STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Roumell Opportunistic Value Fund
Institutional Class Shares - Ticker Symbol RAMSX
January 1, 202 1
A series of the
Starboard Investment Trust
116 South Franklin Street
Post Office Box 69
Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27802-0069
Telephone 1-800-773-3863
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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GENERAL INFORMATION
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2
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT POLICIES
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2
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INVESTMENT LIMITATIONS
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14
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PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS
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15
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DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST
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17
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MANAGEMENT AND OTHER SERVICE PROVIDERS
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18
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ADDITIONAL PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION INFORMATION
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26
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SPECIAL SHAREHOLDER SERVICES
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26
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DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
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28
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NET ASSET VALUE
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29
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ADDITIONAL TAX INFORMATION
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31
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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34
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APPENDIX A – DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
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54
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APPENDIX B – PROXY VOTING POLICIES
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38
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This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is meant to be read in conjunction with the prospectus for the Roumell Opportunistic Value Fund, dated January 1, 202 1 , as amended or
supplemented from time to time (the “Prospectus”), and is incorporated by reference in its entirety into the Prospectus. Because this SAI is not itself a prospectus, no investment in shares of the Fund should be made solely upon the
information contained herein. The Fund’ s financials statements and accompanying notes that appear in the Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports are incorporated by reference into this SAI Copies of the Prospectus, annual report, and/or
semi-annual report may be obtained at no charge by writing or calling the Fund at the address or phone number shown above or online at http://www.roumellfund.com. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein have the same meanings as in the
Prospectus.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Starboard Investment Trust (“Trust”) was organized on May 13, 2009, as a Delaware statutory trust and is authorized to have multiple series or portfolios. The Trust is registered with the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as an open-end management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Trust currently consists of 1 2 separate series. This SAI relates to Roumell
Opportunistic Value Fund (the “Fund”), which is a separate, non-diversified series of the Trust. The Fund’s investment advisor is Roumell Asset Management, LLC (the “Advisor”). The Prospectus describes the Fund’s investment objectives and
principal strategies, as well as the principal investment risks of the Fund.
This SAI describes the financial history, management and operation of the Fund, as well as the Fund’s investment objective and policies. It should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s
Prospectus.
Investments in the Fund are not:
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Deposits or obligations of any bank;
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Guaranteed or endorsed by any bank; or
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Federally insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Reserve Board or any other federal agency.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT POLICIES
The Prospectus describes the Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies, as well as the principal investment risks of the Fund. All investments in securities and other
financial instruments involve a risk of financial loss. No assurance can be given that the Fund’s investment program will be successful. Investors should carefully review the descriptions of the Fund’s investments and their risks described in the
Prospectus and this SAI.
The following descriptions and policies supplement the descriptions in the Prospectus and include descriptions of certain types of investments that may be made by the Fund but are not principal
investment strategies of the Fund. Attached to this SAI is Appendix A, which contains descriptions of the rating symbols used by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations for securities in which the Fund may invest. Appendix B contains
a copy of the Advisor’s Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures.
Equity Securities. The equity portion of the Fund’s portfolio may be comprised of common stocks traded on domestic securities exchanges or on the
over-the-counter market. In addition to common stocks, the equity portion of the Fund’s portfolio may also include preferred stocks, convertible preferred stocks, convertible bonds, and warrants. Prices of equity securities in which the Fund
invests may fluctuate in response to many factors, including, but not limited to, the activities of the individual companies whose securities the Fund owns, general market and economic conditions, interest rates, and specific industry changes. Such
price fluctuations subject the Fund to potential losses. In addition, regardless of any one company’s prospects, a declining stock market may produce a decline in prices for all equity securities, which could also result in losses for the Fund.
Market declines may continue for an indefinite period, and investors should understand that during temporary or extended bear markets, the value of equity securities will decline.
Convertible securities entitle the holder to receive interest payments or a dividend preference until the security matures or is redeemed, or the conversion privilege is exercised. As a result of
the conversion feature, the interest rate or dividend preference on a convertible security is generally less than would be the case if the securities were issued in non-convertible form. Warrants entitle the holder to purchase equity securities at
specific prices for a certain period of time. The prices do not necessarily move parallel to the prices of the underlying securities and the warrants have no voting rights, receive no dividends, and have no rights with respect to the assets of the
issuer.
Investment Companies. The Fund may invest in securities of other investment companies, including, without limitation, money market funds, open-end mutual
funds, closed-end funds, and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”). The Fund’s investments in such securities involve certain additional expenses and certain tax results, which would not be present in a direct investment in the underlying fund. Due to
legal limitations, the Fund will be prevented from: (i) purchasing more than 3% of an investment company’s outstanding shares; (ii) investing more than 5% of the Fund’s assets in any single such investment company, and (iii) investing more than 10%
of the Fund’s assets in investment companies overall; unless: (a) the underlying investment company and/or the applicable Fund has received an order for exemptive relief from such limitations from the SEC; and (b) the underlying investment company
and the Fund take appropriate steps to comply with any conditions in such order. In the alternative, the Fund may rely on Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), which allows unaffiliated mutual
funds to exceed the 5% limitation and the 10% limitation, provided that the offering price of the Fund does not include a sales load greater than 1.5%. The foregoing notwithstanding, the Fund, in reliance on Rule 12d1-3 under the 1940 Act, may
impose a sales charge in excess of 1.5% where the aggregate sales loads any investor pays (i.e., the combined distribution expenses of both the acquiring fund and the acquired fund) does not exceed the limits on sales loads established by the
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) pursuant to NASD Rule 2830(d)(3). Investments by the Fund in other investment companies entail a number of risks unique to a fund of funds structure. These risks include the following:
Multiple Layers of Fees. By investing in other investment companies indirectly through the Fund, prospective investors will directly bear the fees and expenses of the
Fund’s Advisor and indirectly bear the fees and expenses of other investment companies and other investment companies’ managers as well. As such, this multiple or duplicative layer of fees will increase the cost of investments in the Fund.
Lack of Transparency. The Advisor will not be able to monitor the investment activities of the other investment companies on a continuous basis and the other investment
companies may use investment strategies that differ from its past practices and are not fully disclosed to the Advisor and that involve risks that are not anticipated by the Advisor. The Fund has no control over the risks taken by the underlying
investment companies in which they invest.
Valuation of Investment Companies. Although the Advisor will attempt to review the valuation procedures used by other investment companies’ managers, the Advisor will
have little or no means of independently verifying valuations of the Fund’s investments in investment companies and valuations of the underlying securities held by other investment companies. As such, the Advisor will rely significantly on
valuations of other investment companies and the securities underlying other investment companies that are reported by other investment companies’ managers. In the event that such valuations prove to be inaccurate, the net asset value (“NAV”) of
the Fund could be adversely impacted and an investor could incur a loss of investment in the Fund.
Illiquidity of Investments by and In Other Investment Companies. Other investment companies may invest in securities that are not registered, are subject to legal or
other restrictions on transfer, or for which no liquid market exists. The market prices, if any, for such securities tend to be volatile and restricted securities may sell at prices that are lower than similar securities that are not subject to
legal restrictions on resale. Further, the Fund may not be able to redeem their interests in other investment companies’ securities that it has purchased in a timely manner. If adverse market conditions were to develop during any period in which
the Fund is unable to redeem interests in other investment companies, the Fund may suffer losses as a result of this illiquidity. As such, the lack of liquidity and volatility of restricted securities held by other investment companies could
adversely affect the value of the other investment companies. Any such losses could adversely affect the value of the Fund’s investments and an investor could incur a loss of investment in the Fund.
Lack of Control. Although the Fund and the Advisor will evaluate regularly other investment companies to determine whether their investment programs are consistent with
the Fund’s investment objective, the Advisor will not have any control over the investments made by other investment companies. Even though other investment companies are subject to certain constraints, the investment advisor to each such
investment company may change aspects of their investment strategies at any time. The Advisor will not have the ability to control or influence the composition of the investment portfolio of other investment companies.
Lack of Diversification. There is no requirement that the underlying investments held by other investment companies be diversified. As such, other investment companies’
managers may target or concentrate other investment companies’ investments in specific markets, sectors, or types of securities. As a result, investments made by other investment companies are subject to greater volatility as a result of this
concentration than if the other investment companies had non-concentrated and diversified portfolios of investments. Thus, the Fund’s portfolio (and by extension the value of an investment in the Fund) may therefore be subject to greater risk than
the portfolio of a similar fund with investments in diversified investment companies.
Use of Leverage. The other investment companies may utilize leverage (i.e., borrowing) to acquire their underlying portfolio investments. When other investment
companies borrow money or otherwise leverage their portfolio of investments, doing so may exaggerate changes in the NAV of the shares of the other investment companies and in the return on the other investment companies’ investments. Borrowing will
also cost other investment companies interest expense and other fees. As such, the value of the Fund’s investments in other investment companies may be more volatile and all other risks (including the risk of loss of an investment in other
investment companies) tend to be compounded or magnified. As a result, any losses suffered by other investment companies as a result of their use of leverage could adversely affect the value of the Fund’s investments and an investor could incur a
loss of investment in the Fund.
Exchange Traded Funds. The Fund may invest in ETFs. ETFs are traded on a securities exchange based on their market value. An investment in an ETF
generally presents the same primary risks as an investment in a conventional registered investment company (i.e., one that is not exchange traded). In addition, all ETFs will have costs and expenses that will be passed on to the Fund, which will in
turn increase the Fund’s expenses. ETFs are also subject to the following risks that often do not apply to conventional investment companies: (i) the market price of the ETF’s shares may trade at a discount to the ETF’s NAV, and as a result, ETFs
may experience more price volatility than other types of portfolio investments and which could negatively impact the Fund’s NAV; (ii) an active trading market for an ETF’s shares may not develop or be maintained at a sufficient volume; (iii)
trading of an ETF’s shares may be halted if the listing exchange deems such action appropriate; and (iv) ETF shares may be delisted from the exchange on which they trade, or “circuit breakers” (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices used
by the exchange) may temporarily halt trading in the ETF’s stock. ETFs are also subject to the risks of the underlying securities the ETF holds. Finally, there may be legal limitations and other conditions imposed by SEC rules on the amount of the
ETF shares that the Fund may acquire.
Foreign Investment Risk. Foreign securities and foreign currency contracts involve investment risks different from those associated with domestic
securities. Changes in foreign economies and political climates are more likely to affect the Fund than a mutual fund that invests exclusively in domestic securities. The value of foreign currency denominated securities or foreign currency
contracts is affected by the value of the local currency relative to the U.S. dollar. There may be less government supervision of foreign markets, resulting in non-uniform accounting practices and less publicly available information about issuers
of foreign currency denominated securities. The value of foreign investments may be affected by changes in exchange control regulations, application of foreign tax laws (including withholding tax), changes in governmental administration or economic
or monetary policy (in this country or abroad), or changed circumstances in dealings between nations. In addition, foreign brokerage commissions, custody fees, and other costs of investing in foreign securities are generally higher than in the
United States. Investments in foreign issues could be affected by other factors not present in the United States, including expropriation, armed conflict, confiscatory taxation, and potential difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations.
Warrants Risk. The prices of warrants, which entitle the holder to purchase equity securities at specific prices for a certain period of time, do not
necessarily move parallel to the prices of the underlying securities and likely fluctuate more than the prices of the underlying securities. Warrants have no voting rights, receive no dividends, and have no rights with respect to the assets of the
issuer.
Fixed-Income Securities. The Fund may invest in fixed-income securities directly or indirectly through its investments in shares of ETFs, including
government and corporate bonds, money market instruments, high yield securities or “junk bonds” and zero-coupon bonds. Zero-coupon bonds are purchased at a discount from their face values and accrue interest at the applicable coupon rate over a
period of time. Fixed-income securities purchased by the Fund may consist of obligations of any rating. Fixed-income securities in the lowest investment grade categories have speculative characteristics, with changes in the economy or other
circumstances more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the bonds to make principal and interest payments than would occur with bonds rated in higher categories. High yield bonds are typically rated below “Baa” by Moody’s Investors Service,
Inc. (“Moody’s”) or below “BBB” by S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) or below investment grade by other recognized rating agencies. The Fund may invest in unrated securities, but only if, at the time of purchase, the Advisor believes that they
are of comparable quality to rated securities that the Fund may purchase. The Fund may also invest indirectly in unrated securities through ETFs and other investment companies that invest in unrated securities under certain circumstances. Such
bonds are subject to greater market fluctuations and risk of loss of income and principal than higher rated bonds for a variety of reasons, including:
Sensitivity to Interest Rate and Economic Change. The economy and interest rates affect high yield securities differently than other securities. For example, the prices
of high yield bonds have been found to be less sensitive to interest rate changes than higher-rated investments, but more sensitive to adverse economic changes or individual corporate developments. Also, during an economic downturn or substantial
period of rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers may experience financial stress which would adversely affect their ability to service their principal and interest obligations, to meet projected business goals, and to obtain additional
financing. If the issuer of a bond defaults, an underlying mutual fund may incur additional expenses to seek recovery. In addition, periods of economic uncertainty and changes can be expected to result in increased volatility or market prices of
high yield bonds and the Fund’s asset values.
Payment Expectations. High yield bonds present certain risks based on payment expectations. For example, high yield bonds may contain redemption and call provisions. If
an issuer exercises these provisions in a declining interest rate market, the Fund or an investment company in which the Fund invests would have to replace the security with a lower yielding security, resulting in a decreased return for investors.
Conversely, a high yield bond’s value will decrease in a rising interest rate market, as will the value of the Fund’s or other investment company’s assets. If the Fund or an investment company in which the Fund invests experiences unexpected net
redemptions, it may be forced to sell its high yield bonds without regard to their investment merits, thereby decreasing the asset base upon which the Fund’s or other investment company’s expenses can be spread and possibly reducing the Fund’s or
other investment company’s rate of return.
Liquidity and Valuation. To the extent that there is no established retail secondary market, there may be thin trading of high yield bonds, and this may impact a fund’s
ability to accurately value high yield bonds and may hinder a fund’s ability to dispose of the bonds. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the values and liquidity of high yield
bonds, especially in a thinly traded market.
Credit Ratings. Credit ratings evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments, not the market value risk of high yield bonds. Also, because credit rating
agencies may fail to timely change the credit ratings to reflect subsequent events, the Fund or an investment company in which the Fund invests must monitor the issuers of high yield bonds in their portfolios to determine if the issuers will have
sufficient cash flow and profits to meet required principal and interest payments, and to assure the bonds’ liquidity so the Fund or an investment company in which the Fund invests can meet redemption requests.
