MIDDLEFIELD BANC CORP (Form: 10-K, Received: 03/15/2023 17:04:58)

74 0 0 10,000,000 10,000,000 9,916,466 7,330,548 8,245,235 5,888,737 1,671,231 1,441,811 512,449 0.69 229,420 0.81 6 3 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 October 30, 2034 November 30, 2041 December 21, 2037 December 21, 2037 0 0 6 320,000 10 10 0 12.0 8.4 25.0 72.2 36.6 0 0 Not within scope of ASC 606 All amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to AOCI. From services offered by the Company through it's servicing partnership with LPL Financial Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally include various level III inputs that are not identifiable, less any associated allowance. This reflects the fair value of the mortgage servicing rights acquired in the merger. Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. 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A summary of the significant accounting and reporting policies applied in the presentation of the accompanying financial statements follows:

Middlefield Banc Corp. (the “Company”) is an Ohio corporation organized to become the holding company of The Middlefield Banking Company (“MBC”). MBC is a state-chartered bank located in Ohio, whose consolidated financial statements also include the accounts of MBC’s subsidiaries, Middlefield Investments, Inc. (MI) and Middlefield Insurance Services (MIS). MI was established in the first quarter of 2019. In the first quarter of 2022, MBC established a wholly-owned subsidiary named MIS, headquartered in Middlefield, Ohio. This operating subsidiary exists to offer retail and business customers a variety of insurance services, including home, renters, automobile, pet, identity theft, travel, and professional liability insurance. As a result of the bank merger, Middlefield Banc Corp. acquired a 100% ownership interest in LBSI Insurance, LLC (“LBSI”), a wholly owned financial subsidiary of Liberty National Bank. LBSI is no longer in operation following the merger, and it is the Bank’s intention to merge it with and into its own insurance subsidiary. Significant intercompany items have been eliminated in preparing MBC’s consolidated financial statements. On October 23, 2009, the Company established an asset resolution subsidiary named EMORECO, Inc. The Company and its subsidiaries derive substantially all of their income from banking and bank-related services, including interest earnings on residential real estate, commercial mortgage, commercial and consumer financings, and interest earnings on investment securities and deposit services to its customers through 22 full-service locations. The Company is supervised by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. At the same time, MBC is subject to regulation and supervision by the FDIC and the Ohio Division of Financial Institutions.

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include its wholly owned subsidiaries, MBC and EMORECO, Inc. Significant intercompany items have been eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

On December 1, 2022, the Company completed its merger with Liberty Bancshares, Inc. (“Liberty’), pursuant to a previously announced definitive merger agreement. Under the terms of the merger agreement, Liberty shareholders received 2.752 shares of the Company’s common stock in exchange for each share of Liberty common stock they owned immediately before the merger. The Company issued 2.6 million shares of its common stock in the merger and the aggregate merger consideration was approximately $73.3 million. Upon closing, Liberty National Bank was merged into MBC, and its six full-service bank offices, in Ada and Kenton in Hardin County, in Bellefontaine and Bellefontaine South in Logan County, in Marysville in Union County, and in Westerville in Franklin County, became offices of MBC.

The financial statements have been prepared according to U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. In preparing the financial statements, management must make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Investment securities are classified at the time of purchase, based on management’s intention and ability, as securities held to maturity or securities available for sale. Debt securities acquired with the intent and ability to hold to maturity are stated at cost, adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount, computed using a level yield method, and recognized as interest income adjustments. Certain other debt securities have been classified as available for sale to serve principally as a source of liquidity. Unrealized holding gains and losses for available-for-sale securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity, net of tax, until realized. Realized security gains and losses are computed using the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on investment securities are recognized as income when earned. For 2022 and 2021, this category includes common stocks of public companies that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold for an indeterminate amount of time. Such securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses included in earnings.

Securities are evaluated quarterly and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation to determine whether a decline in their value is other-than-temporary. For debt securities, management considers whether the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the security’s amortized cost basis (the difference defined as the credit loss), the magnitude and duration of the decline, the reasons underlying the decline and the Bank’s intent to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that the Bank would be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery in market value, to determine whether the loss in value is other-than-temporary. Once a decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary, if the Bank does not intend to sell the security, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the security, before recovery of the security’s amortized cost basis, the charge to earnings is limited to the amount of credit loss. Any remaining difference between fair value and amortized cost (the difference defined as the non-credit portion) is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Otherwise, the difference between fair value and the amortized cost is charged to earnings.

Common stock of the FHLB represents ownership in an institution that is wholly owned by other financial institutions. This equity security is accounted for at cost and classified with other assets. The FHLB of Cincinnati has reported profits for 2022 and 2021, remains in compliance with regulatory capital and liquidity requirements and continues to pay dividends on the stock and make redemptions at the par value. Considering these factors, management concluded that the stock was not impaired on December 31, 2022, or 2021.

The Bank sells mortgage loans on a servicing retained basis. Servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value, with the income statement effect recorded in gains on sales of loans. The Bank measures servicing assets using the amortization method. Loan servicing rights are amortized in proportion to and throughout estimated net future servicing revenue. The expected period of the estimated net servicing income is partly based on the expected prepayment of the underlying mortgages. The unamortized balance of mortgage servicing rights is included in accrued interest and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Servicing fee income is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of outstanding principal and are recorded as income when earned. The amortization of mortgage servicing rights is netted against loan servicing fee income. Late fees and ancillary fees related to loan servicing are not material. The Bank is servicing loans for others in the amount of $94.8 million and $105.9 million on December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances net of the allowance for loan and lease losses. Interest income is recognized, when earned, on the accrual method. The accrual of interest is discontinued on a loan when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions, the borrower’s financial condition is such that the collection of interest is doubtful. Interest received on nonaccrual loans is recorded as income or applied against principal according to management’s judgment as to the collectability of such principal.

Loan origination fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and the net amount amortized as an adjustment of the related loan’s yield. These amounts are amortized over the contractual life of the associated loans.

The allowance for loan and lease losses represents the amount that management estimates is adequate to provide for probable loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The allowance method is used in providing for loan losses. Accordingly, all loan losses are charged to the allowance, and all recoveries are credited to it. The allowance for loan and lease losses is established through a provision for loan losses charged to operations. The provision is based on management’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, which encompasses the overall risk characteristics of the various portfolio segments, experience with losses, the impact of economic conditions on borrowers, and other relevant factors. The estimates used in determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses, including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected on impaired loans, are particularly susceptible to a significant change in the near term.

A loan is considered impaired when it is probable the borrower will not repay the loan according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays, which are defined as 89 days or less, generally are not classified as impaired. A loan is not impaired during a period of delay in payment if the Company expects to collect all amounts due, including interest accrued, at the contractual interest rate for the period of delay. All loans identified as impaired are evaluated independently by management. The Company estimates credit losses on impaired loans based on the present value of expected cash flows or the fair value of the underlying collateral if the loan repayment is expected to come from the sale or operation of such collateral. Impaired loans, or portions thereof, are charged off when a realized loss has occurred. An allowance for loan and lease losses is maintained for estimated losses until such time. Cash receipts on impaired loans are applied first to accrued interest receivable unless otherwise required by the loan terms, except when an impaired loan is also a nonaccrual loan, in which case the portion of the payment related to interest is used to reduce principal.

Mortgage loans secured by one-to-four family properties and all consumer loans are large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans and are measured for impairment collectively. Management determines the significance of payment delays on a case-by-case basis, considering all circumstances concerning the loan, the creditworthiness and payment history of the borrower, the length of the payment delay, and the amount of shortfall concerning the principal and interest owed.

Loans acquired, including loans that have evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payments receivable, are initially recorded at fair value (as determined by the present value of expected future cash flows) with no valuation allowance. Loans are evaluated individually to determine if there is evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination. The difference between the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition and the investment in the loan, or the “accretable yield,” is recognized as interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loan. Contractually required payments for interest and principal that exceed the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition, or the “non-acceptable difference,” are not recognized as a yield adjustment or as a loss accrual or a valuation allowance. Increases in expected cash flows subsequent to the initial investment are recognized prospectively through adjustment of the yield on the loan over its remaining estimated life. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized immediately as impairment. Any valuation allowances on these impaired loans reflect only losses incurred after acquisition.

For purchased loans acquired that are not deemed impaired at acquisition, credit discounts representing the principal losses expected over the life of the loan are a component of the initial fair value. Loans are aggregated and accounted for as a pool of loans if the loans being aggregated have common risk characteristics. Subsequent to the purchase date, the methods utilized to estimate the required allowance for credit losses for these loans is similar to originated loans; however, the Company records a provision for loan losses only when the required allowance exceeds any remaining credit discounts. The remaining differences between the purchase price and the unpaid principal balance at the date of acquisition are recorded in interest income over the life of the loans.

Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the assets' estimated useful lives, which range from three to 20 years for furniture, fixtures, and equipment and 3 to 40 years for buildings and leasehold improvements. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged against income as incurred. Costs of significant additions and improvements are capitalized.

The Company has operating and financing leases for several branch locations and office space. Generally, the underlying lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company may also lease specific office equipment under operating leases. Many of our leases include both lease (e.g., minimum rent payments) and non-lease components (e.g., common-area or other maintenance costs). The Company accounts for each element separately based on the standalone price of each component. In addition, there may be operating and financing leases with lease terms of less than one year. Therefore we have elected the practical expedient to exclude these short-term leases from our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

Most leases include one or more options to renew. The exercise of lease renewal options is typically at the sole discretion of management. It is based on whether the extension options are reasonably certain to be exercised after giving proper consideration to all facts and circumstances of the lease. If management determines that the Company is reasonably sure to exercise the extension option(s), the additional term is included in the calculation of the right-of-use asset and a lease liability.

As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use the fully collateralized FHLB borrowing rate commensurate with the lease terms based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments.

The Company accounts for goodwill using a qualitative assessment for testing the impairment of goodwill on at least an annual basis. This approach could cause more volatility in the Company’s reported net income because impairment losses, if any, could occur irregularly and in varying amounts. No impairment of goodwill was recognized in any of the periods presented.

Intangible assets include core deposit intangibles, which measure the value of consumer demand and savings deposits acquired in business combinations accounted for as purchases. The core deposit intangibles are amortized to their estimated residual values over their expected useful lives, commonly ten years. The recoverability of the carrying value of intangible assets is evaluated on an ongoing basis, and permanent declines in value, if any, are charged to expense.

The Company owns insurance on the lives of a specific group of key employees. The policies were purchased to help offset the increase in the costs of various fringe benefit plans, including healthcare. The cash surrender value of these policies is included as an asset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and any increases in the cash surrender value are recorded as noninterest income on the Consolidated Statement of Income. In the event of the death of an insured individual under these policies, the Company would receive a death benefit, which would be recorded as tax-free noninterest income.

Real estate properties acquired through foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value at the foreclosure date, establishing a new cost basis. After foreclosure, management periodically performs valuations, and the real estate is carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations of the properties, gains or losses on sales, and additions to the valuation allowance are included in operating results. The Company is required to disclose the carrying amount of residential real estate loans in the process of foreclosure. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company reported $68,000 and $1.0 million, respectively, in residential real estate loans in the process of foreclosure. As of December 31, 2022, the Company held one commercial property with a carrying amount of $5.8 million and one residential mortgage with a carrying amount of $28,000 in OREO. As of December 31, 2021, the Company held one commercial property with a carrying amount of $7.0 million in OREO. OREO decreased from December 31, 2021 due to $1.2 million in write-downs for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

The Company and its subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected at currently enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.

When shares recognized as equity are repurchased, the amount of the consideration paid, which includes directly attributable costs, is recognized as a deduction from equity. Repurchased shares are classified as treasury shares and are presented in the treasury share reserve. The reserve for the Company’s treasury shares comprises the cost of the Company’s shares held by the Company. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 1,671,231 of the Company’s shares, which is an increase of 229,420 shares from the 1,441,811 shares held as of December 31, 2021.

The Company provides a dual presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share is calculated utilizing net income as reported in the numerator and average shares outstanding in the denominator. The computation of diluted earnings per share differs in that the dilutive effects of any stock options, warrants, and convertible securities are adjusted in the denominator. Earnings and dividends per share are restated for all stock splits and stock dividends through the date of issuance of the financial statements.

The Company accounts for stock compensation based on the grant date fair value of all share-based payment awards expected to vest, including employee share options to be recognized as employee compensation expense over the requisite service period.

Compensation cost is recognized for restricted stock issued to employees based on the fair value of these awards at the grant date. The market price of the Company’s common shares at the grant date is used to estimate the fair value of restricted stock and stock awards. Compensation cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period, and is recorded in "Salaries and employee benefits" expense. (See Note 14-Employee Benefits). The Company’s restricted stock plan allows for a portion of the value to be received in cash by the participant upon vesting. Therefore, the Company records the expense as a liability until the shares vest and the split of the payment between shares and cash can be determined. The Company also measures the fair value of the liability each reporting period and adjusts accordingly.

The Company has defined cash and cash equivalents as those amounts included in the Consolidated Balance Sheet captions as “Cash and due from banks” and “Federal funds sold” with original maturities of less than 90 days.

Certain comparative amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform to current-year presentations. Such reclassifications did not affect net income or retained earnings.

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which changes the impairment model for most financial assets. This standard, along with several other subsequent codification updates, replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses that are expected to occur over the remaining life of a financial asset and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The amendments in this update require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The new current expected credit losses model (“CECL”) will apply to the allowance for loan losses, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities, purchased financial assets with credit deterioration and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures.

Management has completed its implementation plan, segmentation and testing, and model validation. The implementation plan included drafting of additional controls and policies to govern data uploads to its third-party vendor, balancing and reconciling, testing and auditing of inputs, and review and decision-making surrounding segmentation, methodologies, qualitative factor adjustments, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and reversion techniques. Parallel runs were processed during 2022 and the results were consistent with management's expectations. The implementation plan is currently going through the Company's control structure and internal control testing is being performed.

