost of any available-for-sale security that is determined to be other-than-temporary results in a revaluation of its carrying amount to fair value and an impairment charge to earnings, resulting in a new cost basis for the security.  No such impairment charges were recorded for the periods presented.  The interest income and realized gains and losses are included in other income (expense), net within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.  Interest income is recognized when earned.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Major Partners

Financial instruments which potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments.  The Company maintains deposits of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments with three highly-rated, major financial institutions in the United States.

Deposits in these banks may exceed the amount of federal insurance provided on such deposits.  The Company has never experienced any losses related to these balances.  All of its non-interest bearing cash balances were fully insured at June 30, 2012, due to a temporary federal program in effect from December 31, 2010, through December 31, 2012.  Under the program, there is no limit to the amount of insurance coverage for eligible accounts.  Beginning 2013, insurance coverage will revert to the $250,000 per depositor at each financial institution, and the Company’s non-interest bearing cash balance may exceed federally insured limits.  The Company does not believe it is exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the financial institutions in which these deposits are held.  Additionally, the Company has established guidelines regarding diversification and investment maturities, which are designed to maintain safety and liquidity.
 
 
7

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

During the quarters ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the majority of the Company’s operating revenues were derived from two collaborative partners.

Comprehensive Loss

ASC 220, Comprehensive Income requires that an entity’s change in equity or net assets during a period from transactions and other events from non-owner sources be reported.  The Company reports unrealized gains and losses on its available-for-sale securities as other comprehensive income (loss).

 Fair Value Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities

Financial instruments, including accounts payable and accrued liabilities, are carried at cost, which management believes approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

The Company measures the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on authoritative guidance which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.  Authoritative guidance has established a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.  There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable
Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions)

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets of five to seven years for office and laboratory equipment, three years for software and seven years for furniture and fixtures.  Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their useful life or the term of the lease.  Amortization of assets recorded under capital leases is included in depreciation expense.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company accounts for long-lived assets by considering whether events or changes in facts and circumstances, both internally and externally, may indicate that an impairment of long-lived assets held for use are present.  Management periodically evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets and has determined that there was no impairment as of all periods presented.  Should there be impairment in the future; the Company would recognize the amount of the impairment based on the discounted expected future cash flows from the impaired assets.  The cash flow estimates would be based on management’s best estimates, using appropriate and customary assumptions and projections at the time.

Common Stock Warrant Liabilities
 
The Company generally accounts for warrants issued in connection with equity financings as a component of equity, unless there is a deemed possibility that the Company may have to settle the warrants in cash.  For the warrants issued with deemed possibility of cash settlement, the Company records the fair value of the issued warrants as a liability at each balance sheet date and records changes in the estimated fair value as a non-cash gain or loss in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
 
 
8

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Revenue Recognition

License and collaboration revenue is primarily generated through agreements with strategic partners for the development and commercialization of the Company’s product candidates. The terms of the agreements typically include non-refundable upfront fees, funding of research and development activities, payments based upon achievement of certain milestones and royalties on net product sales. In accordance with revenue recognition criteria under U.S. GAAP, the Company analyzes its multiple element arrangements to determine whether the elements can be separated. The Company performs its analysis at the inception of the arrangement and as each product or service is delivered. If a product or service is not separable, the combined deliverables are accounted for as a single unit of accounting and revenue is recognized over the performance obligation period.  Revenue is recognized when the following criteria have been met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred and risk of loss has passed; the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured.

Assuming the elements meet the revenue recognition guidelines the revenue recognition methodology prescribed for each unit of accounting is summarized below:

Upfront Fees —The Company defers recognition of non-refundable upfront fees if it has continuing performance obligations without which the technology licensed has no utility to the licensee. If the Company has performance obligations through research and development services that are required because its know-how and expertise related to the technology is proprietary to it, or can only be performed by it, then such up-front fees are deferred and recognized over the period of the performance obligations.  The Company bases the estimate of the period of performance on factors in the contract.  Actual time frames could vary and could result in material changes to the Company’s results of operations.

Funded Research and Development — Revenue from research and development services is recognized during the period in which the services are performed and is based upon the number of full-time-equivalent personnel working on the specific project at the agreed-upon rate.  This revenue approximates the cost incurred.  Reimbursements from collaborative partners for agreed-upon direct costs including direct materials and outsourced, or subcontracted, pre-clinical studies are classified as revenue and recognized in the period the reimbursable expenses are incurred. Payments received in advance are recorded as deferred revenue until the research and development services are performed or costs are incurred.

Milestones —Substantive milestone payments are considered to be performance bonuses that are recognized upon achievement of the milestone only if all of the following conditions are met: the milestone payments are non-refundable; achievement of the milestone involves a degree of risk and was not reasonably assured at the inception of the arrangement; substantive effort is involved in achieving the milestone; the amount of the milestone is reasonable in relation to the effort expended or the risk associated with achievement of the milestone; and a reasonable amount of time passes between the up-front license payment and the first milestone payment as well as between each subsequent milestone payment. If any of these conditions are not met, the milestone payments are deferred and recognized as revenue over the term of the arrangement as the Company completes the  performance obligations.

Royalties— The Company recognizes royalty revenues from licensed products upon the sale of the related products.

Research and Development Costs

The Company expenses research and development costs as incurred. These costs include salaries and benefits for research and development personnel, costs associated with clinical trials managed by contract research organizations, and other costs associated with research, development and regulatory activities. The Company uses external service providers to conduct clinical trials, to manufacture supplies of product candidates and to provide various other research and development-related products and services.  Research and development expenses under the collaborative agreements approximate the revenue recognized, excluding milestone and upfront payments received under such arrangements.

Patent Costs

The Company expenses patent costs, including legal expenses, in the period in which they are incurred. Patent expenses are included in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation .  Under the fair value recognition provisions, stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date for all stock-based awards to employees and directors and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period.  Non-employee stock-based compensation charges are amortized over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. For stock options granted, the fair value of the stock options is estimated using a Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model.   See Note 8 for further information regarding stock-based compensation expense and the assumptions used in estimating that expense.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.  The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.  A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be recognized.

 
9

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
 
Common Stock Warrant Liabilities
 
For warrants where there is a deemed possibility that the Company may have to settle the warrants in cash, the Company records the fair value of the issued warrants as a liability at each balance sheet date and records changes in the estimated fair value as a non-cash gain or loss in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.  The fair values of these warrants have been determined using the Binomial Lattice (“Lattice”) valuation model, and the changes in the fair value are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.   The Lattice model provides for assumptions regarding volatility, call and put features and risk-free interest rates within the total period to maturity.   These values are subject to a significant degree of judgment on the part of the Company.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.  Diluted net loss per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period including stock options and stock warrants, using the treasury stock method, using the if-converted method.  Potentially dilutive common share equivalents are excluded from the diluted net loss per share computation since their effect would be anti-dilutive.  The following table sets forth the reconciliation between basic net loss per share and diluted net loss per share:
 
   
Three Months Ended
June 30,
   
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
                         
Net income (loss)
  $ (2,226 )   $ 425     $ (4,757 )   $ (1,563 )
                                 
Basic shares
    28,671       23,480       28,621       23,454  
Add: shares issued upon assumed exercise of stock options and warrants
                       
Diluted shares
    28,671       23,480       28,621       23,454  
                                 
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share
  $ (0.08 )   $ 0.02     $ (0.17 )   $ (0.07 )
 
The following outstanding stock options and stock warrants were excluded from the diluted net loss per share computation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive:
 
   
Six Months Ended
 
   
June 30,
 
(In thousands)
 
2012
   
2011
 
Stock options
    5,967       4,936  
Stock warrants
    4,773       1,375  
      10,740       6,311  
 
Recent Accounting Pronouncements

There have been no recent accounting pronouncement or changes in  accounting pronouncements during the three and six months ended June 30, 2012, as compared to the  recent accounting pronouncements described in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, that are of significance, or potential significance to the Company.

NOTE 3. INVESTMENTS

Short-term investments at June 30, 2012, and December 31, 2011, consisted of the following:

 
10

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

   
June 30, 2012
 
         
Gross
   
Gross
       
   
Amortized
   
Unrealized
   
Unrealized
   
Market
 
(in thousands)
 
Cost
   
Gains
   
Losses
   
Value
 
Corporate bonds
  $ 2,883     $     $ (62 )   $ 2,821  
Certificates of Deposit
  $ 2,899     $     $     $ 2,899  
    $ 5,782     $     $ (62 )   $ 5,720  
 
   
December 31, 2011
 
         
Gross
   
Gross
       
   
Amortized
   
Unrealized
   
Unrealized
   
Market
 
(in thousands)
 
Cost
   
Gains
   
Losses
   
Value
 
Corporate bonds
  $ 3,054     $     $ (42 )   $ 3,012  
Certificates of deposit
    2,700             (2 )     2,698  
    $ 5,754     $     $ (44 )   $ 5,710  

All short-term investments at June 30, 2012, and December 31, 2011, mature in less than one year.  Unrealized holding gains and losses classified as available-for-sale are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss.

The Company recognized realized losses of $5,000 and $1,000, for the three months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The Company recognized realized losses of 17,000 and $17,000, for the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively.


NOTE 4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company’s cash equivalents and investments are classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices in active markets, broker or dealer quotations, or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency.  The types of investments that are generally classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy include money market securities.  The types of investments that are generally classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy include corporate securities and certificates of deposits.

The Company’s warrant liabilities are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because the value is calculated using significant judgment based on the Company’s own assumptions in the valuation of these liabilities.

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of  June 30, 2012:


 
11

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
 
 
   
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
                         
(in thousands)
 
Balance at
June 30, 2012
   
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Items
(Level 1)
   
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
   
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
 
Assets
                       
Cash equivalents
  $ 4,653     $ 4,653     $     $  
Short-term investments:
                               
Corporate bonds
    2,821             2,821        
Certificates of deposit
    2,899             2,899        
Total short-term investments
    5,720             5,720        
Total assets
  $ 10,373     $ 4,653     $ 5,720     $  
                                 
Liabilities
                               
Warrant liability
  $ 2,128     $     $     $ 2,128  
Total liabilities
  $ 2,128     $     $     $ 2,128  
 
For the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2012, as a result of the fair value adjustment of the warrant liability, the Company recorded a non-cash gain on the decrease in the fair value of $628,000 and $593,000 in its consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.  See Note 6 for further discussion on the calculation of the fair value of the warrant liability.
 
(in thousands)
 
Warrant liability
 
Fair value of warrants at December 31, 2011
  $ 2,721  
Adjustment to fair value at June 30, 2012
    (593 )
Total warrant liability at June 30, 2012
  $ 2,128  
 
 
NOTE 5. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Operating Leases

The Company leases laboratory facilities and office space under an operating lease which will expire on October 31, 2020.  Rent expense was approximately $187,000 and $256,000 for the three months ended June, 2012 and 2011, respectively.   Rent expense was approximately $445,000 and $509,000 for the six months ended June, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

The Company’s monthly rent payments fluctuate under the master lease agreement.  In accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis.  The Company records deferred rent for the difference between the amounts paid and recorded as expense.

Directors and Officers Indemnity

  As permitted under Delaware law and in accordance with its bylaws, the Company indemnify its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is or was serving at its request in such capacity. The term of the indemnification period is for the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited; however, the Company has a director or officer insurance policy that limits its exposure and may enable them to recover a portion of any future payments. The Company believes the fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. Accordingly, no liability has been recorded for these agreements as of June 30, 2012.

  In the normal course of business, the Company provides indemnifications of varying scope under agreements with other companies, typically its clinical research organizations, investigators, clinical sites, suppliers and others. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company generally indemnifies, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties in connection with use or testing of its products or product candidates or with any U.S. patent or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claims by any third party with respect to   their products. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual. The potential future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited.  Historically, costs related to these indemnification provisions have been immaterial.  The Company also maintains various liability insurance policies that limit its exposure. As a result, the Company believes the fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. Accordingly, no liabilities have been recorded for these agreements as of June 30, 2012.
 
 
12

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Legal Matters

From time to time, the Company may be involved in various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. There are no matters at June 30, 2012, that, in the opinion of management, would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

NOTE 6. WARRANT LIABILITY

In July 2011, the Company sold common stock and warrants in a registered direct financing.  As part of this transaction, 3,488,005 warrants were issued with an exercise price of $1.33 and were exercisable on January 1, 2012, and expire on July 5, 2016.  The terms of the warrants require registered shares to be delivered upon each warrant’s exercise and also require possible cash payments to the warrant holders (in lieu of the warrant’s exercise) upon specified fundamental transactions involving the Company’s common stock, such as in an acquisition of the Company. Under ASC 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” (“ASC 480”), the Company’s ability to deliver registered shares upon an exercise of the warrants and the Company’s potential obligation to cash-settle the warrants if specified fundamental transactions occur are deemed to be beyond the Company’s control. The warrants contain a provision where the warrant holder would have the option to receive cash, equal to the Black-Scholes fair value of the remaining unexercised portion of the warrant, as cash settlement in the event that there is a fundamental transaction (contractually defined to include various merger, acquisition or stock transfer activities).  Due to this provision, ASC 480 requires that these warrants be classified as liabilities.  The fair values of these warrants have been determined using the Binomial Lattice (“Lattice”) valuation model, and the changes in the fair value are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.  The Lattice model provides for assumptions regarding volatility and risk-free interest rates within the total period to maturity.  In addition, after January 5, 2012, and if the closing bid price per share of the common stock on the principal market equals or exceeds $2.66 for any ten trading days (which are not required to be consecutive) in a period of fifteen consecutive trading days, the Company has the right to require the exercise of one-third of the warrants then held by the warrant holders, which would result in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $1.5 million.
 
The key assumptions used to value the warrants were as follows:
 
   
June 30,
Assumption
 
2012
Expected price volatility
 
70%
Expected term (in years)
 
4.01
Risk-free interest rate
 
0.23%
Dividend yield
 
0.00%
Weighted-average fair value of warrants
 
$0.61
 

NOTE 7. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

On July 5, 2011, the Company closed a registered direct offering for the sale of 4,650,675 units, (The “July 2011 Registered Direct Financing”), each unit consisting of (i) one share of common stock and (ii) one warrant to purchase 0.75 of a share of common stock (or a total of 3,488,005 shares), at a purchase price of $1.11 per unit. The warrants will be exercisable 180 days after issuance for $1.33 per share and will expire five years from the date of issuance.  All of the shares of common stock and warrants issued in the offering (and the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants) were offered pursuant to a shelf registration statement filed with, and declared effective by, the Securities and Exchange Commission.  The shares of common stock and the warrants were immediately separable and were issued separately, but were purchased together in the July 2011 Registered Direct Offering.  The Company raised a total of $5.2 million from the July 2011 Registered Direct Financing, or approximately $4.6 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting commissions of $288,000 and other offering costs of $244,000.

Stock Warrants

The Company had outstanding warrants to purchase 1,225,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $2.75 per share. These outstanding warrants were exercisable at June 30, 2012, and expire on August 26, 2014.
 
 
13

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

In July 2011, warrants to purchase 3,488,005 shares were issued in connection with the Company’s July 2011 Registered Direct Financing.  These warrants were issued with an exercise price of $1.33 per share and are exercisable 180 days after the closing of the offering on January 1, 2012, and expire on July 5, 2016.  See Note 6 for further details on these warrants.

In January 2012, warrants to purchase 60,000 shares were issued to a vendor.  These warrants were issued with an exercise price of $2.50 per share for 30,000 of the shares and $3.75 per share for the remaining 30,000 shares and became exercisable monthly through June 30, 2012, and expire on January 2, 2016.  The warrants were valued at approximately $34,000 using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model based upon the following assumptions: (1) expected price volatility of 75% and 89%, respectively, (2) a risk-free interest rate of 0.30% and 0.36% respectively and (3) an expected life of 2.37 and 2.98 years, respectively. The Company accounts for the fair value of these warrants as an expense amortized over the vesting period of the warrants.  The Company recognized expense of $14,000 and $34,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2012, respectively, related to these warrants.

The detail of all outstanding warrants as of June 30, 2012, is as follows:
 
(in thousands, except per share data)
 
Warrants
   
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2011
    4,863,005     $ 1.77  
Warrants issued
    60,000     $ 3.13  
Warrants expired
    (150,000 )   $ 4.00  
Outstanding at June 30, 2012
    4,773,005     $ 1.72  
 

NOTE 8. EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION

Equity Compensation Plans
 
Prior to the Company’s Initial Public Offering (IPO), the Company had two equity plans in place: the 2002 Stock Option Plan and the 2005 Stock Option Plan. Upon the closing of the IPO in October 2007, the Company adopted the 2007 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”) to provide for the granting of stock awards, such as stock options, unrestricted and restricted common stock, stock units, dividend equivalent rights, and stock appreciation rights to employees, directors and outside consultants as determined by the board of directors.  In conjunction with the adoption of the 2007 Plan, no further option awards may be granted from the 2002 or 2005 Stock Option Plans and any option cancellations or expirations from the 2002 or 2005 Stock Option Plans may not be reissued.  As of June 30, 2012, there were 351,754 shares available for future grant under the 2007 Plan.
 
Under the terms of the 2007 Plan, the exercise price of incentive stock options may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant and, if granted to an owner of more than 10% of the Company’s stock, then not less than 110%.  Stock options granted under the 2007 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant.  Stock options granted to employees generally vest over four years while options granted to directors and consultants typically vest over a shorter period, subject to continued service.  All of the options granted prior to October 2007 include early exercise provisions that allow for full exercise of the option prior to the option vesting, subject to certain repurchase provisions.  The Company issues new shares to satisfy option exercises under the plans.