High-yield securities are deemed speculative with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal over a long period of time. Special tax considerations are associated with
investing in high-yield securities structured as zero coupon or “pay-in-kind” securities. The Fund, or an investment company in which the Fund invests, will report the interest on these securities as income even though it receives no cash interest
until the security’s maturity or payment date. The payment of principal and interest on most fixed-income securities purchased by a fund will depend upon the ability of the issuers to meet their obligations. An issuer’s obligations under its
fixed-income securities are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the Federal Bankruptcy Code, and laws, if any, which may be enacted by federal or state
legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. The power or ability of an issuer to meet its obligations for the payment of interest on, and
principal of, its fixed-income securities may be materially adversely affected by litigation or other conditions.
The ratings of S&P, Moody’s and other nationally recognized rating agencies represent their opinions as to the quality of fixed-income securities. It should be emphasized, however, that
ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality, and fixed-income securities with the same maturity, interest rate, and rating may have different yields while fixed-income securities of the same maturity and interest rate with
different ratings may have the same yield. For a more detailed description of ratings, please see Appendix A.
U.S. Government Securities. U.S. Government securities, defined to be U.S. Government obligations such as U.S. Treasury notes, U.S. Treasury bonds, and
U.S. Treasury bills, obligations guaranteed by the U.S. Government such as Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA), as well as obligations of U.S. Government authorities, agencies, and instrumentalities such as Federal National Mortgage
Association (FNMA), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Federal Farm Credit Bank (FFCB), Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), Student Loan Marketing Association (SLMA), and The Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA). U.S. Government securities may also be acquired subject to repurchase agreements. While obligations of some U.S. Government sponsored entities are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government (e.g. GNMA), others are not. No
assurance can be given that the U.S. Government will provide financial support to U.S. Government agencies or instrumentalities in the future since it is not obligated to do so by law. The guarantee of the U.S. Government does not extend to the
yield or value of the Fund’s shares.
Money Market Instruments. The Fund may invest in money market instruments including U.S. Government obligations or corporate debt obligations (including
those subject to repurchase agreements). Money market instruments also may include banker’s acceptances and certificates of deposit of domestic branches of U.S. banks, commercial paper, and variable amount demand master notes (“Master Notes”).
Banker’s acceptances are time drafts drawn on and “accepted” by a bank. When a bank “accepts” such a time draft, it assumes liability for its payment. When the Fund acquires a banker’s acceptance, the bank that “accepted” the time draft is liable
for payment of interest and principal when due. The banker’s acceptance carries the full faith and credit of such bank. A certificate of deposit (“CD”) is an unsecured, interest bearing debt obligation of a bank. Commercial paper is an unsecured,
short-term debt obligation of a bank, corporation, or other borrower. Commercial paper maturity generally ranges from two to 270 days and is usually sold on a discounted basis rather than as an interest-bearing instrument. The Fund will invest in
commercial paper only if it is rated in one of the top two rating categories by Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch Investors Service, Inc. (“Fitch’s”), or if not rated, of equivalent quality in the Advisor’s opinion. Commercial Paper may include Master
Notes of the same quality. Master Notes are unsecured obligations that are redeemable upon demand of the holder and that permit the investment of fluctuating amounts at varying rates of interest. Master Notes will be acquired by the Fund only
through the Master Note program of the Fund’s custodian bank, acting as administrator thereof. The Advisor will monitor, on a continuous basis, the earnings power, cash flow, and other liquidity ratios of the issuer of a Master Note held by the
Fund.
Information Regarding the Fund’s Non-Principal Strategies and Risks
Debentures. A debenture is long-term, unsecured debt instrument backed only by the integrity of the borrower, not by collateral, and documented by an
indenture. Governments often issue debentures, in part because they generally cannot guarantee debt with assets (government assets are public property). The primary risk with this type of investment is that the issuer will default or go into
bankruptcy. As an unsecured creditor, in the event of default or bankruptcy, the holder of a debenture does not have a claim against any specific assets of the issuing firm, so the investor will only be paid from the issuer’s assets after the
secured creditors have been paid. The Fund may invest in all types of debentures, including corporate and government debentures.
Derivative Instruments Risk. When the Fund enters into options, futures, swaps, and other forms of financial derivatives specifically described below, the
investments involve risks different from direct investments in the underlying securities. While transactions in derivatives may reduce certain risks, these transactions themselves entail certain other risks. For example, unanticipated changes in
interest rates, securities prices, or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance of the Fund than if they had not entered into any derivatives transactions. Derivatives may magnify the Fund’s gains or losses, causing it to
make or lose substantially more than it invested.
The Fund may invest in derivative instruments for both speculative and hedging purposes. These investments can be made as a substitute for taking a direct position in the underlying asset or as
part of a strategy that is intended to reduce the exposure of the Fund to various risks. If the Fund does use derivative instruments, the Fund will comply with the applicable requirements of the 1940 Act and the guidance of no-action letters issued
by the SEC, including SEC Release 10666, that require the Fund to segregate assets or otherwise “cover” its positions in a manner that limits the Fund’s risk of loss. The Fund has no specific limit on the amount it invests in derivatives, although
practical limits are created by the requirement to segregate assets and hold offsetting positions in connection with such investments.
When used for hedging purposes, increases in the value of the securities the Fund holds or intends to acquire should offset any losses incurred with a derivative. Purchasing derivatives for
purposes other than hedging could expose the Fund to greater risks.
The Fund’s ability to hedge securities through derivatives depends on the degree to which price movements in the underlying index or instrument correlate with price movements in the relevant
securities. In the case of poor correlation, the price of the securities the Fund is hedging may not move in the same amount, or even in the same direction as the hedging instrument. The Advisor will try to minimize this risk by investing only in
those contracts whose behavior it expects to resemble with the portfolio securities it is trying to hedge. However, if the Fund’s prediction of interest and currency rates, market value, volatility, or other economic factors is incorrect, the Fund
may lose money, or may not make as much money as it expected.
Derivative prices can diverge from the prices of their underlying instruments, even if the characteristics of the underlying instruments are very similar to the derivative. Listed below are some
of the factors that may cause such a divergence:
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current and anticipated short-term interest rates, changes in volatility of the underlying instrument, and the time remaining until expiration of the contract;
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a difference between the derivatives and securities markets, including different levels of demand, how the instruments are traded, the imposition of daily price fluctuation limits or trading of an
instrument stops; and
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differences between the derivatives, such as different margin requirements, different liquidity of such markets, and the participation of speculators in such markets.
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Derivatives based upon a narrow index of securities may present greater risk than derivatives based on a broad index. Since narrower indices are made up of a smaller number of securities, they
are more susceptible to rapid and extreme price fluctuations because of changes in the value of those securities.
While currency futures and options values are expected to correlate with exchange rates, they may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the investments of the Fund. A currency hedge,
for example, should protect a yen-denominated security from a decline in the yen, but will not protect the Fund against a price decline resulting from deterioration in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the value of the Fund’s
foreign-denominated investments changes in response to many factors other than exchange rates, it may not be possible to match the amount of currency options and futures to the value of the Fund’s investments precisely over time.
Before a futures contract or option is exercised or expires, the Fund can terminate it only by entering into a closing purchase or sale transaction. Moreover, the Fund may close out a futures
contract only on the exchange the contract was initially traded. Although the Fund intends to purchase options and futures only where there appears to be an active market, there is no guarantee that such a liquid market will exist. If there is no
secondary market for the contract, or the market is illiquid, the Fund may not be able to close out a position. In an illiquid market, the Fund may:
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have to sell securities to meet its daily margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so;
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have to purchase or sell the instrument underlying the contract;
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not be able to hedge its investments; and
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not be able to realize profits or limit its losses.
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Derivatives may become illiquid (i.e., difficult to sell at a desired time and price) under a variety of market conditions. For example:
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an exchange may suspend or limit trading in a particular derivative instrument, an entire category of derivatives, or all derivatives, which sometimes occurs because of increased market volatility;
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unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations of an exchange;
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the facilities of the exchange may not be adequate to handle current trading volume;
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equipment failures, government intervention, insolvency of a brokerage firm or clearing house, or other occurrences may disrupt normal trading activity; or
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investors may lose interest in a particular derivative or category of derivatives.
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If the Advisor incorrectly predicts securities market and interest rate trends, the Fund may lose money by investing in derivatives. For example, if the Fund were to write a call option based on
the Advisor’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the Fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the Fund were
to write a put option based on the Advisor’s expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the Fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current
market price.
Because of the low margin deposits required upon the opening of a derivative position, such transactions involve an extremely high degree of leverage. Consequently, a relatively small price
movement in a derivative may result in an immediate and substantial loss (as well as gain) to the Fund and they may lose more than it originally invested in the derivative.
If the price of a futures contract changes adversely, the Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so to meet its minimum daily margin requirement. The Fund may
lose margin deposits if a broker with whom they have an open futures contract or related option becomes insolvent or declares bankruptcy.
The prices of derivatives are volatile (i.e., they may change rapidly, substantially, and unpredictably) and are influenced by a variety of factors, including:
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actual and anticipated changes in interest rates;
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fiscal and monetary policies; and
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national and international political events.
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Most exchanges limit the amount by which the price of a derivative can change during a single trading day. Daily trading limits establish the maximum amount that the price of a derivative may
vary from the settlement price of that derivative at the end of trading on the previous day. Once the price of a derivative reaches this value, the Fund may not trade that derivative at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price
movements during a given day and does not limit potential gains or losses. Derivative prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, preventing prompt liquidation of the derivative.
Government Regulation of Derivatives. It is possible that government regulation of various types of derivative instruments, including futures and swap agreements, may
limit or prevent the Fund from using such instruments as a part of its investment strategy, and could ultimately prevent the Fund from being able to achieve its investment objective. It is impossible to predict fully the effects of legislation and
regulation in this area, but the effects could be substantial and adverse.
The futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations, and margin requirements. The SEC, the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), and the exchanges are authorized to
take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for example, the implementation or reduction of speculative position limits, the implementation of higher margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the
suspension of trading.
The regulation of swaps and futures transactions in the U.S., the European Union, and other jurisdictions is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and
judicial action. There is a possibility of future regulatory changes altering, perhaps to a material extent, the nature of an investment in the Fund or the ability of the Fund to continue to implement its investment strategies.
Under recently adopted rules and regulations, transactions in some types of swaps (including interest rate swaps and credit default swaps on North American and European indices) are required to
be centrally cleared, and additional types of swaps may be required to be centrally cleared in the future. In a transaction involving those swaps (“cleared derivatives”), the Fund’s counterparty is a clearing house, rather than a bank or broker.
Since the Fund is not a member of a clearing house and only clearing members can participate directly in the clearing house, the Fund will hold cleared derivatives through accounts at clearing members. In cleared derivatives transactions, the Fund
will make payments (including margin payments) to and receive payments from a clearing house through its accounts at clearing members. Clearing members guarantee performance of their clients’ obligations to the clearing house.
In addition, U.S. regulators, the European Union, and certain other jurisdictions have adopted minimum margin and capital requirements for uncleared over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives
transactions. It is expected that these regulations will have a material impact on the Fund’s use of uncleared derivatives. These rules will impose minimum margin requirements on derivatives transactions between the Fund and its swap counterparties
and may increase the amount of margin the Fund is required to provide. They will impose regulatory requirements on the timing of transferring margin, which may accelerate the Fund’s current margin process. They will also effectively require changes
to typical derivatives margin documentation. Such requirements could increase the amount of margin the Fund needs to provide in connection with uncleared derivatives transactions and, therefore, make such transactions more expensive.
The SEC has also issued a proposed rule under the 1940 Act providing for the regulation of registered investment companies’ use of derivatives and certain related instruments. The ultimate
impact, if any, of possible regulation remains unclear, but the proposed rule, if adopted, could, among other things, restrict the Fund’s ability to engage in derivatives transactions and/or increase the costs of such derivatives transactions such
that the Fund may be unable to implement its investment strategy. These and other new rules and regulations could, among other things, further restrict the Fund’s ability to engage in, or increase the cost to the Fund of, derivatives transactions,
for example, by making some types of derivatives no longer available to the Fund, increasing margin or capital requirements, or otherwise limiting liquidity or increasing transaction costs. The implementation of the clearing requirement has
increased the costs of derivatives transactions for the Fund, since the Fund has to pay fees to its clearing members and is typically required to post more margin for cleared derivatives than it has historically posted for bilateral derivatives.
The costs of derivatives transactions are expected to increase further as clearing members raise their fees to cover the costs of additional capital requirements and other regulatory changes applicable to the clearing members. These regulations are
new and evolving, so their potential impact on the Fund and the financial system are not yet known. While the new regulations and central clearing of some derivatives transactions are designed to reduce systemic risk (i.e., the risk that the
interdependence of large derivatives dealers could cause them to suffer liquidity, solvency or other challenges simultaneously), there is no assurance that the new mechanisms will achieve that result.
Options. The Fund may purchase and write put and call options on securities. The purchase and writing of options involves certain risks. During the option
period, a call writer that holds the underlying security has, in return for the premium on the option, given up the opportunity to profit from a price increase in the underlying securities above the exercise price, but, as long as its obligation as
a writer continues, has retained the risk of loss should the price of the underlying security decline. The writer of an option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligation as a writer of the option. Once an option
writer has received an exercise notice, it cannot effect a closing purchase transaction in order to terminate its obligation under the option and must deliver the underlying securities at the exercise price. If a put or call option purchased by
the Fund is not sold when it has remaining value, and if the market price of the underlying security, in the case of a put, remains equal to or greater than the exercise price or, in the case of a call, remains less than or equal to the exercise
price, the Fund will lose its entire investment in the option. Also, where a put or call option on a particular security is purchased to hedge against price movements in a related security, the price of the put or call option may move more or less
than the price of the related security. There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when the Fund seeks to close out an option position. Furthermore, if trading restrictions or suspensions are imposed on the options market, the Fund
may be unable to close out a position.
The Fund may write a call or put option only if the option is “covered” by holding a position in the underlying securities or by other means which would permit immediate satisfaction of the
Fund’s obligation as writer of the option. A written call option creates a potential obligation to sell the underlying security. In order to make sure that this obligation can be met, the Fund could: (i) hold the security underlying the written
option; (ii) hold an offsetting call option (one with a strike price that is the same or lower than the strike price of the written option); or (iii) segregate cash and liquid securities (which can be cash, U.S. Government securities, and other
liquid debt or equity securities) that when added to collateral on deposit equals the market value of the underlying security. A written put option creates a potential obligation to buy the underlying security. In order to make sure that this
obligation can be met, the Fund could: (i) sell short the underlying security at the same or higher price than the strike price of the written put option; (ii) hold an offsetting put option (one with a strike price that is the same or higher than
the strike price of the written option); or (iii) segregate cash and liquid securities that when added to collateral on deposit equals the strike price of the option.