As a result of adopting this standard, the Company expects to increase its reserve through a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to the allowance for loan losses as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the new standard is effective, consistent with regulatory expectations set forth in interagency guidance issued at the end of 2016. These estimates are subject to further refinements based on ongoing evaluations of our model, methodologies, and judgments, as well as prevailing economic conditions and forecasts as of the adoption date. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 is not expected to have a significant impact on our regulatory capital ratios.

At adoption, the Company did not have any securities classified as HTM debt securities.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. To simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill, the FASB eliminated Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Instead, under the amendments in this Update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The Update is effective for smaller reporting companies and all other entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. This Update is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, March 2020, to provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. Entities can elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by what the guidance calls “reference rate reform” if certain criteria are met. An entity that makes this election would not have to remeasure the contracts at the modification date or reassess a previous accounting determination. Also, entities can elect various optional expedients that would allow them to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met, and can make a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify held-to-maturity debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. The amendments in this ASU are effective for all entities upon issuance through December 31, 2022. It is too early to predict whether a new rate index replacement and the adoption of the ASU will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Following ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), management determined that the primary sources of revenue, which emanate from interest income on loans and investments, along with noninterest revenue resulting from investment security gains (losses), gains on the sale of loans, and BOLI income, are not within the scope of ASC 606. These revenue sources cumulatively comprise 89.6% of the total revenue of the Company.

The main types of noninterest income within the scope of the standard are as follows:

Service charges on deposit accounts – The Company has contracts with its deposit customers where fees are charged if the account balance falls below predetermined levels defined as compensating balances. These agreements can be canceled at any time by either the Company or the deposit customer. Revenue from these transactions is recognized monthly as the Company has an unconditional right to the fee consideration. The Company also has transaction fees related to specific customer requests or activities that include overdraft fees, online banking fees, and other transaction fees. All of these fees are attributable to specific performance obligations of the Company where the revenue is recognized at a defined point in time, which is the completion of the requested service/transaction.

Gains (losses) on sale of other real estate owned (“OREO”) – Gains and losses are recognized after the property sale when the buyer obtains control of the real estate, and all of the performance obligations of the Company have been satisfied. Evidence of the buyer obtaining control of the asset includes the transfer of the property title, physical possession of the asset, and the buyer securing control of the risks and rewards related to the asset. In situations where the Company agrees to provide financing to facilitate the sale, additional analysis is performed to ensure that the contract for sale identifies the buyer and seller, the asset to be transferred, the payment terms, that the contract has an actual commercial substance, and that amounts due from the buyer are reasonable. In situations where financing terms are not reflective of current market terms, the transaction price is discounted, impacting the gain/loss and the carrying value of the asset. Gains and losses on the sale of OREO are reported in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Revenue from investment services – The Company earns investment services revenue through its servicing partnership with LPL Financial. The performance obligation to investment management customers is satisfied over time, and therefore, revenue is recognized over time. The Company generally receives trailing investment services revenue in arrears and recognizes the revenue when the monthly statement is received.

Miscellaneous Fee income – Fees earned on other services, such as ATM surcharge fees, money order fees, and check fees, are recognized at the time of the event or the applicable billing cycle.

The following table depicts the disaggregation of revenue derived from contracts with customers to describe the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows for the years ended December 31:

The Company provides a dual presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the average shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share adds the dilutive effects of stock options and restricted stock to average shares outstanding.

The following table sets forth the composition of the weighted-average common shares (denominator) used in the basic and diluted earnings per share computation for the year ended December 31:

There were no options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding on December 31, 2022. Also outstanding were 63,646 shares of restricted stock, 46,355 shares of which were anti-dilutive.

There were no options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding on December 31, 2021. Also outstanding were 76,933 shares of restricted stock, 53,438 shares of which were anti-dilutive.

Equity securities totaled $915,000 and $818,000 on December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively, which incorporates a recognized net (loss) gain on equity investments of $(173,000) and $209,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. No net gains were realized from sales of equity securities during these periods.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities on December 31, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Investment securities with an approximate carrying value of $89.9 million and $77.1 million on December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively, were pledged to secure deposits and other purposes as required by law.

The Company sold the entire $57.9 million investment portfolio acquired in the Liberty Bancshares merger. These securities were acquired at fair value and then sold. Therefore, there were no realized gains or losses recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no securities sold during the year ended December 31, 2021.

The following tables show the Company’s gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

There were 141 securities in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and 60 securities in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater on December 31, 2022.

Every quarter, the Company assesses whether there have been any events or economic circumstances indicating that a security with an unrealized loss has suffered other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”). A debt security is considered impaired if the fair value is less than its amortized cost basis at the reporting date. The accounting literature requires the Company to assess whether the unrealized loss is other-than-temporary. For equity securities where the fair value has been significantly below cost for one year, the Company’s policy recognizes an impairment loss unless sufficient evidence is available that the decline is not other-than-temporary and a recovery period can be predicted.

The Company has asserted that on December 31, 2022, and 2021, the declines outlined in the above table represent temporary declines and the Company does not intend to sell and does not believe it will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their cost basis, which may be at maturity. The Company has concluded that any impairment of its investment securities portfolio outlined in the above table is not other-than-temporary and results from interest rate changes, sector credit rating changes, or company-specific rating changes that are not expected to result in the non-collection of principal and interest during the period.

Debt securities issued by state and political subdivisions and mortgage-backed securities in government-sponsored entities accounted for 81.7% of the total available-for-sale portfolio as of December 31, 2022. No credit losses are expected, given the explicit and implicit guarantees provided by the U.S. federal government and the lack of significant unrealized loss positions within the obligations of state and political subdivisions security portfolio. The Company evaluates credit losses quarterly. The Company considered the following factors in determining whether a credit loss exists and the period over which the debt security is expected to recover:

The Company’s primary business activity is with loan customers located within its local Northeastern Ohio trade area, eastern Geauga County, and contiguous counties to the north, east, and south. The Company also serves the central Ohio market with offices in Dublin, Sunbury, Powell, Plain City, Marysville, and Westerville, Ohio. The Company services loan customers in western Ohio through our offices located in Hardin and Logan counties. The Northeastern Ohio trade area includes Cuyahoga and Summit County, locations in Beachwood, Twinsburg, and Solon, Ohio. Commercial, residential, and consumer loans are granted. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio on December 31, 2022, and 2021, loans outstanding to individuals and businesses depend on the local economic conditions in the Company’s immediate trade area.

The following tables summarize the primary segments of the loan portfolio and the allowance for loan and lease losses (in thousands):

The amounts above include net deferred loan origination fees of $2.0 million and $3.6 million on December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. The net deferred loan origination fees include $1,000 and $1.3 million of unearned deferred fees from PPP loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As a result of the Liberty merger, the Company acquired loans with deteriorated credit quality with an unpaid principal balance of $8.0 million and an estimated fair value of $6.1 million. For loans that were acquired with specific evidence of deterioration in credit quality, loan losses will be accounted for through a reduction of the specific reserve and will not impact the allowance for loan losses until actual losses exceed the allotted reserves. For loans acquired without deterioration of credit quality, losses incurred will result in adjustments to the allowance for loan losses through the allowance for loan loss adequacy calculation.

The Company’s loan portfolio is segmented to a level that allows management to monitor risk and performance. The portfolio is segmented into Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”) which is further segmented into Owner Occupied (“CRE OO”), Non-owner Occupied (“CRE NOO”), and Multifamily, Residential Real Estate (“RRE”), Commercial and Industrial (“C&I”), Home Equity Lines of Credit (“HELOC”), Construction and Other (“Construction”), and Consumer Installment Loans. The commercial real estate loan segments consist of loans made to finance the activities of commercial real estate owners and operators and certain agricultural loans. The residential real estate and HELOC loan segments consist of loans made to finance the activities of residential homeowners. The C&I loan segment consists of loans made to finance the activities of commercial customers and certain agricultural loans. The consumer loan segment consists primarily of installment loans and overdraft lines of credit connected with customer deposit accounts.

Management evaluates individual loans in all commercial segments for possible impairment based on guidelines established by the Board of Directors. Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in evaluating impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall concerning the principal and interest owed. The Company does not separately evaluate individual consumer and residential mortgage loans for impairment unless such loans are part of a larger relationship that is impaired, or the loan was modified in a troubled debt restructuring.

Once the determination has been made that a loan is impaired, the decision of whether a specific allocation of the allowance is necessary is measured by comparing the recorded investment in the loan to the fair value of the loan using one of three methods: (a) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; (b) the loan’s observable market price; or (c) the fair value of the collateral less selling costs. The method is selected on a loan-by-loan basis. The evaluation of the need and amount of a specific allowance allocation and whether a loan can be removed from impairment status is made quarterly. The Company’s policy for recognizing interest income on impaired loans does not differ from its overall policy for interest recognition.

The following tables present impaired loans by class, segregated by those for which a specific allowance was required and those for which a specific allowance was not necessary (in thousands):

The tables above include troubled debt restructurings totaling $3.3 million and $2.6 million as of December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The amounts allocated within the allowance for losses for troubled debt restructurings were $72,000 and $150,000 on December 31 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The carrying value of the loans acquired and accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-30, was determined by projecting discounted contractual cash flows. The table below presents the components of the purchase accounting adjustments related to the purchased impaired loans acquired in the Liberty merger as of December 1, 2022:

The following table presents additional information regarding loans acquired with specific evidence of deterioration in credit quality under ASC 310-30:

Changes in the amortizable yield for purchased credit-impaired loans were as follows for the year ended December 31, 2022:

The following table presents the average balance and interest income by class, recognized on impaired loans (in thousands):

Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”) describes loans on which the bank has granted concessions for reasons related to the customer’s financial difficulties. Such concessions may include one or more of the following:

In each case, the concession is made due to deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition, and the new terms are less stringent than those required on a new loan with similar risk.

The following tables summarize troubled debt restructurings that did not meet the exemption criteria above (in thousands) for the following years ended:

There were no subsequent defaults of troubled debt restructurings for the years ended December 31, 2022, or 2021.

Management uses a nine-point internal risk-rating system to monitor the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The first five categories are considered not criticized and are aggregated as Pass rated. The criticized rating categories utilized by management generally follow bank regulatory definitions. The Special Mention category includes assets that are currently protected but are potentially weak, resulting in undue and unwarranted credit risk, but not to the point of justifying a Substandard classification. Loans in the Substandard category have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and have a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if the weaknesses are not corrected. All loans greater than 90 days past due are considered Substandard or Doubtful. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, based on currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Any portion of a loan that has been charged off is placed in the Loss category.

To help ensure that risk ratings are accurate and reflect borrowers' present and future capacity to repay a loan as agreed, the Company has a structured loan-rating process with several layers of internal and external oversight. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in the Pass categories unless a specific action, such as bankruptcy, repossession, or death, occurs to raise awareness of a possible credit event. The Company’s Commercial Loan Officers are responsible for the timely and accurate risk rating of the loans in their portfolios at origination and on an ongoing basis. The Credit Department performs an annual review of all commercial relationships with loan balances of $750,000 or greater. Confirmation of the appropriate risk grade is included in the ongoing review. The Company engages an external consultant to conduct loan reviews on a semiannual basis. Detailed reviews, including resolutions plans, are performed on loans classified as Substandard every quarter. Loans in the Special Mention and Substandard categories that are collectively evaluated for impairment are given separate consideration in determining the allowance.

The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate Pass rating and the criticized categories of Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful within the internal risk rating system (in thousands):

Management further monitors the loan portfolio's performance and credit quality by analyzing the portfolio's age as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aging categories of loans (in thousands):

The following tables present the recorded investment in nonaccrual loans and loans past due over 89 days and still on accrual by class of loans (in thousands):

There were no loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest on December 31, 2022 or 2021. Interest income that would have been recorded had these loans not been placed on nonaccrual status was $125,000 in 2022 and $204,000 in 2021.

An allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) is maintained to absorb losses from the loan portfolio. The ALLL is based on management’s continuing evaluation of the loan portfolio's risk characteristics and credit quality, assessment of current economic conditions, diversification and size of the portfolio, adequacy of collateral, past and anticipated loss experience, and the amount of nonperforming loans.

The Company’s methodology for determining the ALLL is based on the requirements of ASC Section 310-10-35 for loans individually evaluated for impairment (discussed above) and ASC Subtopic 450-20 for loans collectively evaluated for impairment, as well as the Interagency Policy Statement on the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and other bank regulatory guidance. The total of the two components represents the Company’s ALLL. Management also performs impairment analysis on TDRs, resulting in specific reserves. Loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment are analyzed, with general allowances being made as appropriate. For general allowances, historical loss trends are used to estimate losses in the current portfolio. Other qualitative factors modify these historical loss amounts.

The classes described above, which are based on the purpose code assigned to each loan, provide the starting point for the ALLL analysis. Management tracks the historical net charge-off activity at the purpose code level. Then, a historical charge-off factor is calculated utilizing the last twelve consecutive historical quarters.

Management has identified several additional qualitative factors to supplement the historical charge-off factor. These factors likely cause estimated credit losses associated with the existing loan pools to differ from historical loss experience. The additional factors that are evaluated quarterly and updated using information obtained from internal, regulatory, and governmental sources are:

Management reviews the loan portfolio every quarter using a defined, consistently applied process to make appropriate and timely adjustments to the ALLL. When information confirms all or part of specific loans to be uncollectible, these amounts are promptly charged off against the ALLL.

The following tables summarize the ALLL within the primary segments of the loan portfolio and the activity within those segments (in thousands):

The provision fluctuations during the year ended December 31, 2022, allocated to:

The provision fluctuations during the year ended December 31, 2021, allocated to:

Depreciation expense charged to operations was $1.3 million in 2022 and $1.4 million in 2021.