Stock Option Summary

The following table summarizes information about the Company’s stock options outstanding at June 30, 2012, and activity during the six-month period then ended:
 
 
14

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
 
 
(in thousands, except years
 and per share data)
 
Options
   
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
   
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)
   
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2011
    5,299     $ 1.62              
        Options granted
    878     $ 1.37              
        Options exercised
    (205 )   $ 0.20              
        Options forfeited/cancelled
    (5 )   $ 2.28              
Outstanding at June 30, 2012
    5,967     $ 1.63       7.12     $ 905  
                                 
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2012
    5,775     $ 1.65       7.07     $ 849  
                                 
Vested at June 30, 2012
    3,746     $ 1.87       6.09     $ 373  
                                 
Exercisable at June 30, 2012
    3,746     $ 1.87       6.09     $ 373  

Stock Options and Awards to Employees and Directors

The Company grants options to purchase common stock to its employees and directors at prices equal to or greater than the market value of the stock on the dates the options are granted. The Company has estimated the value of stock option awards as of the date of the grant by applying the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing valuation model using the single-option valuation approach. The application of this valuation model involves assumptions that are judgmental and subjective in nature. See Note 2 for a description of the accounting policies that the Company applied to value its stock-based awards.
 
The weighted-average assumptions used in determining the value of options granted and a summary of the methodology applied to develop each assumption are as follows:
 
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
Assumption
 
2012
 
2011
Expected price volatility
 
94%
 
93%
Expected term (in years)
 
4.42
 
5.23
Risk-free interest rate
 
0.73%
 
2.10%
Dividend yield
 
0.00%
 
0.00%
Weighted-average fair value of options granted during the period
 
$0.93
 
$1.21

For the three months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $349,000 and $259,000, respectively, for option awards to employees and directors.  For the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $691,000 and $552,000, respectively, for option awards to employees and directors.  As of June 30, 2012, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was $1.6 million. This amount is expected to be recognized as stock-based compensation expense in the Company’s statements of operations and comprehensive loss over the remaining weighted average vesting period of 1.98 years.

Stock-Based Awards to Non-Employees
 
During the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company granted options to purchase an aggregate of 72,500 and 50,000 shares of common stock, respectively, to non-employees in exchange for advisory and consulting services.  Additionally, during the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company issued 76,327 and 42,612 shares of common stock, respectively, to non-employees in exchange for advisory and consulting services.  The stock options are recorded at their fair value on the measurement date and recognized over the respective service or vesting period. The fair value of the stock options granted was calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model based upon the following assumptions:

 
15

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
 
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
Assumption
 
2012
 
2011
Expected price volatility
 
90%
 
92%
Expected term (in years)
 
8.66
 
5.23
Risk-free interest rate
 
1.49%
 
2.00%
Dividend yield
 
0.00%
 
0.00%
Weighted-average fair value of options granted during the period
 
$1.10
 
$1.22
 
For the three months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense (benefit) of $46,000 and $(24,000), respectively, related to non-employee stock and option grants.  For the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $172,000 and $106,000, respectively, related to non-employee stock and option grants.
 
Summary of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same expense line items as cash compensation. Since the Company continues to operate at a net loss, it does not expect to realize any current tax benefits related to stock options.

A summary of the stock-based compensation expense included in results of operations for the options and stock discussed above is as follows:
 
   
Three Months Ended
   
Six Months Ended
 
   
June 30,
   
June 30,
 
(in thousands)
 
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
Research and development
  $ 121     $ 57     $ 246     $ 195  
General and administrative
    273       178       617       463  
Total stock-based compensation expense
  $ 394     $ 235     $ 863     $ 658  
 

NOTE 9. COLLABORATION AND LICENSE AGREEMENTS

Galderma

 On March 25, 2009, the Company entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Galderma S.A. to develop and commercialize the Company’s Aganocide compounds, which covers acne and impetigo and potentially other major dermatological conditions, excluding onychomycosis (nail fungus), orphan drug indications and most post surgical use and use in wound care.  The Company amended this agreement in December 2009 and again in December 2010.  Based on the Impetigo Phase 2a clinical trial results, in December 2010, NovaBay and Galderma S.A., agreed to expand their partnership to focus on the development of NovaBay’s Aganocide compound NVC-422 for the topical treatment of impetigo.  This expansion is intended to provide NovaBay with the additional funding and resources required for the clinical development of its NVC-422 topical gel formulation for impetigo and other topical infections. 
 
This agreement is exclusive and worldwide in scope, with the exception of Asian markets and North America, as described in the next paragraph. 

Galderma is responsible for the development costs of product candidate compounds, except for costs incurred in Japan.  In Japan, Galderma has the option to request that the Company share such development costs.  Under the original agreement, the Company was supporting the ongoing development program for impetigo; however under the second amendment, entered into on December 2, 2010, Galderma has exercised its option and increased its support to cover the cost of development for this indication.  Upon the achievement of a specified milestone, Galderma will reimburse NovaBay for specified, previously incurred expenses related to the development of the impetigo program.  NovaBay retains the right to co-market products resulting from the agreement in Japan.  In addition, NovaBay has retained all rights to co-promote the products developed under the agreement in hospitals and other healthcare institutions in North America. 
 
 
16

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Galderma will pay to NovaBay certain upfront fees, ongoing fees, reimbursements, and milestone payments related to achieving development and commercialization of its Aganocide compounds.  If products are commercialized under the agreement, NovaBay’s royalties will escalate as sales increase.  The Company received a $1.0 million upfront technology access fee payment in the first quarter of 2009 and a $3.25 million continuation fee and a $500,000 fee to expand the license to include the Asia-Pacific Territory in December 2010.  These fees were recorded as deferred revenues and recognized as earned on a straight-line basis over the Company’s expected performance period.  The initial upfront technology access fee was recognized over the initial 20 month funding term of the agreement through October 2010, and the continuation and license fees are being recognized over the additional three year funding term of the agreement through November 2013.

Revenue has been recognized under the Galderma agreement as follows:
 
   
Three Months Ended
June 30,
   
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 
(in thousands)
 
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
Amortization of Upfront Technology Access Fee
  $ 315     $ 315     $ 630     $ 630  
On-going Research and Development (FTE)
    401       388       802       776  
Materials, Equipment, and Contract Study Costs
          527       589       752  
Milestone payments
                      500  
Total
  $ 716     $ 1,230     $ 2,021     $ 2,658  

The Company had deferred revenue balances of $1.6 million and $2.2 million at June 30, 2012, and December 31, 2011, respectively, related to the Galderma agreement, which consisted of the unamortized balances on the upfront technology and access fee and the continuation and license fee and support for ongoing research and development.  As of June 30, 2012, the Company has earned $4.25 million in milestone payments.  As of June 30, 2012, the Company has not earned or received any royalty payments under the Galderma agreement.

Pioneer Pharma Co., Ltd.

In January 2012, the Company entered into a commercial partnership agreement with Pioneer Pharma Co., Ltd., a Shanghai-based company that markets high-end pharmaceutical products into China, for the commercialization of NeutroPhase in this territory.  Under the terms of the agreement, NovaBay received an upfront payment of $312,500.  In addition, NovaBay is entitled to receive $312,500 within 30 days of the submission of the first marketing approval for the product to the SFDA and $625,000 upon receipt of an MAA approval of the product from SFDA.

During the three months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized $16,000 and $0, respectively, related to the amortization of the upfront technology access fee.  During the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized $26,000 and $0, respectively, related to the amortization of the upfront technology access fee.

At June 30, 2012, and December 31, 2011, the Company had deferred revenue balances or $286,000 and $0 related to the Pioneer partnership agreement.
 
Virbac

In April 2012, the Company entered into a feasibility and option agreement with Virbac Animal Health for the development and potential commercialization of Aganocides for a number of veterinary uses.  Under the terms of the agreement, NovaBay received an upfront payment of $150,000 and is entitled to additional support for research and development.  Virbac will conduct veterinary studies using NovaBay’s Aganocide compounds in order to assess feasibility for treating several veterinary indications.

   
Three Months Ended
June 30,
   
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 
(in thousands)
 
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
Amortization of Upfront Technology Access Fee
  $ 38     $     $ 38     $  
On-going Research and Development (FTE)
    87             87        
Total
  $ 125     $     $ 125     $  
 
 
17

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(a development stage company)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Alcon Manufacturing, Ltd.

In August 2006, the Company entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Alcon Manufacturing, Ltd. (Alcon) to license to Alcon the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize products incorporating the Aganocide compounds for application in connection with the eye, ear and sinus and for use in contact lens solution. This agreement was terminated in 2011.  Under the terms of the agreement, the Company received semi-annual payments to support on-going research and development activities over the term of the agreement. The research and development support payments included amounts to fund a specified number of personnel engaged in collaboration activities and to reimburse for qualified equipment, materials and contract study costs.

Revenue has been recognized as follows:

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
   
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
(in thousands)
 
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
Amortization of Upfront Technology Access Fee
  $     $     $     $  
On-going Research and Development (FTE)
          1,051             2,102  
Materials, Equipment, and Contract Study Costs
          246             246  
Termination Fee
          2,000             2,000  
    $     $ 3,297     $     $ 4,348  

At June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the Company had no deferred revenue balances related to the Alcon agreement.

NOTE 10. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS                                                                 

The Company evaluated subsequent events through the issuance date of the financial statements.  The Company is not aware of any significant events, other than those disclosed above, that occurred subsequent to the balance sheet date but prior to the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that would have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
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ITEM 2.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part I, Item 1  of this report, and with our consolidated financial statements and related notes, and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2012 . This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “targets,” “goals,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” variations of these words, and similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A and elsewhere in this report, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are only predictions based upon assumptions made that we believed to be reasonable at the time, and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements.

Overview

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on addressing the large unmet therapeutic needs of the global anti-infective market with its two distinct categories of products. 

Aganocide® Compounds
NovaBay’s first-in-class Aganocide® compounds, led by NVC-422, are patented, synthetic molecules with a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria, viruses and fungi.  Mimicking the mechanism of action that human white blood cells use against infections, Aganocides possess a reduced likelihood that bacteria or viruses will be able to develop resistance, which is critical for advanced anti-infectives.  Having demonstrated therapeutic proof-of-concept in Phase 2 clinical studies, these compounds are well suited to treat and prevent a wide range of local, non-systemic infections.  NovaBay is currently focused in three large therapeutic markets:

 
·
Dermatology - Partnered with Galderma, a leading dermatology company, the companies are developing a gel formulation of NVC-422 for treating the highly contagious skin infection, impetigo.  A Phase 2b clinical study is planned for 2012.

 
·
Ophthalmology - NovaBay is developing an eye drop formulation of NVC-422 for treating viral conjunctivitis, for which there is currently no FDA-approved treatment.  The company launched a global Phase 2b clinical study in this indication during the second quarter of 2012.

 
·
Urology – NovaBay’s irrigation solution containing NVC-422 is currently in Phase 2 clinical studies, with the goal of reducing the incidence of urinary catheter blockage and encrustation (UCBE) and the associated urinary tract infections.  The company reported positive data from Part A of this study and expects to announce top-line results from Part B of this study later in 2012.

NeutroPhase®
NovaBay is also developing NeutroPhase®, which is an FDA 510(k)-cleared product for wound care.  NeutroPhase is a patented pure hypochlorous acid solution and has the potential to be well suited to treat the six million patients in the U.S. who suffer from chronic non-healing wounds, such as pressure, venous stasis and diabetic ulcers. 

NovaBay has begun securing commercial partnerships for NeutroPhase.  In January 2012, NovaBay announced it had entered into a strategic marketing agreement with Pioneer Pharma Co., Ltd., a Shanghai-based company that markets high-end pharmaceutical products into China.  NovaBay expects to announce additional marketing agreements in select geographic markets around the world during 2012.

 
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On March 25, 2009, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Galderma S.A. to develop and commercialize our Aganocide compounds, which covers acne and impetigo and potentially other major dermatological conditions, excluding onychomycosis (nail fungus), orphan drug indications and most post surgical use and use in wound care.  We amended this agreement in December 2009 and again in December 2010.  Based on the Impetigo Phase 2a clinical trial results, in December 2010, we and Galderma S.A., agreed to expand our partnership to focus on the development of our Aganocide compound NVC-422 for the topical treatment of impetigo.  This expansion is intended to provide us with the additional funding and resources required for the clinical development of its NVC-422 topical gel formulation for impetigo and other topical infections. 
 
This agreement is exclusive and worldwide in scope, with the exception of Asian markets and North America, as described in the next paragraph. 

Galderma is responsible for the development costs of product candidate compounds, except for costs incurred in Japan.  In Japan, Galderma has the option to request that we share such development costs.  Under the original agreement, we were supporting the ongoing development program for impetigo; however under the second amendment, entered into on December 2, 2010, Galderma has exercised its option and increased its support to cover the cost of development for this indication.  Upon the achievement of a specified milestone, Galderma will reimburse us for specified, previously incurred expenses related to the development of the impetigo program.  We retain the right to co-market products resulting from the agreement in Japan.  In addition, we have retained all rights to co-promote the products developed under the agreement in hospitals and other healthcare institutions in North America. 

In January 2012, we entered into a commercial partnership agreement with Pioneer Pharma Co., Ltd., a Shanghai-based company that markets high-end pharmaceutical products into China, for the commercialization of NeutroPhase in this territory.  Under the terms of the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $312,500.  In addition, we are entitled to receive $312,500 within 30 days of the submission of the first marketing approval for the product to the SFDA and $625,000 upon receipt of an MAA approval of the product from SFDA.

In April 2012, we entered into a feasibility and option agreement with Virbac Animal Health for the development and potential commercialization of Aganocides for a number of veterinary uses.  Under the terms of the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $150,000 and are entitled to additional support for research and development.  Virbac will conduct veterinary studies using our Aganocide compounds in order to assess feasibility for treating several veterinary indications.

In August 2006, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Alcon Manufacturing, Ltd. (Alcon) to license to Alcon the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize products incorporating the Aganocide compounds for application in connection with the eye, ear and sinus and for use in contact lens solution. This agreement was terminated in 2011.  Under the terms of the agreement, we received semi-annual payments to support on-going research and development activities over the term of the agreement. The research and development support payments included amounts to fund a specified number of personnel engaged in collaboration activities and to reimburse for qualified equipment, materials and contract study costs.

To date, we have generated no revenue from product sales, and we have financed our operations and internal growth primarily through the sale of our capital stock, and the fees received from Galderma and, prior to termination of our collaboration with Alcon Manufacturing Ltd. (Alcon), an affiliate of Alcon, Inc., in June 2011.  As we are a development stage company, we have incurred significant losses since commencement of our operations in July 2002, since we have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development. As of June 30, 2012, we had an accumulated deficit of $38.0 million. This deficit resulted from research and development expenses as well as general and administrative expenses. We expect to incur net losses over the next several years as we continue our clinical and research and development activities and as we apply for patents and regulatory approvals.

Recent Events

       In May 2012, we announced that we had enrolled the first patients in our global Phase 2b clinical study, evaluating our lead compound, NVC-422, for treating adenoviral conjunctivitis, a highly contagious form of “pink eye.”   After providing suggestions and insight into the design of the trial at an End-of-Phase 2A meeting, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed that the trial has all the design elements (controls, sample size, end-points) of a pivotal trial.

In April 2012 we announced that our pure hypochlorous acid (HOCl) wound cleanser, NeutroPhase, in combination with commercially available wound dressings, has been found to support healing when treating chronic non-healing wounds in three new patient case studies. The studies were presented in a poster at the 2012 Spring Symposium on Advanced Wound Care (SAWC) in conjunction with the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Wound Healing Society, in Atlanta, Ga.

 
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In March 2012 we announced that we had entered into a feasibility and option agreement with Virbac Animal Health for the development and potential commercialization of Aganocides for a number of veterinary uses. Under the terms of the agreement, NovaBay received an upfront payment and is entitled to additional support for research and development. Virbac will conduct veterinary studies using NovaBay’s Aganocide compounds in order to assess feasibility for treating several veterinary indications.

In January 2012 we announced that we had entered into a commercial partnership agreement with Pioneer Pharma Co., Ltd., a Shanghai-based company that markets high-end pharmaceutical products into China, for the commercialization of NeutroPhase in this territory. Under the terms of the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $312,500, with the potential for additional payments totaling approximately $937,000 that may be triggered by certain pre-commercial launch regulatory milestones.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States for interim reporting. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. In preparing these consolidated financial statements, management has made its best estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the financial statements giving due consideration to materiality. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments related to revenue recognition, research and development costs, patent costs, stock-based compensation, income taxes and other contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 of the Notes to  Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited), included in Part I, Item 1 of this report,  and are also described in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.  We have not materially changed these policies from those reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for information on recent accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 and June 30, 2011

License and Collaboration Revenue
 
License and collaboration revenue consisted almost exclusively of amounts earned under the license and collaboration agreements with Galderma, Virbac, Pioneer Pharma and Alcon including amortization of up-front licensing fees and reimbursements for the funding of research and development activities performed during the period.

Total license and collaboration revenue was $856,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2012, compared to $4.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2011.  Total license and collaboration revenue was $2.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2012, compared to $7.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2011.  The majority of this decrease resulted from the termination of the Alcon agreement in 2011, which included a $2.0 million termination fee, offset to some degree by the addition of revenues from the collaborations with Virbac and Pioneer Pharma.  Additionally the receipt of the $500,000 milestone from Galderma in the first quarter of 2011 was not repeated in 2012, but our reimbursements under the contract increased in 2012 as we scaled up the production of  NVC-422 to proceed with the Phase 2b trial that we expect to commence in the third quarter of 2012.