Options offer large amounts of leverage, which will result in the Fund’s NAV being more sensitive to changes in the value of the related instrument. The Fund may purchase or write both
exchange-traded and over-the-counter (OTC) options. Exchange-traded options in the United States are issued by a clearing organization affiliated with the exchange on which the option is listed that, in effect, guarantees completion of every
exchange-traded option transaction. In contrast, OTC options are contracts between the Fund and its counterparty (usually a securities dealer or a bank) with no clearing organization guarantee. Thus, when the Fund purchases an OTC option, it relies
on the counterparty from whom it purchased the option to make or take delivery of the underlying investment upon exercise of the option. Failure by the counterparty to do so would result in the loss of any premium paid by the Fund as well as the
loss of any expected benefit of the transaction.
The Fund’s ability to establish and close out positions in exchange-listed options depends on the existence of a liquid market. However, there can be no assurance that such a market will exist at
any particular time. Closing transactions can be made for OTC options only by negotiating directly with the counterparty, or by a transaction in the secondary market if any such market exists. There can be no assurance that the Fund will in fact be
able to close out an OTC option position at a favorable price prior to expiration. In the event of insolvency of the counterparty, the Fund might be unable to close out an OTC option position at any time prior to its expiration, if at all.
If the Fund were unable to effect a closing transaction for an option it had purchased, due to the absence of a counterparty or secondary market, the imposition of price limits or otherwise, it
would have to exercise the option to realize any profit. The inability to enter into a closing purchase transaction for a covered call option written by the Fund could cause material losses because the Fund would be unable to sell the investment
used as cover for the written option until the option expires or is exercised.
Options have varying expiration dates. The exercise price of the options may be below, equal to or above the current market value of the underlying security or instrument. Options purchased by
the Fund that expire unexercised have no value, and the Fund will realize a loss in the amount of the premium paid and any transaction costs. If an option written by the Fund expires unexercised, the Fund realizes a gain equal to the premium
received at the time the option was written. Transaction costs must be included in these calculations.
Futures Contracts. The Fund may enter into futures contracts. A futures contract is a bilateral agreement to buy or
sell a security (or deliver a cash settlement price, in the case of a contract relating to an index or otherwise not calling for physical delivery at the end of trading in the contracts) for a set price in the future. Futures contracts are
designated by boards of trade that have been designated “contracts markets” by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). No purchase price is paid or received when the contract is entered into. Instead, the Fund, upon entering into a
futures contract (and to maintain the Fund’s open positions in futures contracts), would be required to deposit with its custodian in a segregated account in the name of the futures broker an amount of cash, U.S. Government securities, suitable
money market instruments, or liquid, high-grade debt securities, known as “initial margin.” The margin required for a particular futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded, and may be significantly modified from time
to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Futures contracts are customarily purchased and sold on margin that may range upward from less than 5% of the value of the contract being traded. By using futures contracts as a risk
management technique, given the greater liquidity in the futures market than in the cash market, it may be possible to accomplish certain results more quickly and with lower transaction costs.
If the price of an open futures contract changes (by increase in the case of a sale or by decrease in the case of a purchase) such that the loss on the futures contract reaches a point at which
the margin on deposit does not satisfy margin requirements, the broker will require an increase in the margin. However, if the value of a position increases because of favorable price changes in the futures contract such that the margin deposit
exceeds the required margin, the broker will pay the excess to the Fund. These subsequent payments, called “variation margin,” to and from the futures broker, are made on a daily basis as the price of the underlying assets fluctuates, making the
long and short positions in the futures contract more or less valuable, a process known as “marking to the market.” The Fund is expected to earn interest income on initial and variation margin deposits.
The Fund will incur brokerage fees when it purchases and sells futures contracts. Positions taken in the futures markets are not normally held until delivery or cash settlement is required but
are instead liquidated through offsetting transactions that may result in a gain or a loss. While futures positions taken by the Fund will usually be liquidated in this manner, the Fund may instead make or take delivery of underlying securities
whenever it appears economically advantageous for the Fund to do so. A clearing organization associated with the exchange on which futures are traded assumes responsibility for closing out transactions and guarantees that as between the clearing
members of an exchange, the sale and purchase obligations will be performed with regard to all positions that remain open at the termination of the contract.
In addition to the margin restrictions discussed above, transactions in futures contracts may involve the segregation of funds pursuant to requirements imposed by the SEC. Under those
requirements, where the Fund has a long position in a futures contract, it may be required to establish a segregated account (not with a futures commission merchant or broker) containing cash or certain liquid assets equal to the purchase price of
the contract (less any margin on deposit). However, segregation of assets is not required if the Fund “covers” a long position. For a short position in futures or forward contracts held by the Fund, those requirements may mandate the establishment
of a segregated account (not with a futures commission merchant or broker) with cash or certain liquid assets that, when added to the amounts deposited as margin, equal the market value of the instruments underlying the futures contracts (but are
not less than the price at which the short positions were established).
Swaps. The Fund may invest in currency, equity, interest rate, index, and other swaps, which involve the exchange by an investor with another party of
their respective commitments, in an attempt to obtain a particular return when it is considered desirable to do so, possibly at a lower cost than if the Fund had invested directly in the asset that yielded the desired return. In the case of
interest rate swaps, an investor may exchange with another party their respective commitments to pay or receive interest, such as an exchange of fixed rate payments for floating rate payments. Use of swaps subjects the investor to risk of default
by the counterparties. If there is a default by the counterparty to such a transaction, there may be contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction although contractual remedies may not be sufficient in the event that
the counterparty to the transaction is insolvent. The swap market has grown substantially in recent years with a large number of banks and investment banking firms acting both as principals and agents utilizing standardized swap documentation. As
a result, the swap market has become relatively liquid in comparison with the markets for other similar instruments which are traded in the interbank market. An investor may also enter into currency swaps or other swaps which are similar to
interest rate swaps but may be surrogates for other instruments such as currency forwards or options.
Forward Commitment and When-Issued Securities. The Fund may purchase securities on a when-issued basis or for settlement at a future date if the Fund
holds sufficient assets to meet the purchase price. In such purchase transactions, the Fund will not accrue interest on the purchased security until the actual settlement. Similarly, if a security is sold for a forward date, the Fund will accrue
the interest until the settlement of the sale. When-issued security purchases and forward commitments have a higher degree of risk of price movement before settlement due to the extended time period between the execution and settlement of the
purchase or sale. As a result, the exposure to the counterparty of the purchase or sale is increased. Although the Fund would generally purchase securities on a forward commitment or when-issued basis with the intention of taking delivery, the
Fund may sell such a security prior to the settlement date if the Advisor feels such action is appropriate. In such a case, the Fund could incur a short-term gain or loss.
Repurchase Agreements. A repurchase transaction occurs when an investor purchases a security (normally a U.S. Treasury obligation), and it then resells it
to the vendor (normally a member bank of the Federal Reserve or a registered government securities dealer) and is required to deliver the security (and/or securities substituted for them under the repurchase agreement) to the vendor on an agreed
upon date in the future. The repurchase price exceeds the purchase price by an amount which reflects an agreed upon market interest rate effective for the period of time during which the repurchase agreement is in effect. Delivery pursuant to the
resale normally will occur within one to seven days of the purchase. Repurchase agreements are considered “loans” under the 1940 Act, collateralized by the underlying security. The Trust has implemented procedures to monitor on a continuous basis
the value of the collateral serving as security for repurchase obligations. The Advisor will consider the creditworthiness of the vendor. If the vendor fails to pay the agreed upon resale price on the delivery date, the Fund will retain or attempt
to dispose of the collateral. The Fund’s risk is that such default may include any decline in value of the collateral to an amount which is less than 100% of the repurchase price, any costs of disposing of such collateral, and any loss resulting
from any delay in foreclosing on the collateral. Repurchase agreements that do not provide for payment within seven days will be treated as illiquid securities. The Fund will not invest in reverse repurchase agreements.
Short Sales. A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security it does not own or have the right to acquire (or that it owns but does not
wish to deliver) in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. When the Fund makes a short sale, the broker-dealer through which the short sale is made must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the party
purchasing the security. The Fund is required to make a margin deposit in connection with such short sales; the Fund may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and will often be obligated to pay over any dividends and accrued interest
on borrowed securities.
If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the Fund covers the short position, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price
declines, the Fund will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above. The successful use of short selling may be adversely affected by imperfect correlation between movements
in the price of the security sold short and the securities being hedged.
To the extent the Fund sells securities “short,” the Fund will take measures that assure its obligation to purchase the security in the future will be met, including (i) holding the security sold
short; (ii) holding an offsetting call option (one with a strike price that is the same or lower than the price at which the security was sold short); or (iii) segregating liquid assets (which can be cash, U.S. Government securities, and other
liquid debt or equity securities) on the Fund’s books or in a segregated account at the Fund’s custodian in an amount sufficient to cover the current value of the securities to be replaced as well as any dividends, interest, and transaction costs
due to the broker-dealer lender. In determining the amount to be segregated, any securities that have been sold short by the Fund will be marked to market daily. To the extent the market price of the securities sold short increases and more assets
are required to meet the Fund’s short sale obligations, additional assets will be segregated to ensure adequate coverage of the Fund’s short position obligations. If the Fund does not have the assets to cover a short sale, then the Fund’s potential
losses on the short will be unlimited because the security’s price may appreciate indefinitely.
Liquidity Impact of Margin and Segregation Requirements. Although the Fund will segregate cash and liquid assets in an amount sufficient to cover its
open obligations with respect to written options, short sales, and other derivative instruments as applicable, the segregated assets will be available to the Fund immediately upon closing out the positions, while settlement of securities
transactions could take several days. However, because the Fund’s cash that may otherwise be invested would be held uninvested or invested in other liquid assets so long as the position remains open, the Fund’s return could be diminished due to the
opportunity losses of foregoing other potential investments.
Illiquid Investments. The Fund may invest up to 15% of net assets in illiquid securities, which are investments that cannot be sold or disposed of in the
ordinary course of business within seven days at approximately the prices at which they are valued. This restriction is not limited to the time of purchase and must be adhered to at all times. Under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the
Trust (the “Board” or the “Trustees”), the Advisor determines the liquidity of the Fund’s investments, and through reports from the Advisor, the Trustees monitor investments in illiquid instruments. In determining the liquidity of the Fund’s
investments, the Advisor may consider various factors including: (i) the frequency of trades and quotations; (ii) the number of dealers and prospective purchasers in the marketplace; (iii) dealer undertakings to make a market; (iv) the nature of
the security (including any demand or tender features); and (v) the nature of the marketplace for trades (including the ability to assign or offset the Fund’s rights and obligations relating to the investment). If through a change in values, net
assets, or other circumstances, the Fund were in a position where more than 15% of its net assets were invested in illiquid securities, the Fund will take steps to reduce, in an orderly fashion, its holdings of illiquid securities and may dispose
of some securities even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint at that time. However, the Fund will not dispose of illiquid securities if the Advisor determines that doing so would not be in the best interests of the Fund.
Investment in illiquid securities poses risks of potential delays in resale and uncertainty in valuation. Limitations on resale may have an adverse effect on the marketability of portfolio securities and the Fund may be unable to dispose of
illiquid securities promptly or at reasonable prices.
Restricted Securities. Within its limitation on investment in illiquid securities, the Fund may purchase restricted securities that generally can be sold
in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to an exemption from registration under the federal securities laws, or in a registered public offering. Where registration is required, the Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration
expense and a considerable period may elapse between the time it decides to seek registration and the time the Fund may be permitted to sell a security under an effective registration statement. If during such a period adverse market conditions
were to develop, the Fund might obtain a less favorable price than prevailed when it decided to seek registration of the security. Restricted securities that can be offered and sold to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A of the
Securities Act of 1933 and are determined to be liquid under guidelines adopted by and subject to the supervision of the Trustees are not subject to the limitations on illiquid securities.
Lending of Portfolio Securities. In order to generate additional income, the Fund may lend portfolio securities in an amount up to 33% of total Fund
assets to broker-dealers, major banks, or other recognized domestic institutional borrowers of securities which the Advisor has determined are creditworthy under guidelines established by the Board. In determining whether the Fund will lend
securities, the Advisor will consider all relevant facts and circumstances. The Fund may not lend securities to any company affiliated with the Advisor. Each loan of securities will be collateralized by cash, U.S. Government securities, or standby
letters of credit not issued by the Fund’s bank lending agent. The Fund might experience a loss if the borrower defaults on the loan.
The borrower at all times during the loan must maintain with the Fund cash or cash equivalent collateral. While the loan is outstanding, the borrower will pay the Fund any interest paid on the
loaned securities, and the Fund may invest the cash collateral to earn additional income. Alternatively, the Fund may receive an agreed-upon amount of interest income from the borrower who has delivered equivalent collateral. It is anticipated that
the Fund may share with the borrower some of the income received on the collateral for the loan or the Fund will be paid a premium for the loan. Voting rights for loaned securities will typically pass to the borrower, but the Fund will retain the
right to call any security in anticipation of a vote that the Advisor deems material to the security on loan. Loans are subject to termination at the option of the Fund or the borrower at any time. The Fund may pay reasonable administrative and
custodial fees in connection with a loan and may pay a negotiated portion of the income earned on the cash to the borrower or placing broker. As with other extensions of credit, there are risks of delay in recovery or even loss of rights in the
collateral should the borrower fail financially.
Securities lending involves counterparty risk, including the risk that the loaned securities may not be returned or returned in a timely manner and/or a loss of rights in the collateral if the
borrower or the lending agent defaults or fails financially. This risk will be increased if a continuation of the current downturn in the economic conditions in the United States and around the world, particularly the recent failures of several
major financial services firms, causes further declines in the securities markets and/or causes further financial instability in the borrowers or lending agents. This risk is increased when the Fund’s loans are concentrated with a single or limited
number of borrowers. There are no limits on the number of borrowers the Fund may use, and the Fund may lend securities to only one or a small group of borrowers. Mutual funds participating in securities lending bear the risk of loss in connection
with investments of the cash collateral received from the borrowers, which do not trigger additional collateral requirements from the borrower.