Goodwill totaled $31.7 million and $15.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Core deposit intangible carrying amount was $7.7 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Core deposit accumulated amortization was $2.1 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021. Amortization expense totaled $372,000 and $321,000 in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Core deposit intangible assets are amortized to their estimated residual values over their expected useful lives, commonly ten years. The estimated aggregate future amortization expense for core deposit intangible assets as of December 31, 2022, is as follows:

Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC Insurance limit of $250,000 as of December 31, 2022, and 2021 were $50.9 million and $33.4 million, respectively.

Scheduled maturities of all time deposits as of December 31, 2022, are as follows:

Scheduled maturities of time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC Insurance limit of $250,000 as of December 31, 2022, are as follows:

Deposits of related parties amounted to $24.1 million and $29.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, outstanding balances and related information of short-term borrowings, which includes securities sold under agreements to repurchase and short-term borrowings from other banks, are summarized as follows:

Average balances outstanding during the year represent daily average balances, and average interest rates represent interest expense divided by the related average balance.

The Company maintains a $6.0 million line of credit and a $10.0 million line of credit. Both lines of credit have adjustable rates based on the time of borrowing. On December 31, 2022, and 2021, there were no outstanding borrowings under these lines of credit. The additional borrowing capacity on FHLB advances was $380.8 million and $417.4 million on December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Under the terms of a blanket agreement, FHLB borrowings are secured by certain qualifying assets of the Company, which consist principally of first mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities. Under this credit arrangement, the Company had an available borrowing capacity of approximately $380.8 million on December 31, 2022.

The Bank has a $64.0 million irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit Agreement with the FHLB outstanding at December 31, 2022. This letter of credit is issued to secure municipal deposit accounts as required by law. The amount of funds available from the FHLB to the Bank is reduced by any letters of credit outstanding.

The Company formed a special purpose entity (“Entity”) to issue $8.0 million of floating rate, obligated mandatorily redeemable securities, and $248,000 in common securities as part of a pooled offering. The rate adjusts quarterly, equal to LIBOR plus 1.67%. The Entity may redeem them at face value in whole or in part. The Company borrowed the issuance proceeds from the Entity in December 2006 in the form of an $8.3 million note payable, which matures in December 2037, and is included in the other borrowings on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had finance lease liabilities of $3.8 million on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. See Note 15 of the financial statements for more information.

The tax effects of deductible and taxable temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows at December 31:

No valuation allowance was established on December 31, 2022, and 2021, in view of the Company’s tax strategies, coupled with the anticipated future taxable income as evidenced by the Company’s earnings potential.

The reconciliation between the federal statutory rate and the Company’s effective consolidated income tax rate for the years ended December 31, is as follows:

ASC 740-10 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Benefits from tax positions should be recognized in the financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority that would have full knowledge of all relevant information. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be derecognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is no longer met.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no ASC 740-10 unrecognized tax benefits. The Company does not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase within the next 12 months. The Company recognizes interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.

The Company and the Bank are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as an income tax in the states of Ohio and Florida, and the Bank is subject to a capital-based franchise tax in the state of Ohio. The Company and the Bank are no longer subject to examination by taxing authorities for years before 2019.

The Bank maintains section 401(k) employee savings and investment plans for all full-time employees and officers of the Bank who are at least 21 years of age. The Bank’s contributions to the plans are discretionary and were based on 66% matching of voluntary contributions up to 6% of compensation for the years ended December 31, 2022. The Bank’s contributions to the plans are discretionary and were based on 50% matching of voluntary contributions up to 6% of compensation for the years ended December 31, 2021. Employee contributions are vested at all times, and MBC contributions are fully vested after six years beginning at the second year in 20% increments. Prior service by Liberty employees who become Middlefield employees is reviewed for purposes of eligibility, vesting and, contribution allocations. Contributions for 2022 and 2021 to these plans amounted to $427,000 and $347,000, respectively.

The Company maintains executive deferred compensation plans to provide post-retirement payments to members of senior management. The plan agreements are noncontributory, defined contribution arrangements that provide supplemental retirement income benefits to several officers, with contributions made solely by the Bank. Accrued executive deferred compensation amounted to $3.7 million and $1.9 million as of December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. In addition, during 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized nonqualified deferred compensation expense of $164,000 and $264,000, respectively, to the plans.

In 2007, the Company adopted the 2007 Omnibus Equity Plan (the “2007 Plan”) for granting incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, and restricted stock to key officers and employees and nonemployee directors. Three hundred twenty thousand shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2007 Plan, which expired ten years from the date of board approval of the plan. No remaining shares are outstanding in incentive stock options awards granted under the 2007 Plan. The per-share exercise price of an option granted is not less than the fair value of a share of common stock on the date the option was granted.

In 2017, the Company adopted the 2017 Omnibus Equity Plan (the “2017 Plan”) for granting incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, restricted stock, and other equity awards to key officers and employees and nonemployee directors of the Company. The Company’s stockholders approved the 2017 Plan at the annual meeting of the stockholders held on May 10, 2017. A total of 448,000 shares of authorized and unissued or issued common stock are reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, which expires ten years from the date of board approval of the plan. The per-share exercise price of an option granted will not be less than the fair value of a share of common stock on the date the option is granted. The remaining available shares that can be issued under the 2017 Plan were 390,839 on December 31, 2022.

There was no stock option activity during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

The following table presents share data related to stock option activity during 2021:

For the year ended December 31, 2021, 12,150 options were exercised, resulting in net proceeds to the participant of $21,000.

During 2022 and 2021, the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors granted awards of restricted stock for an aggregate amount of 25,414 and 29,193 shares, respectively, to certain employees of the Bank. The expense recognized for all outstanding awards was $307,000 and $478,000 for the years ended 2022 and 2021, respectively. The number of restricted stock shares earned or settled will depend on specific conditions and are also subject to service period-based vesting. The award recipient must maintain service with Middlefield Banc Corp. and its affiliates until the third anniversary of the award to satisfy the service condition. In addition, the market condition will be met if the average total shareholder annual return (“TSR”) on Middlefield Banc Corp. stock for the three subsequent years meets target for 2021 and 2022. The target TSR is 10%, capped at 125% of target, and reduced proportionally between 0% and 10%.

The liability for these accrued officer benefits was $693,000 and $979,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The following table presents the activity during 2022 related to awards of restricted stock:

As of December 31, 2022, there was $533,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted shares granted under the 2017 Plan. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.92 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 was $529,000 and $447,000, respectively.

In the ordinary course of business, various outstanding commitments and certain contingent liabilities are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. These commitments and contingent liabilities represent financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement in particular types of financial instruments, which were composed of the following on December 31:

These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk over the amount recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company’s exposure to credit loss, in the event of nonperformance by the other parties to the financial instruments, is represented by the contractual amounts as disclosed. The Company minimizes its exposure to credit loss under these commitments by subjecting them to credit approval and review procedures and collateral requirements as deemed necessary. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates within one year of their origination.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These instruments are issued primarily to support bid or performance-related contracts. The coverage period for these instruments is typically one year, with an annual renewal option subject to prior approval by management. Fees earned from the issuance of these letters are recognized over the coverage period. The collateral is typically bank deposit instruments or customer business assets for secured letters of credit.

The Company leases six of its branch locations and one loan production office. As of December 31, 2022, net assets recorded under leases amounted to $4.4 million and have remaining lease terms of 4 years to 19 years. As of December 31, 2022, finance lease assets included in premises and equipment, net, totaled $3.7 million, and operating lease assets included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet totaled $717,000. As of December 31, 2022, finance lease obligations included in other borrowings totaled $3.8 million, and operating lease obligations included in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet totaled $723,000.

The following table displays the weighted-average term and discount rates for both operating and finance leases outstanding as of December 31, 2022:

The following table displays the undiscounted cash flows due related to operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2022, along with a reconciliation to the discounted amount recorded on the December 31, 2022 balance sheet:

The Company is subject to the regulatory requirements of the Federal Reserve System as a bank holding company. The bank is subject to regulations of the FDIC and the State of Ohio, Division of Financial Institutions.

The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland requires the Company to maintain certain average reserve balances. The reserves requirement was reduced to zero as of December 31, 2022, and 2021.

Federal law prevents the Company from borrowing from the Bank unless specific obligations secure the loans. Further, such a secured loan is limited to 10% of the Bank’s common stock and capital surplus.

MBC is subject to dividend restrictions that generally limit the amount of dividends that an Ohio state-chartered bank can pay. Under the Ohio Banking Code, cash dividends may not exceed net profits as defined for that year combined with retained net profits for the two preceding years less any required transfers to surplus. Under this formula, the amount available for payment of dividends for 2023 approximates $7.0 million, plus 2023 profits retained up to the dividend declaration date.

The Bank and Company are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors, and regulators can lower classifications in some instances. As a result, failure to meet various capital requirements can initiate regulatory action that could directly affect the financial statements. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank and Company have met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.

The prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, under-capitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. However, these terms are not used to represent the overall financial condition. If an institution is adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required before the institution may accept brokered deposits. If an institution is under capitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and plans for capital restoration are required.

The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.

The following tables present actual and required capital ratios as of December 31, 2022, and 2021 under the Basel III Capital Rules. Capital levels required to be considered well-capitalized are based upon prompt corrective action regulations, as amended to reflect the Basel III Capital Rules changes.

The following disclosures show the hierarchal disclosure framework associated with the level of pricing observations utilized in measuring assets and liabilities at fair value. The three broad levels defined by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles are as follows:

The following tables present the assets measured on a recurring basis on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at their fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Investment Securities Available for Sale – An independent pricing service provides the Company fair values, which represent quoted prices for similar assets, fair values determined by pricing models using a market approach that considers observable market data, such as interest rate volatilities, LIBOR yield curve, credit spreads and prices from market makers and live trading systems (Level II). Level III securities are assets whose fair value cannot be determined by using observable measures. The inputs to the valuation methodology of these securities are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. Currently, this category includes certain subordinated debt investments that are valued based on the discounted cash flow approach assuming a yield curve of similarly structured instruments.

While the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of specific financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of their respective period-ends and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments following the respective reporting dates may be different from the amounts reported at each period-end.

Equity Securities - Equity securities that are traded on a national securities exchange are valued at their last reported sales price as of the measurement date. Equity securities traded in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) markets, and listed securities for which no sale was reported on that date are generally valued at their last reported “bid” price if held long, and last reported “ask” price if sold short. To the extent equity securities are actively traded and valuation adjustments are not applied, they are categorized in Level I of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table presents the fair value reconciliation of Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

⁽¹⁾ Transfers between hierarchy levels are based on the availability of sufficient observable inputs to meet Level II versus Level III criteria. The level designation of each financial instrument is reassessed at the end of each period.

The following tables present the assets measured on a non-recurring basis on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at their fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy. Collateral-dependent impaired loans are carried at fair value if they have been charged down to fair value or if a specific valuation allowance has been established. A new cost basis is established when a property is initially recorded in OREO. OREO properties are carried at fair value if a devaluation has been taken to the property’s value after the initial measurement. No such devaluation occurred during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Impaired Loans – The Company has measured impairment on collateral-dependent impaired loans generally based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral. Fair value is usually determined based on independent third-party appraisals of the properties. In some cases, management may adjust the appraised value due to the age of the appraisal, changes in market conditions, or observable deterioration of the property since the appraisal was completed. Additionally, management estimates expected costs to sell the property, which are also included in the net realizable value. If the fair value of the collateral-dependent loan is less than the carrying amount of the loan, a specific reserve for the loan is made in the allowance for loan losses, or a charge-off is taken to reduce the loan to the fair value of the collateral (less estimated selling costs) and the loan is included in the above table as a Level III measurement. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the carrying amount of the loan, then the loan is not included in the above table as it is not currently being carried at its fair value. The fair values in the preceding tables include estimated selling costs of $688,000 and $901,000 on December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Other Real Estate Owned (OREO) – OREO is carried at the lower of cost or fair value, which is measured at the date of foreclosure. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the carrying amount of the loan, no charge-off or adjustment is necessary. Therefore, the loan is not considered to be carried at fair value and is not included in the above table. If the fair value of the collateral is less than the carrying amount of the loan, management will charge the loan down to its estimated realizable value. The fair value of OREO is based on the appraised value of the property, which is generally unadjusted by management and is based on comparable sales for similar properties in the same geographic region as the subject property and is included in the preceding table as a Level II measurement. In some cases, management may adjust the appraised value due to the age of the appraisal, changes in market conditions, or observable deterioration of the property since the appraisal was completed. In these cases, the loans are categorized in the above table as a Level III measurement since these adjustments are considered unobservable inputs. Income and expenses from operations and further declines in the fair value of the collateral after foreclosure are included in net expenses from OREO.

The following tables present additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and for which the Company uses Level III inputs to determine fair value:

The estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows:

Included within other borrowings is an $8.2 million note payable, which matures in December 2037. These borrowings were used to form a special purpose entity (“Entity”) to issue $8.0 million of floating rate, obligated mandatorily redeemable securities. The rate adjusts quarterly, equal to LIBOR plus 1.67%. The borrowing is a floating rate instrument and any difference between the cost and fair value are insignificant.

In addition to the financial instruments included in the above tables, cash and equivalents, bank-owned life insurance, Federal Home Loan Bank stock, accrued interest receivable, FHLB advances, and accrued interest payable, are carried at cost, which approximates the fair value of the instruments.

No unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities were reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2022, or 2021.

In the second quarter of 2022, the Company announced the signing of a definitive merger agreement to acquire 100% of the outstanding equity interest of Liberty for stock. Liberty was an Ohio bank holding company whose national bank subsidiary, Liberty National Bank, operated six offices in Central and Northwest Ohio.

The transaction closed on December 1, 2022, with Liberty National Bank merging into Middlefield Bank, with Middlefield Bank as the surviving entity. The acquisition established the Company’s presence in Hardin, Logan, Franklin, and Union Counties.