 
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To the extent we earn milestone payments in the future under our collaboration with Galderma and our new collaborations with Pioneer Pharma and Virbac, we would expect revenues to increase.  However, we cannot predict if and when we will receive any milestone or royalty payments from this collaboration.
 
Research and Development
 
Total research and development expenses decreased by 14% to $2.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2012 from $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2011.  Total research and development expenses decreased by 18% to $4.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2012 from $5.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2011.  The decrease relates to the termination of the research activities related to Alcon in 2011 and cost cutting efforts, partially offset by the increase in clinical activities as we scale up our Impetigo, Conjunctivitis and UCBE trials.
   
We expect to incur increasing research and development expenses throughout 2012 and in subsequent years as we continue to increase our focus on clinical trials and developing product candidates, both independently and in collaboration with Galderma.  In particular, we expect to incur ongoing clinical and manufacturing expenses during 2012 in connection with our dermatology, ophthalmic and urology programs.
 
General and Administrative
 
General and administrative expenses were $1.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2012 compared to $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2011.  General and administrative expenses were $2.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2012 compared to $2.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2011.  The costs were relatively consistent across these periods and we expect general and administrative expenses to continue to remain relatively flat for the remainder of 2012 in comparison to 2011.
 
Non-Cash Gain (Loss) on Change in Fair Value of Warrants
 
The non-cash gain on decrease in fair value of warrants relates to the fair value adjustment to the warrants issued with our July 2011 registered direct offering of common stock and warrants.  This balance will fluctuate with market conditions and the price of our stock.
   
Other Income (Expense), Net
 
Other income (expense), net was an income of $27,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2012 compared to an expense of $(11,000) for the three months ended June 30, 2011.  Other income (expense), net was an income of 22,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2012 compared to an expense of $(42,000) for the six months ended June 30, 2011.  This change was primarily attributable to better returns from our investments in 2012.
 
We expect that other income (expense), net will fluctuate based on our cash balances and the fluctuation in interest rates.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2012, we had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $10.4 million, compared to $14.1 million at December 31, 2011.  We have incurred cumulative net losses of $38.0 million since inception through June 30, 2012.  We do not expect to generate significant revenue from product candidates for several years.  Since inception, we have funded our operations primarily through the sales of our stock and warrants and funds received under our collaboration agreements.  We raised total net proceeds of $11.2 million from sales of our preferred stock in 2002 through 2006. In October 2007, we completed our IPO in which we raised a total of $20.0 million, or approximately $17.1 million in net cash proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $1.4 million and other offering costs of $1.5 million.  In August 2009, we completed a registered direct offering, of stock and warrants, and had net proceeds of $1.9 million.  In July 2011 we completed a second registered direct offering with gross proceeds of $5.2 million, or approximately $4.6 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting commissions of $288,000 and other offering costs of $244,000.   Additionally, cash received from our collaboration partners have totaled $54.7 million through June 30, 2012.

 
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Under the terms of our collaboration and license agreement with Galderma, Galderma will pay to NovaBay reimbursements, and milestone payments related to achieving development and commercialization of its Aganocide compounds.  We believe that our cash equivalents and short-term investments are sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least the next twelve months.  Our capital requirements going forward will depend on numerous factors including:

 
·
the number and characteristics of product development programs we pursue and the pace of each program;
 
·
the scope, rate of progress, results and costs of clinical trials;
 
·
the time, cost and outcome involved in seeking regulatory approvals;
 
·
our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations or partnerships for clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing of our product candidates; and
 
·
the cost of establishing clinical and commercial supplies of our product candidates and any products that we may develop.

Cash Used in Operating Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2012, cash used in operating activities of $3.7 million was primarily attributable to our research and development and general administrative expenses of operating the company.

Cash Provided by Investing Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2012, cash used in investing activities of $57,000 was attributable to purchases of short-term investments, partially offset by proceeds from the maturity of short-term investments.

Cash Used in Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities of $28,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2012, was primarily attributable repayment of a short term borrowing offset in part by cash received in stock option exercises.

Net Operating Losses and Tax Credit Carryforwards

As of December 31, 2011, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $26.1 million and $27.2 million, respectively. If not utilized, the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards will begin expiring at various dates between 2018 and 2031.  As of December 31, 2011, we also had tax credit carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of $356,000.

Current federal and California tax laws include substantial restrictions on the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards in the event of an ownership change of a corporation. Accordingly, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards may be limited as a result of past and future ownership changes. Such a limitation could result in the expiration of carryforwards before they are utilized.

Inflation

We do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our business and operating results during the periods presented, and we do not expect it to have a material impact in the near future. There can be no assurances, however, that our business will not be affected by inflation.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Contractual Obligations

Our commitments at June 30, 2012, consist of an operating lease.  The operating lease consists of payments relating to the lease for various laboratory and office space in one office building in Emeryville, California.  This lease expires on October 31, 2020, and the total commitment as of June 30, 2012, is $4.9 million due over the lease term, compared to $2.6 million as of December 31, 2011, due to renegotiation of the lease and extension of the expiration date.
 
 
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ITEM  3.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our market risk consists principally of interest rate risk on our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. Our exposure to market risk is limited primarily to interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in interest rates, particularly because the majority of our investments are in short-term debt securities.

Our investment policy restricts our investments to high-quality investments and limits the amounts invested with any one issuer, industry, or geographic area. The goals of our investment policy are as follows: preservation of capital; assurance of liquidity needs; best available return on invested capital; and minimization of capital taxation. Some of the securities in which we invest may be subject to market risk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the principal amount of the investment to fluctuate. For example, if we hold a security that was issued with an interest rate fixed at the then-prevailing rate and the prevailing interest rate later rises, the principal amount of our investment will probably decline. To minimize this risk, in accordance with our investment policy, we maintain our cash and cash equivalents in short-term marketable securities, including money market mutual funds, Treasury bills, Treasury notes, commercial paper, and corporate and municipal bonds. The risk associated with fluctuating interest rates is limited to our investment portfolio. Due to the short term nature of our investment portfolio, we believe we have minimal interest rate risk arising from our investments. As of June 30, 2012, and December 31, 2011, a 10% change in interest rates would have had an immaterial effect on the value of our short-term marketable securities.  We do not use derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. We do not hold any instruments for trading purposes.

To date, we have operated exclusively in the United States and have not had any material exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations. We have a wholly-owned subsidiary, which is incorporated under the laws of British Columbia (Canada), which may conduct research and development activities in Canada. To the extent we conduct operations in Canada, fluctuations in the exchange rates of the U.S. and Canadian currencies may affect our operating results.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act was accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures necessarily involves the exercise of judgment by management. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2012, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
ITEM 5 .  OTHER INFORMATION

On March 1, 2012, NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Emery Station Associates II, LLC, entered into an amendment to the Office Lease dated June 3, 2004, as subsequently amended, by and between NovaBay Pharmaceuticals and Emery Station Associates II, LLC.  The amendment to the Office Lease reduced the rentable space from 18,423 to 14,544 square feet, and extended the term by five years from October 31, 2015 to October 31, 2020.
 
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The risk factors facing our company have not changed materially from those set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, as filed with the SEC on March 27, 2012, which risk factors are set forth below, except for those risk factors denoted by an asterisk (*).

 
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Our business is subject to a number of risks, the most important of which are discussed below. You should consider carefully the following risks in addition to the other information contained in this report and our other filings with the SEC, before deciding to buy, sell or hold our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not important may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected, the value of our common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Current worldwide economic conditions may limit our access to capital, adversely affect our business and financial condition, as well as further decrease our stock price.

General worldwide economic conditions have continued to be depressed due to the effects of the subprime lending crisis, general credit market crisis, the Greek debt crises and the effects that it has had on the Eurozone, collateral effects on the finance and banking industries, concerns about inflation, slower economic activity, decreased consumer confidence, reduced corporate profits and capital spending, adverse business conditions and liquidity concerns. Although the impact of the downturn on our business is uncertain at this time, downturn may adversely affect our business and operations in a number of ways, including making it more difficult for us to raise capital as well as making it more difficult to enter into collaboration agreements with other parties. Like many other stocks, our stock price has been subject to fluctuations in recent months. Our stock price could decrease due to concerns that our business, operating results and financial condition will be negatively impacted by a worldwide economic downturn.

  We may be unable to raise additional capital on acceptable terms in the future which may in turn limit our ability to develop and commercialize products and technologies.

While we have reduced our staff levels and reduced both our research and general expenditures, we expect our capital outlays and operating expenditures to increase over at least the next several years as we expand our clinical and regulatory activities. Conducting clinical trials is very expensive, and we expect that we will need to raise additional capital, through future private or public equity offerings, strategic alliances or debt financing, before we achieve commercialization of any of our Aganocide compounds. In addition, we may require even more significant capital outlays and operating expenditures if we do not continue to partner with third parties to develop and commercialize our products.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 
·
the extent to which we receive milestone payments or other funding from Galderma, if any;
 
·
the scope, rate of progress and cost of our pre-clinical studies and clinical trials and other research and development activities;
 
·
future clinical trial results;
 
·
the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish;
 
·
the cost and timing of regulatory approvals;
 
·
the cost of establishing clinical and commercial supplies of our product candidates and any products that we may develop;
 
·
the effect of competing technological and market developments;
 
·
the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights; and
 
·
the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies, although we currently have no commitments or agreements relating to any of these types of transactions.

We do not currently have any commitments for future external funding. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to obtain additional financing may be negatively affected by the recent volatility in the financial markets and the credit crisis, as well as the general downturn in the economy and decreased consumer confidence. Even if we succeed in selling additional securities to raise funds, our existing stockholders’ ownership percentage would be diluted and new investors may demand rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing stockholders. If we raise additional capital through strategic alliance and licensing arrangements, we may have to trade our rights to our technology, intellectual property or products to others on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, the financing may involve covenants that restrict our business activities.

 
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In addition, it is often the case that the cost of pharmaceutical development can be significantly greater than initially anticipated. This may be due to any of a large number of possible reasons, some of which could have been anticipated, while others may be caused by unpredictable circumstances. A significant increase in our costs would cause the amount of financing that would be required to enable us to achieve our goals to be likewise increased.

If we determine that we need to raise additional funds and we are not successful in doing so, we may be unable to complete the clinical development of some or all of our product candidates or to seek or obtain FDA approval of our product candidates. Such events could force us to discontinue product development, enter into a relationship with a strategic partner earlier than currently intended, reduce sales and marketing efforts or forego attractive business opportunities.

*We are an early stage company with a history of losses and expect that we will incur net losses in the future, and that we may never achieve or maintain sustained profitability.

We have incurred net losses each year since our inception through December 31, 2011, with the exception of 2009.  For the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, we had net losses of approximately $5.1 million and $4.3 million, respectively, and for the year ended December 31, 2009, we had net income of $2.7 million.  We were able to record a profit in 2009 due to our receipt of a $3.75 million milestone payment under our agreement with Galderma; however, there is no assurance that we will receive any additional large milestone payments under this agreement and, as a result, may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.  We had a net loss of $4.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2012.  Through June 30, 2012, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $38.0 million.  We have been, and expect to remain for the foreseeable future, mostly in a research and development stage as we proceed through clinical trials. We have incurred substantial research and development expenses, which were approximately $4.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2012, and $9.9 million, $8.6 million and $7.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.  We expect to continue to make, for at least the next several years, significant expenditures for the development of products that incorporate our Aganocide compounds, as well as continued research into the biological activities of our Aganocide compounds, which expenditures are accounted for as research and development expenses. We do not expect any of our current drug product candidates to be commercialized within the next several years, if at all. We expect to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain sustained profitability. We anticipate that our expenses related to our clinical trials and regulatory activities will increase substantially in the foreseeable future as we:

 
·
conduct pre-clinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates in different indications;
 
·
develop, formulate, manufacture and commercialize our product candidates either independently or with partners;
 
·
pursue, acquire or in-license additional compounds, products or technologies, or expand the use of our technology;
 
·
maintain, defend and expand the scope of our intellectual property; and
 
·
hire additional qualified personnel.

We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve and maintain profitability. If we cannot successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our drug product candidates, either independently or with partners, we will not be able to generate such revenues or achieve or maintain profitability in the future. Our failure to achieve and subsequently maintain profitability could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.

We have limited data on the use of our products in humans and will need to perform costly and time consuming clinical trials in order to bring our products to market.

Much of the data that we have on our products is from in-vitro (laboratory) studies, in-vivo animal studies,  Phase 1 human safety studies, or small-scale Phase 2a or other exploratory clinical studies. We will need to conduct additional Phase 1, 2 and 3 human clinical trials to confirm such results in larger patient populations in order to obtain approval from the FDA of our drug product candidates. Often, positive in-vitro, in-vivo animal studies, or early human clinical trials are not followed by positive results in later clinical trials, and we may not be able to demonstrate that our products are safe and effective for indicated uses in humans or that they are active against antibiotic resistant microbes, do not allow pathogens to develop resistance or are active against bacteria in biofilm. In addition, for each indication, we estimate that it will take between three and five years to conduct the necessary clinical trials.

 
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We currently do not have any marketable products, and if we are unable to develop and obtain regulatory approval for products that we develop, we may never generate product revenues.

To date, our revenues have been derived solely from research and development collaboration and license agreements. We have never generated revenues from sales of products and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable drugs or other products. Satisfaction of all regulatory requirements applicable to our product candidates typically takes many years, is dependent upon the type, complexity, novelty and classification of the product candidates, and requires the expenditure of substantial resources for research and development and testing. Before proceeding with clinical trials, we will conduct pre-clinical studies, which may, or may not be, valid predictors of potential outcomes in humans. If pre-clinical studies are favorable, we will then begin clinical trials. We must demonstrate that our product candidates satisfy rigorous standards of safety and efficacy before we can submit for and gain approval from the FDA and regulatory authorities in other countries. In addition, to compete effectively, our products will need to be easy to use, cost-effective and economical to manufacture on a commercial scale. We may not achieve any of these objectives. We cannot be certain that the clinical development of any of our current product candidates or any other product that we may develop in the future will be successful, that they will receive the regulatory approvals required to commercialize them, or that any of our other in-licensing efforts or pre-clinical testing will yield a product suitable for entry into clinical trials. Our commercial revenues from sales of products will be derived from sales of products that may not be commercially available for at least the next several years, if at all.

We have limited experience in developing drugs and medical devices, and we may be unable to commercialize any of the products we develop.

Development and commercialization of drugs and medical devices involves a lengthy and complex process. We have limited experience in developing products and have never commercialized any of our product candidates. In addition, no one has ever developed or commercialized a product based on our Aganocide compounds, and we cannot assure you that it is possible to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize any products based on these compounds or that we will be successful in doing so.

Before we can develop and commercialize any new products, we will need to expend significant resources to:
 
·
undertake and complete clinical trials to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of our product candidates;
 
·
maintain and expand our intellectual property rights;
 
·
obtain marketing and other approvals from the FDA and other regulatory agencies; and
 
·
select collaborative partners with suitable manufacturing and commercial capabilities.

The process of developing new products takes several years. Our product development efforts may fail for many reasons, including:

 
·
the failure of our product candidates to demonstrate safety and efficacy;
 
·
the high cost of clinical trials and our lack of financial and other resources; and
 
·
our inability to partner with firms with sufficient resources to assist us in conducting clinical trials.

Success in early clinical trials often is not replicated in later studies, and few research and development projects result in commercial products. At any point, we may abandon development of a product candidate or we may be required to expend considerable resources repeating clinical trials, which would eliminate or adversely impact the timing for revenues from those product candidates. If a clinical study fails to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our product candidates, we may abandon the development of the product or product feature that was the subject of the clinical trial, which could harm our business.

Even if we develop products for commercial use, these products may not be accepted by the medical and pharmaceutical marketplaces or be capable of being offered at prices that will enable us to become profitable. We cannot assure you that our products will be approved by regulatory authorities or ultimately prove to be useful for commercial markets, meet applicable regulatory standards, or be successfully marketed.

 
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Our current research collaboration with Galderma may fail, resulting in a decrease in funding and inhibition of our ability to continue developing products.

We have entered into an agreement with Galderma S.A. to develop and commercialize our Aganocide compounds, which covers acne and impetigo and potentially other major dermatological conditions, excluding onychomycosis (nail fungus) and orphan drug indications.  With the termination of our collaboration with Alcon, our collaboration with Galderma is our only collaboration, and so unless and until we enter into additional collaborations or are able to market products on our own, we will be dependent on Galderma for all of our revenues.

We cannot assure you that our collaboration with Galderma will be successful, or that we will receive the full amount of research funding, milestone payments or royalties, or that any commercially valuable intellectual property will be created, from this arrangement. If Galderma were to breach or terminate its agreement with us or otherwise fail to conduct its collaborative activities successfully and in a timely manner, the research contemplated by our collaboration with them could be delayed or terminated and our costs of performing studies may increase.

Our research collaboration with Alcon has ended, which will result in a decrease in funding and may impede our ability to develop our Aganocide compounds for application in connection with the eye, ear and sinus and for use in contact lens solutions unless we are able to enter into a new collaboration with another collaboration partner.