Borrowing. The Fund may borrow money for investment purposes, which is a form of leveraging. Leveraging investments, by purchasing securities with
borrowed money, is a speculative technique that increases investment risk while increasing investment opportunity. Such borrowing may make the Fund’s NAV more volatile than funds that do not borrow for investment purposes because leverage
magnifies changes in the Fund’s NAV and on the Fund’s investments. Although the principal of borrowings will be fixed, the Fund’s assets may change in value during the time the borrowing is outstanding. Leverage also creates interest expenses for
the Fund. To the extent the income derived from securities purchased with borrowed funds exceeds the interest the Fund will have to pay, the Fund’s net income will be greater than it would be if leverage were not used. Conversely, if the income
from the assets obtained with borrowed funds is not sufficient to cover the cost of leveraging, the net income of the Fund will be less than it would be if leverage were not used, and therefore the amount available for distribution to shareholders
as dividends will be reduced. The use of derivatives in connection with leverage creates the potential for significant loss. The Fund does not intend to use leverage in excess of 5% of total assets and will not make additional investments when
outstanding borrowings exceed 5% of the Fund’s total assets. Any leveraging will comply with the applicable requirements of the 1940 Act and the guidance of no-action letters issued by the SEC, including Investment Company Act Release No. 10666
(Apr. 18, 1979), intended to minimize the use of leverage and the possibility that the Fund’s liabilities will exceed the value of its assets.
The Fund may also borrow money to meet redemptions or for other emergency purposes. Such borrowings may be on a secured or unsecured basis at fixed or variable rates of interest. The 1940 Act
requires the Fund to maintain continuous asset coverage of not less than 300% with respect to all borrowings. If such asset coverage should decline to less than 300% due to market fluctuations or other reasons, the Fund may be required to dispose
of some portfolio holdings within three days in order to reduce the Fund’s debt and restore the 300% asset coverage, even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint to dispose of assets at that time. The Fund also may be
required to maintain minimum average balances in connection with such borrowing or to pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit. Either of these requirements would increase the cost of borrowing over the stated interest rate.
Temporary Defensive Positions. The Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with the Fund’s principal
investment strategies in an attempt to respond to adverse market, economic, political, or other conditions. During such an unusual set of circumstances, the Fund may hold up to 100% of its portfolios in cash or cash equivalent positions (e.g.,
money market securities, U.S. Government securities, and/or similar securities). When the Fund takes a temporary defensive position, the Fund may not be able to achieve its investment objective.
INVESTMENT LIMITATIONS
Fundamental Investment Restrictions. The following investment restrictions have been adopted by the Board with respect to the Fund. Except as otherwise
stated, these investment restrictions are fundamental policies, which cannot be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. A vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of
the Fund is defined in the 1940 Act as the lesser of (i) 67% or more of the voting securities present at a shareholder meeting if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund are present or represented by proxy; or
(ii) more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund.
As a matter of fundamental policy, the Fund may not:
(1)
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Issue senior securities, except as permitted by the 1940 Act;
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(2)
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Borrow money, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act (including, without limitation, borrowing to meet redemptions). For purposes of this investment restriction, the entry into options, forward contracts, futures contracts,
including those relating to indices, and options on futures contracts or indices shall not constitute borrowing;
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(3)
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Pledge, mortgage, or hypothecate its assets, except to the extent necessary to secure permitted borrowings and to the extent related to the deposit of assets in escrow in connection with writing covered put and call options and the
purchase of securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis and collateral and initial or variation margin arrangements with respect to options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those relating to indices, and options
on futures contracts or indices;
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(4)
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Act as an underwriter except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities, the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain federal securities laws;
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(5)
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Purchase or sell real estate or direct interests in real estate; provided, however, that the Fund may purchase and sell securities which are secured by real estate and securities of companies which invest or deal in real estate
(including, without limitation, investments in real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), mortgage-backed securities, and privately-held real estate funds);
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(6)
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Invest in commodities, except that the Fund may purchase and sell options, forward contracts, futures contracts, including those relating to indices and currencies, and options on futures contracts, indices, or currencies;
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(7)
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Make investments for the purpose of exercising control or management over a portfolio company;
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(8)
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Make loans, provided that the Fund may lend its portfolio securities in an amount up to 33% of total Fund assets, and provided further that, for purposes of this restriction, investment in U.S. Government obligations, short-term
commercial paper, certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances, and repurchase agreements shall not be deemed to be the making of a loan; or
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(9)
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Concentrate its investments. The Fund’s concentration policy limits the aggregate value of holdings of a single industry or group of industries (except U.S. Government and cash items) to less than 25% of the Fund’s total assets.
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Senior securities may include any obligation or instrument issued by a fund evidencing indebtedness. The 1940 Act generally prohibits funds from issuing senior securities, although it does not
treat certain transactions as senior securities, such as certain borrowings, short sales, firm commitment agreements, and standby commitments, with appropriate earmarking or segregation of assets to cover such obligations. The Fund’s specific
policies for segregation of assets are described in “Additional Information About Investment Policies” above.
With respect to the fundamental policy relating to borrowing money set forth in (2) above, the 1940 Act presently permits the Fund to borrow from banks (including pledging, mortgaging or
hypothecating assets) in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets (not including temporary borrowings not in excess of 5% of its total assets).
With respect to the fundamental policy relating to concentration set forth in (9) above, if the Fund invests in one or more investment companies, the Fund will examine the holdings of such
investment companies to ensure that the Fund is not indirectly concentrating its investments in a particular industry. In determining the exposure of the Fund to a particular industry for purposes of the fundamental investment restriction on
concentration, the Fund currently uses Standard & Poor’s Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) in order to classify industries.
With respect to the fundamental investment restrictions above (other than those involving permitted senior securities and borrowings), if a percentage limitation is adhered to at the time of
investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from any change in value or net assets will not result in a violation of such restriction (i.e., percentage limitations are determined at the time of purchase).
Non-Fundamental Policies. The following investment policies are not fundamental and may be changed without shareholder approval.
The Fund may invest up to 15% of net assets in illiquid securities, which are investments that cannot be sold or disposed of in the ordinary course of business within seven days at approximately
the prices at which they are valued. This restriction is not limited to the time of purchase and must be adhered to at all times. If the Fund were in a position where more than 15% of its net assets were invested in illiquid securities, the Fund
would take steps to reduce, in an orderly fashion, its holdings of illiquid securities and may dispose of some securities even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint at that time.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS
Subject to the policies established by the Board, the Advisor makes decisions with respect to, and places orders for all purchases and sales of portfolio securities for the Fund. The Advisor
shall manage the Fund’s portfolios in accordance with the terms of the investment advisory agreement by and between the Advisor and the Trust on behalf of the Fund (the “Advisory Agreement”), which is described in detail under “Management and Other
Service Providers – Investment Advisor.” The Advisor serves as investment advisor for a number of client accounts, including the Fund. Investment decisions for the Fund are made independently from those for any other series of the Trust, if any,
and for any other investment companies and accounts advised or managed by the Advisor.
Brokerage Selection. The Board has adopted, and the Trustees have approved, policies and procedures relating to the direction of mutual fund portfolio
securities transactions to broker-dealers. The Advisor may not give consideration to sales of shares of the Fund as a factor in selecting broker-dealers to execute portfolio securities transactions. The Advisor may, however, place portfolio
transactions with broker-dealers that promote or sell the Fund’s shares so long as such transactions are done in accordance with the policies and procedures established by the Trustees that are designed to ensure that the selection is based on the
quality of the broker’s execution and not on its sales efforts. In selecting brokers to be used in portfolio transactions, the Advisor’s general guiding principle is to obtain the best overall execution for each trade, which is a combination of
price and execution. With respect to execution, the Advisor considers a number of discretionary factors, including, without limitation, the actual handling of the order, the ability of the broker to settle the trade promptly and accurately, the
financial standing of the broker, the ability of the broker to position stock to facilitate execution, the Advisor’s past experience with similar trades, and other factors that may be unique to a particular order. Recognizing the value of these
discretionary factors, the Advisor may select brokers who charge a brokerage commission that is higher than the lowest commission that might otherwise be available for any given trade.
Under Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Advisory Agreement, the Advisor is authorized to pay a brokerage commission in excess of that which another broker might have
charged for effecting the same transaction, in recognition of the value of brokerage and/or research services provided by the broker. The research received by the Advisor may include, without limitation: information on the United States and other
world economies; information on specific industries, groups of securities, individual companies, and political and other relevant news developments affecting markets and specific securities; technical and quantitative information about markets;
analysis of proxy proposals affecting specific companies; accounting and performance systems that allow the Advisor to determine and track investment results; and trading systems that allow the Advisor to interface electronically with brokerage
firms, custodians, and other providers. Research is received in the form of written reports, telephone contacts, personal meetings, research seminars, software programs, and access to computer databases. In some instances, research products or
services received by the Advisor may also be used by the Advisor for functions that are not research related (i.e. not related to the making of investment decisions). Where a research product or service has a mixed use, the Advisor will make a
reasonable allocation according to the use and will pay for the non-research function in cash using its own funds.
The research and investment information services described above make available to the Advisor for its analysis and consideration the views and information of individuals and research staffs of
other securities firms. These services may be useful to the Advisor in connection with advisory clients other than the Fund and not all such services may be useful to the Advisor in connection with the Fund. Although such information may be a
useful supplement to the Advisor’s own investment information in rendering services to the Fund, the value of such research and services is not expected to reduce materially the expenses of the Advisor in the performance of its services under the
Advisory Agreement and will not reduce the management fees payable to the Advisor by the Fund.
The Fund may invest in securities traded in the OTC market. In these cases, the Fund may initiate trades through brokers on an agency basis and pay a commission in connection with the
transaction. The Fund may also effect these transactions by dealing directly with the dealers who make a market in the securities involved, in which case the costs of such transactions would involve dealer spreads rather than brokerage commissions.
With respect to securities traded only in the OTC market, orders will be executed on a principal basis with primary market makers in such securities except where better prices or executions may be obtained on an agency basis or by dealing with
those other than a primary market maker.
The Fund’s fixed income portfolio transactions may be executed through broker-dealers on an agency basis or be principal transactions executed in over the counter markets on a “net” basis, which
may include a dealer mark up. Where possible, the Advisor will deal directly with the broker-dealers who make a market in the securities involved except in those circumstances where better prices and execution are available elsewhere. Such
broker-dealers usually act as principal for their own account.
The Fund may participate, if and when practicable, in bidding for the purchase of Fund securities directly from an issuer in order to take advantage of the lower purchase price available to
members of a bidding group. The Fund will engage in this practice, however, only when the Advisor, in its sole discretion, believes such practice to be otherwise in the Fund’s interest.
The following shows the aggregate amount of broker commissions paid by the Fund during the three most recent fiscal years, ended August 31, as applicable.
Fund
|
August 31,
2020
|
August 31,
2019
|
August 31,
2018
|
Roumell Opportunistic Value Fund
|
$151,313
|
$107,603
|
$39, 902
|
The increase in brokerage commission for the Fund for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2020, from the prior fiscal year was due to an increase in trading volume.
Aggregated Trades. While investment decisions for the Fund are made independently of the Advisor’s other client accounts, the Advisor’s other client
accounts may invest in the same securities as the Fund. To the extent permitted by law, the Advisor may aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased for the Fund with those to be sold or purchased for other investment companies or accounts in
executing transactions. When a purchase or sale of the same security is made at substantially the same time on behalf of the Fund and another investment company or account, the transaction will be averaged as to price and available investments
allocated as to amount in a manner which the Advisor believes to be equitable to the Fund and such other investment company or account. In some instances, this investment procedure may adversely affect the price paid or received by the Fund or the
size of the position obtained or sold by the Fund.
Portfolio Turnover. The annualized portfolio turnover rate for the Fund is calculated by dividing the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities
for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of the portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. The calculation excludes all securities whose maturities or expiration dates at the time of acquisition are one year or less. Portfolio
turnover of the Fund may vary greatly from year to year as well as within a particular year and may be affected by cash requirements for redemption of shares and by requirements that enable the Fund to receive favorable tax treatment. Portfolio
turnover will not be a limiting factor in making Fund decisions, and the Fund may engage in short-term trading to achieve its investment objectives. High rates of portfolio turnover could lower performance of the Fund due to increased transaction
costs and may also result in the realization of short-term capital gains taxed at ordinary income tax rates.
The portfolio turnover rate for the Fund over the last two fiscal years, ended August 31, is set forth below.
Fund
|
2020
|
2019
|
Roumell Opportunistic Value Fund
|
162.86%
|
79.74%
|
The portfolio turnover rate for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2020, increased from the prior fiscal year primarily due to an increase in portfolio trading resulting from price volatility of the holdings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST
The Trust, which is a statutory trust organized under Delaware law on May 13, 2009, is an open-end management investment company. The Trust’s Declaration of Trust (“Trust Instrument”) authorizes
the Trustees to divide shares into series, each series relating to a separate portfolio of investments, and to classify and reclassify any unissued shares into one or more classes of shares of each such series. The Trust currently consists of 1 2
series. Additional series and/or classes may be created from time to time. The number of shares in each series of the Trust shall be unlimited. When issued for payment as described in the Prospectus and this SAI, shares of the Fund will be fully
paid and non‑assessable and shall have no preemptive rights. The Trust does not issue share certificates.
In the event of a liquidation or dissolution of the Trust or an individual series, such as the Fund, shareholders of a particular series would be entitled to receive the assets available for
distribution belonging to such series. Shareholders of a series are entitled to participate equally in the net distributable assets of the particular series involved on liquidation, based on the number of shares of the series that are held by each
shareholder. If there are any assets, income, earnings, proceeds, funds, or payments, that are not readily identifiable as belonging to any particular series, the Trustees shall allocate them among any one or more of the series as they, in their
sole discretion, deem fair and equitable.
Shareholders of all of the series of the Trust, including the Fund, will vote together and not separately on a series‑by‑series or class-by-class basis, except as otherwise required by law or
when the Trustees determine that the matter to be voted upon affects only the interests of the shareholders of a particular series or class. Rule 18f-2 under the 1940 Act provides that any matter required to be submitted to the holders of the
outstanding voting securities of an investment company such as the Trust shall not be deemed to have been effectively acted upon unless approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of each series or class affected by the matter.
A series or class is affected by a matter unless it is clear that the interests of each series or class in the matter are substantially identical or that the matter does not affect any interest of the series or class. Under Rule 18f-2, the approval
of an investment advisory agreement or any change in a fundamental investment policy would be effectively acted upon with respect to a series only if approved by a majority of the outstanding shares of such series. However, the rule also provides
that the ratification of the appointment of independent accountants, the approval of principal underwriting contracts, and the election of Trustees may be effectively acted upon by shareholders of the Trust voting together, without regard to a
particular series or class. Rights of shareholders can only be modified by a majority vote.