Under the terms of the merger agreement, Liberty shareholders received 2.752 shares of the Company’s common stock in exchange for each share of Liberty common stock they owned immediately before the merger. The Company issued 2.6 million shares of its common stock in the merger and the aggregate merger consideration was approximately $73.3 million. Upon closing, Liberty National Bank was merged into MBC, and its six full-service bank offices, in Ada and Kenton in Hardin County, in Bellefontaine and Bellefontaine South in Logan County, in Marysville in Union County, and in Westerville in Franklin County, became offices of MBC.

The Company accounted for the Liberty acquisition using the acquisition method of accounting and accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and consideration exchanged were recorded at estimated fair value on the acquisition date, in accordance with purchase accounting. The Company relied on the income approach to estimate the value of the loans. The loans’ underlying characteristics (account types, remaining terms (in months), annual interest rates or coupons, interest types, past delinquencies, timing of principal and interest payments, current market rates, loan-to-value ratios, loss exposures and remaining balance) were considered. Various assumptions were applied regarding credit, interest, and prepayment risks for the loans based on loan types, payment types and fixed or variable classifications. Due to the timing of the merger, the estimated fair value measurements remain preliminary. Management will continue to review the estimated fair values and expects to finalize its analysis of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities in the transaction within one year of the merger. As the Company finalizes its analysis of these assets, there may be adjustments to the recorded carrying values. Any adjustments to carrying values will be recorded in goodwill. The calculation of goodwill is subject to change for up to one year after closing date of the transaction as additional information relative to closing date estimates and uncertainties becomes available.

The Company also recorded an identifiable intangible asset representing the core deposit base of Liberty. The discounted cash flow method was used in valuing this intangible. This method is based upon the principle of future benefits; economic value is based on anticipated future benefits as measured by cash flows expected to occur in the future. The estimated future cash flows are converted to a value indicator by determining the present value of the cash flows using a discount rate. The discount rate is based upon the nature of the business, the level of risk, and the expected stability of the estimated future cash flows. The higher the risk, the higher the discount rate, and the lower the value indicator.

Time deposit fair values were estimated using an income approach. The methodology entailed discounting the contractual cash flows of the instruments over their remaining contractual lives at prevailing market rates. Interest and principal payments were projected for each category of CDs over the period from the valuation date to the maturity dates. These payments represent future cash flows to be paid to depositors until maturity. Using appropriate market interest rates for each category of CDs, the future cash flows were discounted to their present value equivalents.

The following table summarizes the purchase of Liberty as of December 1, 2022:

The following condensed statement reflects the amounts recognized as of the acquisition date for each major class of asset acquired and liability assumed, at fair value:

Middlefield recorded goodwill and intangibles associated with the purchase of Liberty totaling $16.7 million. Goodwill is not amortized, but is periodically evaluated for impairment. Middlefield Bank did not recognize any impairment during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Identifiable intangibles are amortized to their estimated residual values over the expected useful lives. Such lives are also periodically reassessed to determine if any amortization period adjustments are required. During the year ended December 31, 2022, no such adjustments were recorded. The identifiable intangible assets consist of a core deposit intangible which is being amortized over the estimated useful life of 10 years. The gross carrying amount of the core deposit intangible acquired in the Liberty merger that closed in 2022 was $6.7 million at December 31, 2022 with $63,000 accumulated amortization as of that date.

As of December 31, 2022, the current year and estimated future amortization expense for the core deposit intangible associated with this merger is as follows:

The Company incurred $2.4 million in merger expenses, which were recognized in noninterest expense within the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Results of operations for Liberty prior to the acquisition date are not included in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2022. The results of activities from the former Liberty operations that are included in the Consolidated Statement of Income from the date of acquisition through December 31, 2022 are broken out in the following table:

The table below presents unaudited pro forma information as if the acquisition of Liberty had occurred on January 1, 2021. The unaudited pro forma information includes adjustments for interest income on loans and securities acquired, amortization of intangibles arising from the transaction, depreciation expense on property acquired, interest expense on deposits acquired, and the related income tax effects. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had the transactions been effected on the assumed dates, and accordingly, does not attempt to predict or suggest future results. Merger and acquisition integration costs and amortization of fair value adjustments are included in the amounts below.

Pro Forma net income was reduced by $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 for additional estimated nonrecurring merger expenses and increased by $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to reflect the removal of merger expenses incurred for the year ended December 31, 2022 but reflected in the pro-forma net income as of December 31, 2021.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes to the financial statements.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis section of the Annual Report contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on a variety of estimates and assumptions. The estimates and assumptions involve judgments about a number of things, including future economic, competitive, and financial market conditions and future business decisions. These matters are inherently subject to significant business, economic, and competitive uncertainties, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond the Company's control. Although the Company believes its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, actual results could vary materially from those shown. Inclusion of forward-looking information does not constitute a representation by the Company or any other person that the indicated results will be achieved. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking information.

These forward-looking statements may involve significant risks and uncertainties. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results may differ materially from the results in these forward-looking statements.

Overview

During 2022, the Company reported net income of $15.7 million, or $2.59 per diluted share, compared with $18.6 million, or $3.00 per diluted share, in 2021. The Company’s return on average assets for 2022 and 2021 was 1.17% and 1.36%, respectively, while the Company’s return on average equity was 11.25% and 12.74%, respectively.

Highlights of the Company’s performance in 2022 (on a year-over-year basis unless noted) include the following:

●

Returned $11.6 million of capital to shareholders through cash dividends and the repurchase of 229,420 shares at an average price of $26.67 per share

●

Net income was $15.7 million, or $2.59 per diluted share, compared to $18.6 million, or $3.00 per diluted share

●

Non-GAAP ⁽¹⁾ net income, adjusted for certain one-time items and expenses associated with the Liberty Bancshares, Inc. merger, was $18.3 million, or $3.03 per diluted share, compared to $18.5 million, or $2.98 per diluted share

●

Non-GAAP⁽¹⁾ ROAE and ROATE, adjusted for certain one-time items and expenses associated with the Liberty Bancshares, Inc. merger, was 13.15% and 15.12%, respectively, compared to 12.67% and 14.29%, respectively

●

Twelve-month pre-tax income benefited from $1.2 million of net fees associated with the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), compared to $4.6 million in the 2021 full year

●

Net interest margin improved by 30 basis points to 4.08%, compared to 3.78%

●

Total loans were $1.35 billion, compared to $981.7 million at December 31, 2021

●

Total loans increased organically by $91.4 million, or 9.6% from December 31, 2021, without the impact of PPP loan forgiveness and the Liberty Bancshares, Inc. merger

●

Strong asset quality with nonperforming loans to total loans of 0.16%, compared to 0.49%

●

Allowance for loan losses was 1.07% of total loans, compared to 1.46%

⁽¹⁾

A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures can be found in the following tables.

Reconciliation of Net Income, Less Merger and Certain Items	For the Twelve Months Ended

	December 31,			December 31,
	2022			2021

Net Income	$	15,673		$	18,633
Acquisition related costs- after tax		1,882			-
Net costs of other real estate owned - after tax ⁽²⁾		755			(108	)
Net Income- Adjusted	$	18,310		$	18,525

Diluted EPS excluding merger and one-time items	$	3.03		$	2.98
Return on average assets excluding merger and one-time items (annualized)		1.37	%		1.35	%
Return on average equity excluding merger and one-time items (annualized)		13.15	%		12.67	%
Return on average tangible common equity excluding merger and one-time items (annualized)		15.12	%		14.29	%

⁽²⁾

This includes OREO writedowns, gross OREO expenses, and gross rental income earned on OREO.

Critical Accounting Policies

Allowance for loan and lease losses. Arriving at an appropriate level of allowance for loan and lease losses involves a high degree of judgment. The Company’s allowance for loan and lease losses provides for probable losses based upon evaluations of known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio.

Management uses historical information to assess the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses as well as the prevailing business environment, which is affected by changing economic conditions and various external factors and which may impact the portfolio in ways currently unforeseen. The allowance is increased by provisions for loan losses and recoveries of loans previously charged off and reduced by loans charged off. For a complete discussion of the Company’s methodology of assessing the adequacy of the reserve for loan losses, refer to Note 1 of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Annual Report.

Valuation of Securities. Investment securities are classified as held to maturity or available for sale on the date of purchase. Only those securities classified as held to maturity are reported at amortized cost. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net of related deferred income taxes, on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The majority of the Company’s securities are valued based on prices compiled by third-party vendors using observable market data. However, particular securities are less actively traded and do not always have quoted market prices. The determination of fair value for less actively traded securities, therefore, requires judgment, with such determination requiring benchmarking to similar instruments or analyzing default and recovery rates. Examples include certain collateralized mortgage and debt obligations and high-yield debt securities. Realized securities gains or losses are reported within noninterest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.

Management evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) at least quarterly and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. Investments in debt securities are generally evaluated for OTTI under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320, Investments — Debt and Equity Securities. Consideration is given to the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions, and whether the Company has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, the Company may consider whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuer’s financial condition. The assessment of whether an other-than-temporary decline exists involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to management at a point in time.

When OTTI occurs, the amount of the OTTI recognized in earnings depends on whether an entity intends to sell the security, or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If an entity intends to sell or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the OTTI shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and the investment’s fair value at the balance sheet date. The previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment. For debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the amount of impairment is split into two components as follows: 1) OTTI related to credit loss, which must be recognized in the income statement and 2) OTTI related to other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income or loss. The credit loss is defined as the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis. For equity securities, the entire amount of impairment is recognized through earnings.

Debt securities issued by state and political subdivisions and mortgage-backed securities in government-sponsored entities accounted for 81.7% of the total available-for-sale portfolio as of December 31, 2022, and no credit losses are expected, given the explicit and implicit guarantees provided by the U.S. federal government and the lack of significant unrealized loss positions within the obligations of state and political subdivisions security portfolio. The Company considered the following factors in determining whether a credit loss exists and the period over which the debt security is expected to recover:

●

The length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost basis.

●

Changes in the near-term prospects of the underlying collateral of a security such as changes in default rates, loss severity given default and significant changes in prepayment assumptions.

●

The level of cash flows generated from the underlying collateral supporting the principal and interest payments of the debt securities.

●

Any adverse change to the credit conditions and liquidity of the issuer, taking into consideration the latest information available about the overall financial condition of the issuer, credit ratings, recent legislation and government actions affecting the issuer’s industry and actions taken by the issuer to deal with the present economic climate.

Refer to Note 4 in the consolidated financial statements.

Loans Held for Sale

The Bank originates residential loans secured by first-lien mortgages on one-to-four family residential properties located within its market area for either portfolio or sale into the secondary market. At origination, a determination is made whether a loan will be held in the Bank’s portfolio or is intended for sale in the secondary market. Mortgage loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of the aggregate cost or fair value. The Bank recognizes gains and losses on sales of the loans held for sale when the sale is completed. In addition to interest earned on loans and income recognized on the sale of loans, the Bank receives fees for servicing loans that it has sold.

Income Taxes

The Company estimates income tax expense based on amounts expected to be owed to the various tax jurisdictions in which the Company conducts business. Quarterly, management assesses the reasonableness of the Company’s effective tax rate based on management’s current estimate of the amount and components of net income, tax credits, and the applicable statutory tax rates expected for the entire year. The estimated income tax expense is recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the balance sheet method and are reported in accrued taxes, interest, and expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities and recognizes enacted changes in tax rates and laws. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent they exist and are subject to a valuation allowance based on management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not.

Accrued taxes represent the net estimated amount due to taxing jurisdictions and are reported in accrued taxes, interest, and expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company evaluates and assesses the relative risks and appropriate tax treatment of transactions and filing positions after considering statutes, regulations, judicial precedent, and other information and maintains tax accruals consistent with management’s evaluation of these relative risks and merits. Changes to the estimate of accrued taxes occur periodically due to changes in tax rates, interpretations of tax laws, the status of examinations being conducted by taxing authorities, and changes to statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance that impact the relative risks of tax positions. When they occur, these changes can affect deferred taxes and accrued taxes as well as the current period’s income tax expense and can be significant to the Company's operating results.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired in connection with business acquisitions accounted for as purchases. Other intangible assets consist of branch acquisition core deposit premiums. The Company is required to perform an annual impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing it against the reporting unit's carrying amount. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, an expense may be required to write down the goodwill to the proper carrying value.

Changes in Financial Condition

General The Company’s total assets increased $356.7 million or 26.8% to $1.69 billion on December 31, 2022, from $1.33 billion on December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily due to an increase in net loans of $371.2 million largely due to the Liberty merger, which was partially offset by a decrease in cash of $65.7 million.

On December 1, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of Liberty pursuant to a previously announced definitive merger agreement. Under the terms of the merger agreement, Liberty shareholders received 2.752 shares of the Company’s common stock in exchange for each share of Liberty common stock they owned immediately before the merger. Middlefield issued 2.6 million shares of its common stock in the merger and the aggregate merger consideration was approximately $73.3 million.

Cash and cash equivalents Cash and due from banks and federal funds sold represent cash and cash equivalents, which decreased $65.7 million or 55.0% to $53.8 million on December 31, 2022, from $119.5 million on December 31, 2021. Deposits from customers into savings and checking accounts, loan and security repayments, and proceeds from borrowed funds typically increase these accounts. Decreases result from customer withdrawals, new loan originations, security purchases, and repayments of borrowed funds. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents since December 31, 2021, was primarily due to a decrease in deposits, an increase in loan fundings, partially offset by an increase in short-term borrowings.