In June 2011, we and Alcon terminated our collaboration and license agreement.  Under the terms of the collaboration and license agreement prior to termination, we received semi-annual payments to support on-going research and development activities over the term of the agreement, which payments were reduced beginning in 2011.  During 2010 we received $6.0 million in funding payments from Alcon, and in the first five months of 2011 we received $2.1 million in funding payments from Alcon.  We received a payment of approximately $3.0 million in connection with the termination, but will not receive any additional payments from Alcon.  As a result, we expect our revenues to be significantly less than we have recognized in previous years.  Further, as we continue the development of NVC-422 for application in connection with the eye, ear and sinus and for use in contact lens solutions, we have to fund such development unless we are able to enter into a new collaboration with another collaboration partner, which we may not be able to do.  If we are not able to enter into a new collaboration with another collaboration partner and we continue the development of NVC-422 for application in connection with the eye, ear and sinus and for use in contact lens solutions, we will need to rely on our own funds, and any additional funds we may raise. If we are not able to enter into a new collaboration with another collaboration partner or are not able to raise additional funds, we may not be able to develop NVC-422 for these applications.

A key part of our business strategy is to establish collaborative relationships to commercialize and fund development of our product candidates. We may not succeed in establishing and maintaining collaborative relationships, which may significantly limit our ability to develop and commercialize our products successfully, if at all.

A key part of our business strategy is to establish collaborative relationships to commercialize and fund development of our product candidates. We may not be able to negotiate additional collaborations on acceptable terms, if at all, and if we do enter into collaborations, these collaborations may not be successful. Our current and future success depends in part on our ability to enter into successful collaboration arrangements and maintain the collaboration arrangement we currently have with Galderma. The process of establishing and maintaining collaborative relationships is difficult, time-consuming and involves significant uncertainty, including:

 
·
our partners may seek to renegotiate or terminate their relationships with us due to unsatisfactory clinical results, a change in business strategy, a change of control or other reasons;
 
·
our shortage of capital resources may impact a willingness on the part of potential companies to collaborate with us;
 
·
our contracts for collaborative arrangements may be terminable for convenience on written notice and may otherwise expire or terminate, and we may not have alternative funding available;
 
·
our partners may choose to pursue alternative technologies, including those of our competitors;
 
·
we may have disputes with a partner that could lead to litigation or arbitration;
 
·
we do not have day-to-day control over the activities of our partners and have limited control over their decisions;
 
 
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·
our ability to receive milestones and royalties from our partners depends upon the abilities of our partners to establish the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates, obtain regulatory approvals and achieve market acceptance of products developed from our drug candidates;
 
·
we or our partners may fail to properly initiate, maintain or defend our intellectual property rights, where applicable, or a party may utilize our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or potentially invalidate our proprietary information or expose us to potential liability;
 
·
our partners may not devote sufficient capital or resources towards our product candidates; and
 
·
our partners may not comply with applicable government regulatory requirements.

If we are unable to establish and maintain collaborative relationships on acceptable terms or to successfully transition terminated collaborative agreements, we may have to delay or discontinue further development of one or more of our product candidates, undertake development and commercialization activities at our own expense or find alternative sources of capital. Consequently, if we are unable to enter into, maintain or extend successful collaborations, our business may be harmed.

Our long-term success depends upon the successful development and commercialization of other products from our research and development activities.

Our long-term viability and growth will depend upon the successful development and commercialization of other products from our research and development activities. Product development and commercialization is very expensive and involves a high degree of risk. Only a small number of research and development programs result in the commercialization of a product. Success in early stage clinical trials or preclinical work does not ensure that later stage or larger scale clinical trials will be successful. Even if later stage clinical trials are successful, the risk remains that unexpected concerns may arise from additional data or analysis or that obstacles may arise or issues may be identified in connection with review of clinical data with regulatory authorities or that regulatory authorities may disagree with our view of the data or require additional data or information or additional studies.

Conducting clinical trials is a complex, time-consuming and expensive process. Our ability to complete our clinical trials in a timely fashion depends in large part on a number of key factors including protocol design, regulatory and institutional review board approval, the rate of patient enrollment in clinical trials, and compliance with extensive current good clinical practice requirements. We are in many cases using the services of third-party contract clinical trial providers. If we fail to adequately manage the design, execution and regulatory aspects of our clinical trials, our studies and ultimately our regulatory approvals may be delayed or we may fail to gain approval for our product candidates altogether.

If we do not successfully execute our growth initiatives through the acquisition, partnering and in-licensing of products, technologies or companies, our future performance could be adversely affected.

In addition to the expansion of our pipeline through spending on internal development projects, we anticipate growing through external growth opportunities, which include the acquisition, partnering and in-licensing of products, technologies and companies or the entry into strategic alliances and collaborations. If we are unable to complete or manage these external growth opportunities successfully, we may not be able to grow our business in the way that we currently expect. The availability of high quality opportunities is limited and we are not certain that we will be able to identify suitable candidates or complete transactions on terms that are acceptable to us. In order to pursue such opportunities, we may require significant additional financing, which may not be available to us on favorable terms, if at all. The availability of such financing is limited by the recent tightening of the global credit markets.

We may acquire other businesses or form joint ventures or in-license compounds that could disrupt our business, harm our operating results, dilute your ownership interest in us, or cause us to incur debt or significant expense.

As part of our business strategy, we may pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses and assets, and enter into technology or pharmaceutical compound licensing arrangements. We also may pursue strategic alliances that leverage our core technology and industry experience to enhance our ability to commercialize our product candidates and expand our product offerings or distribution. We have no experience with respect to acquiring other companies and limited experience with respect to the formation of commercial partnering agreements, strategic alliances, joint ventures or in-licensing of compounds. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. If we in-license any additional compounds, we may fail to develop the product candidates, and spend significant resources before determining whether a compound we have in-licensed will produce revenues. Any future acquisitions or in-licensing by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. Integration of an acquired company also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. We may not identify or complete these transactions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license, strategic alliance or joint venture.

 
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To finance any acquisitions, we may choose to issue shares of our common stock as consideration, which would dilute your interest in us. If the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies for stock. Alternatively, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds for acquisitions by incurring indebtedness. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

We do not have our own manufacturing capacity, and we plan to rely on partnering arrangements or third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our potential products.

We do not currently operate manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial production of our product candidates.  We have no experience in drug formulation or manufacturing, and we lack the resources and the capabilities to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. As a result, we have partnered and expect to partner with third parties to manufacture our products or rely on contract manufacturers to supply, store and distribute product supplies for our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of our commercial partners or future manufacturers could delay clinical development or regulatory approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and reducing the potential for product revenues.

Our products, if developed and commercialized, will require precise, high quality manufacturing. The failure to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards, including the incidence of manufacturing errors, could result in patient injury or death, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or failures in product testing or delivery, cost overruns or other problems that could seriously harm our business. Contract manufacturers and partners often encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control and quality assurance, as well as shortages of qualified personnel. These manufacturers and partners are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA and corresponding state agencies to ensure strict compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards; however, we do not have control over third-party compliance with these regulations and standards. If any of our manufacturers or partners fails to maintain compliance, the production of our products could be interrupted, resulting in delays, additional costs and potentially lost revenues.

In addition, if the FDA or other regulatory agencies approve any of our product candidates for commercial sale, we will need to manufacture them in larger quantities. Significant scale-up of manufacturing will require validation studies, which the FDA must review and approve. If we are unable to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for a product, the regulatory approval or commercial launch of any drugs may be delayed or there may be a shortage in supply and our business may be harmed as a result.

We depend on skilled and experienced personnel to operate our business effectively. If we are unable to recruit, hire and retain these employees, our ability to manage and expand our business will be harmed, which would impair our future revenue and profitability.

Our success largely depends on the skills, experience and efforts of our officers, especially our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Vice President for Ophthalmic Drug Development, Vice President for Advanced Wound Care,  Chief Alliance Officer and Vice President of Product Development, Vice President of Medical Affairs, Vice President of Business and Corporate Development and other key employees. The efforts of each of these persons is critical to us as we continue to develop our technologies and as we attempt to transition into a company with commercial products. Any of our officers and other key employees may terminate their employment at any time. The loss of any of our senior management team members could weaken our management expertise and harm our ability to compete effectively, develop our technologies and implement our business strategies.

 
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Our ability to retain our skilled labor force and our success in attracting and hiring new skilled employees will be a critical factor in determining whether we will be successful in the future. Our research and development programs and collaborations depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists and technicians. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and technicians in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among life science businesses, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. We also face competition from universities and public and private research institutions in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific personnel. We have also encountered difficulties in recruiting qualified personnel from outside the San Francisco Bay Area, due to the high housing costs in the area.

If we grow and fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan.

Our future growth, if any, may cause a significant strain on our management, and our operational, financial and other resources. Our ability to grow and manage our growth effectively will require us to implement and improve our operational, financial and management information systems and to expand, train, manage and motivate our employees. These demands may require the hiring of additional management personnel and the development of additional expertise by management. Any increase in resources devoted to research and product development without a corresponding increase in our operational, financial and management information systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If our facilities become inoperable, we will be unable to perform our research and development activities, fulfill the requirements under our collaboration agreement and continue developing products and, as a result, our business will be harmed.

We do not have redundant laboratory facilities. We perform substantially all of our research, development and testing in our laboratory located in Emeryville, California. Emeryville is situated on or near active earthquake fault lines. Our facility and the equipment we use to perform our research, development and testing would be costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to repair or replace. The facility may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including earthquakes, flooding and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to perform our research, development and testing for some period of time. The inability to perform our research and development activities may result in the loss of partners or harm our reputation, and we may be unable to regain those partnerships in the future. Our insurance coverage for damage to our property and the disruption of our business may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses, including the loss of time as well as the costs of lost opportunities, and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or  at all.

Obtaining regulatory approval in the United States does not ensure we will obtain regulatory approval in other countries .

We will aim to obtain regulatory approval in the U.S. as well as in other countries. To obtain regulatory approval to market our proposed products outside of the U.S., we and any collaborator must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements in other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ significantly from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process in other countries includes all of the risk associated with FDA approval as well as additional, presently unanticipated risks. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in other countries or any delay or setback in obtaining such approval could have the same adverse effects associated with regulatory approval in the U.S., including the risk that our product candidates may not be approved for all indications requested and that such approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. In addition, failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements in other countries can result in, among other things, warning letters, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, refusal of the government to renew marketing applications and criminal prosecution.

If we are unable to design, conduct and complete clinical trials successfully, we will not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our products.

In order to obtain FDA approval for our drug product candidates, we must submit to the FDA a New Drug Application, or NDA, demonstrating that the product candidate is safe and effective for its intended use. This demonstration requires significant research and animal tests, which are referred to as preclinical studies, as well as human tests, which are referred to as clinical trials.

 
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Any clinical trials we conduct or that are conducted by our partners may not demonstrate the safety or efficacy of our product candidates. Success in pre-clinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful. Results of later clinical trials may not replicate the results of prior clinical trials and pre-clinical testing. Even if the results of one or more of our clinical trials are positive, we may have to commit substantial time and additional resources to conducting further preclinical studies or clinical trials before we can submit NDAs or obtain FDA approvals for our product candidates, and positive results of a clinical trial may not be replicated in subsequent trials.

Clinical trials are very expensive and difficult to design and implement. The clinical trial process is also time-consuming. Furthermore, if participating patients in clinical studies suffer drug-related adverse reactions during the course of such trials, or if we or the FDA believe that participating patients are being exposed to unacceptable health risks, we will have to suspend or terminate our clinical trials. Failure can occur at any stage of the trials, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon clinical trials or to repeat clinical studies.   Further, because our product candidates are all in the same class of compounds, failure in one clinical trial may cause us or our partners to have to suspend or terminate other clinical trials. For example, if toxicity issues were to arise in one clinical trial, it could indicate that all of our product candidates have toxicity issues.

In addition, the completion of clinical trials can be delayed by numerous factors, including:

 
·
delays in identifying and agreeing on acceptable terms with prospective clinical trial sites;
 
·
slower than expected rates of patient recruitment and enrollment;
 
·
increases in time required to complete monitoring of patients during or after participation in a trial; and
 
·
unexpected need for additional patient-related data.

Any of these delays, if significant, could impact the timing, approval and commercialization of our product candidates and could significantly increase our overall costs of drug development.

Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, their results may not support our expectations or intended marketing claims. The clinical trials process may fail to demonstrate that our products are safe and effective for indicated uses. Such failure would cause us to abandon a product candidate for some indications and could delay development of other product candidates.
 
Government agencies may establish usage guidelines that directly apply to our proposed products or change legislation or regulations to which we are subject.

Government usage guidelines typically address matters such as usage and dose, among other factors. Application of these guidelines could limit the use of products that we may develop. In addition there can be no assurance that government regulations applicable to our proposed products or the interpretation thereof will not change and thereby prevent the marketing of some or all of our products for a period of time or permanently. The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the U.S. or in other countries.

Our product candidates may be classified as a drug or a medical device, depending on the mechanism of action or indication for use and prior precedent, and a change in the classification may have an adverse impact on our revenues or our ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals.

Several potential indications for our product candidates may be regulated under the medical device regulations of the FDA administered by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health and the same physical product may be regulated by the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research for another indication. Alternatively the products could be classified as combination products, in which case both the device and drug centers jointly review the submission. The products may be designated by the FDA as a drug or a medical device depending upon the regulatory definition of a drug and a device, their primary mode of action and the indications for use or product claims. For example, for NVC-422, if the indication is for flushing of urinary catheters, we believe it would be classified as a medical device, whereas we believe it would be considered a drug when it is indicated for the prevention of urinary tract infection. The use of NVC-101 as a solution for cleansing and debriding, NeutroPhase, was cleared as a Class I medical device. The determination as to whether a particular indication is considered a drug or a device is also based in part upon precedent. A reclassification by the FDA of an indication from a device to a drug indication during our development for that indication could have a significant adverse impact due to the more rigorous and lengthy approval process required for drugs, as compared to medical devices. Such a change in classification can significantly increase development costs and prolong the time for development and approval, thus delaying revenues. A reclassification of an indication after approval from a drug to a device could result in a change in classification for reimbursement. In many cases, reimbursement for devices is significantly lower than for drugs and there could be a significant negative impact on our revenues.

 
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We and our collaborators are and will be subject to ongoing FDA obligations and continued regulatory review, such as continued safety reporting requirements, and we and our collaborators may also be subject to additional FDA post-marketing obligations or new regulations, all of which may result in significant expense and which may limit our ability to commercialize our medical device and drug products candidates.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive may also be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing follow-up studies. The FDA may require us to commit to perform lengthy Phase IV post-approval studies (as further described below), for which we would have to expend additional resources, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. In addition, if the FDA approves any of our drug product candidates, the labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and record keeping for the drug will be subject to extensive regulatory requirements. The subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with the drugs, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, may result in restrictions on the marketing of the drugs or the withdrawal of the drugs from the market. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may be subject to fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. Any of these events could prevent us from marketing any products we may develop and our business could suffer.

Conducting clinical trials of our product candidates may expose us to expensive liability claims, and we may not be able to maintain liability insurance on reasonable terms or at all.

The risk of clinical trial liability is inherent in the testing of pharmaceutical and medical device products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against any clinical trial claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit or terminate testing of one or more of our product candidates. Our inability to obtain sufficient clinical trial insurance at an acceptable cost to protect us against potential clinical trial claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our product candidates. Our current clinical trial insurance covers individual and aggregate claims up to $3.0 million. This insurance may not cover all claims and we may not be able to obtain additional insurance coverage at a reasonable cost, if at all, in the future. In addition, if our agreements with any future corporate collaborators entitle us to indemnification against product liability losses and clinical trial liability, such indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise.
 
If we use biological and hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury, we could be liable for damages. Compliance with environmental regulations can be expensive, and noncompliance with these regulations may result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages and fines.

Our activities currently require the controlled use of potentially harmful biological materials and other hazardous materials and chemicals and may in the future require the use of radioactive compounds. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury to employees or third parties from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources or any applicable insurance coverage we may have. Additionally, we are subject, on an ongoing basis, to U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations might be significant and could negatively affect our operating results. In addition, if more stringent laws and regulations are adopted in the future, the costs of compliance with these new laws and regulations could be substantial or could impose significant changes in our testing and production process.

 
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The pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by patent litigation and any litigation or claim against us may cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our business and harm our reputation.

There has been substantial litigation in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries with respect to the manufacture, use and sale of new products that are the subject of conflicting patent rights. For the most part, these lawsuits relate to the validity, enforceability and infringement of patents. Generic companies are encouraged to challenge the patents of pharmaceutical products in the United States because a successful challenger can obtain six months of exclusivity as a generic product under the Hatch-Waxman Act. We expect that we will rely upon patents, trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovations and licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our competitive position and we may initiate claims to defend our intellectual property rights as a result. Other parties may have issued patents or be issued patents that may prevent the sale of our products or know-how or require us to license such patents and pay significant fees or royalties in order to produce our products. In addition, future patents may issue to third parties which our technology may infringe. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be applications now pending of which we are unaware that may later result in issued patents that our products may infringe.

Intellectual property litigation, regardless of outcome, is expensive and time-consuming, could divert management’s attention from our business and have a material negative effect on our business, operating results or financial condition. If such a dispute were to be resolved against us, we may be required to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorney’s fees if we were to be found to have willfully infringed a third party’s patent, to the party claiming infringement, develop non-infringing technology, stop selling any products we develop, cease using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable or commercially practical terms, if at all. Our failure to develop non-infringing technologies or license the proprietary rights on a timely basis could harm our business. Modification of any products we develop or development of new products thereafter could require us to conduct additional clinical trials and to revise our filings with the FDA and other regulatory bodies, which would be time-consuming and expensive. In addition, parties making infringement claims may be able to obtain an injunction that would prevent us from selling any products we develop, which could harm our business.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Some of our employees may have been previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying money damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key research personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize product candidates, which could severely harm our business.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, they could result in costly litigation and significant liabilities.