When used in the Prospectus or this SAI, a “majority” of shareholders means the vote of the lesser of (i) 67% of the shares of the Trust or the applicable series or class present at a meeting if
the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares are present in person or by proxy or (ii) more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Trust or the applicable series or class.
Share-holders are entitled to one vote for each full share and a fractional vote for each fractional share held. Shares have non-cumulative voting rights, which means that the holders of more
than 50% of the shares voting for the election of Trustees can elect 100% of the Trustees, and in this event, the holders of the remaining shares voting will not be able to elect any Trustees.
The Trustees will hold office indefinitely, except that: (i) any Trustee may resign or retire, and (ii) any Trustee may be removed: (a) any time by written instrument signed by at least
two-thirds of the number of Trustees prior to such removal; (b) at any meeting of shareholders of the Trust by a vote of two-thirds of the outstanding shares of the Trust; or (c) by a written declaration signed by shareholders holding not less than
two-thirds of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In case a vacancy on the Board shall for any reason exist, the vacancy shall be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining Trustees, subject to certain restrictions under the
1940 Act. Otherwise, there will normally be no meeting of shareholders for the purpose of electing Trustees, and the Trust does not expect to have an annual meeting of share-holders.
The Trust Instrument provides that the Trustees will not be liable in any event in connection with the affairs of the Trust, except as such liability may arise from a Trustee’s bad faith, willful
misfeasance, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties. It also provides that all third parties shall look solely to the Trust’s property for satisfaction of claims arising in connection with the affairs of the Trust. With the exceptions
stated, the Trust Instrument provides that a Trustee or officer is entitled to be indemnified against all liability in connection with the affairs of the Trust.
MANAGEMENT AND OTHER SERVICE PROVIDERS
The Trust is governed by the Board, which is responsible for the management and supervision of the Fund. The Trustees meet periodically throughout the year to review contractual arrangements with
companies that furnish services to the Fund; review performance of the Advisor and the Fund and oversee activities of the Fund. This section of the SAI provides information about the persons who serve as Trustees and officers to the Trust, as well
as the entities that provide services to the Fund.
Trustees and Officers. Following are the Trustees and officers of the Trust, their age and address, their present position with the Trust or the Fund, and
their principal occupation during the past five years. The Trustees in the following table who are not “interested persons” of the Trust within the meaning of the 1940 Act (“Independent Trustees”) are indicated as such. The address of each Trustee
and officer of the Trust, unless otherwise indicated, is 116 South Franklin Street, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27804.
Name and
Date of Birth
|
Position
held with
Funds or Trust
|
Length
of Time Served
|
Principal Occupation
During Past 5 Years
|
Number of Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee
|
Other Directorships
Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years
|
Independent Trustees
|
James H. Speed, Jr.
(06/1953)
|
Independent Trustee, Chairman
|
Trustee since 7/09, Chair since 5/12
|
Previously President and CEO of NC Mutual Life Insurance Company (insurance company) from 2003 to 2015.
|
12
|
Independent Trustee of the Brown Capital Management Mutual Funds for all its series from 2011 to present, Hillman Capital Management Investment Trust for all its series from 2009 to
present, Centaur Mutual Funds Trust for all its series from 2013 to present, Chesapeake Investment Trust for all its series from 2016 to present, Leeward Investment Trust for all its series from 2018 to present, and WST Investment Trust
for all its series (all registered investment companies) from 2013 to present. Member of Board of Directors of Communities in Schools of N.C. from 2001 to present. Member of Board of Directors of Investors Title Company from 2010 to
present. Member of Board of Directors of AAA Carolinas from 2011 to present. Previously, member of Board of Directors of M&F Bancorp Mechanics & Farmers Bank from 2009 to 2019. Previously, member of Board of Visitors of North
Carolina Central University School of Business from 1990 to 2016. Previously, Board of Directors of NC Mutual Life Insurance Company from 2004 to 2016. Previously, President and CEO of North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company from
2003 to 2015.
|
Theo H. Pitt, Jr.
(04/1936)
|
Independent Trustee
|
Since 9/10
|
Senior Partner, Community Financial Institutions Consulting (financial consulting) since 1999.
|
12
|
Independent Trustee of World Funds Trust for all its series from 2013 to present, Chesapeake Investment Trust for all its series from 2002 to present, Leeward Investment Trust for all its
series from 2011 to present, and Hillman Capital Management Investment Trust for all its series from 2000 to present (all registered investment companies). Senior Partner of Community Financial Institutions Consulting from 1997 to
present. Previously, Partner at Pikar Properties from 2001 to 2017.
|
Michael G. Mosley
(01/1953)
|
Independent Trustee
|
Since 7/10
|
Owner of Commercial Realty Services (real estate) since 2004.
|
12
|
None.
|
J. Buckley Strandberg
(03/1960)
|
Independent Trustee
|
Since 7/09
|
President of Standard Insurance and Realty since 1982.
|
12
|
None.
|
Name and
Date of Birth
|
Position held with
Funds or Trust
|
Length
of Time Served
|
Principal Occupation
During Past 5 Years
|
Officers
|
Katherine M. Honey
(09/1973)
|
President and Principal Executive Officer
|
Since 05/15
|
President of The Nottingham Company since 2018. EVP of The Nottingham Company from 2008 to 2018.
|
Name and
Date of Birth
|
Position held with
Funds or Trust
|
Length
of Time Served
|
Principal Occupation
During Past 5 Years
|
Ashley H. Lanham
(03/1984)
|
Treasurer, Assistant Secretary, Principal Accounting Officer, and Principal Financial Officer
|
Since 05/15
|
Director of Fund Administration, The Nottingham Company since 2008.
|
Tracie A. Coop
(12/1976)
|
Secretary
|
Since 12/19
|
General Counsel, The Nottingham Company since 2019. Formerly, Vice President and Managing Counsel, State Street Bank and Trust Company from 2015 to 2019. Formerly, General Counsel for
Santander Asset Management USA, LLC from 2013 to 2015.
|
Matthew Baskir
(07/1979)
|
Chief Compliance Officer
|
Since 04/20
|
Compliance Director, The Nottingham Company, Inc., since 2020. Formerly, Consultant at National Regulatory Services from 2019 to 2020. Formerly, Counsel at Financial Industry Regulatory
Authority (FINRA), Member Supervision from 2016-2019. Formerly Counsel at FINRA, Market Regulation Enforcement from 2014 – 2016.
|
Qualification of Trustees. The Board believes that each Trustee’s experience, qualifications, attributes or skills on an individual basis and in combination with those of the other Trustees on the Board
lead to the conclusion that the Board possesses the requisite skills and attributes to carry out its oversight responsibilities with respect to the Trust. The Board believes that its Trustees’ ability to review, critically evaluate, question, and
discuss information provided to them, to interact effectively with the Advisor, other service providers, counsel and independent auditors, and to exercise effective business judgment in the performance of its duties, support this conclusion. The
Board also has considered the following experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills, among others, of its members, as applicable, in reaching its conclusion: (i) such person’s business and professional experience and accomplishments,
including prior experience in the financial services and investment management fields or on other boards; (ii) such person’s ability to work effectively with the other members of the Board; (iii) how the individual’s skills, experiences, and
attributes would contribute to an appropriate mix of relevant skills and experience on the Board; (iv) such person’s character and integrity; (v) such person’s willingness to serve and willingness and ability to commit the time necessary to perform
the duties of a Trustee; and (vi) as to each Trustee his status as an Independent Trustee.
In addition, the following specific experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills were considered in respect of the listed Trustee. Mr. Mosley has had business experience as an owner of a
real estate company. Mr. Pitt has experience as an investor, including his role as trustee of several other investment companies and business experience as senior partner of a financial consulting company, as a partner of a real estate partnership
and as an account administrator for a money management firm. Mr. Speed also has experience as an investor as trustee of several other investment companies and business experience as president and CEO of an insurance company and as president of a
company in the business of consulting and private investing. Mr. Strandberg also has investment experience as a former trustee of another investment company and business experience as president of an insurance and property management company.
The Board has determined that each of the Trustees’ careers and background, combined with their interpersonal skills and general understanding of financial and other matters,
enable the Trustees to effectively participate in and contribute to the Board’s functions and oversight of the Trust .
Board Structure. The Board currently consists of four Trustees, all of whom are Independent Trustees. Mr. Speed, Jr. serves as the Independent Chairman
of the Board. The Board has established several standing committees: Audit Committee, Nominating Committee, Fair Valuation Committee, Governance Committee, and Qualified Legal Compliance Committee. These standing committees are comprised entirely
of the Independent Trustees. Other information about these standing committees is set forth below. The Board has determined that the Board’s structure is appropriate given the characteristics, size, and operations of the Trust. The Board also
believes that its leadership structure, including its committees, helps facilitate effective oversight of Trust management. The Board reviews its structure annually.
With respect to risk oversight, the Board considers risk management issues as part of its general oversight responsibilities throughout the year. The Board holds four regular board meetings each
year during which the Board receives risk management reports and/or assessments from Trust management, the Fund’s advisor, administrator, transfer agent, and distributor, and receives an annual report from the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer
(“CCO”). The Audit Committee also meets with the Trust’s independent registered public accounting firm on an annual basis, to discuss among other things, the internal control structure of the Trust’s financial reporting function. When
appropriate, the Board may hold special meeting or communicate directly with Trust management, the CCO, the Trust’s third-party service providers, legal counsel, or independent public accountants to address matters arising between regular board
meeting or needing special attention. In addition, the Board has adopted policies and procedures for the Trust to help detect and prevent and, if necessary, correct violations of federal securities laws.
The Board met twelve times during the fiscal year ended August 31, 20 20 .
Trustee Standing Committees. The Trustees have established the following standing committees:
Audit Committee. All of the Independent Trustees are members of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee oversees the Fund’s accounting and financial reporting policies and practices,
reviews the results of the annual audits of the Fund’s financial statements, and interacts with the Fund’s independent auditors on behalf of all the Trustees. The Audit Committee operates pursuant to an Audit Committee Charter and meets
periodically as necessary. The Audit Committee met eight times during the fiscal year ended August 31, 20 20 .
Fair Valuation Committee. An Independent Trustee and a representative of the advisor are members of the Fair Value Committee. The Fair Value Committee has the authority to determine the
fair value of specific securities under the methods established by the adopted Guidelines for Valuing Portfolio Securities. The Fair Value Committee meets only as necessary. The Fair Value Committee met three times during the fiscal year
ended August 31, 20 20 .
Governance Committee. All of the Independent Trustees are members of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee assists the Board in adopting fund governance practices and meeting
certain fund governance standards. The Governance Committee operates pursuant to a Governance Committee Charter and normally meets annually, but may also meet as often as necessary to carry out its purpose. The Governance Committee met twice during
the fiscal year ended August 31, 20 20 .
Qualified Legal Compliance Committee. All of the Independent Trustees are members of the Qualified Legal Compliance Committee. The Qualified Legal Compliance Committee receives,
investigates, and makes recommendations as to appropriate remedial action in connection with any report of evidence of a material violation of securities laws or breach of fiduciary duty or similar violation by the Trust, its officers, Trustees, or
agents. The Qualified Legal Compliance Committee meets only as necessary and met once during the fiscal year ended August 31, 20 20 .
Beneficial Equity Ownership Information. The table below sets forth, as of December 31, 201 9 , the dollar range of equity securities beneficially
owned by each Trustee in the Fund, and the aggregate dollar range of equity securities in the Fund complex.
A = None; B = $1-$10,000; C = $10,001-$50,000; D = $50,001-$100,000; and E = over $100,000.
Name of
Trustee
|
Dollar Range of
Equity Securities in the Fund
|
Aggregate Dollar Range
of Equity Securities in
All Registered
Investment Companies
Overseen by Trustee in
Family of Investment
Companies
|
Michael G. Mosley
|
A
|
A
|
Theo H. Pitt, Jr.
|
A
|
A
|
James H. Speed, Jr.
|
A
|
A
|
J. Buckley Strandberg
|
A
|
A
|
Ownership of Securities of Advisor, Distributor, or Related Entities. As of December 31, 201 9 , none of the Independent Trustees and/or their
immediate family members own securities of the Advisor, Capital Investment Group, Inc. (the “Distributor”), or any entity controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Advisor or Distributor.
Compensation. Officers of the Trust and Trustees who are interested persons of the Trust or the Advisor will receive no salary or fees from the Trust.
Independent Trustees receive $2,000 per series of the Trust each year, and they may receive up to an additional $200 per meeting attended and $500 per series of the Trust per special meeting related to contract renewal issues . This
amount may be paid pro rata in the event that a series closes during the fiscal year. The Trust reimburses each Trustee and officers of the Trust for his or her travel and other expenses relating to attendance at such meetings. Prior to April
1, 2020, the Independent Trustees received $2,000 per series of the Trust each year, and they received up to an additional $500 per series of the Trust per special meeting in the event that special meetings were held. Each of the Trustees serves
as a Trustee to all series of the Trust, including the fund. During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2020, the Trustees received the amounts set forth in the following table for services to the Fund and the Fund Complex.
Name of Trustee
|
Aggregate Compensation
from the Fund
|
Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses
|
Estimated Annual Benefits Upon Retirement
|
Total Compensation from Fund and
Fund Complex Paid
to Trustees
|
Independent Trustees
|
Michael G. Mosley
|
$ 3,516.67
|
None
|
None
|
$ 46,400
|
Theo H. Pitt, Jr.
|
$ 3,516.67
|
None
|
None
|
$ 46,400
|
James H. Speed, Jr.
|
$ 3,516.67
|
None
|
None
|
$ 46,400
|
J. Buckley Strandberg
|
$ 3,516.67
|
None
|
None
|
$ 46,400
|
Codes of Ethics. The Trust, Advisor, and Distributor each have adopted a code of ethics, as required under Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act, which is designed to prevent affiliated persons of the Trust, Advisor,
and Distributor from engaging in deceptive, manipulative, or fraudulent activities in connection with securities held or to be acquired by the Fund (which securities may also be held by persons subject to each such code of ethics). There can be no
assurance that the codes will be effective in preventing such activities. The codes permit employees and officers of the Trust, Advisor, and Distributor to invest in securities held by the Fund, subject to certain restrictions and pre-approval
requirements. In addition, the Advisor’s code requires that portfolio managers and other investment personnel of the Advisor report their personal securities transactions and holdings, which are reviewed for compliance with the Trust’s and
Advisor’s code of ethics.