Investment securities Management's objective in structuring the portfolio is to maintain a prudent level of liquidity while providing an acceptable rate of return without sacrificing asset quality. The balance of available-for-sale investment securities decreased $5.2 million, or 3.1%, compared to 2021. Securities purchased were $32.3 million. The Company sold the entire $57.9 million investment portfolio acquired in the Liberty Bancshares merger. These securities were acquired at fair value and then sold. Therefore, there were no realized gains or losses recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The municipal bond portfolio totaled $127.3 million or 77.2% of the Company's total investment portfolio on December 31, 2022. Periodically, management reviews the entire municipal bond portfolio to assess credit quality. Each security held in this portfolio is evaluated on attributes that have historically influenced default incidences in the municipal market, such as sector, security, impairment filing, timeliness of disclosure, external credit assessment(s), credit spread, state, vintage, and underwriter. These investments have historically proven to have extremely low credit risk.

On December 31, 2022, the Company held $30.2 million of subordinated debt in other banks compared to $32.5 million on December 31, 2021. The average yield on this portfolio was 4.79% on December 31, 2022 and 2021

Loans receivable The loans receivable category consists primarily of single-family mortgage loans used to purchase or refinance personal residences located within the Company’s market area, commercial and industrial loans, home equity lines of credit, and commercial real estate loans used to finance properties that are used in the borrowers’ businesses, or to finance investor-owned rental properties, and, to a lesser extent, construction and consumer loans. The portfolio is well dispersed geographically. The following table summarizes fluctuation within the primary segments of the loan portfolio (dollars in thousands):

	2022			2021			$ change			% change

Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied	$	191,748		$	111,470			80,278			72.0	%
Non-owner occupied		380,580			283,618			96,962			34.2	%
Multifamily		58,251			31,189			27,062			86.8	%
Residential real estate		296,308			240,089			56,219			23.4	%
Commercial and industrial		195,602			148,812			46,790			31.4	%
Home equity lines of credit		128,065			104,355			23,710			22.7	%
Construction and other		94,199			54,148			40,051			74.0	%
Consumer installment		8,119			8,010			109			1.4	%
Total loans		1,352,872			981,691			371,181			37.8	%
Less: Allowance for loan and lease losses		(14,438	)		(14,342	)		(96	)		0.7	%

Net loans	$	1,338,434		$	967,349			371,085			38.4	%

Net loans increased $371.1 million or 38.4% to $1.34 billion on December 31, 2022, from $967.3 million on December 31, 2021. The increase was due to the acquisition of $312.7 million in loans as part of the Liberty merger, coupled with strong organic loan growth of $55.9 million.

The product mix in the loan portfolio consists of CRE non-owner occupied loans equaling 28.1% of total loans, residential real estate loans 21.9%, commercial and industrial loans 14.5%, HELOC loans 9.5%, CRE owner-occupied loans 14.2%, construction and other loans 7.0%, CRE multifamily loans 4.3%, and consumer installment loans 0.6%, at December 31, 2022 compared with 28.9%, 24.5%, 15.2%, 10.6%, 11.3%, 5.5%, 3.2%, and 0.8%, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

Loans contributed 88.4% of total interest income in 2022 and 91.5% in 2021. The loan portfolio yield of 4.79% in 2022 was 34 basis points higher than the average yield for total interest-earning assets. Management recognizes that while the loan portfolio holds some of the Company’s highest-yielding assets, it is inherently the riskiest portfolio. Accordingly, management balances credit risk versus return with conservative credit standards. Management has developed and maintains comprehensive underwriting guidelines and a loan review function that monitors credits during and after approval. Management follows additional procedures to obtain current borrower financial information annually throughout the life of the loan obligation.

To minimize risks associated with changes in the borrower’s future repayment capacity, the Company generally requires scheduled periodic principal and interest payments on all types of loans and normally requires collateral.

The Company expects loan growth to be minimal but will not lower the conservative credit standards to increase loan originations in a slowing economy. The Company remains committed to sound underwriting practices without sacrificing asset quality and avoiding exposure to unnecessary risk that could weaken the portfolio.

The federal banking regulators have issued guidance for those institutions which are deemed to have concentrations in commercial real estate lending. According to the supervisory criteria contained in the guidance for identifying institutions with a potential commercial real estate concentration risk, institutions that have (1) total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land acquisitions which represent 100% or more of an institution’s total risk-based capital; or (2) total commercial real estate loans representing 300% or more of the institution’s total risk-based capital and the institution’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months are identified as having potential commercial real estate concentration risk. Institutions that are deemed to have concentrations in commercial real estate lending are expected to employ heightened levels of risk management concerning their commercial real estate portfolios and may be required to hold higher levels of capital. The Company, like many community banks, has a concentration in commercial real estate loans. On December 31, 2022, non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans (including construction, land, and land development loans) represented 266.5% of total risk-based capital. Construction, land, and land development loans represent 47.1% of total risk-based capital. Management has extensive experience in commercial real estate lending and has implemented and continues to maintain heightened risk management procedures and robust underwriting criteria for its commercial real estate portfolio. Loan monitoring practices include but are not limited to periodic stress testing analysis to evaluate changes to cash flows owing to interest rate increases and declines in net operating income.

Nevertheless, we may be required to maintain higher levels of capital due to our commercial real estate concentrations, which could require us to obtain additional capital, and may adversely affect shareholder returns. The Company has a comprehensive capital planning policy, including pro forma projections and stress testing. The Board of Directors has established internal minimum targets for regulatory capital ratios that are more than well-capitalized ratios.

Other real estate owned (“OREO”). OREO decreased $1.2 million from December 31, 2021, to $5.8 million on December 31, 2022 due to $1.2 million in write-downs for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company held one commercial property with a carrying amount of $5.8 million and one residential mortgage with a carrying amount of $28,000 in OREO. As of December 31, 2021, the Company held one commercial property with a carrying amount of $7.0 million in OREO.

Restricted stock. The Company’s investment in FHLB’s restricted stock increased $1.4 million, or 31.3%, to $5.8 million on December 31, 2022, compared to $4.4 million on December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to the merger.

Premises and equipment, net. The Company’s net premises and equipment increased $4.7 million, or 27.1%, to $22.0 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $17.3 million at December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily due to the acquisition of $6.1 million in fixed assets as part of the Liberty merger, $884,000 in purchases of fixed assets, partially offset by $1.3 million in depreciation.

Goodwill and other intangibles. The carrying value of goodwill was $31.7 million on December 31, 2022 compared to $15.1 million on December 31, 2021. The carrying value of core deposit intangibles was $7.7 million on December 31, 2022 compared to $1.4 million on December 31, 2021. In 2022, the Company recorded net increases in goodwill and core deposit intangibles of $16.6 million and $6.3 million, respectively. These increases are the direct result of the Liberty merger that closed on December 1, 2022.

Goodwill is assessed annually for impairment and any such impairment is recognized in the period identified by a charge to earnings. The process of evaluating goodwill for impairment requires management to make significant estimates and judgments. The use of different estimates, judgments or approaches to estimate fair value could result in a different conclusion regarding impairment of goodwill. Each of the valuation methods used by the Company requires significant assumptions. Depending on the specific method, assumptions are made regarding growth rates, discount rates for cash flows, control premiums, and selected multiples. Changes to any of the assumptions could result in significantly different results. Based on the analysis, management has determined that there is no goodwill impairment as of December 31, 2022.

The Company also monitors the ongoing value of mortgage servicing rights (“MSR”). As of December 31, 2022, the Company recorded an increase in MSR of $1.5 million to $2.1 million on December 31, 2022, as compared to $542,000 as of December 31, 2021. This increase is a direct result of the Liberty merger that closed on December 1, 2022.

Bank-owned life insurance. BOLI increased by $16.8 million to $33.9 million as of December 31, 2022, from $17.1 million at the end of 2021 due to the merger.

Deposits. Interest-earning assets are generally funded by both interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing core deposits. Deposits are influenced by changes in interest rates, economic conditions, and competition from other banks. The Company considers various sources when evaluating funding needs, including but not limited to deposits, which represented 95.6% of the Company’s total funding sources on December 31, 2022. The deposit base consists of demand deposits, savings, money market accounts, and time deposits. The following table summarizes fluctuation within the primary segments of the deposit portfolio (in thousands):

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021		$ change			% change

Noninterest-bearing demand	$	503,907	$	334,171	$	169,736			50.8	%
Interest-bearing demand		164,677		196,308		(31,631	)		-16.1	%
Money market		187,498		177,281		10,217			5.8	%
Savings		307,917		260,125		47,792			18.4	%
Time		238,020		198,725		39,295			19.8	%
Total deposits	$	1,402,019	$	1,166,610	$	235,409			20.2	%

Deposits increased $235.4 million or 20.2% to $1.40 billion on December 31, 2022, from $1.17 billion on December 31, 2021. The increase was due to the acquisition of $364.0 million in deposits as part of the Liberty merger, offset by a $128.6 million decrease in deposits.

Savings, money market deposits, and NOW accounts have been stable sources of funds, making up 47.1% of total deposits as of December 31, 2022. The Company uses specific non-core funding instruments to grow the balance sheet and maintain liquidity. These deposits, from either a broker or a listing service, were $5.0 million on December 31, 2022, compared to $15.1 million on December 31, 2021.

Borrowed funds. The Company uses short-term and long-term borrowings as another funding source for asset growth and liquidity needs. These borrowings primarily include advances from the FHLB, subordinated debt, short-term borrowings from other banks, and federal funds purchased. Short-term borrowings increased to $65.0 million as of December 31, 2022. Other borrowings were relatively unchanged at $12.1 million as of December 31, 2022 compared to $12.9 million at December 31, 2021.

In July 2017, the United Kingdom FCA, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR to the administrator of LIBOR after 2021. Subsequently, in November 2020, the FCA proposed end dates immediately following the December 31, 2021 publication for the one-week and two-month LIBOR settings, and the June 30, 2023 publication for other LIBOR tenors. The Company formed a special purpose entity to issue $8.0 million of floating rate mandatorily redeemable trust preferred securities (“TruPS”). The rate on the TruPS adjusts quarterly, equal to LIBOR plus 1.67%. The cessation of LIBOR quotes in 2023 will affect our TruPS. It is too early to predict whether a new rate index replacement will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Stockholders’ equity. The Company maintains a capital level that exceeds regulatory requirements as a margin of safety for its depositors and shareholders. All of the capital ratios exceeded the regulatory well-capitalized guidelines. Stockholders’ equity increased $52.4 million, or 36.0%, to $197.7 million on December 31, 2022, from $145.3 million on December 31, 2021. This increase was mostly the result of the $73.3 million increase in common stock due to the Liberty merger that closed in the fourth quarter and a $10.2 million increase in retained earnings due to year-to-date net income, less dividends paid. These increases were offset by a $25.6 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income due to fair value adjustments of available-for-sale securities, and the $6.1 million increase in treasury stock due to the Company repurchasing 229,420 of its outstanding shares during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

The Company's tangible book value per share, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, was $19.19 at December 31, 2022 compared to $21.88 at December 31, 2021. Tangible equity has declined due to unrealized losses of the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities portfolio. The market value decline was a result of the yield curve steepening caused by inflation and the tightening of monetary policy by the Federal Reserve Board beginning in March of 2022 and throughout the remaining months of 2022. Gross unrealized losses from available-for-sale investment securities were $28.0 million as of December 31, 2022, compared to unrealized gains of $4.4 million at December 31, 2021.

Reconciliation of Common Stockholders' Equity to Tangible Common Equity	For the Twelve Months Ended
(Dollar amounts in thousands)	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021

Stockholders' Equity (GAAP)	$	197,691	$	145,335
Less Goodwill and other intangibles		39,436		16,474
Tangible Common Equity (Non-GAAP)	$	158,255	$	128,861

Shares outstanding		8,245,235		5,888,737
Tangible book value per share	$	19.19	$	21.88

Average Balance Sheet and Yield/Rate Analysis. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, information concerning the total dollar amounts of interest income from interest-earning assets and the resultant average yields, the total dollar amounts of interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and the consequent average costs, net interest income, interest rate spread and the net interest margin earned on average interest-earning assets. For purposes of this table, average balances are calculated using monthly averages, and the average loan balances include nonaccrual loans and exclude the allowance for loan and lease losses, and interest income includes accretion of net deferred loan fees. Yields on tax-exempt securities and loans (tax-exempt for federal income tax purposes) are shown on a fully tax-equivalent basis utilizing a federal tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Yields and rates have been calculated on an annualized basis utilizing monthly interest amounts.

	For the Twelve Months Ended December 31,
	2022							2021

	Average				Average			Average				Average
(Dollar amounts in thousands)	Balance		Interest		Yield/Cost			Balance		Interest		Yield/Cost

Interest-earning assets:
Loans receivable ⁽³⁾	$	1,014,896	$	48,513		4.79	%	$	1,052,351	$	47,896		4.56	%
Investment securities ⁽³⁾		174,514		5,518		3.73	%		142,705		4,244		3.45	%
Interest-earning deposits with other banks ⁽⁴⁾		67,030		875		1.31	%		97,417		195		0.20	%
Total interest-earning assets		1,256,440		54,906		4.45	%		1,292,473		52,335		4.11	%
Noninterest-earning assets		84,484							78,802
Total assets	$	1,340,924						$	1,371,275
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits	$	164,569		554		0.34	%	$	212,063		274		0.13	%
Money market deposits		174,377		1,055		0.61	%		186,009		869		0.47	%
Savings deposits		259,225		527		0.20	%		255,267		162		0.06	%
Certificates of deposit		188,617		1,882		1.00	%		231,662		2,608		1.13	%
Short-term borrowings		8,576		307		3.58	%		85		-		0.00	%
Other borrowings		12,626		404		3.20	%		13,313		282		2.12	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		807,990		4,729		0.59	%		898,399		4,195		0.47	%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits		386,296							320,104
Other liabilities		7,368							6,535
Stockholders' equity		139,270							146,237
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,340,924						$	1,371,275
Net interest income			$	50,177						$	48,140
Interest rate spread ⁽¹⁾						3.86	%						3.64	%
Net interest margin ⁽²⁾						4.08	%						3.78	%
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities						155.50	%						143.86	%

(1) Interest rate spread represents the difference between the average yield on interest-earning assets and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

(2) Net interest margin represents net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.