The product candidates we are developing or attempting to develop will, in most cases, undergo extensive clinical testing and will require approval from the applicable regulatory authorities prior to sale. However, despite all reasonable efforts to ensure safety, it is possible that we or our collaborators will sell products which are defective, to which patients react in an unexpected manner, or which are alleged to have side effects. The manufacture and sale of such products may expose us to potential liability, and the industries in which our products are likely to be sold have been subject to significant product liability litigation. Any claims, with or without merit, could result in costly litigation, reduced sales, significant liabilities and diversion of our management’s time and attention and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, business and results of operations.

If a product liability claim is brought against us, we may be required to pay legal and other expenses to defend the claim and, if the claim is successful, damage awards may not be covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance. We may not have sufficient capital resources to pay a judgment, in which case our creditors could levy against our assets. We may also be obligated to indemnify our collaborators and make payments to other parties with respect to product liability damages and claims. Defending any product liability claims, or indemnifying others against those claims, could require us to expend significant financial and managerial resources.

 
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Failure to obtain sufficient quantities of products and substances necessary for research and development, pre-clinical trials, human clinical trials and product commercialization that are of acceptable quality at reasonable prices or at all could constrain our product development and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have relied and will continue to rely on contract manufacturers for the foreseeable future to produce quantities of products and substances necessary for research and development, pre-clinical trials, human clinical trials and product commercialization. It will be important to us that such products and substances can be manufactured at a cost and in quantities necessary to make them commercially viable. At this point in time, we have not attempted to identify, and do not know whether there will be, any third party manufacturers which will be able to meet our needs with respect to timing, quantity and quality for commercial production. In addition, if we are unable to contract for a sufficient supply or required products and substances on acceptable terms, or if we should encounter delays or difficulties in our relationships with manufacturers, our research and development, pre-clinical and clinical testing would be delayed, thereby delaying the submission of product candidates for regulatory approval or the market introduction and subsequent sales of products. Any such delay may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Because our clinical development activities rely heavily on sensitive and personal information, an area which is highly regulated by privacy laws, we may not be able to generate, maintain or access essential patient samples or data to continue our research and development efforts in the future on reasonable terms and conditions, which may adversely affect our business.

As a result of our clinical development, we will have access to very sensitive data regarding the patients enrolled in our clinical trials. This data will contain information that is personal in nature. The maintenance of this data is subject to certain privacy-related laws, which impose upon us administrative and financial burdens, and litigation risks. For instance, the rules promulgated by the Department of Health and Human Services under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, create national standards to protect patients’ medical records and other personal information in the U.S.  These rules require that healthcare providers and other covered entities obtain written authorizations from patients prior to disclosing protected health care information of the patient to companies like NovaBay. If the patient fails to execute an authorization or the authorization fails to contain all required provisions, then we will not be allowed access to the patient’s information and our research efforts can be substantially delayed. Furthermore, use of protected health information that is provided to us pursuant to a valid patient authorization is subject to the limits set forth in the authorization (i.e., for use in research and in submissions to regulatory authorities for product approvals). As such, we are required to implement policies, procedures and reasonable and appropriate security measures to protect individually identifiable health information we receive from covered entities, and to ensure such information is used only as authorized by the patient. Any violations of these rules by us could subject us to civil and criminal penalties and adverse publicity, and could harm our ability to initiate and complete clinical studies required to support regulatory applications for our proposed products. In addition, HIPAA does not replace federal, state, or other laws that may grant individuals even greater privacy protections. We can provide no assurance that future legislation will not prevent us from generating or maintaining personal data or that patients will consent to the use of their personal information, either of which may prevent us from undertaking or publishing essential research. These burdens or risks may prove too great for us to reasonably bear, and may adversely affect our ability to function profitably in the future.

We may be subject to fines, penalties, injunctions and other sanctions if we are deemed to be promoting the use of our products for non-FDA-approved, or off-label, uses.

Our business and future growth depend on the development, use and ultimate sale of products that are subject to FDA regulation, clearance and approval. Under the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other laws, we are prohibited from promoting our products for off-label uses. This means that we may not make claims about the safety or effectiveness of our products and may not proactively discuss or provide information on the use of our products, except as allowed by the FDA.

There is a risk that the FDA or other federal or state law enforcement authorities could determine that the nature and scope of our sales and marketing activities may constitute the promotion of our products for a non-FDA-approved use in violation of applicable law. We also face the risk that the FDA or other regulatory authorities might pursue enforcement based on past activities that we have discontinued or changed, including sales activities, arrangements with institutions and doctors, educational and training programs and other activities.

Government investigations concerning the promotion of off-label uses and related issues are typically expensive, disruptive and burdensome and generate negative publicity. If our promotional activities are found to be in violation of applicable law or if we agree to a settlement in connection with an enforcement action, we would likely face significant fines and penalties and would likely be required to substantially change our sales, promotion, grant and educational activities. In addition, were any enforcement actions against us or our senior officers to arise, we could be excluded from participation in U.S. government healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.

 
35

 
If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our competitors could develop and market products similar to ours that may reduce demand for our products.

Our success, competitive position and potential future revenues will depend in significant part on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely on the patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws of the U.S. and other countries, as well as confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements, to protect our intellectual property rights. We apply for patents covering our technologies as we deem appropriate.

NovaBay aggressively protects and enforces its patent rights worldwide.  However, certain risks remain.  There is no assurance that patents will issue from any of our applications or, for those patents we have or that do issue, that the claims will be sufficiently broad to protect our proprietary rights, or that it will be economically possible to pursue sufficient numbers of patents to afford significant protection.  For example, we do not have any composition of matter patent directed to the NVC-101 composition. If a potential competitor introduces a similar method of using NVC-101 with a similar composition that does not fall within the scope of the method of treatment claims, then we or a potential marketing partner would be unable to rely on the allowed claims to protect its market position for the method of using the NVC-101 composition, and any revenues arising from such protection would be adversely impacted.

In addition, there is no assurance that any patents issued to us or licensed or assigned to us by third parties will not be challenged, invalidated, found unenforceable or circumvented, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide competitive advantages to us. If we or our collaborators or licensors fail to file, prosecute or maintain certain patents, our competitors could market products that contain features and clinical benefits similar to those of any products we develop, and demand for our products could decline as a result. Further, although we have taken steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, third parties may be able to design around our patents or, if they do infringe upon our technology, we may not be successful or have sufficient resources in pursuing a claim of infringement against those third parties. Any pursuit of an infringement claim by us may involve substantial expense and diversion of management attention.

We also rely on trade secrets and proprietary know-how that we seek to protect by confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and collaborators. If these agreements are not enforceable, or are breached, we may not have adequate remedies for any breach, and our trade secrets and proprietary know-how may become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

We operate in the State of California.  The laws of the State prevent us from imposing a delay before an employee who may have access to trade secrets and proprietary know-how can commence employment with a competing company. Although we may be able to pursue legal action against competitive companies improperly using our proprietary information, we may not be aware of any use of our trade secrets and proprietary know-how until after significant damage has been done to our company.

Furthermore, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. If our intellectual property does not provide significant protection against foreign or domestic competition, our competitors, including generic manufacturers, could compete more directly with us, which could result in a decrease in our market share. All of these factors may harm our competitive position.

If bacteria develop resistance to Aganocide compounds, our revenues could be significantly reduced.

Based on our understanding of the hypothesis of the mechanism of action of our Aganocide compounds, we do not expect bacteria to be able to develop resistance to Aganocide compounds. However, we cannot assure you that one or more strains of bacteria will not develop resistance to our compounds, either because our hypothesis of the mechanism of action is incorrect or because a strain of bacteria undergoes some unforeseen genetic mutation that permits it to survive. Since we expect lack of resistance to be a major factor in the commercialization of our product candidates, the discovery of such resistance would have a major adverse impact on the acceptability and sales of our products.

 
36

 
If physicians and patients do not accept and use our products, we will not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

Even if the FDA approves product candidates that we develop, physicians and patients may not accept and use them. Acceptance and use of our products may depend on a number of factors including:

 
·
perceptions by members of the healthcare community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our products;
 
·
published studies demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of our products relative to competing products;
 
·
availability of reimbursement for our products from government or healthcare payers; and
 
·
effectiveness of marketing and distribution efforts by us and our licensees and distributors, if any.

The failure of any of our products to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing.

If we are unable to develop our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, or if we are not successful in contracting with third parties for these services on favorable terms, or at all, revenues from any products we develop could be disappointing.

We currently have no internal sales, marketing or distribution capabilities. In order to commercialize any product candidates approved by the FDA, we will either have to develop such capabilities internally or collaborate with third parties who can perform these services for us, such as Pioneer Pharma Co. Ltd. If we decide to commercialize any products we develop, we may not be able to hire the necessary experienced personnel and build sales, marketing and distribution operations which are capable of successfully launching new products and generating sufficient product revenues. In addition, establishing such operations will take time and involve significant expense.

If we decide to enter into co-promotion or other licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be unable to identify acceptable partners because the number of potential partners is limited and because of competition from others for similar alliances with potential partners. Even if we are able to identify one or more acceptable partners, we may not be able to enter into any partnering arrangements on favorable terms, or at all. If we enter into any partnering arrangements, our revenues are likely to be lower than if we marketed and sold our products ourselves.

In addition, any revenues we receive would depend upon our partners’ efforts which may not be adequate due to lack of attention or resource commitments, management turnover, change of strategic focus, further business combinations or other factors outside of our control. Depending upon the terms of our agreements, the remedies we have against an under-performing partner may be limited. If we were to terminate the relationship, it may be difficult or impossible to find a replacement partner on acceptable terms, or at all.

If we cannot compete successfully for market share against other companies, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

The market for our product candidates is characterized by intense competition and rapid technological advances. If our product candidates receive FDA approval and are launched they will compete with a number of existing and future drugs, devices and therapies developed, manufactured and marketed by others. Existing or future competing products may provide greater therapeutic convenience or clinical or other benefits for a specific indication than our products, or may offer comparable performance at a lower cost. If our products are unable to capture and maintain market share, we may not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.
 
We will compete for market share against fully integrated pharmaceutical and medical device companies or other companies that develop products independently or collaborate with larger pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. In addition, many of these competitors, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, have substantially greater capital resources, larger research and development staffs and facilities, and greater financial resources than we do, as well as significantly greater experience in:

 
·
developing drugs and devices;
 
·
conducting preclinical testing and human clinical trials;
 
 
37

 
 
 
·
obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of product candidates;
 
·
formulating and manufacturing products; and
 
·
launching, marketing, distributing and selling products.

Our competitors may:

 
·
develop and patent processes or products earlier than we will;
 
·
develop and commercialize products that are less expensive or more efficient than any products that we may develop;
 
·
obtain regulatory approvals for competing products more rapidly than we will; and
 
·
improve upon existing technological approaches or develop new or different approaches that render any technology or products we develop obsolete or uncompetitive.

We cannot assure you that our competitors will not succeed in developing technologies and products that are more effective than any developed by us or that would render our technologies and any products we develop obsolete. If we are unable to compete successfully against current or future competitors, we may be unable to obtain market acceptance for any product candidates that we create, which could prevent us from generating revenues or achieving profitability and could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Our ability to generate revenues from any products we develop will be diminished if we fail to obtain acceptable prices or an adequate level of reimbursement for our products from healthcare payers.

Our ability to commercialize our product candidates will depend, in part, on the extent to which health insurers, government authorities and other third-party payers will reimburse the costs of products which may be developed by us or our partners. We expect that a portion of our economic return from partnering arrangements with pharmaceutical companies and other collaborators will be derived from royalties, fees or other revenues linked to final sales of products that we or our partners develop. Newly-approved pharmaceuticals and other products which are developed by us or our partners will not necessarily be reimbursed by third-party payers or may not be reimbursed at levels sufficient to generate significant sales. Government and other third-party payers are increasingly attempting to contain health care costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for new drugs or medical devices. Cost control initiatives such as these could adversely affect our or our collaborators’ ability to commercialize products. In addition, real or anticipated cost control initiatives for final products may reduce the willingness of pharmaceutical companies or other potential partners to collaborate with us on the development of new products.

Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly-approved healthcare products. Healthcare payers, including Medicare, health maintenance organizations and managed care organizations, are challenging the prices charged for medical products or are seeking pharmacoeconomic data to justify formulary acceptance and reimbursement practices. We currently have not generated pharmacoeconomic data on any of our product candidates. Government and other healthcare payers increasingly are attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for drugs and medical devices, and by refusing, in some cases, to provide coverage for uses of approved products for disease indications for which the FDA has or has not granted labeling approval. Adequate third-party insurance coverage may not be available to patients for any products we discover and develop, alone or with collaborators. If government and other healthcare payers do not provide adequate coverage and reimbursement levels for our products, market acceptance of our product candidates could be limited.

Health care reform measures could limit the prices we or our collaborative partners can obtain for our potential products, or impose additional costs on us.
 
In March 2010, the U.S. Congress adopted and President Obama signed into law comprehensive health care reform legislation through the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act (H.R. 3590) and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (H.R. 4872).  While we anticipate that this legislation may, over time, increase the number of patients who have insurance coverage for pharmaceutical products, it also imposes cost containment measures that may adversely affect the amount of reimbursement for pharmaceutical products. In addition, such legislation contains a number of provisions designed to generate the revenues necessary to fund the coverage expansion, including new fees or taxes on certain health-related industries. 

Many of the details of the new law will be included in new and revised regulations, which have not yet been promulgated, and require additional guidance and specificity to be provided by the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Labor and Department of the Treasury. Accordingly, while it is too early to understand and predict the ultimate impact of the new legislation on our business, the legislation could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 
38

 
Risks Relating to Owning Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially, which may result in losses to our stockholders.

The stock prices of many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry have generally experienced wide fluctuations, which are often unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate in response to, among other things:

 
·
the results of preclinical or clinical trials relating to our product candidates;
 
·
the announcement of new products by us or our competitors;
 
·
announcement of partnering arrangements by us or our competitors;
 
·
quarterly variations in our or our competitors’ results of operations;
 
·
announcements by us related to litigation;
 
·
changes in our earnings estimates, investors’ perceptions, recommendations by securities analysts or our failure to achieve analysts’ earning estimates;
 
·
developments in our industry; and
 
·
general, economic and market conditions, including the recent volatility in the financial markets and decrease in consumer confidence and other factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors.

The volume of trading of our common stock may be low, leaving our common stock open to risk of high volatility.

The number of shares of our common stock being traded may be very low. Any stockholder wishing to sell his/her stock may cause a significant fluctuation in the price of our stock. In addition, low trading volume of a stock increases the possibility that, despite rules against such activity, the price of the stock may be manipulated by persons acting in their own self-interest. We may not have adequate market makers and market making activity to prevent manipulation.

Our directors, executive officers and principal stockholders have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders.

As of December 31, 2011, our officers and directors collectively controlled approximately 4,176,761 shares of our outstanding common stock (and approximately 6,028,226 shares of our common stock when including options held by them which were exercisable as of or within 60 days from December 31, 2011). Furthermore, as of December 31, 2011, our largest stockholder, a family trust established and controlled by Dr. Ramin Najafi, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owned 3,132,752 shares or 12.4 % of our outstanding common stock (and approximately 3,590,638 shares of our common stock when including options held by Dr. Najafi which were exercisable as of or within 60 days from December 31, 2011). As a result, Dr. Najafi can significantly influence the management and affairs of our company and most matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and might adversely affect the market price of our common stock. This concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders.

Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate our business and to assess our future viability.

Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, developing our technology, researching and developing our compounds, and conducting preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials of our compounds. We have not demonstrated the ability to succeed in achieving clinical endpoints, obtain regulatory approvals, formulate and manufacture products on a commercial scale or conduct sales and marketing activities. Consequently, any predictions you make about our future success or viability are unlikely to be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history.

 
39

 
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law, contain provisions that could discourage a third party from making a takeover offer that is beneficial to our stockholders.

Anti-takeover provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law may have the effect of deterring or delaying attempts by our stockholders to remove or replace management, engage in proxy contests and effect changes in control. The provisions of our charter documents include:

 
·
a classified board so that only one of the three classes of directors on our Board of Directors is elected each year;
 
·
elimination of cumulative voting in the election of directors;
 
·
procedures for advance notification of stockholder nominations and proposals;
 
·
the ability of our Board of Directors to amend our bylaws without stockholder approval; and
 
·
the ability of our Board of Directors to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock without stockholder approval upon the terms and conditions and with the rights, privileges and preferences as our Board of Directors may determine.

In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to the Delaware General Corporation Law, which includes provisions that may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying or preventing changes in control or management of our company. Provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock by discouraging a hostile bid, or delaying, preventing or deterring a merger, acquisition or tender offer in which our stockholders could receive a premium for their shares, or effect a proxy contest for control of NovaBay or other changes in our management.

We have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the future, and any return on investment may be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our common stock will depend on our earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting us at such time as our Board of Directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, you will experience a return on your investment in our shares only if our stock price appreciates. We cannot assure you that you will receive a return on your investment when you do sell your shares or that you will not lose the entire amount of your investment.