Anti-Money Laundering Program. The Trust has adopted an anti-money laundering program, as required by applicable law, that is designed to prevent the Fund
from being used for money laundering or the financing of terrorist activities. The Trust’s CCO is responsible for implementing and monitoring the operations and internal controls of the program. Compliance officers at certain of the Fund’s service
providers are also responsible for monitoring the program. The anti-money laundering program is subject to the continuing oversight of the Trustees.
Proxy Voting Policies. The Trust has adopted a proxy voting and disclosure policy that delegates to the Advisor the authority to vote proxies for the
Fund, subject to oversight by the Board. A copy of the Advisor’s Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures is included as Appendix B to this SAI. No later than August 31st of each year, the Fund will file Form N-PX stating how the Fund voted proxies
relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30th. Information regarding how the Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 is available (i) without
charge, upon request, by calling the Fund at 1-800-773-3863; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
Principal Holders of Voting Securities. As of November 30, 20 20 , the Trustees and officers of the Trust as a group owned beneficially (i.e., had
direct or indirect voting and/or investment power) less than 1% of the then outstanding shares of the Fund. As of November 30, 2019, to the Trust’s knowledge, the following shareholders owned of record or beneficially 5% or more of the outstanding
shares of the Fund. Shareholders owning 25% or more of the outstanding shares may be “in control” and may be able to affect the outcome of certain matters presented for a vote of Shareholders.
Name and Address of
Owner
|
Percent
|
Charles Schwab & Co.
101 Montgomery Street
San Francisco, CA 94104
|
38.28% 1
|
1. The Fund believes that such entity does not have a beneficial ownership interest in such shares.
Investment Advisor. Roumell Asset Management, LLC, located at 2 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 640, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, serves as the
investment advisor to the Fund pursuant to an investment advisory agreement between the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, and Roumell Asset Management, LLC. The Advisor is controlled by James C. Roumell, President. The Advisor supervises the Fund’s
investments pursuant to the Advisory Agreement. The Advisory Agreement will continue for two (2) years initially and, thereafter, shall continue from year to year so long as such renewal and continuance is specifically approved at least annually:
(i) by the Board of the Trust or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund and (ii) by vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The
Advisory Agreement is terminable without penalty by the Trust by a vote of the Board of the Trust or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities upon 60 calendar days’ written notice or by the Advisor upon 60 calendar days’ written
notice. The Advisory Agreement provides that it will terminate automatically in the event of its “assignment,” as such term is defined in the 1940 Act.
The Advisor manages the Fund’s investments in accordance with the stated policies of the Fund, subject to oversight by the Board. The Advisor is responsible for investment decisions and provides
the Fund with portfolio managers who are authorized to execute purchases and sales of securities.
Under the Advisory Agreement, the Advisor is not liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Fund in connection with the performance of such agreement,
except a loss resulting from a breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the receipt of compensation for services; or a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence on the part of the Advisor in the performance of its
duties; or from its reckless disregard of its duties and obligations under the Advisory Agreement.
For its investment advisory services to the Fund, the Advisor will be paid a management fee by the Fund, based on a percentage of the Fund’s daily net assets, at an annual rate of 0.92% of the
Fund’s net assets.
Expense Limitation Agreement. In the interest of limiting expenses of the Fund, the Advisor has entered into an Expense Limitation Agreement with
the Fund, pursuant to which the Advisor has agreed to waive or reduce its management fee and to assume other expenses of the Fund so that the total annual operating expenses of the Fund (exclusive of (i) any front-end or contingent deferred loads;
(ii) brokerage fees and commissions, (iii) acquired fund fees and expenses; (iv) fees and expenses associated with investments in other collective investment vehicles or derivative instruments (including for example option and swap fees and
expenses); (v) borrowing costs (such as interest and dividend expense on securities sold short); (vi) taxes; and (vii) extraordinary expenses, such as litigation expenses (which may include indemnification of Fund officers and Trustees and
contractual indemnification of Fund service providers (other than the Advisor)) is limited to 1.23%. This contractual arrangement is in effect through January 1, 202 2 unless earlier terminated by the Board for any reason at any time. It
is expected that the Expense Limitation Agreement will continue from year-to-year thereafter, provided such continuance is specifically approved by a majority of the Trustees who (i) are not “interested persons” of the Trust or any other
party to the Expense Limitation Agreement, as such term is defined in the 1940 Act, and (ii) have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Expense Limitation Agreement. The Advisor cannot recoup from the Fund any
amounts paid by the Advisor under the Expense Limitation Agreement.
The following chart shows the total dollar amount that the Fund paid to Roumell Asset Management, LLC, during the last three fiscal years ended August 31.
Fiscal Year Ended
|
Advisory Fees Incurred
|
Advisory Fees Waived
|
2020
|
$744,114
|
$41,039
|
2019
|
$691,951
|
$54,294
|
2018
|
$642,134
|
$40,256
|
Portfolio Managers. The Fund’s portfolio is managed on a day-to-day basis by James C. Roumell. As of August 31, 20 20 , James C. Roumell was
responsible for the management of the following types of accounts in addition to the Fund.
Portfolio Manager
|
Registered Investment
Companies
|
Other Pooled Investment
Vehicles
|
Other Accounts
|
Number of Accounts
|
Total Assets
|
Number of Accounts
|
Total Assets
|
Number of Accounts
|
Total Assets
|
All Accounts
|
James C. Roumell
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
59
|
$14 million
|
Accounts with Performance-Based Advisory Fee
|
James C. Roumell
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
0
|
$0
|
Conflicts of Interest. When a portfolio manager has responsibility for managing more than one account, potential conflicts of interest may arise. Those conflicts could
include preferential treatment of one account over others in terms of allocation of resources or of investment opportunities. For instance, the Advisor may receive fees from certain accounts that are higher than the fee it receives from the Fund,
or it may receive a performance-based fee on certain accounts. The procedures to address conflicts of interest, if any, are described below.
The portfolio managers’ management of “other accounts” may give rise to potential conflicts of interest in connection with their management of the Fund’s investments, on the one hand, and the
investments of the other accounts, on the other. The other accounts may have the same investment objective as the Fund. Therefore, a potential conflict of interest may arise as a result of the identical investment objectives, whereby the
portfolio manager could favor one account over another. Another potential conflict could include the portfolio managers’ knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby a portfolio manager could use this
information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of the Fund. However, the Advisor has established policies and procedures to ensure that the purchase and sale of securities among all accounts it manages are fairly and
equitably allocated.
Compensation. The portfolio manager’s compensation varies with the general success of the Advisor as a firm. The portfolio manager’s compensation consists of a fixed annual salary, plus
additional remuneration based on the Advisor’s assets under management. The portfolio manager’s compensation is not directly linked to the Fund’s performance, although positive performance and growth in managed assets are factors that may
contribute to the Advisor’s distributable profits and assets under management.
Ownership of Fund Shares. The table below shows the amount of the Fund’s equity securities beneficially owned by each portfolio manager as of August 31, 20 20 and stated as one of
the following ranges: A = None; B = $1-$10,000; C = $10,001-$50,000; D = $50,001-$100,000; E = $100,001-$500,000; F = $500,001-$1,000,000; and G = over $1,000,000.
Name of
Portfolio Manager
|
Dollar Range of
Equity Securities in the Fund
|
James C. Roumell
|
G
|
Administrator. The Trust has entered into a Fund Accounting and Administration Agreement with The Nottingham Company (“Administrator”),
located at 116 South Franklin Street, Post Office Box 69, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27802-0069. The Administrator performs the following services for the Fund: (i) procures on behalf of the Trust, and coordinates with, the custodian and monitors
the services it provides to the Fund; (ii) coordinates with and monitors any other third parties furnishing services to the Fund; (iii) provides the Fund with necessary office space, telephones and other communications facilities and personnel
competent to perform administrative and clerical functions for the Fund; (iv) assists or supervises the maintenance by third parties of such books and records of the Fund as may be required by applicable federal or state law; (v) assists in the
preparation of all federal, state, and local tax returns and reports of the Fund required by applicable law; (vi) assists in the preparation of and, after approval by the Trust, files and arranges for the distribution of proxy materials and
periodic reports to shareholders of the Fund as required by applicable law; (vii) assists in the preparation of and, after approval by the Trust, arranges for the filing of such registration statements and other documents with the SEC and other
federal and state regulatory authorities as may be required by applicable law; (viii) reviews and submits to the officers of the Trust for their approval invoices or other requests for payment of Fund expenses and instructs the custodian to issue
checks in payment thereof; and (ix) takes such other action with respect to the Fund as may be necessary in the opinion of the Administrator to perform its duties under the agreement. The Administrator will also provide certain accounting and
pricing services for the Fund.
Compensation of the Administrator, which is based upon an administration fee on the average daily net assets of the Fund, is at the following annual rates: 0.100% of the Funds’
first $250 million, 0.080% on the next $250 million, 0.060% on the next $250 million, 0.050% on the next $250 million, 0.040% on the next $1 billion, and 0.035% on all net assets over $2 billion, with a monthly minimum general administration fee of
$2,000. The Administrator currently receives a monthly fund accounting fee of $2,250 for accounting and recordkeeping services with an additional fee of $500 per month for each additional class of shares plus an asset-based fee of 0.01% of the net
assets of the Fund. The Administrator will also receive the following to procure and pay the custodian for the Fund: 0.02% on the first $200 million of the Fund’s net assets and 0.009% on all assets over $200 million plus transaction fees with a
minimum annual fee of $5,000. The Administrator also charges the Fund for certain costs involved with the daily valuation of investment securities and is reimbursed for out‑of‑pocket expenses.
The following shows the total dollar amounts that the Fund paid to the Administrator for the three most recent fiscal years ended August 31.
|
2020
|
2019
|
2018
|
Administration Fees
|
$83,422
|
$75,212
|
$69,797
|
Fund Accounting Fees
|
$35,088
|
$34,471
|
$38,593
|
D istributor. The Fund will conduct a continuous offering of its securities. Capital
Investment Group, Inc., located at 100 E. Six Forks Road, Suite 200, Raleigh, North Carolina 27609, acts as the underwriter and distributor of the Fund’s shares for the purpose of facilitating the registration of shares of the Fund under state
securities laws and assisting in sales of Fund shares pursuant to a distribution agreement (“Distribution Agreement”) between the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, and the Distributor. In this regard, the Distributor has agreed at its own expense to
qualify as a broker‑dealer under all applicable federal or state laws in those states that the Fund shall from time to time identify to the Distributor as states in which the Fund wishes to offer its shares for sale, in order that state
registrations may be maintained for the Fund. The Distributor is a broker‑dealer registered with the SEC and a member in good standing of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). The Distributor is entitled to receive an annual fee
of $5,000 per fund for performing certain recordkeeping, communication, and other administrative services for the Fund. Such administrative services shall include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) maintaining records with respect to
submissions to FINRA, dealer discounts, brokerage fees and commissions, and selling agreements; (ii) maintaining an account with the National Securities Clearing Corporation's Fund/SERV System for the purpose of processing account registrations,
maintaining accounts, and communicating transaction data; (iii) preparing reports for the Board as shall be reasonably requested from time to time; and (iv) performing other services for the Trust as agreed to by the Distributor and the Trust from
time to time. The Distributor and Trust agree that the services described above are of an administrative nature and such services, as well as the fee provided in connection therewith, are not, nor are they intended to be, payment for marketing
and/or distribution services related to, or the promotion of, the sale of the Fund’s shares. The Distribution Agreement may be terminated by either party upon 60-days’ prior written notice to the other party and will terminate automatically in the
event of its assignment. The Distributor serves as exclusive agent for the distribution of the shares of the Fund.
The Distributor received the following commissions and other compensation from the Fund during the fiscal year ended August 31, 20 20 :
Net Underwriting
Discounts and
Commissions
|
Compensation
on Redemptions
and Repurchases
|
Brokerage
Commissions
|
Other
Compensation
|
$0
|
$0
|
$0
|
$5,000
|
Transfer Agent. The Trust has entered into a Dividend Disbursing and Transfer Agent Agreement with Nottingham Shareholder Services, LLC (“Transfer
Agent”), a North Carolina limited liability company, to serve as transfer, dividend paying, and shareholder servicing agent for the Fund. For its services, the Transfer Agent is entitled to receive compensation from the Administrator pursuant to
the Administrator’s fee arrangements with the Fund. The address of the Transfer Agent is 116 South Franklin Street, Post Office Box 4365, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27803-0365.
Custodian. UMB Bank, n.a., with its principal place of business located at 1010 Grand Boulevard, Kansas City, Missouri 64106, serves as custodian for the
Fund’s assets (the “Custodian”). The Custodian acts as the depository for the Fund, safekeeps its portfolio securities, collects all income and other payments with respect to portfolio securities, disburses monies at the Fund’s request, and
maintains records in connection with its duties as custodian. For its services, the custodian is entitled to receive a monthly fee from the Administrator based on the average net assets of the Fund plus additional out-of-pocket and transaction
expenses as incurred by the Fund.
Compliance Services Administrator. The Trust has entered into a compliance services arrangement with The Nottingham Company, located at 116 S.
Franklin Street, Rocky Mount, North Carolina 27802 . The Trust’s CCO will prepare and update the Trust’s compliance manual and monitor and test compliance with the policies and procedures under the Trust’s compliance manual.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. BBD, LLP, located at 1835 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19103, serves as the
independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The independent registered public accounting firm conducts an annual audit of the Fund’s financial statements and prepares the Fund’s federal, state, and excise tax returns. Shareholders
will receive annual audited and semi-annual (unaudited) reports when published and written confirmation of all transactions in their account. A copy of the most recent annual report will accompany the SAI whenever a shareholder or a prospective
investor requests it.
Legal Counsel. Greenberg Traurig LLP serves as legal counsel to the Trust and the Fund.
ADDITIONAL PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION INFORMATION
Reference is made to “Purchasing Shares” and “Redeeming Shares” in the Prospectus for more information concerning how to purchase and redeem shares. The following information supplements the
information regarding share purchases and share redemptions in the Prospectus:
Purchases. Shares of the Fund are offered and sold on a continuous basis and may be purchased through authorized investment dealers or directly by
contacting the Distributor, or the Fund directly. Selling dealers have the responsibility of transmitting orders promptly to the Fund. The purchase price of shares of the Fund is based on the NAV next determined after the order is received,
subject to the order being received by the Fund in good form. NAV is normally determined at the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) on days the NYSE is open for trading, as described under “Net Asset Value” above. The
NAV per share of the Fund is not calculated on days on which the NYSE is closed for trading. An order received prior to the close of the NYSE will be executed at the price calculated on the date of receipt and an order received after the close of
the NYSE will be executed at the price calculated as of that time on the next business day.