(3) Tax-equivalent adjustments to calculate the yield on tax-exempt securities and loans were $1,046 and $752, for 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(4) Includes dividends received on restricted stock.

Interest Rates and Interest Differential

	2022 versus 2021									2021 versus 2020

	Increase (decrease) due to									Increase (decrease) due to
(Dollars in thousands)	Volume			Rate			Total			Volume			Rate			Total

Interest-earning assets:
Loans receivable	$	(1,708	)	$	2,325		$	617		$	(1,247	)	$	140		$	(1,107	)
Investment securities		1,097			177			1,274			1,207			(344	)		863
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks		(61	)		741			680			186			(245	)		(59	)
Total interest-earning assets		(672	)		3,243			2,571			146			(449	)		(303	)


Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits		(62	)		342			280			206			(377	)		(171	)
Money market deposits		(55	)		241			186			117			(749	)		(632	)
Savings deposits		2			363			365			107			(455	)		(348	)
Certificates of deposit		(486	)		(240	)		(726	)		(2,170	)		(1,728	)		(3,898	)
Short-term borrowings		-			307			307			(79	)		-			(79	)
Other borrowings		(15	)		137			122			(31	)		104			73
Total interest-bearing liabilities		(616	)		1,150			534			(1,850	)		(3,205	)		(5,055	)


Net interest income	$	(56	)	$	2,093		$	2,037		$	1,996		$	2,756		$	4,752

The following table sets forth consolidated selected financial highlights for periods ended December 31:

(Dollars in thousands)	2022			2021

Average total assets	$	1,340,924		$	1,371,275

Average shareholders' equity	$	139,270		$	146,237

Net income	$	15,673		$	18,633

Cash dividends declared per share	$	0.81		$	0.69

Return on average total assets		1.17	%		1.36	%

Return on average shareholders' equity		11.25	%		12.74	%

Dividend payout ratio (1)		37.23	%		22.76	%

Average shareholders' equity to average assets		10.39	%		10.66	%

(1) Cash dividends declared on common shares divided by net income

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses. The allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) represents the amount management estimates to be adequate to provide for probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Accordingly, all loan losses are charged to the allowance, and all recoveries are credited to it. The ALLL is established through a provision for loan losses charged to operations. The provision is based on management's periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the ALLL, taking into account the overall risk characteristics of the various portfolio segments, the Company's loan loss experience, the impact of economic conditions on borrowers, and other relevant factors. The estimates used to determine the adequacy of the ALLL, including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected on impaired loans, are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the near term. The total ALLL combines a specific allowance for identified problem loans and a general allowance for homogeneous loan pools.

The allowance for loan and lease loss balance as of December 31, 2022, totaled $14.4 million, representing a $96,000 increase from the end of 2021. There was no provision for loan losses in 2022, which represented a decrease of $700,000 compared to the provision for loan losses in 2021. During 2022, net recoveries decreased by $87,000 to $96,000 in net recoveries compared to $183,000 in net recoveries in 2021.

The specific allowance incorporates the results of measuring impaired loans. The allowance formula is calculated by applying loss factors to outstanding loans by type, excluding loans for which a specific allowance has been determined. Loss factors are based on management's determination of the amounts necessary for concentrations and changes in mix and volume of the loan portfolio, and consideration of historical loss experience.

The non-specific allowance is determined based upon management's evaluation of existing economic and business conditions affecting the key lending areas of the Company and other conditions, such as new loan products, credit quality trends, collateral values, unique industry conditions within portfolio segments that existed as of the balance sheet date, and the impact of those conditions on the collectability of the loan portfolio. Management reviews these conditions quarterly. The non-specific allowance is subject to a higher degree of uncertainty because it considers risk factors that may not be reflected in the historical loss factors.

Although management uses the best information available to determine the adequacy of the ALLL on December 31, 2022, future adjustments could be necessary if circumstances or economic conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the initial determinations. A downturn in the local economy could result in increased levels of nonperforming assets and charge-offs, increased loan loss provisions, and reductions in income. See Notes 5 for further discussion on the bank’s ALLL assessment. Additionally, as an integral part of the examination process, bank regulatory agencies periodically review a bank’s ALLL. The banking agencies could require the recognition of additions to the loan loss allowance based on their judgment of information available at the time of their examination.

The following table sets forth information concerning the Company's credit ratios for the periods presented:

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2022			2021
(Dollars in Thousands)
Ratio of allowance for loan and lease losses to loans outstanding at end of period		1.07	%		1.46	%
Net (recoveries) charge-offs to average loans		-0.01	%		-0.02	%
Nonperforming loans/total loans		0.16	%		0.49	%
Allowance for loan losses/nonperforming loans		683.94	%		295.16	%

The following table illustrates the net charge-offs to average loans ratio for each loan category for each reported period:

	At December 31,
	2022								2021
	Average Loan Balance		Net (recoveries) charge-offs			Net (recoveries) charge-offs to average loans			Average Loan Balance		Net (recoveries) charge-offs			Net (recoveries) charge-offs to average loans
(Dollars in Thousands)
Type of Loans:
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied	$	131,817	$	(5	)		(0.00	)%	$	108,269	$	(45	)		(0.04	)%
Non-owner occupied		288,744		127			0.04			299,212		175			0.06
Multifamily		38,882		-			0.00			35,696		-
Residential real estate		233,186		(61	)		(0.03	)		239,193		-			0.00
Commercial and industrial		149,726		(272	)		(0.18	)		192,156		(193	)		(0.10	)
Home equity lines of credit		101,039		25			0.02			109,433		(56	)		(0.05	)
Construction and other		64,490		-			0.00			59,395		(46	)		(0.08	)
Consumer installment		7,012		90			1.28			8,997		(18	)		(0.20	)

Total	$	1,014,896	$	(96	)		(0.01	)%	$	1,052,351	$	(183	)		(0.02	)%

Refer to Note 5 in the consolidated financial statements.

The following table illustrates the allocation of the Company's allowance for loan losses for each loan category for each reported period. The allowance allocation to each category is not necessarily indicative of a future loss in a particular category. It does not restrict our use of the allowance to absorb losses in other loan categories.

	At December 31,
	2022					2021
			Percent of					Percent of
			Loans in Each					Loans in Each
			Category to					Category to
	Amount		Total Loans			Amount		Total Loans
(Dollars in Thousands)

Type of Loans:
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied	$	2,203		14.17	%	$	1,836		11.35	%
Non-owner occupied		5,597		28.13			7,431		28.89
Multifamily		662		4.31			454		3.18
Residential real estate		2,047		21.90			1,740		24.46
Commercial and industrial		1,483		14.46			882		15.16
Home equity lines of credit		1,753		9.47			1,452		10.63
Construction and other		609		6.96			533		5.52
Consumer installment		84		0.60			14		0.82

Total	$	14,438		100.0	%	$	14,342		100.0	%

Nonperforming assets. Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans, loans 90 days or more past due, OREO, and repossessed assets. Real estate owned is written down to fair value at its initial recording and continually monitored for changes in fair value. A loan is classified as nonaccrual when, in the opinion of management, there are serious doubts about the collectability of interest and principal. Accrual of interest is discontinued on a loan when management believes that the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of principal and interest is doubtful after considering economic and business conditions. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied against principal until doubt about collectability ceases.

Nonperforming loans exclude TDRs that perform according to their terms over a prescribed period. TDRs are those loans which the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. The Company has 23 TDRs accruing interest with a balance of $3.1 million as of December 31, 2022, compared to 24 TDRs with a balance of 1.7 million as of December 31, 2021. Nonperforming loans amounted to $2.1 million or 0.16% of total loans and $4.9 million or 0.49% of total loans on December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

A significant factor in determining the appropriateness of the ALLL is the type of collateral that secures the loans. Although this does not insure against all losses, real estate collateral provides substantial recovery, even in a distressed sale and declining-value environment. The Bank’s objective is to work with the borrower to minimize the debt service burden and reduce the future loss exposure to the Company.

Accrual of interest is discontinued on a loan when management believes that the borrower's financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful after considering economic and business conditions. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied against principal according to management's assessment of collectability.

A loan is considered impaired when it is probable the borrower will not repay the loan according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement, including all troubled debt restructurings. Management has determined that first mortgage loans on one-to-four family properties and all consumer loans represent large groups of smaller-balance, homogeneous loans to be collectively evaluated. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays, defined as 90 days or less, are generally not classified as impaired. A loan is not impaired during a delay in payment if the Company expects to collect all amounts due, including interest accrued at the contractual interest rate for the period of delay. Management evaluates all loans identified as impaired individually. The Company estimates credit losses on impaired loans based on the present value of expected cash flows or the fair value of the underlying collateral if loan repayment is expected to come from the sale or operation of the collateral. Impaired loans, or portions thereof, are charged off when it is determined a realized loss has occurred. An allowance for loan and lease loss is maintained for estimated losses until that time.

Interest income that would have been recorded had these loans not been placed on nonaccrual status was $125,000 in 2022 and $204,000 in 2021. Management is not aware of any trends or uncertainties related to any loans classified as doubtful or substandard that might have a material effect on earnings, liquidity, or capital resources.

Changes in Results of Operations

2022 Results Compared to 2021 Results

General The Company posted net income of $15.7 million, compared to $18.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. On a per-share basis, 2022 earnings were $2.59 per diluted share, representing a decrease from the $3.00 per diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2021. The return on average equity for the year ended December 31, 2022, was 11.25%, and the Company’s return on average assets was 1.17%, compared to 12.74% and 1.36%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021. Non-GAAP net income, adjusted for certain one-time items and expenses associated with the merger, was $18.3 million, or $3.03 per diluted share for the 2022 twelve-month period, compared to $18.5 million, or $2.98 per diluted share for the same period last year. Non-GAAP return on average equity and return on average assets, adjusted one-time items and expenses associated with the merger, for the 2022 twelve-month period was 13.15% and 15.12%, respectively, compared to 12.65% and 14.27% for the same period in 2021, respectively.

Net interest income Net interest income, the Company’s largest revenue source, is the difference between interest income on earning assets and interest expense paid on liabilities. Net interest income is affected by the changes in interest rates and the composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income increased by $2.0 million in 2022 to $50.2 million compared to $48.1 million in 2021. This increase results from a $2.6 million increase in interest income, partially offset by a $534,000 increase in interest expense. Interest-earning assets averaged $1.26 billion during 2022, a year-over-year decrease of $36.0 million from $1.29 billion in 2021. The Company’s average interest-bearing liabilities decreased from $898.4 million in 2021 to $808.0 million in 2022. A key performance indicator, net interest margin, is net interest income as a percentage of total interest-earning assets. For 2022, the net interest margin, measured on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, increased to 4.08%, compared to 3.78% in 2021. The improvement in the net interest margin is attributable to a 34 basis point increase in the yield earned on total interest-earning assets, partially offset by a 12 basis point increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company is in an asset-sensitive position. A rising interest rate environment should lead to an expansion of net interest margin as the Company’s interest-earning assets reprice faster than its interest-bearing liabilities. Much of the Company’s asset sensitivity is due to commercial loans that have variable interest rates. As part of the Company’s strategy, floor rates are used to protect the Company’s net interest margin in a declining interest rate environment. As of December 31, 2022, nearly all loan contracts with floor rates exceed their contractual floor rates and are repricing accordingly with rising interest rates. Although the Company expects to benefit from a rising interest rate environment, deposit pricing is expected to increase to maintain liquidity. The Liberty merger did not significantly change our interest-rate sensitivity position or outlook as Liberty’s and our balance sheets were similarly structured.

Interest and dividend income Interest and dividend income increased $2.6 million to $54.9 million for 2022, attributable to a $1.2 million increase in interest on investment securities and a $617,000 increase on interest and fees on loans. The average balance of investment securities increased by $31.8 million, or 22.3%, and the 3.73% yield on the investment portfolio increased by 28 basis points, from 3.45%, for the same period in the prior year. The primary driver for the increase in interest on loans was a 23 basis point increase in the yield earned on loans from 4.56% in 2021 to 4.79% in 2022. The average balance of loans receivable decreased by 37.5 million or 3.6% to $1.01 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $1.05 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in the average loan balance for year ended December 31, 2022, is due in part to the forgiveness of PPP loans, partially offset by loan growth.

Interest expense Interest expense increased $534,000 or 12.7% to $4.7 million for 2022, compared with $4.2 million for 2021. This increase is attributable to an increase in interest expense on short-term borrowings and deposits of $307,000 and $105,000, respectively. The increase in short-term borrowings expense is a result of the Bank taking on FHLB advances in 2022, while there were no short-term borrowings during 2021. The increase in interest expense on deposits was due to a slight increase in the cost of deposits, which is expected to continue to trend upwards in the rising interest rate environment.

Provision for loan losses The provision for loan losses is an operating expense recorded to maintain the related balance sheet allowance for loan and lease losses at an amount considered adequate to cover probable losses incurred in the ordinary course of lending. There was no provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $700,000 in 2021. The loan loss provision is based upon management's assessment of various factors, including types and amounts of nonperforming loans, historical loss experience, collectability of collateral values and guaranties, pending legal action for collection of loans and related guaranties, and current economic conditions. The loan loss provision reflects management's judgment of the current period cost-of-credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio. Although management believes the loan loss provision has been sufficient to maintain an adequate allowance for loan and lease losses, actual loan losses could exceed the amounts charged to operations.

The ratio of nonperforming loans to total loans was 0.16% on December 31, 2022, decreasing from 0.49% on December 31, 2021. The ratio of the allowance for loan and lease losses to total loans decreased to 1.07% of total loans on December 31, 2022, compared to 1.46% on December 31, 2021. The decrease in this ratio is directly attributable to the merger and the increase in period end loans. This ratio is expected to increase with the adoption of CECL. The Company remains confident in its conservative and disciplined approach to credit and risk management.