ITEM 2.  UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

During the three months ended June 30, 2012, NovaBay issued 6,000 shares of restricted common stock to JSDC, Inc., a vendor, for consulting services.   The issuance of the shares was exempt from registration under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933.

ITEM 6.
EXHIBITS

See the Exhibit Index which follows the signature page of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated here by reference.
 
 
40

 
SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
   
Date: August 8, 2012
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
   
 
/s/ Ramin Najafi
 
Ramin (“Ron”) Najafi
 
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
(duly authorized officer)
   
Date: August 8, 2012
/s/ Thomas J. Paulson
 
Thomas J. Paulson
 
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial officer)


 
41

 
 
EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.   Description
     
3.1
 
Certificate of Incorporation of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number from the Company’s current report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 29, 2010 (SEC File No. 001-33678))
     
3.2
 
Amended and Restated Bylaws of registrant (Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number from the Company’s current report on Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on June 29, 2010 (SEC File No. 001-33678).)
     
4.1
 
Specimen common stock certificate (Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same description from the Company’s registration statement of Form S-1 (File No. 333-140714) initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 14, 2007, as amended)
     
4.2
 
Form of Warrant issued in the August 2009 offering.  (Incorporated by reference to the exhibit with the same description from the Company’s current report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on August 21, 2009 (SEC File No. 001-33678).)
     
4.3
 
Form of Warrant issued in the July 2011 offering.  (Incorporated by reference to the exhibit with the same description from the Company’s current report on Form 8-K, as filed with the SEC on June 29, 2011 (SEC File No. 001-33678).)
     
10.1
 
2007 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended and restated
     
10.2   Seventh Amendment to Lease Between Emery Station Office II, L.L.C. and NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
     
31.1
 
Certification of the principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
     
31.2
 
Certification of the principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
     
32.1
 
Certification of the chief executive officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
     
32.2
 
Certification of the chief financial officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
     
101.INS*
 
XBRL Instance Document
     
101.SCH*
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
     
101.CAL*
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
     
101.DEF
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
     
101.LAB*
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
     
101.PRE*
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
 

* XBRL information is furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and is not subject to liability under those sections, is not part of any registration statement or prospectus to which it relates and is not incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any registration statement, prospectus or other document.

42
Exhibit 10.1
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
 
2007 OMNIBUS INCENTIVE PLAN
(as amended and restated on June 12, 2008)
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 

 
Table of Contents
 
Section 1.
Purpose
1
     
Section 2.
Definitions
1
     
Section 3.
Administration
4
(a)
Power and Authority of the Committee
4
(b)
Power and Authority of the Board
5
(c)
Delegation of Duties
5
     
Section 4.
Shares Available for Awards
5
(a)
Shares Available
5
(b)
Accounting for Awards
6
(c)
Adjustments
6
(d)
Section 162(m) Award Limitations Under the Plan
6
     
Section 5.
Eligibility
6
     
Section 6.
Awards
7
(a)
Options
7
(b)
Stock Appreciation Rights
8
(c)
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
8
(d)
Performance Awards
9
(e)
Dividend Equivalents
10
(f)
Other Stock Grants
10
(g)
Other Stock-Based Awards
10
(h)
General
10
     
Section 7.
Amendment and Termination; Adjustments
12
(a)
Amendments to the Plan
12
(b)
Amendments to Awards
13
(c)
Correction of Defects, Omissions and Inconsistencies
13
     
Section 8.
Income Tax Withholding
13
     
Section 9.
General Provisions
14
(a)
No Rights to Awards
14
(b)
Award Agreements
14
(c)
Plan Provisions Control
14
(d)
No Rights of Shareholders
14
(e)
No Limit on Other Compensation Arrangements
14
(f)
No Right to Employment
14
 
 
ii

 
(g)
Governing Law
15
(h)
Severability
15
(i)
No Trust or Fund Created
15
(j)
Other Benefits
15
(k)
No Fractional Shares
15
(l)
Headings
15
(m)
Section 16 Compliance; Section 162(m) Administration
15
(n)
Conditions Precedent to Issuance of Shares
16
     
Section 10.
Effective Date of the Plan
16
     
Section 11.
Term of the Plan
16
 
 
iii

 
NOVABAY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
2007 OMNIBUS INCENTIVE PLAN
(as amended and restated on April 16, 2008)
 
Section 1.                      Purpose
 
The purpose of the Plan is to promote the interests of the Company and its shareholders by aiding the Company in attracting and retaining employees, officers, consultants, independent contractors and directors capable of assuring the future success of the Company, to offer such persons incentives to continue in the Company’s employ or service and to afford such persons an opportunity to acquire a proprietary interest, or otherwise increase their proprietary interest, in the Company.
 
Section 2.                      Definitions
 
As used in the Plan, the following terms shall have the meanings set forth below:
 
(a)      “ Affiliate ” shall mean (i) any entity that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, is controlled by the Company and (ii) any entity in which the Company has a significant equity interest, in each case as determined by the Committee.
 
(b)      “ Award ” shall mean any Option, Stock Appreciation Right, Restricted Stock, Restricted Stock Unit, Performance Award, Dividend Equivalent, Other Stock Grant or Other Stock-Based Award granted under the Plan.
 
(c)      “ Award Agreement ” shall mean any written agreement, contract or other instrument or document evidencing an Award granted under the Plan.  Each Award Agreement shall be subject to the applicable terms and conditions of the Plan and any other terms and conditions (not inconsistent with the Plan) determined by the Committee.
 
(d)      “ Board ” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Company.
 
(e)      “ Code ” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time, and any regulations promulgated thereunder.
 
(f)      “ Committee ” shall mean a committee of Directors designated by the Board to administer the Plan, which shall initially be the Company’s compensation committee.  The Committee shall be comprised of not less than such number of Directors as shall be required to permit Awards granted under the Plan to qualify under Rule 16b-3 and Section 162(m) of the Code, and each member of the Committee shall be a “ Non-Employee Director ” and an “ Outside Director .”
 
(g)      “ Company ” shall mean NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a California corporation, and any successor corporation.
 
(h)      “ Covered Employee ” means an employee who is, or could be, a “covered employee” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Code.
 
 
 

 
(i)      “ Director ” shall mean a member of the Board, including any Non-Employee Director.
 
(j)      “ Dividend Equivalent ” shall mean any right granted under Section 6(e) of the Plan.
 
(k)      “ Eligible Person ” shall mean any employee, officer, consultant, independent contractor or director providing services to the Company or any Affiliate who the Committee determines to be an Eligible Person.  An Eligible Person must be a natural person.
 
(l)      “ Exchange Act ” shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
 
(m)           “ Fair Market Value ” shall mean, with respect to any property (including, without limitation, any Shares or other securities), the fair market value of such property determined by such methods or procedures as shall be established from time to time by the Committee.  Notwithstanding the foregoing and unless otherwise determined by the Committee, the Fair Market Value of a Share as of a given date shall be, if the Shares are then listed on the American Stock Exchange, the closing price of one Share as reported on the American Stock Exchange on such date or, if the American Stock Exchange is not open for trading on such date, on the most recent preceding date when it is open for trading.
 
(n)      “ Incentive Stock Option ” shall mean an option granted under Section 6(a) of the Plan that is intended to qualify as an “incentive stock option” in accordance with the terms of Section 422 of the Code or any successor provision.
 
(o)      “ Insider ” shall mean (i) an insider (as defined in Section 1 of the Securities Act (Ontario)), except that a person who falls within that definition solely by virtue of being a director or senior officer of a subsidiary or an affiliate (as defined in Sections 1(2) and 1(4), respectively, of the Securities Act (Ontario)) of the Company shall not be an insider for purposes hereof, unless such director or senior officer:  (1) in the ordinary course receives or has access to information as to material facts or material changes concerning the Company before the material facts or material changes are generally disclosed, (2) is a director or senior officer of a major subsidiary (as defined in National Instrument 55-101 - Insider Reporting Exemptions) or (3) is an insider of the Company in a capacity other than as a director or senior officer of the subsidiary or affiliate of the Company; and (ii) an associate (as defined in Section 1(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario)) or affiliate of any person who is an insider by virtue of the preceding clause (i).
 
(p)      “ Non-Employee Director ” shall mean any Director who is not also an employee of the Company or an Affiliate within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 (which term “Non-Employee Director” is defined in this paragraph for purposes of the definition of “Committee” only and is not intended to define such term as used elsewhere in the Plan).
 
(q)      “ Non-Qualified Stock Option ” shall mean an option granted under Section 6(a) of the Plan that is not an Incentive Stock Option.
 
(r)      “ Option ” shall mean an Incentive Stock Option or a Non-Qualified Stock Option.
 
(s)      “ Other Stock Grant ” shall mean any right granted under Section 6(f) of the Plan.
 
 
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(t)      “ Other Stock-Based Award ” shall mean any right granted under Section 6(g) of the Plan.
 
(u)      “ Outside Director ” shall mean any Director who is an “outside director” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Code.
 
(v)      “ Participant ” shall mean an Eligible Person designated to be granted an Award under the Plan.
 
(w)           “ Performance Award ” shall mean any right granted under Section 6(d) of the Plan.
 
(x)      “ Performance Goal ” shall mean one or more of the following performance goals, either individually, alternatively or in any combination, applied on a corporate, subsidiary or business unit basis:  revenue, cash flow, gross profit, earnings before interest and taxes, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and net earnings, earnings per share, margins (including one or more of gross, operating and net income margins), returns (including one or more of return on assets, equity, investment, capital and revenue and total shareholder return), stock price, economic value added, working capital, market share, cost reductions, workforce satisfaction and diversity goals, employee retention, customer satisfaction, completion of key projects and strategic plan development and implementation.  Such goals may reflect absolute entity or business unit performance or a relative comparison to the performance of a peer group of entities or other external measure of the selected performance criteria.  Pursuant to rules and conditions adopted by the Committee on or before the 90th day of the applicable performance period for which Performance Goals are established, the Committee may appropriately adjust any evaluation of performance under such goals to exclude the effect of certain events, including any of the following events:  asset write-downs; litigation or claim judgments or settlements; changes in tax law, accounting principles or other such laws or provisions affecting reported results; severance, contract termination and other costs related to exiting certain business activities; and gains or losses from the disposition of businesses or assets or from the early extinguishment of debt.
 
(y)      “ Permanent Disability ” shall mean the inability of Participant to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of twelve months or more.
 
(z)      “ Person ” shall mean any individual or entity, including a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture or trust.
 
(aa)           “ Plan ” shall mean the NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2007 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended from time to time, the provisions of which are set forth herein.
 
(bb)           “ Qualified Performance Based Award ” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 6(d) of the Plan.
 
(cc)           “ Restricted Stock ” shall mean any Share granted under Section 6(c) of the Plan.
 
 
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(dd)           “ Restricted Stock Unit ” shall mean any unit granted under Section 6(c) of the Plan evidencing the right to receive a Share (or evidencing the right to receive a cash payment equal to the Fair Market Value of a Share if explicitly so provided in the Award Agreement) at some future date.
 
(ee)           “ Rule 16b-3 ” shall mean Rule 16b-3 promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Exchange Act, or any successor rule or regulation.
 
(ff)      “ Section 162(m) ” shall mean Section 162(m) of the Code and the applicable Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder.
 
(gg)           “ Securities Act ” shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
 
(hh)           “ Service ” shall mean the Participant’s performance of services for the Company (or any Affiliate) in the capacity of an employee, officer, consultant, independent contractor or director.
 
(ii)      “ Share ” or “ Shares ” shall mean a share or shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of the Company or such other securities or property as may become subject to Awards pursuant to an adjustment made under Section 4(c) of the Plan.
 
(jj)      “ Stock Appreciation Right ” shall mean any right granted under Section 6(b) of the Plan.
 
Section 3.                      Administration
 
(a)       Power and Authority of the Committee .  The Plan shall be administered by the Committee.  Any Awards made to members of the Committee, however, should be authorized by a disinterested majority of the Board.  Subject to the express provisions of the Plan and to applicable law and other applicable stock exchange rules, the Committee shall have full power and authority to:  (i) designate Participants; (ii) determine the type or types of Awards to be granted to each Participant under the Plan; (iii) determine the number of Shares to be covered by (or the method by which payments or other rights are to be determined in connection with) each Award; (iv) determine the terms and conditions of any Award or Award Agreement; (v) amend the terms and conditions of any Award or Award Agreement and accelerate the exercisability of any Option or waive any restrictions relating to any Award; (vi) determine whether, to what extent and under what circumstances Awards may be exercised in cash, Shares, promissory notes (provided, however, that the par value of any Shares to be issued pursuant to such exercise shall be paid in the form of cash, services rendered, personal property, real property or a combination thereof and the acceptance of such promissory notes does not conflict with Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002), other securities, other Awards or other property, or canceled, forfeited or suspended; (vii) interpret and administer the Plan and any instrument or agreement, including an Award Agreement, relating to the Plan; (viii) establish, amend, suspend or waive such rules and regulations and appoint such agents as it shall deem appropriate for the proper administration of the Plan; and (ix) make any other determination and take any other action that the Committee deems necessary or desirable for the administration of the Plan.  Unless otherwise expressly provided in the Plan, all designations, determinations, interpretations and other decisions under or with respect to the Plan or any Award or Award Agreement shall be within the sole discretion of the Committee, may be made at any time and shall be final, conclusive and binding upon any Eligible Person and any holder or beneficiary of any Award.
 
 
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(b)       Power and Authority of the Board .  Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the Board may, at any time and from time to time, without any further action of the Committee, exercise the powers and duties of the Committee under the Plan, but only to the extent it would not cause a loss of any benefits under Section 162(m).
 
(c)       Delegation of Duties .  To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Board or Committee may from time to time delegate to a committee of one or more members of the Board or one or more officers of the Company the authority to grant or amend Awards to Eligible Persons other than (i) executives of the Company who are subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act, (ii) Covered Employees, or (iii) officers of the Company (or members of the Board) to whom authority to grant or amend Awards has been delegated hereunder.  Any delegation hereunder shall be subject to the restrictions and limits that the Board or Committee specifies at the time of such delegation, and the Board or Committee, as applicable, may at any time rescind the authority so delegated or appoint a new delegatee.  At all times, the delegatee appointed under this Section 3(c) shall serve in such capacity at the pleasure of the Board or Committee that created the same.
 
Section 4.                      Shares Available for Awards
 
(a)       Shares Available .  “Subject to adjustment as provided in Section 4(c) of the Plan, the aggregate number of Shares that may be issued under the Plan shall be 2,000,000, plus an automatic annual increase on the first day of each of the Company’s fiscal years beginning on January 1, 2009 and ending on January 1, 2017 equal to (i) four percent (4%) of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year or (ii) such lesser number of shares of Common Stock than provided for in Section 4(a)(i) as determined by the Board.”  Shares to be issued under the Plan may be either authorized but unissued Shares or Shares re-acquired and held in treasury.  Any Shares that are used by a Participant as full or partial payment to the Company of the purchase price relating to an Award, or in connection with the satisfaction of tax obligations relating to an Award, shall again be available for granting Awards (other than Incentive Stock Options) under the Plan.  In addition, if any Shares covered by an Award or to which an Award relates are not purchased or are forfeited, or if an Award otherwise terminates without delivery of any Shares, then the number of Shares counted against the aggregate number of Shares available under the Plan with respect to such Award, to the extent of any such forfeiture or termination, shall again be available for granting Awards under the Plan.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, (i) the number of Shares available for granting Incentive Stock Options under the Plan shall not exceed 2,000,000, plus the automatic annual increase described above, subject to adjustment as provided in Section 4(c) of the Plan and subject to the provisions of Section 422 or 424 of the Code or any successor provision and (ii) the number of Shares available for granting Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units shall not exceed 2,000,000, plus the automatic annual increase described above, subject to adjustment as provided in Section 4(c) of the Plan.
 
 
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(b)       Accounting for Awards .  For purposes of this Section 4, if an Award entitles the holder thereof to receive or purchase Shares, the number of Shares covered by such Award or to which such Award relates shall be counted on the date of grant of such Award against the aggregate number of Shares available for granting Awards under the Plan.  Any Shares that are used by a Participant as full or partial payment to the Company of the purchase price relating to an Award or in connection with the satisfaction of tax obligations relating to an Award, shall again be available for granting Awards under the Plan.  In addition, if any Shares covered by an Award or to which an Award relates are not purchased or are forfeited, or if an Award otherwise terminates without delivery of any Shares, then the number of Shares counted against the aggregate number of Shares available under the Plan with respect to such Award, to the extent of any such forfeiture or termination, shall again be available for granting Awards under the Plan.
 
(c)       Adjustments .  In the event that the Committee shall determine that any dividend or other distribution (whether in the form of cash, Shares, other securities or other property), recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, reorganization, merger, consolidation, split-up, spin-off, combination, repurchase or exchange of Shares or other securities of the Company, issuance of warrants or other rights to purchase Shares or other securities of the Company or other similar corporate transaction or event affects the Shares such that an adjustment is determined by the Committee to be appropriate in order to prevent dilution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended to be made available under the Plan, then the Committee shall, in such manner as it may deem equitable, adjust any or all of (i) the number and type of Shares (or other securities or other property) that thereafter may be made the subject of Awards, (ii) the number and type of Shares (or other securities or other property) subject to outstanding Awards, (iii) the purchase price or exercise price with respect to any Award and (iv) the limitations contained in Section 4(d) of the Plan; provided , however , that the number of Shares covered by any Award or to which such Award relates shall always be a whole number.  Notwithstanding the forgoing, any adjustments made pursuant to this Section 4(c) shall be subject to any prior approvals as may be required of any relevant stock exchanges on which the Company’s securities are then traded or any other applicable regulatory authorities.
 