The Fund reserves the right in its sole discretion: (i) to suspend the offering of its shares; (ii) to reject purchase orders when in the judgment of management such rejection is in the best
interest of the Fund and its shareholders; and (iii) to reduce or waive the minimum for initial and subsequent investments under circumstances where certain economies can be achieved in sales of Fund shares.
Redemptions. The Fund may suspend redemption privileges or postpone the date of payment: (i) during any period that the NYSE is closed for other than
customary weekend and holiday closings, or that trading on the NYSE is restricted as determined by the SEC; (ii) during any period when an emergency exists as defined by the rules of the SEC as a result of which it is not reasonably practicable for
the Fund to dispose of securities owned by it, or to determine fairly the value of its assets; and (iii) for such other periods as the SEC may permit. The Fund may also suspend or postpone the recordation of the transfer of shares upon the
occurrence of any of the foregoing conditions. Any redemption may be more or less than the shareholder’s cost depending on the market value of the securities held by the Fund. No charge is made by the Fund for redemptions other than the possible
charge for wiring redemption proceeds.
Involuntary Redemptions. In addition to the situations described in the Prospectus under “Redeeming Fund Shares,” the Fund may redeem shares involuntarily
to reimburse the Fund for any loss sustained by reason of the failure of a shareholder to make full payment for shares purchased by the shareholder or to collect any charge relating to a transaction effected for the benefit of a shareholder which
is applicable to Fund shares as provided in the Prospectus from time to time or to close a shareholder’s account if the Fund is unable to verify the shareholder’s identity.
Other Information. If an investor realizes a gain on the redemption, the reinvestment will not affect the amount of any federal capital gains tax payable
on the gain. If an investor realizes a loss on the redemption, the reinvestment may cause some or all of the loss to be disallowed as a tax deduction, depending on the number of shares purchased by reinvestment and the period of time that has
elapsed after the redemption, although for tax purposes, the amount disallowed is added to the cost of the shares acquired upon the reinvestment.
SPECIAL SHAREHOLDER SERVICES
The Fund offers the following special shareholder services:
Regular Account. The regular account allows for voluntary investments to be made at any time. Available to individuals, custodians, corporations, trusts,
estates, corporate retirement plans, and others, investors are free to make additions to or withdrawals from their account. When an investor makes an initial investment in the Fund, a shareholder account is opened in accordance with the investor’s
registration instructions. Each time there is a transaction in a shareholder account, such as an additional investment or the reinvestment of a dividend or distribution, the shareholder will receive a confirm-ation statement showing the current
transaction and all prior transactions in the shareholder account during the calendar year to date, along with a summary of the status of the account as of the transaction date. As stated in the Prospectus, share certificates are not issued.
Automatic Investment Plan. The automatic investment plan enables shareholders to make regular monthly or quarterly investments in shares through automatic
charges to their checking account. With shareholder authorization and bank approval, the Administrator will automatically charge the checking account for the amount specified ($100 minimum) which will be automatically invested in shares at the NAV
on or about the 21st day of the month. The shareholder may change the amount of investment or discontinue the plan at any time by writing the Fund.
Purchases In-Kind. The Fund may accept securities in lieu of payment for the purchase of shares in the Fund. The acceptance of such securities is at the
sole discretion of the Advisor based upon the suitability of the securities accepted for inclusion as a long-term investment of the Fund, the marketability of such securities, and other factors that the Advisor may deem appropriate. If accepted,
the securities will be valued using the same criteria and methods as described in “Purchase and Redemption Price – Determining the Fund’s Net Asset Value” in the Fund’s Prospectus.
Systematic Withdrawal Plan. Shareholders owning shares with a value of $5,000 or more may establish a systematic withdrawal plan (“Systematic Withdrawal
Plan”). A shareholder may receive monthly or quarterly payments, in amounts of not less than $100 per payment, by authorizing the Fund to redeem the necessary number of shares periodically (each month, or quarterly) in order to make the payments
requested. The Fund has the capability of electronically depositing the proceeds of the systematic withdrawal directly to the shareholders personal bank account ($5,000 minimum per bank wire). Instructions for establishing this service are
included in the Fund Shares Application, enclosed in the Fund’s Prospectus, or are available by calling the Fund. If the shareholder prefers to receive his or her systematic withdrawal proceeds in cash, or if such proceeds are less than the $5,000
minimum for a bank wire, checks will be made payable to the designated recipient and mailed with-in seven days of the valuation date. If the designated recipient is other than the registered shareholder, the signature of each shareholder must be
guaranteed on the application (see “Redeeming Shares – Signature Guarantees” in the Prospectus). A corporation (or partnership) must also submit a “Corporate Resolution” (or “Certification of Partnership”) indi-cat-ing the names, titles, and
required number of signatures auth-orized to act on its behalf. The application must be signed by a duly authori-zed officer(s) and the corporate seal affixed. No redemp-tion fees are charged to shareholders under this plan. Costs in conjunction
with the administration of the plan are borne by the Fund. Shareholders should be aware that such systematic withdrawals may deplete or use up entirely their initial investment and may result in real-ized long-term or short-term capital gains or
losses. The Syste-matic Withdrawal Plan may be terminated at any time by the Fund upon 60-days’ written notice or by a shareholder upon written notice to the Fund. Applications and further details may be obtained by calling the Fund at
1-800-773-3863 or by writing to:
Roumell Opportunistic Value Fund
c/o Nottingham Shareholder Services
116 South Franklin Street
Post Office Box 4365
Rocky Mount, NC 27803-0365
Redemptions In-Kind. The Fund does not intend, under normal circumstances, to redeem its securities by payment in kind. It is possible, however, that
conditions may arise in the future which would, in the opinion of the Trustees, make it undesirable for the Fund to pay for all redemptions in cash. In such case the Trustees may authorize payment to be made in readily marketable portfolio
securities of the Fund. The securities will be chosen by the Fund, may be either a pro rata payment of each of the securities held by the Fund or a representative sample of securities, and will be valued at the same value assigned to them in
computing the NAV per share. Shareholders receiving them would incur brokerage costs when these securities are sold. An irrevocable election has been filed under Rule 18f‑1 of the 1940 Act, wherein the Fund committed to pay redemptions in cash,
rather than in kind, to any shareholder of record of the Fund who redeems during any 90 day period, the lesser of (a) $250,000 or (b) one percent (1%) of the Fund’s NAV at the beginning of such period.
Transfer of Registration. To transfer shares to another owner, send a written request to the Fund at the address shown above. Your request should include
the following: (i) the Fund name and existing account registration; (ii) signature(s) of the registered owner(s) exactly as the signature(s) appear(s) on the account registration; (iii) the new account registration, address, social security or
taxpayer identification number, and how dividends and capital gains are to be distributed; (iv) signature guarantees (See the Prospectus under the heading “Signature Guarantees”); and (v) any additional documents which are required for transfer by
corporations, administrators, executors, trustees, guardians, etc. If you have any questions about transferring shares, call or write the Fund.
Employees and Affiliates of the Fund. The Fund has adopted initial investment minimums for the purpose of reducing the cost to the Fund (and consequently
to the shareholders) of communicating with and servicing its shareholders. At the discretion of the Advisor, the Fund may allow investments in the Fund with a reduced minimum initial investment from its Trustees, officers, and employees, the
Advisor and certain parties related thereto, including clients of the Advisor or any sponsor, officer, committee member thereof, or the immediate family of any of them. In addition, accounts having the same mailing address may be aggregated for
purposes of the minimum investment if they consent in writing to sharing a single mailing of shareholder reports, proxy statements (but each such shareholder would receive his/her own proxy), and other Fund literature.
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
The Board has adopted a policy that governs the disclosure of portfolio holdings. This policy is intended to ensure that such disclosure is in the best interests of the shareholders of the Fund
and to address possible conflicts of interest. Under the Fund’s policy, the Fund generally will not disclose the Fund’s portfolio holdings to a third party unless such information is made available to the public. The policy provides that the Fund
may disclose non-public portfolio holdings information as required by law and under other limited circumstances that are set forth in more detail below.
The Fund will generally make portfolio holdings information available to the public at http://www.roumellfund.com, on a quarterly basis, including the complete portfolio holdings from the last
day of the previous quarter. This information is generally available within fifteen days of the month end and will remain available until the next month’s portfolio holdings report becomes available. You may obtain a copy of these monthly
portfolio holdings reports by calling the Fund at 1-800-773-3863. The Fund will also file quarterly portfolio holdings reports with the SEC on Form N-CSR or Form N-Q, as applicable. The Fund’s Form N-CSR and Form N- PORT are available on the
SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. The first and third quarter portfolio holdings reports will be filed with the SEC on Form N- PORT and the second and fourth fiscal quarter portfolio holdings reports will be included with the semi-annual
and annual financial statements, respectively, which are sent to shareholders and filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
To the extent that the Fund’s portfolio holdings have previously been disclosed publicly either through a filing made with the SEC on Form N-CSR or Form N- PORT , or by being posted to the
Fund’s website, such holdings may also be disclosed to any third party that requests them.
Consistent with policies approved by the Board, the officers of the Fund will share non-public portfolio holdings information with the Fund’s service providers that require such information for
legitimate business and Fund oversight purposes. Recipients of non-public portfolio holdings information have a duty not to trade on that confidential information. The Fund has not (and does not intend to) enter into any arrangement providing for
the receipt of compensation or other consideration in exchange for the disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information, other than the benefits that result to the Fund and its shareholders from providing such information, which include the
publication of Fund ratings and rankings.
The Advisor, as well as the Custodian, fund accountant and Administrator, and CCO, have full daily access to the Fund’s portfolio holdings. These service providers are subject to obligations
requiring them to keep non-public portfolio holdings information confidential. In some, but not all, cases these confidentiality obligations are established by written agreements. The Board has concluded that the confidentiality obligations in
place for these parties are adequate to safeguard the Fund from unauthorized disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information. In addition, the Advisor has a code of ethics that prohibits covered persons from disclosing or trading based on
non-public portfolio holdings information.
The Fund’s Distributor, Transfer Agent, independent public accountants, and legal counsel have access to the Fund’s portfolio holdings on an ad hoc, as needed basis. The Distributor and Transfer
Agent are subject to written agreements that establish confidentiality obligations with respect to the Fund’s portfolio holdings. The independent public accountants and legal counsel are subject to professional obligations that require them to keep
non-public portfolio holdings information confidential. The Board has concluded that the confidentiality obligations in place for these parties are adequate to safeguard the Fund from unauthorized disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings
information.
Broadridge ICS, Allegra Design Marketing Print Mail, PrintGrafix (a division of Sunbelt Graphics Systems, Inc.), PrinterLink Communications Group, Inc., Riverside Printing, Inc., and V.G. Reed
& Sons are financial printers the Fund may engage for, among other things, the printing and/or distribution of regulatory and compliance documents. These service providers are subject to written agreements that establish confidentiality
obligations with respect to the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
The Fund and its service providers may also provide non-public portfolio holdings information to appropriate regulatory agencies as required by applicable laws and regulations.
The Fund currently does not provide non-public portfolio holdings information to any other third parties. In the future, the Advisor may establish ongoing arrangements with other third parties if
the Advisor determines that the Fund has a legitimate business purpose for doing so, determines that the disclosure is in the shareholders' best interest, and the recipient is subject to a duty of confidentiality. These parties could include, by
way of example, financial data processing companies that provide automated data scanning and monitoring services for the Fund, research companies that allow the Advisor to perform attribution analysis for the Fund, and the Advisor’s proxy voting
agent to assess and vote proxies on behalf of the Fund. The Advisor is responsible for determining which other third parties have a legitimate business purpose for receiving the Fund’s portfolio holdings information.
The Fund’s policy regarding disclosure of portfolio holdings is subject to the continuing oversight and direction of the Board. Oversight includes: (i) review and approval of the policy on
disclosure of portfolio holdings as necessary, including review of the parties receiving non-public portfolio holdings information; (ii) periodic assessment of compliance in connection with a report from the Trust’s CCO, (iii) receipt of reports on
any conflicts of interest where disclosure of information about portfolio holdings may conflict or appear to conflict with the interests of the Fund’s investment advisor, any principal underwriter for the Trust, or an affiliated person of the
Trust, and (iv) receipt of reports on any known disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings to unauthorized third parties. The Fund and Advisor are obligated to report issues that arise under the policy on disclosure of portfolio holdings to the
CCO. Material compliance matters are then reported to the Board.
NET ASSET VALUE
The NAV per share of the Fund is determined at the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). The Fund’s NAV is not calculated on the days on which the NYSE is
closed. The NYSE generally recognizes the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, President’s Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. The days on which these
holidays are observed and any other holiday recognized by the NYSE will be deemed a business holiday on which the NAV of the Fund will not be calculated.
The NAV per share of Institutional Class shares of the Fund is calculated separately by adding the value of the Fund’s securities and other assets belonging to the Fund and attributable to
Institutional Class shares, subtracting the liabilities charged to the Fund and to the Institutional Class shares, and dividing the result by the number of outstanding shares of that class of shares. “Assets belonging to” the Fund consist of the
consideration received upon the issuance of shares of the Fund together with all net investment income, realized gains/losses and proceeds derived from the investment thereof, including any proceeds from the sale of such investments, any funds or
payments derived from any reinvestment of such proceeds, and a portion of any general assets of the Trust not belonging to a particular series of shares. Assets belonging to the Fund are charged with the direct liabilities of the Fund and with a
share of the general liabilities of the Trust, which are normally allocated in proportion to the number of or the relative NAVs of all of the Trust’s series at the time of allocation or in accordance with other allocation methods approved by the
Trustees. Subject to the provisions of the Trust Instrument, determinations by the Trustees as to the direct and allocable liabilities, and the allocable portion of any general assets, with respect to the Fund are conclusive.