With the passage of the PPP, administered by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”), the Company has actively assisted its customers with applications for resources through the program. On December 31, 2022, the Company carried $229,000 of PPP loans classified as C&I loans for reporting purposes. Loans funded through the PPP program are fully guaranteed by the U.S. government. This guarantee exists at the inception of the loans and throughout the lives of the loans and was not entered into separately and apart from the loans.

Noninterest income Noninterest income decreased $503,000 or 5.9% to $6.7 million for 2022 compared to $7.2 million for 2021. This decrease resulted from gain on sale of loans and gain on equity securities, which decreased $1.2 million and $382,000, respectively. The decrease in gain on sale of loans, resulted from the decline in demand for residential refinances. The decrease in the gain on equity securities resulted from decreases in the stock price for the underlying securities. These decreases were partially offset by increases in gross rental income from an OREO property and service charges on deposit accounts of $771,000 and $425,000, respectively. The Company also recognized $707,000 in gross OREO expenses in 2022, which is included in noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income. Therefore, the net impact on the Consolidated Statement of Income for this OREO property was a $244,000 profit in 2022. The increase in service charges on deposit accounts was primarily due to an increase in checking account fees as a result of a new checking account program offered to customers.

Noninterest expense Operating expenses increased $6.0 million, or 18.9% to $38.0 million for 2022 compared to $31.9 million for 2021. The increase was primarily the result of a $2.4 million increase in merger-related costs, a $1.2 million increase in OREO writedowns, a $1.3 million increase in other expense, a $653,000 increase in gross OREO expenses, and a $403,000 increase in data processing and information technology costs. Gross OREO expenses of $707,000 primarily relate to rental expenses incurred on one commercial OREO property. The Company also recognized $951,000 in gross rental income from this OREO property in 2022, which is included in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income. Therefore, the net impact on the Consolidated Statement of Income for this OREO property was a $244,000 profit in 2022.

Provision for income taxes The provision for income taxes decreased by $845,000, or 20.8%, to $3.2 million for 2022 from $4.1 million for 2021. The Company’s effective federal income tax rate in 2022 was 17.0% compared to 17.9% in 2021. The decrease in the effective income tax rate year over year was a result of increases in tax-exempt income.

Asset and Liability Management

The primary objective of the Company’s asset and liability management function is to maximize net interest income while maintaining an acceptable level of interest rate risk given the Company’s operating environment, capital and liquidity requirements, performance objectives, and overall business focus. The principal determinant of the exposure of the Company’s earnings to interest rate risk is the timing difference between the repricing or maturity of interest-earning assets and the re-pricing or maturity of its interest-bearing liabilities. The Company’s asset and liability management policies are designed to decrease interest rate sensitivity primarily by shortening the maturities of interest-earning assets while at the same time extending the maturities of interest-bearing liabilities. The Company's Board of Directors continues to believe in a strong asset/liability management process to insulate the Company from material and prolonged increases in interest rates.

The Company’s Board of Directors has established an Asset and Liability Management Committee consisting of outside directors and senior management. This committee, which meets quarterly, generally monitors asset and liability management policies and strategies.

Interest Rate Sensitivity Simulation Analysis

The Company engages an external consultant to facilitate income simulation modeling quarterly. This modeling measures interest rate risk and sensitivity. The Asset and Liability Management Committee of the Company believes the various rate scenarios of the simulation modeling enable the Company to more accurately evaluate and manage the exposure of interest rate fluctuations on net interest income, the yield curve, various loan and mortgage-backed security prepayments, and deposit decay assumptions.

Earnings simulation modeling and assumptions about the timing and volatility of cash flows are critical in net portfolio equity valuation analysis. Particularly important are the assumptions driving mortgage prepayments and the expected attrition of the core deposit portfolios. These assumptions are based on the Company’s historical experience and industry standards and are applied consistently across all rate risk measures.

The Company has established the following guidelines for assessing interest rate risk:

Net interest income simulation (“NII”) - Projected net interest income over the next twelve months will not be reduced by more than 10% given a gradual shift (i.e., over 12 months) in interest rates of up to 200 basis points (+ or -) and assuming no balance sheet growth.

Portfolio equity simulation - Portfolio equity is the net present value of the Company’s existing assets and liabilities. The Company uses an Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”) analysis which shows the estimated changes in portfolio equity considering certain long-term shock rates. Given a 200 basis point immediate and permanent increase in market interest rates, portfolio equity may not correspondingly decrease or increase by more than 20% of stockholders’ equity. Given a 100 basis point immediate and permanent decrease in market interest rates, portfolio equity may not correspondingly decrease or increase by more than 10% of stockholders’ equity.

The following table presents the simulated impact of a 200 basis point upward or 100 basis point downward shift of market interest rates on net interest income and the change in portfolio equity. This analysis was done assuming the interest-earning asset and interest-bearing liability levels at December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, remained constant. The impact of the market rate movements was developed by simulating the effects of rates changing gradually over one year from the December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021 levels for net interest income and portfolio equity. The impact of market-rate movements was developed by simulating the effects of an immediate and permanent change in rates at December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, for portfolio equity:

	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
Change in Rates	% Change in NII			% Change in EVE			% Change in NII			% Change in EVE
+200bp		(0.50	)%		(2.80	)%		2.40	%		2.50	%
-100bp		(0.30	)%		(1.30	)%		(1.40	)%		(12.70	)%

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity. Liquidity management involves monitoring the ability to meet the cash flow needs of bank customers, such as borrowings or deposit withdrawals and the Company’s financial commitments. The principal sources of liquidity are net income, loan payments, maturing and principal reductions on securities and sales of securities available for sale, federal funds sold, and cash and deposits with banks. Along with its liquid assets, the Company has additional sources of liquidity available to ensure adequate funds are available as needed. These include, but are not limited to, the purchase of federal funds, the ability to borrow funds under line of credit agreements with correspondent banks, a borrowing agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, brokered deposits, and the adjustment of interest rates to obtain deposits. Management believes the Company has the capital adequacy, profitability, and reputation for meeting its customers' current and projected needs.

Liquidity is managed based on factors including core deposits as a percentage of total deposits, the degree of funding source diversification, the allocation and amount of deposits among deposit types, the short-term funding sources used to fund assets, the amount of non-deposit funding used to fund assets, the availability of unused funding sources, off-balance sheet obligations, the availability of assets readily converted to cash without undue loss, the amount of cash and liquid securities we hold, and the re-pricing characteristics and maturities of our assets when compared to the re-pricing characteristics of our liabilities and other factors.

The Company's liquid assets consist of cash and cash equivalents, including investments in very short-term investments (i.e., federal funds sold), equity securities, and investment securities classified as available for sale. The level of these assets is dependent on the Company's operating, investing, and financing activities during any given period. On December 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $53.8 million or 3.2% of total assets, equity securities totaled $915,000 or 0.1% of total assets, and investment securities classified as available for sale totaled $165.0 million or 9.8% of total assets. Management believes that the company's liquidity needs are satisfied by the current balance of cash and cash equivalents, readily available access to traditional funding sources, FHLB advances, junior subordinated debt, brokered deposits, and the portion of the investment and loan portfolios that mature within one year. These sources of funds will enable the Company to meet cash obligations and off-balance sheet commitments as they come due.

Operating activities provided net cash of $18.4 million and $15.4 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively, generated principally from net income of $15.7 million and $18.6 million in these respective periods.

Investing activities used net cash of $8.7 million, which consisted primarily of an increase in loans of $55.9 million and investment purchases of $32.3 million. This was partially offset by investment sales of $57.9 million and $18.4 million in cash acquired in the merger. For the same period ended in 2021, investing activities provided net cash of $70.9 million, which consisted primarily of a decrease in loans of $127.3 million and investment repayments and maturities of $11.5 million. This was partially offset by investment purchases of $68.9 million.

Financing activities consist of the solicitation and repayment of customer deposits, borrowings and repayments, and the payment of dividends. During 2022, net cash used by financing activities totaled $75.4 million, principally derived from a decrease in deposits of $128.6 million, $6.1 million was a result of the repurchase of treasury shares, and $5.5 million was a result of the payment of dividends. The Company repurchased 229,420 of its outstanding shares during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. These changes were partially offset by a $65.0 million increase in short-term borrowings. During 2021, net cash used by financing activities totaled $79.2 million, principally derived from a decrease in deposits of $58.6 million, and $12.3 million was a result of the repurchase of treasury shares.

Management monitors projected liquidity needs and determines the desired level based partly on the Company's commitment to making loans and management's assessment of the Company's ability to generate funds. As a result, the Company anticipates having sufficient liquidity to satisfy estimated short and long-term funding needs.

Capital Resources. The Company's primary source of capital is retained earnings. Historically, the Company has generated net retained income to support normal growth and expansion. Management has developed a capital planning policy to ensure regulatory compliance and capital adequacy for future expansion.

Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters

The Company had approximately 1,169 stockholders of record as of December 31, 2022. The Company’s common stock is traded and authorized for quotation on NASDAQ under the symbol “MBCN.” The Company currently expects consistency in the payout of future cash dividends.

MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

A material weakness is a significant deficiency (as defined in Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Auditing Standard No. 5), or a combination of significant deficiencies, that results in there being more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by management or employees in the normal course by management or employees in the normal course of performing their assigned functions.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2022, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm because section 989G of the Dodd Frank Act exempts smaller reporting companies from the requirement of an attestation by registered public accountants concerning internal controls over financial reporting.

/s/ James R. Heslop, II

By: James R. Heslop, II

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: March 15, 2023

/s/ Donald L. Stacy

By: Donald L. Stacy

Treasurer

(Principal Financial & Accounting Officer)

Date: March 15, 2023

Ohio		34-1585111
State or Other Jurisdiction of		I.R.S. Employer Identification No.
Incorporation or Organization

15985 East High Street, Middlefield, Ohio		44062-0035
Address of Principal Executive Offices		Zip Code

Title of Each Class		MBCN		Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, Without Par Value		Trading Symbol		The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC (NASDAQ Capital Market)

	Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
	Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
		Emerging growth company ☐

Part I

Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	20
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	26
Item 2.	Properties	26
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	27
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	27

Part II

Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	27
Item 6.	[Reserved]	27
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	27
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	27
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	27
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	28
Item 9B.	Other Information	28
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	28

Part III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance	28
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	28
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	29
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	29
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	29

Part IV

Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	29
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	34

SIGNATURES

			Due after one		Due after five
	Due in one		years through		years through		Due after
	year or less		five years		fifteen years		fifteen years		Total
(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied	$	14,919	$	18,230	$	83,510	$	75,089	$	191,748
Non-owner occupied		43,484		95,365		148,283		93,448		380,580
Multifamily		1,948		6,652		30,412		19,239		58,251
Residential real estate		1,826		6,097		52,241		236,144		296,308
Commercial and industrial		26,246		59,209		65,905		44,242		195,602
Home equity lines of credit		2,889		4,395		24,702		96,079		128,065
Construction and other		11,096		24,796		30,891		27,416		94,199
Consumer installment		800		2,906		1,683		2,730		8,119

	$	103,208	$	217,650	$	437,627	$	594,387	$	1,352,872

	☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
		For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

	☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
		For the transition period from ___________ to ___________ .

	440-632-1666
Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code

Ohio County	Dec-21 Unemployment %	Dec-22 Unemployment %	2021-2022 % Change
Ashtabula County	4.1	4.3	0.2
Cuyahoga County	4.9	3.6	-1.3
Delaware County	2.4	2.6	0.2
Franklin County	3.0	3.1	0.1
Geauga County	3.6	2.9	-0.7
Hardin County	3.4	3.3	-0.1
Logan County	3.0	3.2	0.2
Madison County	2.6	2.9	0.3
Portage County	3.4	3.7	0.3
Summit County	3.7	3.9	0.2
Trumbull County	4.5	4.7	0.2
Union County	2.4	2.6	0.2
12 Counties Average	3.4	3.4	0
Ohio	4.5	4.2	-0.3
United States	3.9	3.5	-0.4

	Fixed		Adjustable
	Rate		Rate		Total
(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied	$	40,354	$	136,475	$	176,829
Non-owner occupied		105,954		231,142		337,096
Multifamily		6,406		49,897		56,303
Residential real estate		113,167		181,315		294,482
Commercial and industrial		95,170		74,186		169,356
Home equity lines of credit		117		125,059		125,176
Construction and other		5,345		77,758		83,103
Consumer installment		2,746		4,573		7,319

	$	369,259	$	880,405	$	1,249,664

•	accounts receivable, inventory and working capital loans	•	short-term notes
•	renewable operating lines of credit	•	selected guaranteed or subsidized loan programs for small businesses
•	loans to finance capital equipment	•	loans to professionals
•	term business loans	•	commercial real estate loans
•	demand lines of credit	•	agricultural loans

	•	residential construction loans to borrowers who will occupy the premises upon completion of construction,
	•	residential construction loans to builders,
	•	commercial construction loans, and
	•	real estate acquisition and development loans.

	December 31, 2022
	One year or less					More than one to five years					More than five to ten years					More than ten years					Total investment securities

	Amortized cost		Average yield			Amortized cost		Average yield			Amortized cost		Average yield			Amortized cost		Average yield			Amortized cost		Average yield			Fair value
(Dollars in thousands)
Subordinated debt	$	-		-		$	-		-		$	32,300		4.79	%	$	-		-		$	32,300		4.79	%	$	30,164
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Taxable		500		5.30	%		-		-			-		-			-		-			500		5.30	%		500
Tax-exempt **		625		4.52	%		1,533		4.99	%		11,405		3.89	%		138,333		3.08	%		151,896		3.16	%		126,834
Mortgage-backed securities in government-sponsored entities		-		-			1,471		2.17	%		1,658		2.04	%		5,173		2.46	%		8,302		2.33	%		7,469
Total	$	1,125		4.87	%	$	3,004		3.61	%	$	45,363		4.46	%	$	143,506		3.05	%	$	192,998		3.40	%	$	164,967

(Dollar amounts in thousands)	Amount		Percent of Total


Within three months	$	9,807		19.26	%
Beyond three but within six months		5,094		10.00	%
Beyond six but within twelve months		11,166		21.93	%
Beyond one year		24,850		48.81	%

Total	$	50,917		100.00	%

	•	directly or indirectly acquiring ownership or control of any voting shares of another bank or bank holding company, if after the acquisition the acquiring company would own or control more than 5% of the shares of the other bank or bank holding company (unless the acquiring company already owns or controls a majority of the shares),
	•	acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of another bank, or
	•	merging or consolidating with another bank holding company.