(d)       Section 162(m) Award Limitations Under the Plan .  No Eligible Person may be granted any Award or Awards under the Plan which is intended to represent “qualified performance based compensation” with the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Code, for more than 1,000,000 Shares (subject to adjustment as provided for in Section 4(c) of the Plan), in the aggregate in any taxable year.
 
Section 5.                      Eligibility
 
Any Eligible Person shall be eligible to be designated a Participant.  In determining which Eligible Persons shall receive an Award and the terms of any Award, the Committee may take into account the nature of the services rendered by the respective Eligible Persons, their present and potential contributions to the success of the Company or such other factors as the Committee, in its discretion, shall deem relevant.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, an Incentive Stock Option may only be granted to full-time or part-time employees (which term as used herein includes, without limitation, officers and directors who are also employees), and an Incentive Stock Option shall not be granted to an employee of an Affiliate unless such Affiliate is also a “subsidiary corporation” of the Company within the meaning of Section 424(f) of the Code or any successor provision.
 
 
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Section 6.                      Awards
 
(a)       Options .  The Committee is hereby authorized to grant Options to Eligible Persons with the following terms and conditions and with such additional terms and conditions not inconsistent with the provisions of the Plan as the Committee shall determine:
 
(i)            Exercise Price .  The purchase price per Share purchasable under an Option shall be determined by the Committee; provided , however , that such purchase price shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of a Share on the date of grant of such Option.
 
(ii)            Option Term .  The term of each Option shall be fixed by the Committee at the time of grant, but shall not be longer than 10 years from the date of grant.
 
(iii)            Time and Method of Exercise .  The Committee shall determine the time or times at which an Option may be exercised in whole or in part and the method or methods by which, and the form or forms (including, without limitation, cash, Shares, promissory notes ( provided , however , that the par value of any Shares to be issued pursuant to such exercise shall be paid in the form of cash, services rendered, personal property, real property or a combination thereof and the acceptance of such promissory notes does not conflict with Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002), other securities, other Awards or other property, or any combination thereof, having a Fair Market Value on the exercise date equal to the applicable exercise price) in which, payment of the exercise price with respect thereto may be made or deemed to have been made.  The Committee shall have the discretion to grant Options that are exercisable for unvested Shares.  Should the Participant’s Service cease while the Shares issued upon the early exercise of the Participant’s Options are still unvested, the Company shall have the right to repurchase any or all of those unvested Shares at a price per share determined by the Committee.  The terms upon which such repurchase right shall be exercisable (including the period and procedure for exercise and the appropriate vesting schedule for the purchased shares) shall be established by the Committee and set forth in the Award Agreement.  Any repurchases must be made in compliance with the relevant provisions of California law.
 
(iv)            Incentive Stock Options .  Notwithstanding anything in the Plan to the contrary, the following additional provisions shall apply to the grant of stock options which are intended to qualify as Incentive Stock Options:
 
(A)           The Committee will not grant Incentive Stock Options in which the aggregate Fair Market Value (determined as of the time the option is granted) of the Shares with respect to which Incentive Stock Options are exercisable for the first time by any Participant during any calendar year (under this Plan and all other plans of the Company and its Affiliates) shall exceed $100,000.
 
 
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(B)           All Incentive Stock Options must be granted within ten years from the earlier of the date on which this Plan was adopted by the Board or the date this Plan was approved by the shareholders of the Company.
 
(C)           Unless sooner exercised, all Incentive Stock Options shall expire and no longer be exercisable no later than 10 years after the date of grant; provided , however , that in the case of a grant of an Incentive Stock Option to a Participant who, at the time such Option is granted, owns (within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code) stock possessing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or of its Affiliate, such Incentive Stock Option shall expire and no longer be exercisable no later than 5 years from the date of grant.
 
(D)           The purchase price per Share for an Incentive Stock Option shall be not less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of a Share on the date of grant of the Incentive Stock Option; provided , however , that, in the case of the grant of an Incentive Stock Option to a Participant who, at the time such Option is granted, owns (within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code) stock possessing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or of its Affiliate, the purchase price per Share purchasable under an Incentive Stock Option shall be not less than 110% of the Fair Market Value of a Share on the date of grant of the Inventive Stock Option.
 
(E)           Any Incentive Stock Option authorized under the Plan shall contain such other provisions as the Committee shall deem advisable, but shall in all events be consistent with and contain all provisions required in order to qualify the Option as an Incentive Stock Option.
 
(b)       Stock Appreciation Rights .  The Committee is hereby authorized to grant Stock Appreciation Rights to Eligible Persons subject to the terms of the Plan and any applicable Award Agreement.  Each Stock Appreciation Right granted under the Plan shall confer on the holder upon exercise the right to receive[, as determined by the Committee, cash or] a number of Shares equal to the excess of (a) the Fair Market Value of one Share on the date of exercise (or, if the Committee shall so determine, at any time during a specified period before or after the date of exercise) over (b) the grant price of the Stock Appreciation Right as determined by the Committee, which grant price shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of one Share on the date of grant of the Stock Appreciation Right.  Subject to the terms of the Plan, the grant price, term, methods of exercise, dates of exercise, methods of settlement and any other terms and conditions (including conditions or restrictions on the exercise thereof) of any Stock Appreciation Right shall be as determined by the Committee.
 
(c)       Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units .  The Committee is hereby authorized to grant Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units to Eligible Persons with the following terms and conditions and with such additional terms and conditions not inconsistent with the provisions of the Plan as the Committee shall determine:
 
 
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(i)            Restrictions .  Shares of Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units shall be subject to such restrictions as the Committee may impose (including, without limitation, a restriction on or prohibition against the right to receive any dividend or other right or property with respect thereto), which restrictions may lapse separately or in combination at such time or times, in such installments or otherwise as the Committee may deem appropriate.
 
(ii)            Issuance of Shares .  Any Restricted Stock granted under the Plan may be evidenced in such manner as the Board may deem appropriate, including book-entry registration or issuance of a stock certificate or certificates, which certificate or certificates shall be held by the Company.  Such certificate or certificates shall be registered in the name of the Participant and shall bear an appropriate legend referring to the restrictions applicable to such Restricted Stock.
 
(iii)            Forfeiture .  Except as otherwise determined by the Committee, upon a Participant’s termination of employment  or resignation or removal as a director, as the case may be (all as determined under criteria established by the Committee), during the applicable restriction period, all Shares of Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units at such time subject to restriction shall be forfeited and reacquired by the Company; provided , however , that the Committee may, when it finds that a waiver would be in the best interest of the Company, waive in whole or in part any or all remaining restrictions with respect to Shares of Restricted Stock or Restricted Stock Units.
 
(d)       Performance Awards .  The Committee is hereby authorized to grant Performance Awards to Eligible Persons subject to the terms of the Plan.  A Performance Award granted under the Plan (i) may be denominated or payable in cash, Shares (including, without limitation, Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units), other securities, other Awards or other property and (ii) shall confer on the holder thereof the right to receive payments, in whole or in part, upon the achievement of such performance goals during such performance periods as the Committee shall establish.  Subject to the terms of the Plan, the performance goals to be achieved during any performance period, the length of any performance period, the amount of any Performance Award granted, the amount of any payment or transfer to be made pursuant to any Performance Award and any other terms and conditions of any Performance Award shall be determined by the Committee.  From time to time, the Committee may designate an Award granted pursuant to the Plan as an award of “qualified performance-based compensation” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Code (a “ Qualified Performance Based Award ”).  Qualified Performance Based Awards shall, to the extent required by Section 162(m), be conditioned solely on the achievement of one or more objective Performance Goals, and such Performance Goals shall be established by the Committee within the time period prescribed by, and shall otherwise comply with the requirements of, Section 162(m).  The Committee shall also certify in writing that such Performance Goals have been met prior to payment of the Qualified Performance Based Awards to the extent required by Section 162(m).
 
 
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(e)       Dividend Equivalents .  The Committee is hereby authorized to grant Dividend Equivalents to Eligible Persons under which the Participant shall be entitled to receive payments (in cash, Shares, other securities, other Awards or other property as determined in the discretion of the Committee) equivalent to the amount of cash dividends paid by the Company to holders of Shares with respect to a number of Shares determined by the Committee.  Subject to the terms of the Plan, such Dividend Equivalents may have such terms and conditions as the Committee shall determine.
 
(f)       Other Stock Grants .  The Committee is hereby authorized, subject to the terms of the Plan, to grant to Eligible Persons Shares without restrictions thereon as are deemed by the Committee to be consistent with the purpose of the Plan.  Subject to the terms of the Plan and any applicable Award Agreement, such Other Stock Grant may have such terms and conditions as the Committee shall determine.
 
(g)       Other Stock-Based Awards .  The Committee is hereby authorized to grant to Eligible Persons, subject to the terms of the Plan, such other Awards that are denominated or payable in, valued in whole or in part by reference to, or otherwise based on or related to, Shares (including, without limitation, securities convertible into Shares), as are deemed by the Committee to be consistent with the purpose of the Plan.  Shares or other securities delivered pursuant to a purchase right granted under this Section 6(g) shall be purchased for such consideration, which may be paid by such method or methods and in such form or forms (including, without limitation, cash, Shares, promissory notes promissory notes ( provided , however , that the par value of any Shares to be issued pursuant to such exercise shall be paid in the form of cash, services rendered, personal property, real property or a combination thereof and the acceptance such promissory notes does not conflict with Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002), other securities, other Awards or other property or any combination thereof), as the Committee shall determine, the value of which consideration, as established by the Committee, shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of such Shares or other securities as of the date such purchase right is granted.
 
(h)       General .
 
(i)            Consideration for Awards .  Awards may be granted for no cash consideration or for any cash or other consideration as determined by the Committee and required by applicable law and any applicable stock exchange rules.
 
(ii)            Awards May Be Granted Separately or Together .  Awards may, in the discretion of the Committee, be granted either alone or in addition to, in tandem with or in substitution for any other Award or any award granted under any plan of the Company or any Affiliate.  Awards granted in addition to or in tandem with other Awards or in addition to or in tandem with awards granted under any such other plan of the Company or any Affiliate may be granted either at the same time as or at a different time from the grant of such other Awards or awards.
 
 
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(iii)            Forms of Payment under Awards .  Subject to the terms of the Plan and of any applicable Award Agreement, payments or transfers to be made by the Company or an Affiliate upon the grant, exercise or payment of an Award may be made in such form or forms as the Committee shall determine (including, without limitation, cash, Shares, promissory notes ( provided , however , that the acceptance of such promissory notes does not conflict with Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002), other securities, other Awards or other property or any combination thereof), and may be made in a single payment or transfer, in installments or on a deferred basis, in each case in accordance with rules and procedures established by the Committee.  Such rules and procedures may include, without limitation, provisions for the payment or crediting of reasonable interest on installment or deferred payments or the grant or crediting of Dividend Equivalents with respect to installment or deferred payments.
 
(iv)            Limits on Transfer of Awards .  No Award (other than Other Stock Grants) and no right under any such Award shall be transferable by a Participant other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution and the Company shall not be required to recognize any attempted assignment of such rights by any Participant; provided , however , that, if so determined by the Committee, a Participant may, in the manner established by the Committee, designate a beneficiary or beneficiaries to exercise the rights of the Participant and receive any property distributable with respect to any Award upon the death of the Participant; provided , further , that, if so determined by the Committee, a Participant may, at any time that such Participant holds such Option, transfer a Non-Qualified Stock Option to any “ Family Member ” (as such term is defined in the General Instructions to Form S-8 (or any successor to such Instructions or such Form) under the Securities Act), provided that the Participant may not receive any consideration for such transfer, the Family Member may not make any subsequent transfers other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution and the Company receives written notice of such transfer.  Except as otherwise determined by the Committee, each Award (other than an Incentive Stock Option) or right under any such Award shall be exercisable during the Participant’s lifetime only by the Participant or, if permissible under applicable law, by the Participant’s guardian or legal representative.  Except as otherwise determined by the Committee, no Award (other than an Incentive Stock Option) or right under any such Award may be pledged, alienated, attached or otherwise encumbered, and any purported pledge, alienation, attachment or other encumbrance thereof shall be void and unenforceable against the Company or any Affiliate.
 
(v)            Black-Out Periods .  Except for Incentive Stock Options issued pursuant to Section 6(a)(iv), if an Award expires during, or within five business days after, a trading black-out period imposed by the Company to restrict trades in the Company’s securities, then, notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, the Award shall expire ten business days after the trading black-out period is lifted by the Company.
 
(vi)            Term of Awards .  Subject to Sections 6(a)(iv)(C) and 6(h)(v), the term of each Award shall be fixed by the Committee at the time of grant, but shall not be longer than 10 years from the date of grant.
 
 
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(vii)            Restrictions; Securities Exchange Listing .  All Shares or other securities delivered under the Plan pursuant to any Award or the exercise thereof shall be subject to such stop transfer orders and other restrictions as the Committee may deem advisable under the Plan, applicable federal or state securities laws and regulatory requirements, and the Committee may direct appropriate stop transfer orders and cause other legends to be placed on the certificates for such Shares or other securities to reflect such restrictions.  If the Shares or other securities are traded on a securities exchange, the Company shall not be required to deliver any Shares or other securities covered by an Award unless and until such Shares or other securities have been and continue to be admitted for trading on such securities exchange.  No Shares or other assets shall be issued or delivered pursuant to the Plan unless and until there shall have been compliance with all applicable requirements of applicable securities laws, including the filing and effectiveness of the Form S-8 registration statement for the Shares issuable pursuant to the Plan, and all applicable listing requirements of any stock exchange or trading system on which Common Stock is then traded, including the American Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange.  No Shares shall be issued or delivered pursuant to the Plan if doing so would violate any internal policies of the Company.
 
(viii)            Prohibition on Repricing .  Except as provided in Section 4(c) of the Plan, no Option or Stock Appreciation Right may be amended to reduce its initial exercise or grant price and no Option or Stock Appreciation Right shall be canceled and replaced with Options or Stock Appreciation Rights having a lower exercise or grant price, without the approval of the shareholders of the Company.
 
Section 7.                      Amendment and Termination; Adjustments
 
(a)       Amendments to the Plan .  The Board may amend, alter, suspend, discontinue or terminate the Plan at any time; provided , however , that, notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan or any Award Agreement, without the approval of the shareholders of the Company, no such amendment, alteration, suspension, discontinuation or termination shall be made that, absent such approval:
 
(i)           violates the rules or regulations of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. or any other securities exchange that are applicable to the Company;
 
(ii)           causes the Company to be unable, under the Code, to grant Incentive Stock Options under the Plan;
 
(iii)           increases the number of shares authorized under the Plan as specified in Section 4(a);
 
(iv)           permits the award of Options or Stock Appreciation Rights at a price less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of a Share on the date of grant of such Option or Stock Appreciation Right, as prohibited by Sections 6(a)(i) and 6(b) of the Plan or the repricing of Options or Stock Appreciation Rights, as prohibited by Section 6(h)(vii) of the Plan;
 
(v)           would prevent the grant of Options or Stock Appreciation Rights that would qualify under Section 162(m) of the Code; or
 
 
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(vi)           increase the aggregate number of Common Shares in respect of which Awards have been granted and remain outstanding so as to result in: (A) the number of Common Shares reserved for issuance to Insiders pursuant to Awards exceeding 10% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares or (B) the issuance to Insiders pursuant to Awards, within a one-year period, of a number of Common Shares exceeding 10% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares.
 
(b)       Amendments to Awards .  The Committee may waive any conditions of or rights of the Company under any outstanding Award, prospectively or retroactively.  Except as otherwise provided herein or in an Award Agreement, the Committee may not amend, alter, suspend, discontinue or terminate any outstanding Award, prospectively or retroactively, if such action would adversely affect the rights of the holder of such Award, without the consent of the Participant or holder or beneficiary thereof.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Committee shall not waive any conditions or rights of the Company, or otherwise amend or alter any outstanding Qualified Performance Based Award in such a manner as to cause such Award not to constitute “qualified performance based compensation” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Code.  Notwithstanding the forgoing, no amendments shall be made to any granted Awards to (i) reduce the exercise price of Option, or cancel and reissue any Options so as to in effect reduce the exercise price of Options, for the benefit of Insiders or (ii) extend the termination date beyond the original expiration date for the benefit of Insiders without first obtaining approval of the shareholders in accordance with the requirements of applicable stock exchange rules; and no action shall be taken with respect to granted Options without the consent of the optionee, unless the Board determines that such action does not materially alter or impair such Option.
 
(c)       Correction of Defects, Omissions and Inconsistencies .  The Committee may correct any defect, supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency in the Plan or in any Award or Award Agreement in the manner and to the extent it shall deem desirable to implement or maintain the effectiveness of the Plan.
 
Section 8.                      Income Tax Withholding
 
In order to comply with all applicable federal, state or local income tax laws or regulations, the Company may take such action as it deems appropriate to ensure that all applicable federal, state or local payroll, withholding, income or other taxes, which are the sole and absolute responsibility of a Participant, are withheld or collected from such Participant.  In order to assist a Participant in paying all or a portion of the federal, state and local taxes to be withheld or collected upon exercise or receipt of (or the lapse of restrictions relating to) an Award, the Committee, in its discretion and subject to such additional terms and conditions as it may adopt, may permit the Participant to satisfy such tax obligation by (i) electing to have the Company withhold a portion of the Shares otherwise to be delivered upon exercise or receipt of (or the lapse of restrictions relating to) such Award with a Fair Market Value equal to the amount of such taxes (but only to the extent of the minimum amount required to be withheld under applicable laws or regulations) or (ii) delivering to the Company Shares other than Shares issuable upon exercise or receipt of (or the lapse of restrictions relating to) such Award with a Fair Market Value equal to the amount of such taxes (but only to the extent of the minimum amount required to be withheld under applicable laws or regulations).  The election, if any, must be made on or before the date that the amount of tax to be withheld is determined.
 