The pricing and valuation of portfolio securities is determined in good faith in accordance with procedures established by, and under the direction of, the Trustees. Values are determined
according to generally accepted accounting practices and all laws and regulations that apply. Using methods approved by the Trustees, the assets of the Fund are valued as follows:
•
|
Securities that are listed on a securities exchange are valued at the last quoted sales price provided by a third-party pricing service at the time the valuation is made. Price information on listed
securities is taken from the exchange where the security is primarily traded by the Fund.
|
•
|
Securities that are listed on an exchange and which are not traded on the valuation date are valued at the bid price.
|
•
|
Unlisted securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the latest quoted sales price, if available, at the time of valuation, otherwise, at the latest quoted bid price.
|
•
|
Options are valued at the mean of the last quoted bid and ask prices at the time of valuation.
|
•
|
Foreign securities listed on foreign exchanges are valued with quotations from the primary market in which they are traded and are translated from the local currency into U.S. dollars using current exchange
rates.
|
•
|
Temporary cash investments with maturities of 60 days or less will be valued at amortized cost, which approximates market value.
|
•
|
Securities for which no current quotations are readily available are valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Trustees. Securities may be valued on the basis of prices
provided by a pricing service when such prices are believed to reflect the fair market value of such securities.
|
ADDITIONAL TAX INFORMATION
The following summarizes certain additional tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that are not described in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed
explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders or any particular category of shareholders. The discussions here and in the Prospectus are not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning and are based on United States federal
income tax laws that are in effect on the date hereof and which may be changed by legislative, judicial, or administrative action. In addition, no attempt is made to address tax concerns applicable to an investor with a special tax status such as a
financial institution, REIT, insurance company, regulated investment company, individual retirement account, other tax-exempt entity, dealer in securities or non-U.S. investor. Furthermore, this discussion does not reflect possible application of
the alternative minimum tax. Unless otherwise noted, this discussion assumes the common shares are held by U.S. persons and that such shares are held as capital assets. Investors are advised to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to
their own tax situations.
The Fund, and any other series of the Trust, will be treated as a separate corporate entity under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Code”), and intends to qualify or remain
qualified as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to so qualify, the Fund must elect to be a regulated investment company or have made such an election for a previous year and must satisfy certain requirements
relating to the amount of distributions and source of its income for a taxable year. At least 90% of the gross income of the Fund must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans, gains from the sale or other
disposition of stocks, securities, or foreign currencies, and other income derived with respect to the Fund’s business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded
partnership. Any income derived by the Fund from a partnership (other than a qualified publicly traded partnership) or trust is treated as derived with respect to the Fund’s business of investing in stock, securities, or currencies only to the
extent that such income is attributable to items of income that would have been qualifying income if realized by the Fund in the same manner as by the partnership or trust.
An investment company may not qualify as a regulated investment company for any taxable year unless it satisfies certain requirements with respect to the diversification of its investments at the
close of each quarter of the taxable year. In general, at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash, cash items, government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities which,
with respect to any one issuer, do not represent more than 5% of the total assets of the Fund or more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer. In addition, not more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s total assets may be
invested in: (i) the securities (other than government securities or the securities of other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer; (ii) the securities of two or more issuers (other than securities of another regulated investment
company) if the issuers are controlled by the Fund and they are, pursuant to Internal Revenue Service Regulations, engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses; or (iii) the securities of one or more publicly traded partnerships.
The Fund intends to satisfy all requirements on an ongoing basis for continued qualification as a regulated investment company.
Some, but not all, of the dividends paid by the Fund may be taxable at the reduced long-term capital gains tax rate for individual shareholders. If the Fund designates a dividend as qualified
dividend income, it generally will be taxable to individual shareholders at the long-term capital gains tax rate, provided certain holding period requirements are met.
Taxable dividends paid by the Fund to corporate shareholders will be taxed at corporate income tax rates. Corporate shareholders may be entitled to a dividends-received-deduction (“DRD”) for a
portion of the dividends paid and designated by the Fund as qualifying for the DRD.
If the Fund designates a dividend as a capital gains distribution, it generally will be taxable to shareholders as long-term capital gains, regardless of how long the shareholders have held their
Fund shares or whether they received in cash or reinvested in additional shares. All taxable dividends paid by the Fund other than those designated as qualified dividend income or capital gains distributions will be taxable as ordinary income to
shareholders, whether received in cash or reinvested in additional shares. To the extent the Fund engages in increased portfolio turnover, short-term capital gains may be realized, and any distribution resulting from such gains will be considered
ordinary income for federal tax purposes. The Fund’s net realized capital gains from securities transactions will be distributed only after reducing such gains by the amount of any available capital loss carryforwards. Capital losses may be carried
forward indefinitely and retain the character of the original loss. Capital loss carryforwards are available to offset future realized capital gains. To the extent that these carryforwards are used to offset future capital gains it is probable that
the amount offset will not be distributed to shareholders. As of August 31, 20 20 , the Fund had no capital loss carryforwards.
Certain individuals, estates, and trusts must pay a 3.8% Medicare surtax on “net investment income” including, among other things, dividends, and proceeds of sale in respect of securities like
the shares, subject to certain exceptions. Prospective investors should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of this surtax on their ownership and disposition of the shares.
Shareholders who hold Fund shares in a tax-deferred account, such as a retirement plan, generally will not have to pay tax on Fund distributions until they receive distributions from their
account.
The Fund, and any other series of the Trust, will designate (i) any dividend of qualified dividend income as qualified dividend income; (ii) any distribution of long-term capital gains as a
capital gain dividend; and (iii) any dividend eligible for the corporate DRD as such in a written notice mailed to shareholders within 60 days after the close of the Fund’s taxable year. Shareholders should note that, upon the sale or exchange of
Fund shares, if such shares have not been held for at least six months, any loss on the sale or exchange of those shares will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the capital gain dividends received with respect to the shares.
To the extent that a distribution from the Fund is taxable, it is generally included in a shareholder’s gross income for the taxable year in which the shareholder receives the distribution.
However, if the Fund declares a dividend in October, November, or December but pays it in January, it will be taxable to shareholders as if the dividend was received in the year it was declared. Every year, each shareholder will receive a
statement detailing the tax status of any Fund distributions for that year.
A 4% nondeductible excise tax is imposed on regulated investment companies that fail to currently distribute an amount equal to specified percentages of their ordinary taxable income and capital
gain net income (excess of capital gains over capital losses). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions or deemed distributions of its ordinary taxable income and any capital gain net income prior to the end of each calendar year to avoid
liability for this excise tax.
If for any taxable year the Fund does not qualify for the special federal income tax treatment afforded regulated investment companies, all of its taxable income will be subject to federal income
tax at regular corporate rates (without any deduction for distributions to its shareholders) at the Fund level. In such event, dividend distributions (whether or not derived from interest on tax-exempt securities) would be taxable as qualified
dividends to individual shareholders, to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, and would be eligible for the DRD for corporations, provided in each case that certain holding period and other requirements are met.
In general, a shareholder who sells or redeems shares will realize a capital gain or loss, which will be long-term or short-term, depending upon the shareholder’s holding period for the Fund
shares. An exchange of shares may be treated as a sale and any gain may be subject to tax.
The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury a percentage of taxable dividends or of gross proceeds realized upon sale paid to shareholders who (i) have
failed to provide a correct taxpayer identification number in the manner required; (ii) are subject to back-up withholding by the Internal Revenue Service for failure to include properly on their return payments of taxable interest or dividends; or
(iii) have failed to certify to the Fund that they are not subject to backup withholding when required to do so. Back-up withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld from payments to you may be refunded or credited against your U.S.
federal income tax liability, if any, provided that the required information is furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.
Depending upon the extent of the Fund’s activities in states and localities in which its offices are maintained, in which its agents or independent contractors are located, or in which it is
otherwise deemed to be conducting business, the Fund may be subject to the tax laws of such states or localities. In addition, in those states and localities that have income tax laws, the treatment of the Fund and its shareholders under such laws
may differ from their treatment under federal income tax laws.
Dividends paid by the Fund to non-U.S. shareholders may be subject to U.S. withholding tax unless reduced by treaty (and the shareholder files a valid Internal Revenue Service Form W-8BEN, or
other applicable form, with the Fund certifying foreign status and treaty eligibility) or the non-U.S. shareholder files an Internal Revenue Service Form W-8ECI, or other applicable form, with the Fund certifying that the investment to which the
distribution relates is effectively connected to a United States trade or business of such non-U.S. shareholder (and, if certain tax treaties apply, is attributable to a United States permanent establishment maintained by such non-U.S.
shareholder). The Fund may elect not to withhold the applicable withholding tax on any distribution representing a capital gain dividend to a non-U.S. shareholder. Special rules may apply to non-U.S. shareholders with respect to the information
reporting requirements and withholding taxes and non-U.S. shareholders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the application of such reporting requirements and withholding taxes.
The Fund will send shareholders information each year on the tax status of dividends and distributions. A dividend or capital gains distribu-tion paid shortly after shares have been purchased,
although in effect a return of investment, is subject to federal income taxa-tion. Dividends from net investment income, along with capital gains, will be taxable to shareholders, whether received in cash or Fund shares and no matter how long the
shareholder has held Fund shares, even if they reduce the NAV of shares below the shareholder’s cost and thus, in effect, result in a return of a part of the shareholder’s investment.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The audited financial statements of the Fund for the fiscal year ended August 31, 20 20 , including the financial highlights appearing in the Annual Report to shareholders, are incorporated
by reference and made a part of this document. You may request a copy of the Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports at no charge by calling the Fund at 1-800-773-3863 or on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
APPENDIX A –DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
The Fund may acquire from time to time certain securities that meet the following minimum rating criteria (“Investment-Grade Debt Securities”) (or if not rated, of equivalent quality as determined
by the Advisor). The various ratings used by the nationally recognized securities rating services are described below.
A rating by a rating service represents the service’s opinion as to the credit quality of the security being rated. However, the ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality or
guarantees as to the creditworthiness of an issuer. Consequently, the Advisor believes that the quality of Investment-Grade Debt Securities in which the Fund may invest should be continuously reviewed and that individual analysts give different
weightings to the various factors involved in credit analysis. A rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell, or hold a security, because it does not take into account market value or suitability for a particular investor. When a security has
received a rating from more than one service, each rating is evaluated independently. Ratings are based on current information furnished by the issuer or obtained by the rating services from other sources that they consider reliable. Ratings may
be changed, suspended, or withdrawn as a result of changes in or unavailability of such information, or for other reasons.
S&P Global Ratings. The following summarizes the highest four ratings used by S&P Global Ratings, a division of McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., for
bonds which are deemed to be Investment‑Grade Debt Securities by the Advisor:
AAA – An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P Global Ratings. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely
strong.
AA – An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is
very strong.
A – An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories.
However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.
BBB – An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened
capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
To provide more detailed indications of credit quality, the AA, A, and BBB ratings may be modified by the addition of a plus or minus sign to show relative standing within these major rating
categories.
Bonds rated BB, B, CCC, CC, and C are not considered by the Advisor to be Investment‑Grade Debt Securities and are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. BB indicates the
least degree of speculation and C the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.
Commercial paper rated A‑1 by S&P Global Ratings indicates that the degree of safety regarding timely payment is strong. Those issues determined to possess extremely strong safety
characteristics are denoted A‑1+. Capacity for timely payment on commercial paper rated A‑2 is satisfactory, but the relative degree of safety is not as high as for issues designated A‑1.
The rating SP‑1 is the highest rating assigned by S&P Global Ratings to short term notes and indicates strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very
strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation. The rating SP‑2 indicates a satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
The rating SP-3 indicates a speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. The following summarizes the highest four ratings used by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), for fixed-income
obligations with an original maturity of one year or more, which are deemed to be Investment-Grade Debt Securities by the Advisor:
Aaa – Bond obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa – Bond obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A – Bond obligations rated A are considered upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa – Bond obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Obligations that are rated Ba, B, Caa, Ca, or C by Moody’s are not considered “Investment-Grade Debt Securities” by the Advisor. Obligations rated Ba are judged to have speculative elements and
are subject to substantial credit risk. Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk. Obligations rated Caa are judged to be of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its
generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Short-Term Ratings.
Moody’s short-term ratings are opinions of the ability of issuers to honor short-term financial obligations. Ratings may be assigned to issuers, short-term programs, or individual short-term debt
instruments. Such obligations generally have an original maturity not exceeding thirteen months, unless explicitly noted.
Moody’s employs the following designations to indicate the relative repayment ability of rated issuers:
P-1 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
NP – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Note: Canadian issuers rated P-1 or P-2 have their short-term ratings enhanced by the senior-most long-term rating of the issuer, its guarantor, or support-provider.
US Municipal Short-Term Debt And Demand Obligation Ratings.
Short-Term Debt Ratings. There are three rating categories for short-term municipal obligations that are considered investment grade. These ratings are
designated as Municipal Investment Grade (MIG) and are divided into three levels – MIG 1 through MIG 3. In addition, those short-term obligations that are of speculative quality are designated SG, or speculative grade. MIG ratings expire at the
maturity of the obligation.
MIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated
broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less
well-established.
SG – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Demand Obligation Ratings. In the case of variable rate demand obligations (VRDOs), a two-component rating is assigned; a long or short-term debt rating
and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of the degree of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of the degree of risk associated with
the ability to receive purchase price upon demand ("demand feature"), using a variation of the MIG rating scale, the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (VMIG) rating.
When either the long- or short-term aspect of a VRDO is not rated, that piece is designated NR, e.g., Aaa/NR or NR/VMIG 1.
VMIG rating expirations are a function of each issue’s specific structural or credit features.
VMIG 1 – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural
and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal
protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and
structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment
grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Fitch Ratings. The following summarizes the highest four ratings used by Fitch, Inc. (“Fitch”):
Long-Term Ratings.
AAA – Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for timely payment
of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA – Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This
capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A – High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may,
nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB – Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered
adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
Long-term securities rated below BBB by Fitch are not considered by the Advisor to be Investment-Grade Debt Securities. Securities rated BB and B are regarded as speculative with regard to a
possible credit risk developing. BB is considered speculative and B is considered highly speculative. Securities rated CCC, CC, and C are regarded as a high default risk. A rating CC indicates that default of some kind appears probable, while a
rating C signals imminent default. Securities rated DDD, D, and D indicate a default has occurred.
Short-Term Ratings.
F1 – Highest short-term credit quality. The rating F1 indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote
any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 – Good short-term credit quality. The rating F2 indicates good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 – Fair short-term credit quality. The rating F3 indicates the intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B – Speculative short-term credit quality. The rating B indicates minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term
adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
Short-term rates B, C, and D by Fitch are considered by the Advisor to be below investment-grade securities. Short-term securities rated B are considered speculative, securities rated C have a
high default risk, and securities rated D denote actual or imminent payment default.
(+) or (-) suffixes may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to long-term ratings “AAA” category, categories below “CCC”, or short-term
ratings other than “F1”. The suffix “NR” indicates that Fitch does not publicly rate the issuer or issue in question.