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021		$ change			% change

Noninterest-bearing demand	$	158,334	$	118,231	$	40,103			33.9	%
Interest-bearing demand		65,669		67,541		(1,872	)		-2.8	%
Money market		89,832		108,771		(18,939	)		-17.4	%
Savings		7,859		36,150		(28,291	)		-78.3	%
Time		50,917		33,419		17,497			52.4	%
Total deposits	$	372,611	$	364,112	$	8,498			2.3	%

	•	financial in nature or incidental to that financial activity, or
	•	complementary to a financial activity and that does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally.

	•	acting as principal, agent, or broker for insurance,
	•	underwriting, dealing in, or making a market in securities, and
	•	providing financial and investment advice.

					Total shares purchased as		Maximum number of shares
2022 period	Total shares				part of a publicly announced		that may yet be purchased
In thousands, except per share data	purchased		Average price paid per share		program		under the program

October 1- October 31		-	$	-		-		246,549
November 1- November 30		-	$	-		-		246,549
December 1- December 31		88,418	$	28.02		88,418		158,131
Total		88,418	$	28.02

	(a)	(b)	(c)
Plan Category	Number of Securities	Weighted-Average	Number of Securities
	to be Issued upon	Exercise Price of	Remaining Available for
	Exercise of	Outstanding	Future Issuance Under
	Outstanding Options,	Options, Warrants	Equity Compensation
	Warrants	and Rights	Plans (Excluding
	and Rights		Securities Reflected in
			Column (a))⁽¹⁾
Equity compensation plans appoved ' by security holders				390,839
Equity compensation plans not appoved ' by security holders				N/A
Total				390,839

Exhibit Number	Description	Location
2.1	Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of May 26, 2022 by and among Middlefield Banc Corp., MBCN Merger Subsidiary, LLC, and Liberty Bancshares, Inc.	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report and Form 425 filed on May 27, 2022

3.1	Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Middlefield Banc Corp., as amended	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2005, filed on March 29, 2006

3.2	Regulations of Middlefield Banc Corp.	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on December 1, 2022

4	Specimen stock certificate	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s registration statement on Form 10 filed on April 17, 2001

4.1	Amended and Restated Trust Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2006, between Middlefield Banc Corp., as Depositor, Wilmington Trust Company, as Property trustee, Wilmington Trust Company, as Delaware Trustee, and Administrative Trustees	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on December 27, 2006

4.2	Junior Subordinated Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2006, between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Wilmington Trust Company	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on December 27, 2006

4.3	Guarantee Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2006, between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Wilmington Trust Company	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on December 27, 2006

10.1.0*	2017 Omnibus Equity Plan	Incorporated by reference to Middlefield Banc Corp.’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, Appendix A, filed on April 4, 2017

10.1.1*	[reserved]

10.2*	[reserved]

10.3*	Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and James R. Heslop, II	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2019

10.4	Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati Agreement for Advances and Security Agreement dated September 14, 2000	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s registration statement on Form 10 filed on April 17, 2001

10.4.1*	Severance Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Teresa M. Hetrick, dated January 7, 2008	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.1 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on January 9, 2008

10.4.2*	[reserved]

10.4.3*	Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Donald L. Stacy	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.3 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2019

10.4.4*	Severance Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Alfred F. Thompson, Jr., dated January 7, 2008	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.4 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on January 9, 2008

10.4.5*	Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Michael L. Allen	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.5 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on November 5, 2019

10.4.6**	Compensation Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Michael C. Ranttila	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.6 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-K Annual Report filed on March 15, 2022

10.4.7*	Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Michael C. Ranttila	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4.7 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-K Annual Report filed on March 12, 2021

10.4.8*	Change in Control Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Courtney M. Erminio	filed herewith

10.5*	Severance Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Ronald L. Zimmerly, Jr., dated December 1, 2022	filed herewith

10.6*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement between Middlefield Banc Corp. and Ronald L. Zimmerly, Jr., dated December 1, 2022	filed herewith

10.7*	Amended Director Retirement Agreement with Frances H. Frank	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on January 9, 2008

10.8	Executive Retention Agreement between The Middlefield Banking Company and Michael C. Ranttila	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on May 10, 2022

10.9	Executive Retention Agreement between The Middlefield Banking Company and Michael L. Allen	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on May 10, 2022

10.10	[reserved]

10.11*	Director Retirement Agreement with Martin S. Paul	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2001, filed on March 28, 2002

10.12	Split-Dollar Agreement between The Middlefield Banking Company and Ronald L. Zimmerly, Jr.	filed herewith

10.13	[reserved]

10.14*	Executive Survivor Income Agreement (aka DBO agreement [death benefit only]) with Donald L. Stacy	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004

10.15*	DBO Agreement with Jay P. Giles	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004

10.16*	DBO Agreement with Alfred F. Thompson, Jr.	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004

10.17*	DBO Agreement with Teresa M. Hetrick	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004

10.18 *	Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Jay P. Giles	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2011, filed on March 20, 2012

10.19	[reserved]

10.20*	DBO Agreement with James R. Heslop, II	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004

10.21*	DBO Agreement with Thomas G. Caldwell	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2003, filed on March 30, 2004

10.22*	Annual Incentive Plan	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on March 12, 2019

10.22.1	[reserved]

10.23**	Amended Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Thomas G. Caldwell	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020

10.24**	Amended Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with James R. Heslop, II	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020

10.25**	Amended Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Donald L. Stacy	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020

10.26**	Executive Variable Benefit Deferred Compensation Agreement with James R. Heslop, II	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020

10.27**	Executive Variable Benefit Deferred Compensation Agreement with Donald L. Stacy	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020

10.28**	Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Charles O. Moore	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2019, filed on March 4, 2020

10.29*	Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Ronald L. Zimmerly, Jr.	filed herewith

10.29.1	Form of conditional stock award under the 2017 Omnibus Equity Plan	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 8-K Current Report filed on July 24, 2017

10.30**	Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Michael L. Allen	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on May 7, 2019

10.31**	Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with John D. Lane	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on May 7, 2019

10.32**	Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Michael C. Ranttila	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-K Annual Report filed on March 12, 2021

10.33**	Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Courtney M. Erminio	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on August 8, 2022

10.34**	Executive Deferred Compensation Agreement with Alfred F. Thompson	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report filed on August 8, 2022

13	Portions of Annual Report to Shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2022 incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K	filed herewith

21	Subsidiaries of Middlefield Banc Corp.	filed herewith

23	Consent of S.R. Snodgrass, P.C., independent auditors of Middlefield Banc Corp.	filed herewith

31.1	Rule 13a-14(a) certification of Chief Executive Officer	filed herewith

31.2	Rule 13a-14(a) certification of Chief Financial Officer	filed herewith

32	Rule 13a-14(b) certification	filed herewith

99.1	Form of Indemnification Agreement with directors of Middlefield Banc Corp. and with executive officers of Middlefield Banc Corp. and The Middlefield Banking Company	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of Middlefield Banc Corp.’s registration statement on Form 10, Amendment No. 1, filed on June 14, 2001

101.INS***	Inline XBRL Instance	furnished herewith

101.SCH***	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema	furnished herewith

101.CAL***	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation	furnished herewith

101.DEF***	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition	furnished herewith

101.LAB***	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels	furnished herewith

101.PRE***	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation	furnished herewith

104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

	Middlefield Banc Corp.

	By:	/s/ James R. Heslop, II
		James R. Heslop, II
		Chief Executive Officer
		Date: March 15, 2023

/s/ James R. Heslop, II		March 15, 2023
James R. Heslop, II
Chief Executive Officer and Director

/s/ Ronald L. Zimmerly, Jr.		March 15, 2023
Ronald L. Zimmerly, Jr.
President and Director

/s/ Donald L. Stacy		March 15, 2023
Donald L. Stacy, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal accounting and financial officer)

/s/ Carolyn J. Turk		March 15, 2023
Carolyn J. Turk, Director

/s/ Kenneth E. Jones		March 15, 2023
Kenneth E. Jones, Director

/s/ James J. McCaskey		March 15, 2023
James J. McCaskey, Director

/s/ William J. Skidmore		March 15, 2023
William J. Skidmore, Chairman of the Board

/s/ Kevin A. DiGeronimo		March 15, 2023
Kevin A. DiGeronimo, Director

/s/ Darryl E. Mast		March 15, 2023
Darryl E. Mast, Director

/s/ Thomas W. Bevan		March 15, 2023
Thomas W. Bevan, Director

/s/ Michael C. Voinovich		March 15, 2023
Michael C. Voinovich, Director

/s/ Mark R. Watkins		March 15, 2023
Mark R. Watkins, Director

/s/ Spencer T. Cohn		March 15, 2023
Spencer T. Cohn, Director

Executive	Middlefield Banc Corp.


	By:
Courtney M. Erminio	James R. Heslop, II
	Its:	President and Chief Executive Officer

PARTICIPANT		MIDDLEFIELD BANC CORP. an Ohio corporation


		By:

		Name:

		Its:


Residence Address:

	Insurer: Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company

	Insurer: Guardian Life Insurance Company

Executive:		Bank: The Middlefield Banking Company


Ronald L. Zimmerly, Jr.		By:

		Its:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022			2021
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME
Interest and fees on loans	$	48,513		$	47,896
Interest-earning deposits in other institutions		472			90
Federal funds sold		219			3
Investment securities:
Taxable interest		1,811			1,679
Tax-exempt interest		3,707			2,565
Dividends on stock		184			102
Total interest and dividend income		54,906			52,335

INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits		4,018			3,913
Short-term borrowings		307			-
Other borrowings		404			282
Total interest expense		4,729			4,195

NET INTEREST INCOME		50,177			48,140

Provision for loan losses		-			700

NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR LOAN LOSSES		50,177			47,440

NONINTEREST INCOME
Service charges on deposit accounts		3,850			3,425
(Losses) gains on equity securities		(173	)		209
Gain on other real estate owned		-			43
Earnings on bank-owned life insurance		459			546
Gain on sale of loans		24			1,240
Revenue from investment services		674			727
Gross rental income		951			180
Other income		961			879
Total noninterest income		6,746			7,249

NONINTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries and employee benefits		17,548			17,151
Occupancy expense		2,033			2,048
Equipment expense		1,074			1,361
Data processing costs		3,701			3,298
Ohio state franchise tax		1,157			1,144
Federal deposit insurance expense		329			494
Professional fees		1,500			1,313
Other real estate owned writedowns		1,200			-
Advertising expense		1,033			885
Software amortization expense		143			361
Core deposit intangible amortization		372			321
Gross other real estate owned expenses		707			54
Merger-related costs		2,382			-
Other expense		4,851			3,561
Total noninterest expense		38,030			31,991

Income before income taxes		18,893			22,698
Income taxes		3,220			4,065

NET INCOME	$	15,673		$	18,633

EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic	$	2.60		$	3.01
Diluted		2.59			3.00

								Accumulated
								Other						Total
	Common Stock				Retained			Comprehensive			Treasury			Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Earnings			(Loss) Income			Stock			Equity
Balance, December 31, 2020		7,308,685	$	86,886	$	69,578		$	4,284		$	(16,938	)	$	143,810

Net income						18,633									18,633
Other comprehensive loss									(822	)					(822	)
Stock options exercised		10,650		94											94
Stock-based compensation, net		11,213		151											151
Treasury shares acquired (512,449 shares)												(12,291	)		(12,291	)
Cash dividends ($0.69 per share)						(4,240	)								(4,240	)

Balance, December 31, 2021		7,330,548	$	87,131	$	83,971		$	3,462		$	(29,229	)	$	145,335

Net income						15,673									15,673
Other comprehensive loss									(25,606	)					(25,606	)
Common stock issued in business combination		2,561,513		73,265											73,265
Stock-based compensation, net		24,405		633											633
Treasury shares acquired (229,420 shares)												(6,119	)		(6,119	)
Cash dividends ($0.81 per share)						(5,490	)								(5,490	)

Balance, December 31, 2022		9,916,466	$	161,029	$	94,154		$	(22,144	)	$	(35,348	)	$	197,691

	Year Ended December 31,
Acquisition of Liberty	2022			2021
Noncash assets acquired
Investments	$	57,907		$	-
Loans		312,618
Premises and equipment, net		6,087			-
Accrued interest receivable		1,563			-
Bank-owned life insurance		16,290			-
Core deposit intangible		6,670			-
Mortgage servicing rights		1,680
Other assets		3,111			-
Goodwill		16,664			-
Total noncash assets acquired		422,590			-

Liabilities assumed
Time deposits		(69,278	)		-
Deposits other than time deposits		(294,684	)		-
Accrued interest payable		(246	)		-
Other liabilities		(3,523	)		-
Total liabilities assumed		(367,731	)		-

Liberty stock acquired in business combination		(73,265	)		-

Cash and cash equivalents acquired, net	$	18,406		$	-

	2022			2021

Weighted-average common shares issued		7,551,769			7,325,449

Average treasury stock shares		(1,524,678	)		(1,138,783	)

Weighted-average common shares and common stock equivalents used to calculate basic earnings per share		6,027,091			6,186,666

Additional common stock equivalents (stock options and restricted stock) used to calculate diluted earnings per share		17,291			24,410

Weighted-average common shares and common stock equivalents used to calculate diluted earnings per share		6,044,382			6,211,076