 
13

 
Section 9.                      General Provisions
 
(a)       No Rights to Awards .  No Eligible Person or other Person shall have any claim to be granted any Award under the Plan, and there is no obligation for uniformity of treatment of Eligible Persons or holders or beneficiaries of Awards under the Plan.  The terms and conditions of Awards need not be the same with respect to any Participant or with respect to different Participants.
 
(b)       Award Agreements .  No Participant will have rights under an Award granted to such Participant unless and until an Award Agreement shall have been duly executed on behalf of the Company and, if requested by the Company, signed by the Participant.
 
(c)       Plan Provisions Control .  In the event that any provision of an Award Agreement conflicts with or is inconsistent in any respect with the terms of the Plan as set forth herein or subsequently amended, the terms of the Plan shall control.
 
(d)       No Rights of Shareholders .  Except with respect to Shares of Restricted Stock as to which the Participant has been granted the right to vote, neither a Participant nor the Participant’s legal representative shall be, or have any of the rights and privileges of, a shareholder of the Company with respect to any Shares issuable to such Participant upon the exercise or payment of any Award, in whole or in part, unless and until such Shares have been issued in the name of such Participant or such Participant’s legal representative without restrictions thereto.
 
(e)       No Limit on Other Compensation Arrangements .  Nothing contained in the Plan shall prevent the Company or any Affiliate from adopting or continuing in effect other or additional compensation arrangements, and such arrangements may be either generally applicable or applicable only in specific cases.
 
(f)       No Right to Employment .  The grant of an Award shall not be construed as giving a Participant the right to be retained in the employ, or as giving a director of the Company or an Affiliate the right to continue as a director or an Affiliate of the Company or any Affiliate, nor will it affect in any way the right of the Company or an Affiliate to terminate a Participant’s employment or service at any time, with or without cause.  In addition, the Company or an Affiliate may at any time dismiss a Participant from employment, or terminate the term of a director of the Company or an Affiliate, free from any liability or any claim under the Plan or any Award, unless otherwise expressly provided in the Plan or in any Award Agreement.  Nothing in this Plan shall confer on any person any legal or equitable right against the Company or any Affiliate, directly or indirectly, or give rise to any cause of action at law or in equity against the Company or an Affiliate.  The Awards granted hereunder shall not form any part of the wages or salary of any Eligible Person for purposes of severance pay or termination indemnities, irrespective of the reason for termination of employment.  Under no circumstances shall any person ceasing to be an employee of the Company or any Affiliate be entitled to any compensation for any loss of any right or benefit under the Plan which such employee might otherwise have enjoyed but for termination of employment, whether such compensation is claimed by way of damages for wrongful or unfair dismissal, breach of contract or otherwise.  By participating in the Plan, each Participant shall be deemed to have accepted all the conditions of the Plan and the terms and conditions of any rules and regulations adopted by the Committee and shall be fully bound thereby.
 
 
14

 
(g)       Governing Law .  The validity, construction and effect of the Plan or any Award, and any rules and regulations relating to the Plan or any Award, shall be determined in accordance with the internal laws, and not the law of conflicts, of the State of California.
 
(h)       Severability .  If any provision of the Plan or any Award is or becomes or is deemed to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any jurisdiction or would disqualify the Plan or any Award under any law deemed applicable by the Committee, such provision shall be construed or deemed amended to conform to applicable laws, or if it cannot be so construed or deemed amended without, in the determination of the Committee, materially altering the purpose or intent of the Plan or the Award, such provision shall be stricken as to such jurisdiction or Award, and the remainder of the Plan or any such Award shall remain in full force and effect.
 
(i)       No Trust or Fund Created .  Neither the Plan nor any Award shall create or be construed to create a trust or separate fund of any kind or a fiduciary relationship between the Company or any Affiliate and an Eligible Person or any other Person.  To the extent that any Person acquires a right to receive payments from the Company or any Affiliate pursuant to an Award, such right shall be no greater than the right of any unsecured general creditor of the Company or any Affiliate.
 
(j)       Other Benefits .  No compensation or benefit awarded to or realized by any Participant under the Plan shall be included for the purpose of computing such Participant’s compensation under any compensation-based retirement, disability, or similar plan of the Company unless required by law or otherwise provided by such other plan.
 
(k)       No Fractional Shares .  No fractional Shares shall be issued or delivered pursuant to the Plan or any Award, and the Committee shall determine whether cash shall be paid in lieu of any fractional Shares or whether such fractional Shares or any rights thereto shall be canceled, terminated or otherwise eliminated.
 
(l)       Headings .  Headings are given to the Sections and subsections of the Plan solely as a convenience to facilitate reference.  Such headings shall not be deemed in any way material or relevant to the construction or interpretation of the Plan or any provision thereof.
 
(m)     Section 16 Compliance; Section 162(m) Administration .  The Plan is intended to comply in all respects with Rule 16b-3 or any successor provision, as in effect from time to time, and in all events the Plan shall be construed in accordance with the requirements of Rule 16b-3.  If any Plan provision does not comply with Rule 16b-3 as hereafter amended or interpreted, the provision shall be deemed inoperative.  The Board of Directors, in its absolute discretion, may bifurcate the Plan so as to restrict, limit or condition the use of any provision of the Plan with respect to persons who are officers or directors subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act without so restricting, limiting or conditioning the Plan with respect to other Eligible Persons.  With respect to Options and Stock Appreciation Rights, the Company intends to have the Plan administered in accordance with the requirements for the award of “qualified performance-based compensation” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Code.
 
 
15

 
(n)       Conditions Precedent to Issuance of Shares .  Shares shall not be issued pursuant to the exercise or payment of the purchase price relating to an Award unless such exercise or payment and the issuance and delivery of such Shares pursuant thereto shall comply with all relevant provisions of law, including, without limitation, the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, applicable Canadian securities laws, the requirements of any applicable stock exchange and the California General Corporation Law.  As a condition to the exercise or payment of the purchase price relating to such Award, the Company may require that the person exercising or paying the purchase price represent and warrant that the Shares are being purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such Shares if, in the opinion of counsel for the Company, such a representation and warranty is required by law.
 
Section 10.                      Effective Date of the Plan
 
The Plan became effective on October 24, 2007.
 
Section 11.                      Term of the Plan
 
No Award shall be granted under the Plan after (a) the March 15, 2017 or (b) any earlier date of discontinuation or termination established pursuant to Section 7(a) of the Plan.  However, unless otherwise expressly provided in the Plan or in an applicable Award Agreement, any Award theretofore granted may extend beyond such date, and the authority of the Committee provided for hereunder with respect to the Plan and any Awards, and the authority of the Board to amend the Plan, shall extend beyond the termination of the Plan.
 
 
 
16
Exhibit 10.2
 
SEVENTH AMENDMENT
to
LEASE BETWEEN
 
EMERY STATION OFFICE II, LLC (LANDLORD)
And
NOVACAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. (TENANT)
 
EMERYSTATION NORTH PROJECT
Emeryville, California

That certain Lease dated June 3, 2004, by and between Emery Station Office II, LLC, a California Limited Liability Company, as Landlord (“Landlord”), and NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (formerly Novacal Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), a California Corporation, as Tenant (“Tenant”), a such lease was amended by First Amendment dated June 22, 2004, by Second Amendment dated July 22, 2004, by Third Amendment dated March 25, 2005, by Fourth Amendment dated September 30, 2006, by Fifth Amendment dated November 20, 2007, and by Sixth Amendment dated September 1, 2008 (the Lease and First through Sixth Amendments thereto collectively constituting and being referred to as, the “Existing Lease”), is hereby further amended by this Seventh Amendment to Lease (the “Seventh Amendment”), as outlined below.  The effective date of this Seventh Amendment shall be March 1, 2012 (the “Seventh Amendment Effective Date”).  From and after the Seventh Amendment Effective Date the Existing Lease and this Seventh Amendment thereto shall constitute and be referred to as the “Lease” for all purposes thereunder

RECITALS:
 
Under the Existing Lease, Tenant currently leases from Landlord a Premises totaling 18,423 rentable square feet, consisting of 18,098 rentable square feet of contiguous space in various suites on the 5 th floor of the EmeryStation North building at 5980 Horton Street in Emeryville, CA and of the 325 rentable square foot Suite 395 on the 3 rd floor of EmeryStation North.  The Existing Lease has a current expiration date of October 31, 2015.
 
Tenant has requested, and Landlord has agreed, to:
 
a) alter Tenant’s Premises by adding 2,195 rentable square feet to the northeast corner of Tenant’s Premises (the “Added Space”, as such is more specifically defined on Exhibit A attached hereto),
 
b) delete from Tenant’s Premises that 6,074 rentable square foot portion of Suite 525 (the “Deleted Space”, as such is  more specifically defined on Exhibit A attached hereto), and
 
c) extend the Expiration Date of Tenant’s Lease by five (5) years to become October 31, 2020,
 
all pursuant to the specific terms of this Seventh Amendment outlined below.
 
SEVENTH AMENDMENT TERMS:
 
 
I.
LEASE EXTENSION:   Effective upon the Seventh Amendment Effective Date, the Lease Expiration Date is extended five years so as to become October 31, 2020.
 
 
 

 
 
Tenant’s Base Rent shall continue to increase three percent (3%) annually during the extended term as called for in the Lease.
 
 
II.
ADDED SPACE:   Effective upon Landlord’s delivery to Tenant of the Added Space (said date to be referred to as the Added Space Commencement Date”), Tenant’s Premises shall be increased by 2,195 rentable square feet and Tenant’s Monthly Base Rent, Tenant’s Pro-Rata Share and Tenant’s Operating Expenses and Taxes (i.e. Rent Adjustments and Rent Adjustment Deposits) shall all increase proportionately to reflect the addition of the Added Space to Tenant’s Premises.  Tenant understands and acknowledges that the Added Space is presently leased by Landlord to a third-party tenant, whose lease has an official expiration date of May 31, 2012, and that Landlord’s ability to deliver the Added Space to Tenant is dependent on Landlord successfully retrieving possession of said space from that third-party tenant.  Landlord shall have no responsibility to Tenant for any acceleration nor delay of delivery to Tenant of the Added Space caused by actions or omissions of the underlying third-party tenant.
 
Landlord shall deliver the Added Space to Tenant demised, but otherwise in its then as-is condition, with no obligation by Landlord to alter it for Tenant in any way.  Tenant shall be solely responsible for any alterations and/or improvements Tenant wishes to make to the Added Space pursuant to the pertinent terms of the Lease governing alterations and/or improvements.
 
 
III.
DELETED SPACE:   Tenant shall deliver possession of the Deleted Space to Landlord following the Seventh Amendment Effective Date.  The following conditions must be met by Tenant, at its sole cost and expense, before Landlord will accept delivery of the Deleted Space (the “Delivery Conditions”):
 
 
a)
The Deleted Space has been adequately segregated from the balance of Tenant’s Premises by closure of any openings between them, including adequate separation of the two equipment rooms specifically identified in Exhibit A hereof, as well as segregation/alteration of any electrical connections, switching, etc., necessary for the spaces to function independently, if and as applicable.
 
 
b)
Tenant has removed all items of FF&E and other personal property from the Deleted Space and the Deleted Space has been touch-up painted and cleaned to restore it to the condition required by the Lease upon being turned over to Landlord, as if at the end of the Lease.
 
 
c)
The Deleted Space has been decontaminated and de-commissioned by a reputable third-party experienced in such activities, and written documentation, acceptable to Landlord in its reasonable discretion, evidencing such decontamination and de-commissioning, delivered to Landlord.
 
Once all the Delivery Conditions have been met in Landlord’s reasonable discretion, and possession of the Deleted Space has been delivered to Landlord by Tenant in the condition outlined above, Tenant’s Premises shall be decreased by 6,074 rentable square feet and Tenant’s Monthly Base Rent, Tenant’s Pro-Rata Share, Tenant’s Operating Expenses and Taxes (i.e. Rent Adjustments and Rent Adjustment Deposits), and Tenant’s Parking shall all be decreased proportionately to reflect the deletion of the Deleted Space from Tenant’s Premises.
 
 
 

 
 
Tenant agrees to allow Landlord and its agents and leasing brokers reasonable access to the Deleted Space prior to its delivery by Tenant to Landlord for purposes of Landlord marketing the deleted Space to others for lease.
 
 
IV.
PREMISES AND RENT AFTER ADDITION OF ADDED SPACE AND DELETION OF DELETED SPACE:
 
Premises Square Footage:   After addition of the Added Space and deletion of the Deleted Space, Tenant’s Premises shall be 18,423 rentable square feet plus 2,195 rentable square feet minus 6,074 rentable square feet, thus equaling a revised total of 14,544 rentable square feet.
 
Monthly Base Rent:   As of March 1, 2012 (i.e. prior to addition of the Added Space and prior to deletion of the Deleted Space), Tenant’s Monthly Base Rent for the 18,423 rentable square foot Premises totals $52,997.26, which Monthly Base Rent is subject to annual three percent (3%) increase effective November 1, 2012 and annually thereafter for the remainder of the Lease Term.  Assuming the Added Space is added to the Premises and the Deleted Space is deleted from the Premises all prior to the November 1, 2012 annual Monthly Base Rent increase date referenced above, Tenant’s Monthly Base Rent shall become $41,838.58, which revised total remains subject to the same three percent (3%) annual increase effective November 1, 2012 and annually thereafter for the reminder of the Lease Term.
 
Monthly Rent Adjustment Deposits:   As of March 1, 2012 (i.e. prior to addition of the Added Space and prior to deletion of the Deleted Space), Tenant’s Monthly Rent Adjustment Deposits (i.e. its pro-rata share of estimated operating expenses and taxes) for its 18,423 rentable square foot of Premises total $29,092.00.  Assuming the Added Space is added to the Premises and the Deleted Space is deleted from the Premises all prior to the November 1, 2012 annual Monthly Base Rent increase date referenced above, Tenant’s Monthly Rent Adjustment Deposits shall become $22,967.00.  Of course, as called for in the Lease, these are deposits against Tenant’s ultimate reconciled share of actual operating expenses and taxes, referred to in the Lease as Rent Adjustments.
 
Tenant will continue to pay its directly measured and billed monthly charges for in-suite electrical usage, as well as for parking and any and all other charges and rent called for by the Lease.
 
 
V.
SECURITY DEPOSIT:   Effective upon the delivery of possession of the Deleted Space by Tenant to Landlord subject to the delivery Conditions, Tenant’s existing Security Deposit totaling $69,493.27 will be reduced by $14,631.95 to become a reduced total of $54,861.32. Landlord shall effectuate said reduction by crediting the $14,631.95 amount to the next amount of Monthly Base Rent due from Tenant to Landlord under the Lease following delivery of possession of the deleted Space by Tenant to Landlord as described above.
 
 
VI.
MISCELLANEOUS:
 
 
·
Landlord and Tenant agree that Section 2.6 of the Lease, regarding Tenant’s Right of First Offer, is hereafter null and void.
 
 
·
Landlord and Tenant agree that Landlord’s Relocation Right, as outlined in Article 21 of the Lease, shall apply to the properties listed therein as well as to any other properties located in Emeryville owned by Landlord and/or an Affiliate of Landlord.
 
 
 

 
 
 
·
Tenant represents and warrants that it has represented itself in the above transaction and that no brokerage commission will be due and payable by Landlord as a result hereof.
 
Except for those terms outlined above, all other terms and conditions of the Lease shall apply.  Except as modified hereby, the Lease is ratified and confirmed in its entirety.
 
In witness hereof, the parties have executed this Seventh Amendment as of the date noted below.
 
 
TENANT:
NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
A California Corporation
 
LANDLORD:
Emery Station Office II, LLC
A California Limited Liability Company
 
             
  By:     By:    
 
  Print Name:     Print Name:    
 
  Its:     Its:    
 
  Dated:     Dated:    
 
 
 

 
                                                                                                                                    
EXHIBIT A
EXHIBIT 31.1
 
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
I, Ramin (“Ron”) Najafi, certify that:
 
1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;
 
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
 
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting;
 
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date:  August 8, 2012
 
    /s/ Ramin ("Ron")Najafi  
Ramin (“Ron”) Najafi
Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)
 
EXHIBIT 31.2
 
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
I, Thomas J. Paulson, certify that:
 
1. I have reviewed this Form 10-Q of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;
 
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
 
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting;
 
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date: August 8, 2012
/s/ Thomas J. Paulson
Thomas J. Paulson
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial officer)

 
EXHIBIT 32.1
 
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. §1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
In connection with the Quarterly Report of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Ramin (“Ron”) Najafi, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:
 
1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
 
2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
Date: August 8, 2012
 
/s/ Ramin ("Ron") Najafi  
Ramin (“Ron”) Najafi
Chief Executive Officer

 
EXHIBIT 32.2
 
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. §1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
In connection with the Quarterly Report of NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Thomas J. Paulson, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:
 
1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
 
2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
Date: August 8, 2012
 
 
/s/ Thomas J. Paulson
Thomas J. Paulson
Chief Financial Officer